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Standardization Roadmap to
Support Waste Regulations
FINAL REPORT
November 2012
iii
Contents
Waste management roadmap – an overview v
1. Background 1
2. Goals of the overall project 2
3. Research methodology 2
3.1. Desk-based research 3
3.2. Project team research 3
3.3. Limitations 4
3.4. Sector life cycle – Value chain 5
3.5. Not within scope 6
4. Formal standards research 6
4.1. General 6
4.2. High-level outcomes of formal standards research 7
5. Industry documents and schemes 8
5.1. General 8
5.2. Outcomes of research into industry documents and
schemes – an overview 8
6. Other standards with potential relevance 9
7. Market engagement 9
7.1 Priority industries 9
7.2. Industry engagement workshops 10
7.3. Overarching issues/common observations throughout
all three workshops 11
7.4. Industry-specifi c issues/conclusions 12
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
iv
8. Recommendations 13
8.1. Conclusions and recommendations 13
8.2. High level conclusions and assumptions surrounding
implementation of recommendations 26
Annex A – Standards not within the scope of this project 28
Annex B – Applicable standards identifi ed 42
Annex C – Industry documents and schemes 87
C.1. Industry documents 87
C.2. Industry schemes 90
Annex D – Non-NSB standards of relevance to waste
management 96
Annex E – Standards separated by relevant workshop 105
E.1. Metal recycling/dismantling 105
E.2. Biowaste treatment (composting, anaerobic
digestion and landspreading) 113
E.3. Materials recycling/MBT facilities 122
E.4. General – widely applicable standards 138
Annex F – Standards separated by relevant Environment
Agency permit 150
F.1. Environment Agency waste management permits 150
F.2. Standards separated by Environment Agency waste
management permits 151
Annex G – Reports from waste industry workshops 178
G.1. Metal industry workshop report 178
G.2. Biowaste industry workshop report 182
G.3. Recycling industry workshop report 186
G.4. Overarching issues common throughout all three
workshops 190
v
Waste management roadmap – an overview
The Government has tasked The British Standards Institution (BSI) to produce a strategic roadmap
showing how organizations in the waste management industry can take greater responsibility
for their environmental performance. A project team, comprising the Department for Business,
Innovation and Skills (BIS), the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the
Environment Agency (EA), the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS), the Better Regulation
Executive (BRE) and Waste Watch, was formed to establish the role of standards in helping
organizations manage compliance with permitted waste management activities.
The project has identifi ed and examined existing standards, schemes and industry best practice,
and has engaged with three waste management sectors – metals, biowaste and recycling. In
working with representatives from these sectors, and their stakeholders, the project identifi ed and
considered two key issues:
(i) Why are there wide variations in compliance with waste permits?
(ii) How can standards help to improve the consistency and level of compliance?
Recommenda onsA fundamental conclusion of this project is that standards have an important role to play in
helping organizations achieve and maintain waste permit compliance, thereby decreasing the
administrative and fi nancial burden on both the regulator and the regulated. For standards to fulfi l
such a function, they should be better integrated and recognized within the current Environmental
Permitting Regime (EPR). It is therefore an overarching recommendation of this report that
standards be better married with permits and that assessment of permit compliance is carried
out using environmental management system (EMS) standards and the existing (certifi cation/
accreditation) infrastructure for applying and checking compliance with these standards. Options
for improving the use of standards, specifi cally the use of environmental management system
standards such as BS EN ISO 14001, are explored in the project report and summarised below.
Specifi c recommendations are set out below and are highlighted to indicate existing progress
using a traffi c light system: Green (implemented or being tested), Amber (being tested or actively
considered) or Red (little or no activity, or not currently being considered).
A. Improving compliance with environmental permit obliga ons1. Develop company-wide permits (making use of company-wide standards) to help improve the
consistency of compliance management. Site based permits may not be conducive to consistent,
standardized environmental performance especially across multi-site organisations. Standard
rules permits go some way to addressing this problem. The EA is currently exploring this option.
[Amber]
2. Provide public and private sector incentives and support to enable organizations to move up
the waste hierarchy (i.e. prevent and reduce waste). There are measures that could be taken
upstream and downstream of permitted (site based) waste management activities that would
improve compliance, e.g. improving the quality of feed stock materials going into recycling and
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
vi
composting activities. This could include the development and application of new standards –
see recommendation 8). [Red]
3. Incentivise better performance by reducing compliance costs/burdens – e.g. fewer visits and
discounts on subsistence for operators with good levels of compliance; increased number
of standard rules permits to further reduce operator costs; ‘off the shelf’ toolkits for smaller
operators to address specifi c issues such as odour management. The EA is already addressing
many elements of this recommendation. [Green]
4. Recognise and address the different capacities of large and small operators including by:
4.1. improving guidance and other information to increase understanding of environmental
obligations and compliance, [Green]
4.2. better recognising the maturity of environmental management of an organization, [Amber]
4.3. using staged approaches to environmental/compliance management (such as those
described in BS 8555). [Amber]
5. Develop further sector-specifi c guidance including for the Biowaste industry: for example, such
additional sector guidance could focus on issues of odour, dust, noise, fi res, site locations,
treatment, biosecurity and leachate. [Amber]
B. Promo ng and improving the use of standards6. Improve the way that permitted organisations use EMS standards such as BS EN ISO 14001 to
achieve and manage permit compliance, linking waste permits with standards and non-regulator
assurance in a homogenous compliance system:
6.1 Build on existing permits conditions that specify environmental requirements to be
complied with and how compliance should be managed, with an explicit reference to EMS
standards such as BS EN ISO 14001;
6.2 For operators with a high level of compliance and a proven management system, replace
direct regulator assessment of permit compliance with assurance by the operator (fi rst
party) or independent assessors - trade body (second party) or accredited certifi cation
body (third party), using a management system approach. Direct regulator checks would
only be required where such assessments fail to give adequate assurance of compliance
(e.g. following poor performance).
6.3 Set out responsibilities and agree core requirements for assessing permit compliance in
collaboration with key players (e.g. regulated business sectors, certifi cation bodies, UKAS);
EA EPR permits (including for waste management activities) currently include a condition that
requires use of a management system to manage compliance1. Building on the existing requirements,
the EA is currently testing a number of enhancements for a proposed EPR Assurance Scheme
(EPRAS). 6.3 is also the subject of a SNIFFER Project.2 [Green/Amber]
1 This is underpinned by guidance – “How to comply with your environmental permit: Additional guidance for: Horizontal
Guidance Note H6 - Environmental Management Systems”.
2 Project ER34: Improved Alignment of UKAS-accredited certifi cation bodies’ activities with UK environment agencies’
regulatory processes.
vii
Waste management roadmap – an overview
7. The Government should consider how to remove barriers to increased understanding and use of
standards, including:
7.1. considering fi nancial and other support for SMEs to take up standards, [Red]
7.2. promoting the role and benefi ts of standards, e.g. via white papers, marketing campaigns,
roadshows, etc. [Red]
7.3. simplifying and harmonising the infrastructure around standards, e.g. regulation,
commercial assurance schemes and the role of certifi cation and accreditation. [Red]
7.4. improving access to standards for business organisations, e.g. via Government’s web–
portal and other business and business support channels. [Red]
8. Develop new standards as part of the National Standards Body activity to fi ll in the specifi c
standardization gaps e.g. standards that support a change in emphasis from waste management
to resource effi ciency; input standards (especially around feedstock); standards that address
specifi c infrastructure issues (such as drainage, fencing, segregation, screening, etc). [Red]
1
1. Background
On January 18th 2011 Lord Henley (then Parliamentary Under-Secretary) and Mark Prisk MP (Minister
of State for Business and Enterprise) sent out an open letter to outline Government’s intentions
regarding a range of proposals developed as part of Government’s review of waste policies. Among
other aspects, the letter states that Government is working with the Environment Agency (EA) to
explore the potential for standards and accreditation to play a larger part in supporting waste
permitting regulations and environmental permitting regulations (EPR) enforcement.
Specifi cally the letter states that “The Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) will be
tasking the British Standards Institution (BSI) to work with businesses, other standard setting
bodies and government departments operating in the waste sector, including the EA, to assess
the current provision of standards in this area and produce a strategic roadmap to be agreed by
government which will help show how businesses, large and small, can take greater responsibility
for their performance and be certifi ed/permitted effectively, according to the level of assurance
needed to demonstrate compliance.”
In response to this proposal, BSI, in conjunction with BIS, formed a project team consisting of
key stakeholders with a distinct role in waste management policy and regulation. These key
stakeholders consisted of:
BIS;
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA);
EA;
United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS);
Better Regulation Executive (BRE);
Waste Watch.
A launch meeting was held to discuss the BSI process and assign roles and responsibilities within
that process. BSI agreed to undertake research (see Section 3) into existing standards and tasked
the project team with providing information on schemes, guidance and industry standards that
are designed to facilitate understanding and compliance with waste management permitting. The
results of this research are included within this report.
The outcomes of the research were then analysed in light of the overall waste permitting landscape
with three industries, selected on the grounds of pre-defi ned criteria (see Section 7). These
industries were then subject to industry workshops, held by BSI, and attended by the sector’s main
trade associations, representatives of large and small businesses, and other relevant stakeholders.
It was intended that the participants of these workshops would use this opportunity to discuss
industry-specifi c issues relating to permitting and seek solutions to these issues based around the
advantages of standards and standardization.
The outcomes of this research and the industry workshops form the basis of this report and act
to inform BSI’s conclusions and recommendations, including recommendations for the need to
transition to a potential Phase II: development/delivery of detailed best practice models and toolkits
as standards and standards-based schemes.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
2
2. Goals of the overall project
This project has sought to examine the potential role of standards in the waste management arena.
It has looked at how standards can:
provide assurance of effective management to ensure high levels of compliance with EPR;
lower the burden of regulation on conforming businesses;
support diminished regulation for specifi c regulated operations, assisted by certifi cation and
accreditation;
aid permitted sites and facilities to become eligible for a lighter touch approach
enable the EA to focus on poor performance and illegal activity rather than well managed
businesses;
build on existing knowledge, experience and schemes (e.g. Operational Risk Appraisal [OPRA]
Scheme, annual compliance statements, Tractor Scheme, BS EN ISO 14001 Environmental
Management System. Requirements with guidance for use, EMS + farm assurance scheme, EA’s
compliance toolkits).
More specifi cally, the project aimed to address the following pertinent questions:
What standards exist that do and/or could support compliance with EPR and waste permitting?
What schemes already exist to support compliance with EPR and waste permitting in particular?
What are the gaps in standardization?
What standards could be developed to assist industry to demonstrate compliance with EPR
and, more specifi cally, waste permitting?
How can standards further support EPR and waste permitting and enable industry to comply
effectively and effi ciently?
How effective are the existing tools and mechanisms with regards to advising waste management
permitting?
What specifi c compliance issues faced by industry can be resolved with the aid of standards?
What cost savings and other benefi ts can be achieved according to industry?
A specifi c goal was to assess the role of standards, and outline viable standards implementation
scenarios, that would enable industry to achieve, and maintain, waste permit compliance. These
objectives are addressed in the fi nal conclusions and recommendations of this report (see Section 8).
3. Research methodology
The research element of the project was carried out in two parts; desk-based standards identifi cation
and collating information regarding industry standards, schemes and guidance as provided by the
expert project team. The following stipulations regarding the research were agreed at the launch
meeting.
The information sought should focus solely on the waste management process and not product
standards or specifi cations.
There is scope to examine the role of standards with regards to organisations that are exempt
from permitting requirements (e.g. SMEs) as the cumulative environmental impact of these
3. Research methodology
3
organizations might be signifi cant. General comments and recommendations to this effect will
be included in BSI’s reports, as and where relevant.
The focus of BSI’s research is on waste management operators whose activities fall within the
permitting regime.
3.1. Desk-based researchBSI conducted research to inform the project team with regards to formal standardization and
facilitate the creation of a complete overview of standards of relevance to the waste management
sector. The standards identifi ed by BSI were:
of UK origin (e.g. British Standards [BS], Publicly Available Specifi cations [PAS]),
European-wide standards (ENs), and
International Standards (ISOs).
Other national standards (developed by recognized National Standards Bodies [NSB]) were also
researched; however, the contents of these were not analysed and only references to such standards
are provided in the report (title, summary of scope, links with other recognized standards) . 1
The specifi c focus of BSI’s research was on standards which provide guidance/requirements for
waste permit compliance processes and operations.
Additionally, BSI researched industry documents and schemes of UK or European origin that fall
outside typical NSB activity. These included:
EA/Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP)/DEFRA-led guidance, protocols and
toolkits dealing with types of waste (e.g. clinical), specifi c waste operations/activities/sites (e.g.
incineration of waste);
EA guidance series and How to comply with your environmental permit guidance;
Relevant schemes;
Other industry documents with potential relevance.
The method for conducting this research was desk-based and involved:
the use of BSI standards library and research tool to investigate standards on a National,
European and International basis;
internet, search engine-based research;
additional information, where provided by the project team.
3.2. Project team researchThe project team members were asked to look into the following.
1 Note that often such standards will be available in the original language only.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
4
Environment Agency
A data set of current permitted stock (if this differs from that available on the EA website).
The most relevant EA waste toolkits.
Any available success rates for current schemes.
Any new initiatives in progress.
Initial thoughts on prioritisation of waste management operators with regards to this project.
Information on assurance and certifi cation.
Sector prioritisation criteria.
Sector contacts for workshops.
DEFRA
Regulation guidance.
Industry feedback on current EPR with a focus on waste permits.
Any relevant policies or potential policies/changes.
Sector prioritisation criteria.
Sector contacts for workshops.
UKAS
Information on accreditation/verifi cation schemes.
Any initiatives of relevance.
Sector prioritisation criteria.
Sector contacts for workshops.
Waste Watch
Industry schemes.
Any relevant guidance/codes of practice.
Foreign National Standards Body (NSB) standards/guidance.
Sector prioritisation criteria.
Sector contacts for workshops.
3.3. Limita onsThe limitations of the project result largely from aspects of the process that fall outside of the control
of BSI. Due to the complexity of the sector, and the subject matter in question, it was not possible
to identify absolutely every standard, guidance, scheme or piece of information with relevance to
the waste management industry. Therefore, the scope of the project had to be narrowed down
accordingly, and a relevancy matrix (see Section 3.4) was produced to aid this effort.
Furthermore, the project team aspect of the research relied almost exclusively on the input from
the project team, a dependency that forms a variable that is outside of the control of BSI.
The industry engagement aspect of the project was crucial as it added some real context to the research
carried out by highlighting which standards, guidance and schemes are actually used by industry. A
limitation, however, has been that BSI has relied upon individuals and organizations to volunteer
3. Research methodology
5
their time to make meaningful contributions. Accordingly, the level of industry input received by BSI
has been wholly dependent on the level of engagement that was received. In particular, Small and
Medium Enterprises (SMEs) proved to be diffi cult to engage with, resulting in limited representation
in workshops, and even with regards to providing comment on the workshop reports.
3.4. Sector life cycle – Value chainTo defi ne where the information identifi ed within this research falls, and does not fall within the
project scope, a Sector life-cycle – Value chain approach/relevancy matrix was designed and
used (see Figure 1). It was also agreed that any standards or information that do not fi t into the
Material recovery
• Codes of practice
• Process management standards
Disposal
• Definition of waste
• Codes of practice
• Process management standards
Energy recovery
• Codes of practice
• Process management standards
Illegal export
Legal export for
reuse and
reprocessing
Illegal export
Collection/Take-back/
Bring sites
• Waste collection definition
• Codes of practice (e.g. DCF)
• Logistics/process
management standards
Sorting/Pre-treatment
• Quality standards
• Process management standards –
Code of practice (e.g. MRFs)
Illegal disposal
Improper disposal
Illegal export (small
scale)
Manufacturer
• Design for recycling standards –
Eco-design
End user (Waste generator)
• Duty of care
• Definition of waste
Component
or whole
product
reuse
• Product
standards
Secondary
raw
material
• Quality
standards
Outputs
(e.g. SRF,
biogas)
• Quality
standards
Wastes
(e.g.
incinerator
base ash,
sewage
sludge)
• Quality/
safety
standards
Environmental
management
(e.g. land
spreading, land
remediation)
Figure 1 – Sector life cycle – Value chain
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
6
penultimate level of the chart highlighted below, i.e. concerning waste collection, are therefore not
within the scope of this project. It is worth considering that between each stage, permits relating
to transfer and intermediate storage are relevant.
3.5. Not within scopeThe following areas are also considered to fall outside of the scope of this project.
Designing waste out of products is a growing aspect of the waste landscape which will have
signifi cant implications on the need for waste permitting in the future. However, to approach
this initiative at this stage would greatly increase the scope of this project and will shift its main
focus.
Packaging is often perceived as forming a large part of the waste industry and accordingly
there is signifi cant work afoot to limit the amounts of packaging required to ensure the safe
transit of products. One of the most signifi cant standards in this area is BS EN 13430: 2004,
Packaging. Requirements for packaging recoverable by material recycling. Although packaging,
at an inception level, falls outside of the scope of this work, it is still worthy of consideration.
Life-cycle approach/eco-design are terms specifi cally used in the construction industry, an
industry not only responsible for signifi cant amounts of waste, but also waste that needs
particular processing that is exclusive to most other kinds of waste. The design, use and potential
re-use of construction materials is something that is becoming more common in construction
product standards, some of which are listed in Annex A, Table 2.
Annex A provides a list of standards that fall outside the scope of this project.
4. Formal standards research
4.1. GeneralUsing its internal databases and internet search engines, BSI identifi ed standards of NSB origin,
which, for the purpose of this project, constitute BS, EN, and ISO standards and worldwide NSB-led
activity. These standards can largely be separated into the following two categories.
i) Quality standards – e.g. for environmental quality (air, water, etc), site engineering, equipment,
etc. Some of these standards are legal/regulatory requirements, e.g. as set out in Best Available
Technique Reference (BREFs) documents or permits. Others are voluntary, e.g. industry-based
quality standards for manufactured products;
ii) Management standards – e.g. management system standards and quality protocols;
Table 1 lists the key words used for the searches.
NOTE Informal guidance and schemes that fall outside of NSB activity have been deemed signifi cant to
this project and information concerning this part of the project research is presented in Section 5.
4. Formal standards research
7
The extensive fi ndings from the above research are listed, separated by key word, in Annex B. These
fi ndings were also analysed wholly in the context of waste permit compliance and then assigned
to the relevant EA waste permit and, where possible, the relevant part of the Sector life cycle – Value
chain (see Section 3.4 and Annex F).
4.2. High-level outcomes of formal standards researchThe research as listed in Section 4.1 revealed a signifi cant amount of detail and information
surrounding standards, resulting from NSB activity, in waste management. Certain observations
and trends were noted regarding these fi ndings. These fi ndings were used to inform the industry
engagement workshops and to prompt conversation with attendees around conceivable standards-
based innovations in the waste industry with the intention of promoting waste permit compliance.
Table 1 – Key words used for research
Waste Biological treatment
Waste management Material recovery
Electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) Pyrolysis
Metal Recovered fuels
Paper Treatment
Rubber Certifi cation
Compost Waste permit compliance standards
Waste disposal Waste permitting
Radioactive waste Waste permit enforcement
Hazardous waste Waste collection
Landfi ll Waste transfer
Water Reprocessing
Liquid waste Plastics
Storage Glass
Scrap yards Construction waste
Refuse Demolition waste
Healthcare waste Waste shipment
Recycling Agricultural waste
Sludge Wood recycling
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
8
The following are only the key points that were extracted from the formal standards research
phase of the project. (See Annex B for a comprehensive list of formal standards).
A great number of formal standards were identifi ed but not many with direct relevance to waste
permit compliance.
Formal standards of relevance fall within the following provisional categories.
b (Environmental) management system standards (e.g. BS EN ISO 14001);
b Standards around the defi nition and characterization of waste;
b Standards on waste management performance/benchmarking;
b Standards covering specifi c aspects of permit compliance (e.g. recycling).
There is no single overarching UK standard focusing specifi cally on waste permit compliance.
5. Industry documents and schemes
5.1. GeneralIn addition to the formal standards research, BSI undertook extensive desk-based research and
project team consultation to identify industry documents and schemes relevant to the project.
Such documents and schemes are specifi c to the waste industry itself, are not international, and
fall outside of the typical NSB activities.
The same key words identifi ed for the formal standards research were also used for this research.
5.2. Outcomes of research into industry documents and schemes – an overviewThe following are only the key points that were extracted from this research phase of the project,
specifi c to waste permit compliance. (See Annex C for a comprehensive list of the industry
documents and schemes).
The key industry documents and schemes of UK or European origin of relevance to waste permit
compliance include:
b EA/WRAP/DEFRA-led guidance, protocols and toolkits dealing with types of waste (e.g.
clinical), specifi c waste operations/activities/sites (e.g. incineration of waste);
b EA guidance series and How to comply with your environmental permit guidance;
b Relevant Schemes: Green Compass, The Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for
Environmental Research (SNIFFER) Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), Red Tractor,
Environmental Permitting Regulations Assurance Scheme (EPRAS) trials;
b Documents originating from the German Association of Engineers (VDIs), which, according to
industry engagement, are known in the waste industry, e.g. VDI 4085, Planning, construction
and managing of scrap yards – Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials.
7. Market engagement
9
6. Other standards with potential relevance
Other standards identifi ed with potential to inform this project are listed in Annex D.
7. Market engagement
To validate the results from the research phase of the project and contextualize them within
specifi c industries, an effective market engagement exercise was undertaken. In addition, it was
deemed essential for industry professionals to be consulted to ensure that no important standards,
guidance or schemes were missed. However, in order to obtain a specifi c focus for this element of
the project, it was fi rst necessary to defi ne a hierarchy of waste management industries.
7.1 Priority industriesTo defi ne a waste management industries hierarchy, a group of selection criteria was identifi ed as
follows.
volume of waste produced;
extent of regulation in the sector;
current usage of standards and certifi cation;
level of risk to the environment and human health;
nature of activity: non-compliance, wider pollution problems, consistency of approach, and
presence/absence of other scheme;
willingness of sector to engage;
no/low compliance.
Taking into account the above industry selection criteria, it was decided that the following industries
would be chosen for further engagement at industry workshops.
1. Metal recycling/dismantling – based on poor compliance levels, a perceived willingness to co-
operate, desire to be dealt with as a distinct sector and the disparate nature of operators.
2. Biowaste treatment (composting, anaerobic digestion and landspreading) – based on, in the case
of anaerobic digestion, the emerging nature of the sector, the messages from the anaerobic
digestion strategy and the lack of experience in permit compliance standards. Composting
because of poor performance and signifi cant environmental impact and land-spreading due to
numerous cases of bad practice.
3. Materials recycling/Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) facilities – due to the link with the
responsibility deal to promote higher standards of recyclate.
In response to the above points, the project research previously undertaken was analysed and split
into industry-specifi c lists (see Annex E).
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
10
7.2. Industry engagement workshopsGiven the importance of this phase of the project, BSI endeavoured to engage with an optimal
proportion of the metals, biowaste and recycling industry by promoting the workshops in industry
journals, communicating with industry bodies and approaching all of the permitted organizations
in the UK, as supplied by the EA..
The composition of the delegates per workshop were as follows:
Metals workshop: 13 attendees;
Biowaste workshop: 37 attendees;
Recycling workshop: 19 attendees.
The three workshops undertaken were structured around 3 breakout sessions intended to lead
delegates through a linear thought process pertaining to both their specifi c industry sector as well
as waste management in general. The sessions were structured as follows:
Session 1:
b Identifying permit compliance issues
Session 2:
b Establishing a permit compliance knowledge base:
a) What compliance tools (standards, guidance, certifi cation, toolkits, etc.) are in use by the
industry?
b) How do such tools relate to permitting and permit compliance (do they support/assist/
complement/block/complicate permit compliance)?
Session 3:
b Addressing gaps and needs through standardization:
a) What is missing?
b) What tools (and levels of interaction between these) need to be developed (or adapted/
enhanced) to address pressing compliance issues?
c) How can such tools help reduce regulatory burden and meet the remaining project
objectives?
d) What format should such tools take (e.g. new standards, certifi cation and accreditation
measures, policy/regulatory changes) and who should be involved in their development
and/or implementation?
The outcomes of these sessions were recorded and are presented in comprehensive, individual
workshop reports, (see Annex G). Each workshop report was, once agreed with the project team,
disseminated to all individuals and organizations that attended or expressed an interest in
attending the corresponding workshop. Suggestions for alterations were then discussed with the
project team and incorporated where deemed relevant. Responses in general were very positive
and supportive of the conclusions and recommendations that the reports arrived at.
7. Market engagement
11
7.3. Overarching issues/common observa ons throughout all three workshopsThe outcomes of the workshop (industry engagement) phase of the project (as presented in this
section), in-line with the fi ndings from the research phase, form the basis of the recommendations
presented in Section 8 of this report (including recommendations on the need to transition to
Phase II: development of detailed best practice models and toolkits as standards and standards-
based schemes).
The most signifi cant overarching issues/observations identifi ed were as follows.
Compliance issues related to the state of the existing infrastructure were reported across all
three sectors.
Integration of MS Standards: A need/opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of (embedded)
management systems (MS) by adopting an integrated and staged approach and better linking
MS with (the EA’s) current permitting stock (e.g. PAS 99 – integrated MS, BS 8555, etc.).
EMS+ (incorporating Certifi cate of Technical Competence): There should be fl exibility to add/
join up other standards or elements (i.e. permit compliance related) to basic Environmental
Management Systems (EMS), i.e. the concept of EMS+ (e.g. BS EN ISO 14001 plus Certifi cate of
Technical Competence standards). Is there a possibility of a waste management derivative of
BS EN ISO 14001 to assist with permit compliance?
There were specifi c standardization gaps identifi ed (not necessarily end-of-life but in preceding
processes), the improvement of which could support waste permit compliance, e.g. a need for
standards around the defi nition of waste (i.e. waste seen as resource), standards to take into
account site specifi cs and site engineering requirements prior to permitting process and link
these with permits or the competency framework.
Recognition and enhancement of existing effort. There is a need to converge standards, guidance,
schemes, certifi cation and accreditation mechanisms into a harmonized system, promote the
system and make it more accessible to both large organizations and SMEs (e.g. a knowledge
base web portal to improve access to standards, based on a tiered “risk based” approach).
There is the possibility to “strengthen” current guidance and schemes through standards (i.e.
build on the consultative, transparent and industry driven nature of standards), e.g. introduce
element of consultation and collaboration in EA’s permit compliance guidance with input from
both small and large operators. There is also a need to better defi ne and explain the role of
standards.
There is a signifi cant concern surrounding the burden of audits – any system or method to help
consolidate these would be very well received by the waste industry.
Devise/adapt existing (sector) guidance for SMEs: Better sector guidance should be aimed at
SMEs (including a potential SME toolkit) and be formulated in conjunction with the EA and
industry. This would entail presenting guidance in a language that is understood by the market
it is aimed at with palpable advantages instantly apparent. However, there is concern about
routes to SME engagement.
Any new work should take in to account regional variations and differences in requirements for
operators, especially in devolved countries.
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7.4. Industry-specifi c issues/conclusionsThe following issues/conclusions were unique to the workshops in which they were raised but
it was deemed that signifi cant gains could be achieved across industry from addressing them
effectively.
Biowaste
Input standards (re: feedstock) were deemed important as the quality/purity of materials at the
outset of the biowaste management chain has signifi cant implications on the quality of the
outputs.
Routes to help reduce the cost of waste permitting compliance were seen as key with regards
to boosting levels of compliance.
Lighter-touch permits could add controls through standards allowing the fl exibility for treatment
and market innovation.
Odour and Bioaerosols were seen as the key aspects of the industry that need to be addressed,
either through guidance or standards.
Recycling
There was a perceived need to marry permits with management systems, in whichever form this
might take, to reduce the burden for both the operator and regulator.
EA guidance should align more closely with waste permits.
The workshop in general seemed to express a preference for any new standards to be obligatory
and with the facility for them to be accredited against.
There is scope for a refuse-derived fuels specifi cation
PAS 99 should be considered in terms of consolidating BS EN ISO 9001, BS EN 14001 and
BS OHSAS 18001 to help simplify auditing.
Metal
There is apparently limited scope for further standardization or guidance in this sector – failures
to comply with waste permitting are perceived to be largely an SME problem with smaller
operators neither having the capacity in terms of resource nor the fi nances to meet permitting
requirements.
It is perceived that standards alone would do little to raise waste permitting compliance and
that any new standards would need to be accredited.
In terms of cost/benefi t analysis, the benefi ts of standardization/further guidance in this sector
are questionable.
Any new initiatives would need to be fi nancially sound for the EA and also the operator to ensure
suffi cient buy-in. However, how this is achieved is debatable.
For any new initiative to be successful, it would need to be able to demonstrate tangible gains
to avoid it being perceived by operators as another opportunity for consultants.
There is a perceived need for better communications with operators falling out of compliance
with waste permitting
8. Recommendations
13
8. Recommendations
This section of the report brings together the conclusions and observations from each project
stage (standards research and industry engagement). It further translates said observations into
recommendations on the way forward in waste permit compliance in the context of standards and
standardization as an effective policy delivery mechanism.
Section 8.1 outlines BSI’’s specifi c recommendations around the role of standards in waste permit
compliance, while Section 8.2 highlights key assumptions associated with the implementation of
the recommendations made, and considers the wider implications of this project’s fi ndings for
other regulated industries.
8.1. Conclusions and recommenda onsA fundamental conclusion of this report is that standards have an important role to play in helping
organizations achieve and maintain waste permit compliance, thereby decreasing the administrative
and fi nancial burden for both the regulator and the regulated. For standards to fulfi l such a
supporting function and deliver tangible benefi ts to industry and the regulator, while promoting
high levels of environmental protection, health and safety, they should be better integrated and
recognized within the current waste permitting regime. It is therefore a key recommendation of this
report that standards be married with permits and that there is assessment of permit compliance
in a logical, homogenous system. Options for this are explored in Table 2.
The overarching recommendations that constitute Table 2 are presented in linear form in terms
of the initial issue, as identifi ed through industry consultation, the need associated with that issue
and then the potential solution, whether that be standards-related or not. The fi nal column makes
a reference to the mechanism that can be employed to implement each individual solution in terms
of anticipated time-frame, resource and form of intervention. It should be noted that a tactical plan
for the implementation of key recommendations of this study can be developed in Phase II: delivery
of detailed best practice models and toolkits as standards and standards based schemes. The key
to this section of Table 2 is as follows:
ST = Short term
MT= Medium term
LT = Long term
HR = High resource
MR = Moderate resource
LR = Low resource
SI = Standards intervention
NS = Non-standards intervention
MM = Mixed medium intervention
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We have attempted to organize the recommendations in terms of eight distinct headings, which
are as follows:
compliance discrepancies based on site-specifi c issues;
regional differences, i.e. devolved countries (varying levels of technical competency and
differences in requirements);
signifi cant concern surrounding the burden of audits;
compliance (costs);
(compliance) differences between large and small operators;
specifi c standards gaps identifi ed (not necessarily end-of-life but in preceding processes);
proliferation of standards, guidance and schemes, the function of which is not explained to
potential users as they are not part of any greater process or system;
use of Environmental Management Systems (EMS).
A certain degree of overlap is present in terms of the recommendations/solutions proposed under
the above headings, as it is recognized that the identifi ed issues and needs are interdependent and
should not be viewed in isolation.
Where further standardization work is suggested in Table 2, it is our view that such work should be
carried out within the NSB function of BSI. As the UK’s NSB, BSI can provide a collaborative and
neutral platform for the regulator, policy makers, industry and other interested stakeholders to
produce both permit-aligned standards and general standards to fi ll the identifi ed standardization
gaps in the waste management industry as a whole. BSI is also able to leverage its position as the
UK’s NSB to facilitate in other endeavours, such as optimising the use of EMS and linking EMS
to waste permit compliance (through BS EN ISO 14001), and assisting EA’s compliance guidance
effort (both generic and at the sector level).
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Table 2 – Waste permit compliance recommendations
Issues Needs Recommendations/Solutions Implementation framework (Time-frame, Resource & Intervention)
COMPLIANCE DRIVERS
Compliance discrepancies based on site-
specifi c issues:
site engineering and infrastructure issues
evident across all industries – operators
to consider permitting requirements
when engineering sites.
different sites – consideration to be
given to the altering environment in
which the facility operates – changes
in its surroundings can result in greater
compliance burdens.
different sites – operators with multiple
sites often take on signifi cant burden in
terms of multiple audits.
site engineering and infrastructure –
planning process to take into account
permit requirements.
site engineering and infrastructure –
need to address the capabilities of
organizations to conform to permits in
relation to infrastructure.
different sites – standards to take
into account site specifi cs and site
engineering requirements prior to
permitting process and link these with
permits and competency frameworks.
different sites – need to make permits
apply to operators rather than individual
sites.
Challenges identifi ed to be recognized in the
existing permitting regime. Government to
look into ways for organizations to improve
their infrastructure and therefore better
conform to waste permits; this is a bigger
issue than one that can be tackled solely
through standards.
Standards in infrastructure would help to
tackle permit compliance issues from the
outset of the waste management process.
Such standards could initially focus on:
drainage;
bunding;
hardstanding;
fencing;
segregation;
litter screens.
Standards in infrastructure is potential NSB
activity which would necessitate signifi cant,
wide-reaching industry engagement and
a transparent process to produce robust
standards to optimize benefi t to both the
industry and the regulator.
LT, HR, NS
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Regional differences, i.e. devolved countries
(varying levels of technical competency
and differences in requirements) – some
large operators operate over regional
and national borders and the resulting
variations/differences are not adequately
refl ected in the current permitting regime
(and guidance, standards and requirements,
technical competences, etc.), leading to
lower compliance rates and increased costs.
Any output from this project should take
in to account regional variances, especially
those pertaining to the devolved countries.
Some larger operators operate across
borders and the implications of this should
be considered within the current permitting
regime, and in standardization.
Consider regional variances when initiating
any of the outcomes of this report, or
additional waste management measures,
both within the permitting regime, and in
standardization.
LT, MR, MM
Compliance (costs)
In general, the cost of waste permit
compliance is too high.
There is not currently suffi cient incentive
for waste permit compliance.
Regarding new standards, in general it is
perceived that larger companies would
be resistant to another layer of cost/
bureaucracy relating to its operations
and that any success would be wholly
dependent upon SME buy-in.
Most permit compliance issues within
this sector lie with smaller waste
management operators whose lack of
skills and resources are a major concern.
However, focusing on SME compliance
would constitute a signifi cant resource
commitment for the EA/other regional
regulators.
SMEs need information to be provided
in ways that they can easily fi nd with the
minimum costs and resources.
Cost of an accredited standard should be
less than, or at most equal to, the cost of
a permit.
There should be a greater discount on
subsistence for operators with high levels
of compliance.
Any new standards/guidance should aim
to reduce OPRA scores, which accordingly
should reduce subsistence costs.
Compliance is different for large and
small operators, in terms of scale of cost
and resource required, and there need to
be workable standards for all scales of
operation that provide an understanding
of requirements.
Routes to help reduce the cost of waste
permitting compliance are seen as key with
regards to boosting levels of compliance.
Fees could be calculated based on the
number of visits needed.
Scope for risk accreditation around
standard permits potentially resulting in
cheaper operator costs.
Greater discount on subsistence for
operators with high levels of compliance.
There is value in a toolkit for smaller
operators to address issues such as
odour management through providing
examples and templates as part of a
wider management system. This would
help operators reduce costs/resources
needed and could have implications on
permit compliance further down the line.
MT/LT, HR, MM
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(Compliance) differences between operators
due to size and capacity, e.g. resources and
skills
Most permit compliance issues within
this sector lie with smaller waste
management operators whose lack
of skills and resources are the main
concern.
Compliance is different for large and
small operators, in terms of scale of cost
and resource required, and there need to
be workable standards for all scales of
operation that provide understanding of
requirements.
Small businesses tend to have a low
awareness and understanding of legal
requirements.
As a result of the above, small businesses
often have poor management of
environmental impacts. Small does not
necessarily mean simple and low risk.
The type of activities carried out may
warrant a fairly comprehensive approach
to environmental management. Here
the issue is about the maturity of the
organization’s ability to manage its impacts
and the standards that it should apply.
What works for larger operators
doesn’t necessarily work for smaller
ones – smaller operators have no
built-in accountability/corporate social
responsibility.
Better (sector) guidance aimed at SMEs
(including a potential SME toolkit),
formulated in conjunction with the EA
and industry, is needed.
The effectiveness of waste management
permits is largely dependent upon
enabling SME buy-in.
Government should further incentivise
compliance for SMEs.
In categorizing large and small
businesses, it should not be assumed
that big businesses conform to an EMS
(for example) and that SMEs do not.
The smaller the business, the less
complex the management system
needs to be, but the principles for
managing environmental impacts and
compliance still hold. The use of staged
approaches, rather than establishing a
full management system in ‘one go’, is
recommended (for example, the approach
set out in BS 8555).
Maturity of environmental management
rather than size needs to be recognized
as the critical factor in assessing
compliance risk.
Recognition and enhancement of existing
effort – need to converge standards,
guidance, schemes, and certifi cation/
accreditation mechanisms into a
harmonized system, promote the system
and make it more accessible to both large
organisations and SMEs (e.g. a knowledge
base web portal to improve access to
standards, based on a tiered “risk based”
approach).
Devise/adapt existing (sector) guidance
which should be aimed at SMEs
(including a potential SME toolkit) and
be formulated in conjunction with the EA
and industry (trade bodies). This would
entail presenting guidance in a language
that is understood by the market it is
aimed at with palpable advantages
instantly apparent.
MT/LT, HR, MM
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Issues Needs Recommendations/Solutions Implementation framework (Time-frame, Resource & Intervention)
Develop compliance guidance specifi cally
for SMEs.
Development/adaptation of sector/
compliance guidance is potential NSB
activity which would necessitate signifi cant,
wide-reaching industry engagement and
a transparent process to produce robust
standards to optimize benefi t to both the
industry and the regulator.
Government should further incentivise
take-up for SMEs by helping with issues
regarding resource and cost implications.
Government could also help SMEs
improve their management practices as
this is often where compliance issues
arise.
USE OF STANDARDS
Specifi c standards gaps identifi ed (not
necessarily end-of-life but in preceding
processes)
NSB-led
– (lack of) Input standards (re:
feedstock) – There is a lack of input
specifi cations for collection agencies
and stakeholders further upstream in
the value chain.
– Perception of waste. Waste is still
commonly perceived as a burden that
needs to be dealt with.
General. Standards and/or acceptance
criteria need to be adopted by all
stakeholders across the value chain (see
Section 3.4).
General. Permits could be made more
fl exible if based on standards that move
with the industry that they support.
Input standards (re: feedstock) are very
much in need as the quality/purity of
materials at the outset of the waste
management chain has signifi cant
implications on the quality of the outputs.
Input standards could take the form of
industry acceptance criteria or output
standards that inform the treatment of
materials throughout the entire value
chain.
BS I recommends that input standards are
developed formally as part of NSB activity,
utilizing the robust, inclusive, consultative
and transparent standardization processes
of BS I. It is especially pertinent at this stage
that stakeholders across the whole value
chain are consulted.
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– Infrastructure. No BS I standards
relate to engineering or infrastructure
of recycling facilities.
Non-NSB
– Sector compliance guidance from EA.
Insuffi cient sector-specifi c information
from the regulator on how to comply
with waste permits.
– Toolkits. Link Toolkits with compliance
guidance from EA/knowledge of
toolkits not widespread.
– EA “How to comply with your permit”
guide considered relevant but have not
been developed in conjunction with
the industries that they affect.
Perception of waste. It should be
recognized, in any new guidance/
standardization, that there is value in
waste and it is, in many cases, now
considered a resource. As such, any
new initiatives should have a moveable
framework to refl ect the fact that the
industry shifts as it is market-dependent.
Infrastructure. Standards in this area
would help to tackle permit compliance
issues from the outset of the waste
management process.
(Sector) compliance guidance from EA.
Need for a greater sector focus.
Toolkits. Build on the EA’s EMS toolkits
which are already considered to be good
examples of practical, understandable
guidance.
EA “How to comply with your permit”
guide. Consultation and collaboration
with industry in the production of any
future guidance.
EA “How to comply with your permit”
guide. Revisit overall guidance in
context of additional industry input to
procure industry buy in, taking special
consideration of the ‘large business’ vs.
SME issues.
Perception of waste. Develop standards
around the defi nition of waste (i.e. waste
seen as resource), to take into account
site specifi cs and link these with permits,
competency frameworks, etc.
Infrastructure. Standards in infrastructure
would help to tackle permit compliance
issues from the outset of the waste
management process. Such standards
could include:
– drainage;
– bunding;
– hardstanding;
– fencing;
– segregation;
– litter screens.
BS I recommends that standards concerning
perception of waste and infrastructure issues
be developed using the robust, inclusive,
consultative and transparent standardization
processes of BS I as the UK’s NSB.
Sector compliance guidance from EA.
Develop further sector-specifi c guidance
to facilitate compliance with waste
permits, such as standards that address
odour issues of bioaerosols in the
Biowaste sector and refuse derived fuels
in the recycling sector. Other potential
standards could address:
– odour (measurability and subjectivity);
– dust;
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– noise;
– site locations;
– fi res;
– treatment;
– biosecuity;
– leachate.
EA “How to comply with your permit”
guide: Possibility to strengthen
current guidance through NSB-led
standardization – introduce element of
consultation and collaboration in EA’s
permit compliance guidance with input
from both small and large operators. Also
need to better defi ne and explain the role
of standards.
Toolkits. Develop further toolkits to
meet the needs of other industries and
consolidate with “How to comply…”
guidance from the EA.
BS I recommends that the EA utilize the
experience of BS I as the UK’s NSB to further
build upon the well respected pre-existing
guidance and toolkits to help organizations
comply with waste permitting requirements.
EA “How to comply with your permit”
guide. EA to consider how to disseminate
guidance especially in relation to SMEs
(e.g. a knowledge base web portal to
improve access to standards, based on a
tiered risk based approach).
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Issues Needs Recommendations/Solutions Implementation framework (Time-frame, Resource & Intervention)
EA “How to comply with your permit” guide.
Defi ne/explain the roles and benefi ts of
standards as part of a profi le-raising exercise.
EA “How to comply with your permit”
guide. Focus attention of guidance on
the different capabilities of different
organizations based on size.
Signifi cant concern surrounding the burden
of audits
Duplicated audits (e.g. due to corporate
liability) with signifi cant fi nancial and
resourcing implication.
Low competency levels – both operator
and, upon some occasions, auditor.
Need to establish an effective mechanism
to reduce the fi nancial and resourcing
burdens of audits.
Any system/method to help consolidate
audits (and make them more effi cient)
would be well received by the waste
industry as a whole.
If standards were properly realigned with
waste permit requirements, this might
reduce audit requirements for different
parties.
Internal (non-regulatory) audits could
reduce the burden for both operators
and regulator. This could entail replacing
direct regulator assessment of permit
compliance with assurance by operators
(fi rst party) or independent assessors
(second or third party), typically using a
management system approach (which
many larger operators already use).
A single assurance scheme to address the
whole waste management process would
be well received (i.e. start-to-fi nish audit
and not fi ve separate audits).
MT/LT,HR, MM
Proliferation of standards, guidance and
schemes, the function of which is not
explained to potential users as they are
not part of any greater process or system.
Accordingly, awareness of and access to these
utilities is low with outcomes not translated
in to terms of waste permit compliance.
Converge and make accessible pre-existing
standards and consider implications for
both large and small operators.
There should be recognition and
enhancement of existing effort – the
need to converge standards, guidance,
schemes, and certifi cation/accreditation
mechanisms into a harmonized system,
to promote the system and make it more
accessible to both large organisations
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Issues Needs Recommendations/Solutions Implementation framework (Time-frame, Resource & Intervention)
and SMEs through a knowledge base web
portal to improve access to standards,
based on a tiered risk based approach.
Roles and benefi ts of standards need
to be defi ned and explained as part of a
profi le-raising exercise.
There are signifi cant possibilities for
promotion, guidance and explanation
of pre-existing standards and guidance
through BS I as the UK NSB. This could
take the form of white papers, marketing
campaigns and roadshows, etc.
Use of EMS (1-4)
Missed opportunity to tie-in EMS with waste
permitting, thus increasing the levels of
waste permit compliance.
There is a need to improve the way that
management system standards are used
within permitting to: (a) reduce the burden
for both the operator and regulator and (b)
facilitate organizations’ adoption of an EMS.
For example, where a standard such as BS
EN ISO 14001 is used, permit conditions
should cross-reference and not duplicate
the requirements of the standard.
Unless legislation changes it will not be
possible to replace (mandatory) permits
with (voluntary) standards. The two main
possibilities therefore are:
to adapt permits to feature one or few
conditions that (a) specify environmental
requirements to be complied with (e.g.
by referencing a quality protocol) and
(b) dictate how compliance should be
managed (e.g. using a management
standard such as BS EN ISO 14001);
to replace direct regulator assessment
of permit compliance with assurance by
operators (fi rst party) or independent
assessors (second or third party), typically
using a management system approach
(which many larger operators already
use).
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Issues Needs Recommendations/Solutions Implementation framework (Time-frame, Resource & Intervention)
Where third party verifi cation of
compliance with a management system
standard, e.g. ISO 14001, is required,
UKAS accredited certifi cation should be
considered.
It is a key recommendation of this report
that the above options are considered
and applied simultaneously as part of a
homogenous waste permit compliance
system (enabling both the achievement,
and the maintenance, of permit
compliance).
1) Integration of MS standards. The burden
of compliance with management systems
is often considered too onerous and not
practicable for smaller businesses.
Integration of MS standards. Potential for
greater use of PAS 99 (consolidating BS
EN ISO 9001, BS EN 14001 and BS EN
18001 to integrate management [systems]
and simplify auditing). PAS 99 is considered
to be a more focused, affordable and fi t for
purpose standard.
Integration of MS standards
PAS 99 should be considered in terms of
consolidating BS EN ISO 9001, BS EN
ISO 14001 and BS EN ISO 18001 to
integrate management [systems].
Work is currently underway at ISO to
provide a high-level structure for MS
standards which is intended to defi ne and
describe common MS elements.
MT, MR, SI
2) Sector Application
Compliance with EMS does not currently
enable, nor have, any direct relevance to
sector-specifi c waste permit compliance.
Sector Application
There is a need to marry permits and
standards while taking into account the
specifi cs of a given sector. This is seen to
benefi t both the operator and regulator
by reducing audit requirements from
different parties.
Sector Application
Linking EMS to waste permit compliance
could be achieved by relating a sector-
specifi c permit condition to BS EN ISO
14001 and other management system
requirements and then reviewing that
condition to ascertain how well the MS is
delivering.
MT, HR, MM
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One assurance scheme to address the
whole waste management process
(start-to-fi nish audit and not fi ve separate
audits) could promote greater cohesion
between parties.
Additional standards may not be the
solution here, however integrating sector
specifi c requirements into the waste
permit and linking them to an EMS
could be the way forward. This could
raise the profi le of the EMS (particularly
amongst SMEs) and highlight the
advantages and gains to be made from
adopting an EMS.
3) EMS+ (incorporating Certifi cate of
Technical Competence). There has been
a missed opportunity to increase the
effectiveness of EMS and link with waste
permits to enable waste permit compliance.
EMS+ (incorporating Certifi cate of Technical
Competence)
Address:
competence of internal and external
(third party) auditors;
discounts for good performers vs. costs
and resources to implement.
EMS+ (incorporating Certifi cate of Technical
Competence)
Enable fl exibility to add/join up other
standards or elements (i.e. permit-
compliance related) to basic EMS, i.e.
the concept of an EMS+ (e.g. BS EN
ISO 14001 plus Certifi cate of Technical
Competence standards).
Regulator to dictate the audit protocol
to be followed by auditors which can be
viewed remotely by the auditor prior to
any on-site visit.
MT, HR, SI
4) Big Business vs. SME divide
How can SMEs be persuaded to take up
EMS like BS EN ISO 14001?
Having the skills and competency to meet
permits is a key issue with SMEs.
Big Business vs. SME divide
Government to encourage take-up of
EMS by supporting initial costs and any
issues regarding resource (staffi ng).
SMEs often need help regarding their
management processes and this should
also be addressed.
Big Business vs. SME divide
Government to encourage take-up of EMS
by supporting initial costs and any issues
regarding resource (staffi ng). A phased
approach, such as through the Acorn
scheme, or utilizing BS 8555 could be
benefi cial.
MT, HR, SI
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SMEs often need help regarding their
management processes and this should
also be addressed. There are courses and
schemes available that address this, but
they should be made more accessible to
those that need them.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
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8.2. High level conclusions and assump ons surrounding implementa on of recommenda onsThis project has identifi ed issues, needs and solutions connected to the current waste management
industry with a focus on waste permitting. Although an indication is given as to the implementation
mechanisms needed for the suggested solutions/recommendations, the report does not detail
said mechanism. It is recommended that a tactical plan for the implementation of the key
recommendations of this study be developed as Phase II: delivery of detailed best practice models
and toolkits as standards and standards based schemes. As identifi ed in this section, and additionally
in Section 8.1, there is signifi cant scope for standards development and it is a recommendation of
this report that Phase II be considered as a vehicle to propagate these new standards to address
industry issues.
The following assumptions and high-level conclusions build upon the recommendations presented
in Table 2.
Standards should be considered with regards to the environmental impact of waste as a whole
as this is greater than that which is addressed through waste permitting An example of such an
application of standards would be further up the life cycle/value chain, i.e. quality assurance of
feedstock.
This project did not cover the potential for standards to replace permits, given that this may
require legislative change. Although the main recommendation of this report pertains to
establishing a stronger link between waste permits, assessment of compliance and standards,
the project did not explore the specifi c regulatory/legislative changes needed to enable the
better integration of permits, standards and assurance within the existing policy framework.
In order for this solution to work, it would be necessary to identify possible changes that
Government may wish to pursue (e.g. in spirit of the Red Tape Challenge, which asks whether
existing regulations should be (a) scrapped, (b) changed or (c) not changed). Furthermore, HMG
departments should look at whether existing permitting stock (and future) EPR makes suffi cient
provision for the use of standards in assuring compliance.
A lot of the evidence gathered supports the move to a sector-based approach to regulation
(which the EA is already pursuing) allied to more business engagement on the form of that
regulation and consideration of a mixed approach to intervening with appropriate use of all
available tools according to the circumstances of each sector.
Although this project has looked at the further use of standards in one regulated industry
(i.e. waste management), there is the potential to apply a similar approach and learnings to
other sectors and legislative regimes, especially as waste is now part of the much broader
environmental permitting regime (regulatory family). Despite this study’s focus on waste
management activities and regulation, the results from it could be applied to many other
regulated business sectors.
It should be acknowledged that there is already signifi cant effort to make greater use of
standards in regulation by the Environment Agency and others, e.g. the SNIFFER research
forum sponsored by Scottish Environment Protection Agency and Department of Environment,
Northern Ireland. A key recommendation of this report is that continuous support is needed to
further the existing effort and streamline/disseminate the success stories and initiatives. Such
effort also needs to be re-evaluated, and the lessons learned applied to the specifi c context of
waste permit compliance (addressed in this study).
8. Recommendations
27
Our engagement with industry shows that businesses are looking for more government
(fi nancial) support to encourage and improve the use, access and awareness of standards
that can help organizations to comply with legal requirements, improve their environmental
performance, as well as their bottom line.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
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Annex A – Standards not within the scope of this project
Table A.1 – Standards relating to Lifecycle Approach/eco- design
Identifi er Title Relevance
BS 8500-2:2006 Concrete. Complementary British
Standard to BS EN 206-1. Specifi cation
for constituent materials and concrete
Includes sections on use of recycled
concrete aggregates
PD 6682-1:2009 Aggregates. Aggregates for concrete.
Guidance on the use of BS EN 12620
Includes sections on the use of recycled
aggregates
PD 6682-6:2009 Aggregates. Aggregates for unbound
and hydraulically bound materials for
use in civil engineering works and road
construction. Guidance on the use of
BS EN 13242
Includes sections on the use of recycled
aggregates
BS 6031:2009 Code of practice for earthworks Includes a section on waste management
requirements
BS 8536:2010 Facility management briefi ng – Code of
practice
Incorporates design consideration of
waste in facility management
BS 6187: 2000 Code of practice for demolition Revision currently underway to include
extensive consideration of waste
management throughout the document
BS 8534:2011 Construction procurement policies,
strategies and procedures – Code of
practice
Incorporates consideration of waste
reduction and site waste management
planning
BS 8000 Series of 15 parts – Workmanship on
building sites include sections on storage
and handling of materials and products.
Establishes good practice for storage and
handling of materials which is identifi ed
as impacting on waste reduction
These standards, although signifi cant to the potential amount of waste produced by this industry,
are too product-specifi c, but should be taken in to account when producing an overall picture of
the waste management landscape.
A product lifecycle approach is not, however, exclusive to the construction industry and MADE
(Manufacture, Assembly, Disassembly and End-of-life processing) is an increasingly common
acronym in most manufacturing industries. The BS 8887 series examines how the different
choices made by product designers can have repercussions on the product, not only throughout
its lifecycle but at the end of its useful life. In addition, BS 8905: 2011, Framework for the assessment
of the sustainable use of materials – Guidance, provides a framework for the assessment of social,
economic and environmental issues in the sustainable use of materials that is intended to support
decision making about the sustainable use of any type of material. The annexes within this standard
(that address the three aforementioned issues specifi cally) should be of particular consideration
when making decisions in this area.
Other standards were also identifi ed in the research process but after closer analysis in terms of
the scope of the project were deemed to be not within scope.
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Table A.2 – General waste standards not within scope
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
FORMAL STANDARDS IDENTIFIED
Waste NOT WITHIN SCOPE NEN -EN 12461:1998
en
Biotechnology – Large scale process and
production – Guidance for the handling,
inactivating and testing of waste
Gives guidance on the assessment and the
selection of waste treatment procedures to
ensure the safety of people and environment.
This standard applies to wastes and effl uents
(solid, liquid and gaseous) emitted from
biotechnological processes which include
traditional processes such as brewing or food
processing, fermentation for pharmaceutical
and chemical products as well as
biotechnological processes for environmental
and agricultural application. This standard for
biotechnological processes is only applicable
until air, water and solid waste are ready
for safe transfer to normal industrial and
municipal waste handling units. This standard
is not applicable to the waste from hospital
and treatment of chemical and physical
hazardous waste.
Waste NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN 12740:1999 Biotechnology. Laboratories for research,
development and analysis. Guidance
for handling, inactivating and testing of
waste
This European Standard gives guidance on
methods or handling, inactivating and testing
of waste containing organisms arising from
biotechnology laboratory activities and
processes. It is concerned with methods to
reduce the risks arising from exposure to
waste derived from laboratory-scale activities
which contains organisms hazardous or
potentially hazardous to humans, animals,
plants or the environment. Such waste may
include organisms whether as solid, liquid or
gaseous by-products or effl uent, together with
items or equipment required to be
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disposed of and which may be contaminated
with organisms. Wastes may be generated
by biotechnology, clinical, molecular biology,
microbiology and other laboratories in
activities where organisms are handled,
genetically modifi ed organisms are created
or used or by laboratory processes involving
material of human, animal or plant origin.
This European Standard does not apply to
other types of waste or waste from human
healthcare or other medical treatment
activities.
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS 5906:2005 Waste management in buildings. Code of
practice
This British Standard is a code of practice for
methods of storage, collection, segregation for
recycling and recovery, and on-site treatment
of waste from residential and non-residential
buildings and healthcare establishments. This
British Standard is applicable to new buildings,
refurbishments and conversions of residential
and non-residential buildings, including but
not limited to retail and offi ces. It should not
be used as the only source of information.
The management of healthcare waste from
hospitals and waste oil from any establishment
are not included within the remit of this code
of practice.
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN 12940:2004 Footwear manufacturing wastes. Waste
classifi cation and management
This document specifi es the process steps
which are involved in the generation of the
waste from footwear manufacture and the
usual waste management practices. It also
establishes a European list of the usual wastes
generated during the footwear manufacturing
process.
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It can be applied to one specifi c product,
a specifi c group of products, one specifi c
production technology within the factory or to
the whole production of a company.
The tool used to evaluate the effectiveness of
the waste management is:
established directly from the production
process or waste generated,
calculated for a specifi c product, a specifi c
group of
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN 15713:2009 Secure destruction of confi dential
material. Code of practice
This European Standard gives
recommendations for the management and
control of confi dential material destruction,
to ensure that such material is disposed of
securely and safely. The recommendations
apply to a company’s main business premises
and any holding sites.
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE DIN SPEC 1108-1 Services provided for waste and
recycling logistics, road cleaning, winter
maintenance and sewage systems – Part
1: Terminology
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE DIN SPEC 1108-3
(2009-10-00)
Services for waste and recycling logistics,
road cleaning, winter maintenance and
sewage systems – Part 3: Waste and
recycling logistics
With these specifi cations (pre-standards)
for the fi rst time standards for services in
the waste and recycling and street cleaning
logistics are set. For the areas of winter
maintenance services and channel two
other parts are currently in preparation. This
concept of pre-standards include defi nitions
and descriptions of the services with their
parameters for the implementation in different
service levels. You specify the quality objective,
the logistics bases for tour planning, the
necessary equipment with vehicle and/or
container technology, the
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documentation of the services (operations
log book) and the quality and performance
control and defi ne the criteria applicable to the
operations and personnel needed to ensure
reliability, improve quality and traceability of
the services they provide. These pre-standards
were created by the Working Committee NA
051-01-03 AA “services” within the NKT.
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN 14803: 2006 Identifi cation and/or determination of
the quantity of waste
This European Standard specifi es general
requirements and verifi cations for methods
of identifi cation of waste containers and/
or determination of the quantity of waste
including:
safety requirements;
interface requirements and performances;
data to be treated and their integrity.
This European Standard is applicable to
systems for handling containers conforming to
EN 840.
Waste
management/
collection
NOT WITHIN SCOPE OEN ORM S 2000-3
(1999-10-01)
Waste management – Waste collection –
Terms with defi nitions
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE ASTM D 5283
(1992-00-00)
Standard Practice for Generation of
Environmental Data Related to Waste
Management Activities: Quality Assurance
and Quality Control Planning and
Implementation
1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are
composed of four parts: (1) establishment of
data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of
fi eld measurement and sampling strategies
and specifi cation of laboratory analyses and
data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of
sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data
quality assessment. This practice addresses
the planning and implementation
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of the sampling and analysis aspects of
environmental data generation activities (Parts
(1) and (2) above).
1.2 This practice defi nes the criteria that must
be considered to assure the quality of the
fi eld and analytical aspects of environmental
data generation activities. Environmental data
include, but are not limited to, the results from
analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota,
waste, or any combinations thereof.
1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to
application of this practice. Data generated in
accordance with this practice are subject to
a fi nal assessment to determine whether the
DQOs were met. For example, many screening
activities do not require all of the mandatory
quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC)
steps found in this practice to generate data
adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent
to which all of the requirements must be met
remains a matter of technical judgement as it
relates to the established DQOs.
1.4 This practice presents extensive
management requirements designed to ensure
high-quality environmental data. The words
“must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been
selected carefully to refl ect the importance
placed on many of the statements made in this
practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
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safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
Note 1 – A complete table of contents of this
practice is given in Appendix X1.
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE ASTM D 6233
(1998-00-00)
Standard Guide for Data Assessment
for Environmental Waste Management
Activities
1.1 This guide covers a practical strategy for
examining an environmental project data
collection effort and the resulting data to
determine if they will support the intended
use. It covers the review of project activities to
determine conformance with the project plan
and impact on data usability. This guide also
leads the user through a logical sequence to
determine which statistical protocols should
be applied to the data.
1.1.1 This guide does not establish criteria for
the acceptance or use of data but instructs the
assessor/user to use the criteria established
by the project team during the planning (data
quality objective process), and optimization
and implementation (sampling and analysis
plan) process.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be
regarded as standard. No other units of
measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
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Recycling NOT WITHIN SCOPE PAS 105:2005 Recovered paper sourcing and quality.
Code of practice
This PAS makes recommendations for, and
gives guidance on, good practice for collection
of recovered paper intended for recycling.
It is applicable to household sourced paper,
the majority of which is collected by Local
Authorities. It is planned that other sectors will
be added at a later date.
Paper NOT WITHIN SCOPE OEN ORM S 2109-1
(2000-03-01)
Destruction of documents and data –
Part 1: Paper
The standard series OEN ORM S 2109
regulates the destruction of fi les and data
across different information media. The
present ÖEN ORM specifi es the conditions
under which data on paper from a technical
perspective, depending on the degree of
sensitivity of information to consider as are
destroyed. Further be defi ned in this OEN ORM
test method for evaluating the results.
Radioactive
waste
NOT WITHIN SCOPE NF M60-310,
NF ISO 6962
Nuclear energy – Standard method for
testing the long-term alpha irradiation
stability of matrices for solidifi cation of
high-level radioactive waste.
This International Standard specifi es a
method for assessing the long-term stability
of a solid subjected to alpha decay by
detecting any changes the properties of an
irradiated sample. The material so far used is
a borosilicate glass, but possible alternatives
include ceramics or ceramics, or glasses of
different compositions.
Healthcare
waste
NOT WITHIN SCOPE NF X30-504 Healthcare waste with infectious
risk – Good practices for collecting risk
infections health care waste.
This standard applies to the provision
of medical waste collection and gives
recommendations to improve the quality and
safety of the service – including traceability –
in order to protect public health and the
environment. This standard applies to all
benefi ts of medical waste collection at both
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health facilities at the sector level diffuse. It
does not apply to benefi ts for the collection of
anatomical parts. This standard specifi es the
standard defi nitions, the recommendations
apply to the operations of collection and
transportation in order to minimize the risks
and harm that people and the environment
may be exposed. The recommendations of
this standard does not replace in any case, the
requirements of the regulations.
Waste
collection
NOT WITHIN SCOPE NF X30-413
(2006-03-01)
Waste – Constitution of a sample of
household waste contained in a waste
collection vehicle.
This document defi nes the rules for sampling
of household and similar waste contained in a
refuse collector.
Waste transfer NOT WITHIN SCOPE ANSI Z 245.1
(2008-00-00)
Equipment Technology and Operations
for Wastes and Recyclable Materials –
Mobile Wastes and Recyclable
Materials Collection, Transportation,
and Compaction Equipment – Safety
Requirements
Provides requirements for construction,
reconstruction, modifi cation, care,
maintenance, operation, and use of mobile
waste or recyclable materials collection,
transportation and compaction equipment
to promote safety and safe operations as
they relate to the equipment. The standard
identifi es requirements for the following
refuse collecting and compacting equipment
mounted on refuse truck chassis: rear-loading,
front-loading, and side loading compacting
equipment; tilt frame and hoist-type
equipment; grapple loaders; satellite vehicles;
waste transfer vehicles; recycling collection
vehicles; and mechanized container collecting
and lifting equipment.
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Plastic NOT WITHIN SCOPE BS EN ISO 17556:
2004
Plastics. Determination of the ultimate
aerobic biodegradability in soil by
measuring the oxygen demand in a
respirometer or the amount of carbon
dioxide evolved
This International Standard specifi es a
method for determining the ultimate aerobic
biodegradability of plastic materials in soil
by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed
respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide
evolved. The method is designed to yield
an optimum degree of biodegradation by
adjusting the humidity of the test soil.
If a non-adapted soil is used as an inoculum,
the test simulates the biodegradation
processes which take place in a natural soil
environment; if a pre-exposed soil is used,
the method can be used to investigate the
potential biodegradability of a test material.
This method applies to the following materials:
Natural and/or synthetic polymers,
copolymers or mixtures of these.
Plastic materials which contain additives
such as plasticizers or colorants.
Water-soluble polymers.
Materials which, under the test
conditions, do not inhibit the activity of
the microorganisms present in the soil.
Inhibitory effects can be measured using
an inhibition control or by another suitable
method (see e.g. ISO 8192). If the test
material inhibits the microorganisms in the
soil, a lower test material concentration,
another type of soil or a pre-exposed soil
can be used.
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Glass NOT WITHIN SCOPE PAS 101:2003 Recovered container glass. Specifi cation
for quality and guidance for good
practice in collection
This PAS specifi es minimum quality
requirements for recovered container glass
intended for further processing. It includes test
methods for verifi cation of quality in the event
of a dispute.
This PAS also includes, in Annex guidance on
good practice in the collection, sorting and
storage of recovered container glass.
OTHER STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 2160
(2008-10-00)
Waste management in building and on
ground – Requirement for bins, locations
and transportation routes
Guideline VDI 2160 defi nes requirements
for waste management in buildings and
on ground. It is aimed at improving health
protection, increasing the convenience of
users and disposal companies and helping
to reduce the costs by decoupling technical
requirements from the local authority
specifi cations. It applies to residential
buildings as well as offi ce and administration
buildings. It can also be applied analogously to
other building usages, including restaurants,
hotels, supermarkets and hospitals. It does
not deal with hazardous waste. Guideline
VDI 2160 is addressed to architects, local
authorities, waste disposal companies, builders
and building owners, building operators and
product manufacturers.
Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 4413
(2003-11-00)
Logistic of waste disposal in producing
enterprises
This guideline is intended for use by those
persons in producing enterprises who
are responsible for the company-specifi c
implementation of the legal regulations of
waste management.
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Waste
management
NOT WITHIN SCOPE –
re waste generator
VDI 4432
(2002-10-00)
Management of wastes from industry
and business
This guideline is intended for those in business
who are responsible for the disposal of
wastes or who are in charge of planning and
developing waste management processes.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 2343 Blatt 2
(2010-02-00)
Recycling of electrical and electronic
equipment – Logistics
The obligation of producers to take back used
electrical and electronic products, and the
associated take-back and logistics systems, are
regulated by ElektroG. Given the prerequisite
(section 9 subs. 9, ElektroG) that the collection
and take-back of used equipment should be so
carried out that later re-use, disassembly and
recycling are not impeded, ElektroG envisages
in principle four different disposal routes:
1. Take-back of used equipment from private
households via municipal hand-over sites
and hand-over to producers’ systems in
accordance with section 9 subs. 4 and 5,
ElektroG;
2. Take-back of used equipment from private
households via municipal hand-over sites
and independent disposal by the public
waste management representatives in
accordance with section 9 subs. 6, ElektroG;
3. Take-back of used equipment from private
households via distributors or voluntary
producers take-back systems in accordance
with section 9 subs. 7 and 8, ElektroG;
4. Disposal of used equipment from the
commercial sector in accordance with
section 10 subs. 2, ElektroG.
The objective of this guideline VDI 2343 Part
2 is to provide the involved parties – e.g. ÖRE,
system operators, the trade and producers,
and also operators of treatment plants with
recommendations for the necessary planning
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and its realisation with regard to the contents
and processes of the logistics needed.
The creation of structures for the effi cient
collection of used electrical and electronic
products, the operation of collection points
and/or hand-over sites and the transport to
treatment plants are logistical challenges that
should be implemented in compliance with
applicable legislation and with attention paid
to economic and ecological aspects.
Recycling NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 2074 Recycling in the building services The document concerns the important aspects
of recycling in TGA in order to develop an
integrated approach with regard to the entire
cycle of added value. It focuses in particular
on the manufacturers of TGA components,
the planners, the authorities and clients who
tenders, the process of construction as well as
the transport and waste disposal industries,
and urges all parties involved to strengthen
co-operation in planning, construction, and use
as well as in redevelopment and dismantling in
order to implement recycling.
Metal NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 3623
(1993-05-00)
Metal separators in belt conveyors The document aims to provide information
of Belt manufacturers and operators, the
signifi cance of the deposition of metal parts
from the material fl ow, and which method can
be applied to this.
Storage NOT WITHIN SCOPE VDI 3790 Blatt 3 Environmental meteorology – Emission
of gases, odours and dusts from diffuse
sources – Storage, transhipment and
transportation of bulk materials
Diffusive dust emissions occur on a signifi cant
scale during the storage, transhipment and
transportation of bulk materials. This guideline
applies to such diffusive dust emissions. The
aim of this guideline is to estimate these
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emission factors. The guideline does not
facilitate the stipulation of emission limits.
Diffusive dust emissions from the operation
of landfi lls are dealt with in the guideline VDI
3790 Part 2.
Material
recovery
NOT WITHIN SCOPE RAL-UZ 17 Basic Criteria for Award of the
Environmental Label – Compostable
Plant Containers and other Moulded
Parts
Treatment NOT WITHIN SCOPE DVGW W 221-3 Residuals and by-products from water
treatment plants – Part 3: Avoidance,
utilization, disposal
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Annex B – Applicable standards identifi ed
Table B.1 outlines the Key Word, number identifi er, and title of standards that may be relevant
considered with regards to this project. Please note that the list is not exhaustive. The ‘mapping’
column indicates how the standard relates to the Sector life cycle – Value chain (see Figure 1) and the
pre-existing waste permits.
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Table B.1 – Formal waste management standards identifi ed
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
FORMAL STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Waste General
Environmental
Management (General
Terms)
BS EN ISO 14001 Environmental management systems.
Requirements with guidance for use
This International Standard specifi es
requirements for an environmental
management system to enable an organization
to develop and implement a policy and
objectives which take into account legal
requirements and other requirements to which
the organization subscribes, and information
about signifi cant environmental aspects. It
applies to those environmental aspects that
the organization identifi es as those which it
can control and those which it can infl uence.
It does not itself state specifi c environmental
performance criteria.
This International Standard is applicable to any
organization that wishes to
a) establish, implement, maintain and improve
an environmental management system,
b) assure itself of conformity with its stated
environmental policy,
c) demonstrate conformity with this
International Standard by
1) making a self-determination and self-
declaration, or
2) seeking confi rmation of its conformance
by parties having an interest in the
organization, such as customers, or
3) seeking confi rmation of its self-
declaration by a party external to the
organization, or
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4) seeking certifi cation/registration of its
environmental management system by
an external organization.
All the requirements in this International
Standard are intended to be incorporated
into any environmental management system.
The extent of the application depends on
factors such as the environmental policy of
the organization, the nature of its activities,
products and services and the location where
and the conditions in which it functions. This
International Standard also provides, in Annex
A, informative guidance on its use.
Waste Overarching –
relevant to elements
of operations
BS OHSAS 18001 Occupational health and safety
management systems. Requirements
This Occupational Health and Safety
Assessment Series (OHSAS) Standard specifi es
requirements for an occupational health and
safety (OH&S) management system, to enable
an organization to control its OH&S risks and
improve its OH&S performance. It does not
state specifi c OH&S performance criteria, nor
does it give detailed specifi cations for the
design of a management system.
This OHSAS Standard is applicable to any
organization that wishes to:
a) establish an OH&S management system to
eliminate or minimize risks to personnel
and other interested parties who could be
exposed to OH&S hazards associated with
its activities;
b) implement, maintain and continually
improve an OH&S management system;
c) assure itself of its conformity with its stated
OH&S policy;
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d) demonstrate conformity with this OHSAS
Standard by:
1) making a self-determination and self-
declaration, or
2) seeking confi rmation of its conformance
by parties having an interest in the
organization, such as customers, or
3) seeking confi rmation of its self-
declaration by a party external to the
organization, or
4) seeking certifi cation/registration of
its OH&S management system by an
external organization.
All the requirements in this OHSAS Standard
are intended to be incorporated into any
OH&S management system. The extent of the
application will depend on such factors as the
OH&S policy of the organization, the nature of
its activities and the risks and complexity of its
operations.
This OHSAS Standard is intended to address
occupational health and safety, and is not
intended to address other health and safety
areas such as employee wellbeing/wellness
programmes, product safety, property damage
or environmental impacts.
Waste Material recovery,
SR2008No23
PAS 141: 2011 Reuse of used and waste electrical and
electronic equipment (UEEE and WEEE).
Process management. Specifi cation
This PAS specifi es requirements for managing
the process of preparing UEEE and WEEE for
reuse.
It covers the preparation for reuse of
equipment and components.
This PAS does not cover:
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a) the manufacturing of new equipment;
b) the recycling/other recovery or disposal
of equipment (although it does include
requirements for assigning WEEE for
recycling/other recovery).
It is applicable to organizations that prepare
equipment for reuse.
Waste General –
Performance
reporting, no permit
reference
PAS 402: 2009 Waste Resource Management –
Specifi cation for Performance Reporting
This PAS specifi es requirements for
performance reporting by a waste resource
management organization.
It requires a waste resource management
organization to report:
a) how it conducts specifi c waste resource
management activities (Clauses 3 to 11); and
b) the landfi ll diversion and material recovery
rates it achieves (Clause 12).
It is applicable to a waste resource
management organization that processes
industrial, commercial or household waste at a
transfer station, treatment facility or disposal
site. It is not applicable to a waste resource
management organization that operates solely
as a waste carrier or waste broker.
Waste Outputs, permitting
SR2010No17, SR2010
No18
OEN ORM S 2026-1
(2002-09-01)
Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 1:
Concepts for solid and liquid fuels
The aim of this standard is to provide fuel
from waste regulations for contractors,
i.e. Authority, operators and owners of
waste, pretending to assist. It describes the
conditions to be determined for the use of
waste as fuel. This section defi nes terms that
are applicable to solid and liquid/pasty fuels
from waste.
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Waste Outputs, permitting
SR2010No17, SR2010
No18
OEN ORM S 2026-2
(2002-09-01)
Recovered fuels from wastes – Part
2: Quality characteristics and analysis
methods for solid and liquid fuels
The aim of this series of standards is to
provide fuel from waste regulations for
contractors, i.e. Authority, operators and
owners of waste, pretending to assist. It
will be determined as described between
the parties for the use of waste as fuel.
This part of the standard series establishes
quality characteristics and methods that are
applicable to solid and liquid or paste-like fuels
from waste.
Waste General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
OEN ORM S 2097-1
(2005-04-01)
Sorting analysis of waste – Part 1:
Concepts
The OEN ORM S-Series 2097 Part 1 to 4
“sorting analysis of waste” is concerned
with the identifi cation and analysis of
the composition of solid waste including
recyclables/recyclable materials using physical
methods. This Part 1 defi nes the terms that
apply to the analysis of waste sorting.
Waste General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
OEN ORM S 2097-2
(2005-04-01)
Sorting analysis of waste – Part 2:
Sampling
The OEN ORM S-Series 2097 Part 1 to 4
“sorting analysis of waste” is concerned
with the identifi cation and analysis of
the composition of solid waste including
recyclables/recyclable materials using physical
methods. This Part 2 sets out the sampling.
Waste General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
OEN ORM S 2097-3
(2005-04-01)
Sorting analysis of waste – Part 3:
Sorting
The OEN ORM S-Series 2097 Part 1 to 4
“sorting analysis of waste” is concerned
with the identifi cation and analysis of
the composition of solid waste including
recyclables/recyclable materials using physical
methods. This Part 3 shall be applied for
manually sorting of waste, depending on the
size of pieces or lumpiness.
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Waste General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
OEN ORM S 2097-4
(2010-11-15)
Sorting analysis of waste – Part 4:
Evaluation of measuring results and
analysis report
The OEN ORM S-Series 2097 Part 1 to 4
“sorting analysis of waste” is concerned
with the identifi cation and analysis of
the composition of solid waste including
recyclables/recyclable materials using physical
methods. This is part 4 in the evaluation of the
analytical results of manually sortable waste
(lumpiness, lot size) to apply.
Waste General, Reporting OEN ORM S 2100
(2007-09-01)
List of wastes This OEN ORM shall summarize the purpose,
the types of waste and the incorporated terms,
key numbers with any specifi cations, indicating
the GTIN for all wastes in accordance with
Act 2002. The main contents of the Waste
Catalogue Ordinance, Federal Law Gazette
II No. 570/2003 as amended by BGBl II No.
89/2005, were included in this OEN ORM, so
that their users with this OEN ORM a body of
work for the allocation of waste to waste types
available.
Waste Other standards
relating to waste –
SR2008no24,
SR2008no25
OEN ORM S 2104
(2008-07-01)
Waste from medical institutions This OEN ORM objective is the proper
treatment of waste from the medical fi eld to
avoid danger to persons due to injury, infection
or poisoning and to avoid environmental
hazards. This OEN ORM is applied by all
persons who are involved with the production
and with the treatment (provision, collection,
transportation, storage, recycling and disposal)
of waste from the medical fi eld as well as by
professionals from the cosmetics industry
(according to Federal Law Gazette I No.
141/2003). The potential for waste prevention
and separate collection for the purpose of
exploitation are to be used largely, as far as is
reasonably hygienic and safety reasons.
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The use of disposable medical products is
a hygienic necessity, appropriateness and
environmental impact review. The principle
of precaution and sustainability, according to
Waste Management Act in its current version
is considered. This OEN ORM does not apply
to radioactive waste, except that these wastes
may be disposed of according to radiation
safety regulations as inactive waste.
Waste Material recovery,
energy recovery
and disposal,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology
for the determination
of the leaching under specifi ed
behaviour of waste conditions
This standard specifi es a methodology for
the determination of the leaching behaviour
of waste under specifi ed conditions (i.e. for a
specifi ed scenario including a specifi ed time
frame) in order to provide a solution to a
defi ned problem. This applies to disposal and
recovery scenarios.
NOTE 1 Recovery is the term defi ned in the
European Waste Acts [1,3]. It includes re-use
and recycling.
The term “waste” includes all categories
of waste, such as municipal waste, waste
from extractive industry etc.” The external
conditions which have a direct infl uence on
the release of constituents from waste are
considered. Migration of constituents leached
from the disposal or the recovery site into the
surrounding environment is not considered.
Also the assessment of toxicity to humans or
ecological impacts on fl ora and fauna as a
secondary effect after release of constituents
from the waste is not considered.
NOTE 2 Present knowledge of highly complex
scenarios and wastes may limit the ability to
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provide a clear solution to a defi ned problem.
An example may be the land fi lling of complex
mixtures of wastes or the prediction of the
acid generation behaviour waste from the
extractive industry.
Waste General, CEN/TR 16110 Characterization of waste – Guidance on
the use of ecotoxicity tests applied to
waste
Ecotoxicity tests can be applied to wastes to
identify their potential hazardous properties
with respect to the environment or to assess
the risk related to a site-specifi c exposure
scenario. This document provides guidance
for the selection and use of ecotoxicity tests
for both applications. This document focuses
on the following selected fi eld of applications:
a) Basic ecotoxicological characterization;
b) Site-specifi c exposure scenario; c) Landfi ll
management: 1) monitoring of leachates; 2)
mineral waste going to non-controlled landfi ll
sites. D) Re-use of waste: 1) use of sludge in
agriculture; 2) use of mineral waste in road
construction. The user should be aware that
other fi elds of application can also be covered
by ecotoxicological testing not being in the
scope of the document. The ecotoxicological
assessment of waste within other scenarios
might need the development of other test
strategies. Depending on the waste type
and the assessment goal, relevant criteria
are described for the selection of a test
strategy and the suitable ecotoxicity test(s).
This document also provides guidance for
individual ecotoxicity test protocols to meet
the specifi c demands of waste testing (e.g.
limitations, test design, confounding factors).
The tests recommended represent a minimum
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test battery that may be accomplished by
additional tests or even be replaced by others
according to the waste, the intended use or
protection goal envisaged.
Waste
management
General BS EN 13965-1:2004 Characterization of waste. Terminology.
Material related terms and defi nitions
This part of the European Standard EN 13965,
Characterization of waste – Terminology –
Part 1: Material related terms and defi nitions,
concerns concepts which are related to
different types of waste. It gives a compilation
of selected and updated terms and defi nitions
for use by for example producers, waste
industry and legislators in the waste
management fi eld. It is harmonized with the
current language used in management as well
as in regulation. It includes, with references,
national terms and defi nitions where such
needs have been expressed. It does not include
terms related to specialized activities. The
scope of TC 292 excludes radioactive wastes.
Therefore such concepts are not included in
this standard. Defi nitions in other standards
with a scope different from the scope of this
European Standard can be different from the
defi nitions in this standard.
Waste
management
General BS EN 13965-2:2010 Characterization of waste. Terminology.
Management related terms and
defi nitions
This European Standard, EN 13965-2,
Characterization of waste – Terminology
– Part 2: Management related terms and
defi nitions, gives a compilation of selected
and updated terms and defi nitions, for use by
for example producers, waste industry and
legislators in the waste management fi eld.
It is harmonized with the current language
used in management as well as in regulation. t
includes, with references (see Annex C),
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Inational terms and defi nitions where such
needs have been expressed. It does not include
terms related to detailed activities.
The scope of CEN/TC 292 excludes radioactive
wastes. Therefore, such concepts are not
included in this standard.
Defi nitions in other standards with a scope
different from the scope of this European
Standard can be different from the defi nitions
in this standard.
Waste
management
General – DG? BS EN 14899:2005 Characterization of waste. Sampling
of waste materials. Framework for
the preparation and application of a
sampling plan
This European Standard specifi es the
procedural steps to be taken in the preparation
and application of a Sampling Plan. The
Sampling Plan describes the method of
collection of the laboratory sample necessary
for meeting the objective of the testing
programme. The principles or basic rules
outlined in
this European Standard, provide a framework
that can be used by the project manager to:
produce standardised Sampling Plans for
use in regular or routine circumstances
(elaboration of daughter/derived standards
dedicated to well defi ned sampling
scenarios);
incorporate the specifi c sampling
requirements of European and national
legislation;
design and develop a Sampling Plan for use
on a case by case basis.
This European Standard has been developed
for the characterization of waste.
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There may be a need for more than one
Sampling Plan to meet all the requirements
of the testing programme. Ultimately the
Sampling Plan provides the sampler with
detailed instructions on how sampling should
be carried out.
Waste
management
General OEN ORM S 2000-1
(2003-09-01)
Waste management – Part 1: Waste –
Defi nitions
This OEN ORM sets terms for the designation
of waste because of their origin or their
composition and properties.
Waste
management
General OEN ORM S 2000-2
(2003-09-01)
Waste management – Part 2: Scopes –
Defi nitions
This OEN ORM sets terms for the division of
responsibilities laid waste management.
Waste
management
General OEN ORM S 2000-4
(2003-09-01)
Waste management – Part 4: Waste
recycling – Defi nitions
This OEN ORM sets terms for the recovery of
waste and defi ned metrics.
Waste
management
General OEN ORM S 2006
(2007-01-01)
Recycling of waste and existing
substances – Defi nitions and methods
This standard defi nes important terms of
Abfall-/Altstoffverwertung. They refer to waste
as defi ned in Act 2002. It specifi es technical
decision criteria, especially considering the
environmental impact assessment of waste
treatment measures. In addition, it should be
noted that in the relevant legal standards such
as EU directives and their transposition into
national law to be made different allocations
for material and energy recovery, and these
must be considered in a given case. Quantities
are always represented as a mass. The volumes
are only for the importance of logistics.
Waste
management
General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
ASTM D 5231 Standard Test Method for Determination
of the Composition of Unprocessed
Municipal Solid Waste
1.1 This test method describes procedures for
measuring the composition of unprocessed
municipal solid waste (MSW) by employing
manual sorting. This test method applies to
determination of the mean composition of
MSW based on the collection and manual
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sorting of a number of samples of waste over
a selected time period covering a minimum of
one week.
1.2 This test method includes procedures
for the collection of a representative sorting
sample of unprocessed waste, manual sorting
of the waste into individual waste components,
data reduction, and reporting of the results.
1.3 This test method may be applied at landfi ll
sites, waste processing and conversion
facilities, and transfer stations.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to
be regarded as the standard. The values given
in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety problems, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior
to use. For specifi c hazard statements, see
Section 6.
Waste
management
General ASTM D 5681 (2009-
00-00)
Standard Terminology for Waste and
Waste Management
1.1 This terminology contains standard
defi nitions of terms used in the general area of
waste and waste management. It is intended
to promote understanding by providing
precise technical defi nitions of terms used in
the standards developed by Committee D34
and its subcommittees.
1.2 Terms used only within an individual
standard, and having a meaning unique to that
standard, may be defi ned or explained
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in the terminology section of that individual
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
Waste
management
General ASTM D 5761 Standard Practice for Emulsifi cation/
Suspension of Multiphase Fluid Waste
Materials
1.1 This practice covers the generation of a
single-phase suspension or emulsion from
multiphase samples which are primarily liquid
in order to facilitate sample preparation,
transfer, and analysis.
1.2 This practice is designed to keep a
multiphase fl uid sample in an emulsifi ed/
suspended state long enough to take a single,
composite sample that is representative of the
sample as a whole. The sample may reform
multiple layers after standing.
1.3 The emulsion/suspension generated by
following this practice can be used only for
analytical procedures designed for the total
sample and procedures not signifi cantly
affected by the emulsifi er or the presence of
an emulsion/suspension.
1.4 This practice assumes that a representative
sample of not more than one litre has been
obtained.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be
regarded as the standard. No other units of
measurement are included in this standard.
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This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
Waste
management
General ASTM D 6051
(1996-00-00)
Standard Guide for Composite Sampling
and Field Subsampling for Environmental
Waste Management Activities
1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links
in the chain of sampling and analytical events
that must be performed in compliance with
project objectives and instructions to ensure
that the resulting data are representative.
This guide discusses the advantages and
appropriate use of composite sampling,
fi eld procedures and techniques to mix the
composite sample and procedures to collect
an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from
a larger sample. It discusses the advantages
and limitations of using composite samples in
designing sampling plans for characterization
of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially
contaminated media. This guide assumes that
an appropriate sampling device is selected to
collect an unbiased sample.
1.2 The guide does not address: where
samples should be collected (depends on
the objectives) (see Guide D 6044), selection
of sampling equipment, bias introduced
by selection of inappropriate sampling
equipment, sample collection procedures
or collection of a representative specimen
from a sample, or statistical interpretation
of resultant data and devices designed to
dynamically sample process waste streams. It
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also does not provide suffi cient information to
statistically design an optimized sampling plan,
or determine the number of samples to collect
or calculate the optimum number of samples
to composite to achieve specifi ed data quality
objectives (see Practice D 5792). Standard
procedures for planning waste sampling
activities are addressed in Guide D 4687.
1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling
procedures described in this guide are
considered inappropriate for samples to be
analyzed for volatile organic compounds.
Volatile organics are typically lost through
volatilization during sample collection,
handling, shipping and laboratory sample
preparation unless specialized procedures are
used. The enhanced mixing described in this
guide is expected to cause signifi cant losses of
volatile constituents. Specialized procedures
should be used for compositing samples for
determination of volatiles such as combining
directly into methanol (see Practice D 4547).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
DD IEC/PAS
62545:2008
Environmental information on electrical
and electronic equipment (EIEEE)
This PAS provides guidelines on generic
environmental attributes to be considered
by product committees when preparing a
declaration frame suited to a concerned
product category to disclose credible,
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relevant, and harmonized product related
environmental information to who needs or
requests it. As a result, generic requirements
to be followed by upstream suppliers to
deliver necessary information to downstream
producers are also specifi ed.
This PAS is stand-alone and only applicable
if relevant requirements on environmental
aspects and impacts information does not
exist in relevant product standard.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for
electrotechnical applications. Standard
for the inventory control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of
electrical equipment and insulating
liquids containing PCBs
The scope of this European Standard is
to provide operational procedures for the
activities of inventory, control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of
equipment and containers with insulating
liquid containing PCBs, in compliance with
the Council Directives (96/59/EC, 96/61/EC),
Commission Decision (2001/68/EC), and/or
with appropriate national or local legislation.
This European Standard is addressed, in
particular, toward the management of
insulating liquids and it has been developed
in accordance with the following motivating
principles:
a) reduction of risks for workers, public health
and the environment, deriving from troubles
or failures of the equipment that could
originate fi res or the spill of hazardous and
persistent products;
b) implementation of the “Best Available
Techniques” and methodologies available
for safety, while taking into account the
criteria of the surroundings, self-suffi ciency
and functional recovery;
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c) technical feasibility of the activities
recommended or imposed by current
legislation, within the prescribed time
schedules, taking into account the
economic feasibility as well.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
Disposal,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
OEN ORM S 2106
(2005-09-01)
Recycling and disposal of waste electrical
and electronic appliances
This is OEN ORM of people apply who are
concerned with the collection, recycling and
disposal of waste electrical and electronic
equipment. OEN ORM objective of this is
the proper recycling and disposal of waste
electrical and electronic equipment in
accordance with the requirements of the
Federal Law Gazette II No. 570/2003, as well
as the transport of the fractions (see Section
4) according to ADR. For assigning waste code
numbers, the Federal Law Gazette II 570/2003
shall apply. The key numbers according to
ÖNORM S 2100 and S OEN ORM 2100/AC1
may still in the transition period will be used
in accordance with Act 2002. It was the
largest possible amount of substance use and
a minimal amount of material removal can
be fed to meet the recovery targets of the
directive on waste electrical and electronic
equipment can. These ecological and economic
considerations are taken into account.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
Disposal,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
OEN ORM S 2107
(2006-08-01)
Requirements to be met by companies
collecting and treating waste electrical
and electronic equipment
This OEN ORM sets the requirements for
collection and treatment of waste electrical
and electronic equipment in the operational
process. These are e.g. commercial enterprises,
local authorities, waste management
associations and other public and private
institutions. The transport of waste electrical
and electronic equipment is collected in this
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OEN ORM only so far as to meet the special
collection and treatment due diligence and
documentation requirements.
Recycling Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15
PAS 109:2008 Specifi cation for the production
of recycled gypsum from waste
plasterboard
This PAS specifi es minimum requirements for
the production of recycled gypsum from waste
plasterboard (see 3.25) intended for a range of
applications in existing and emerging end
markets. This PAS covers the selection,
receipt and handling of input materials, the
specifi cations of product grades, and the
storage, labelling, dispatch and traceability of
the products. It also specifi es requirements
for a quality management system for the
production of grades of recycled gypsum
to ensure they are consistently fi t for their
intended uses.
This PAS is for recycled gypsum produced
from waste plasterboard that has been
separately collected, or sorted and segregated
from, other wastes, products or materials.
Likely sources of waste plasterboard include:
plasterboard manufacturing waste;
over-ordering on construction sites;
boards damaged during transportation,
handling or storage;
off-cuts during installation; and
plasterboard stripped-out during
refurbishment and demolition works.
The requirements for the recycled gypsum
grades specify particle size distribution,
residual paper content, purity, physical
contamination and chemical composition
limits, and acceptability of colour and smell.
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The end markets to which this PAS applies
include, but are not limited to, the following
applications:
plasterboard manufacture;
cement manufacture;
manufacture of construction products;
soil treatment in agriculture and
horticulture;
manufacture of growing media;
soil stabilization and binding;
clarifying aquatic environments; and
absorbent for liquid spills.
In order to accommodate the widening
range of end user requirements for recycled
gypsum variations or additions to an end user
specifi cation may be required. However, in all
instances, the standard set by this PAS shall
be the minimum requirement. The recycler
is responsible for consistently fulfi lling
any additional quality needs, such that the
products are safe and consistently fi t for their
intended purposes.
Recycling General X30-012 GA X30-
012 (2004-08-01)
(AFNOR)
Waste – Recycling terminology. This paper proposes a basis of common
defi nitions for all materials and the
introduction of new defi nitions or additions
to existing defi nitions in order to have
a clear vision and system of collection/
sorting/recycling and the all the operations it
implements.
Recycling Material recovery,
SR2008no12-15,
SR2011no4, SR2008
no1-8
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria
for recycling methods. Description of
recycling processes and fl ow chart
This European Standard defi nes the criteria for
a recycling process and describes the principal
existing processes for material recycling and
their inter-relationship.
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Both packaging and recovery technologies are
subject to continuing and rapid development.
This European Standard describes the
present stage of knowledge but may be
subject to modifi cations in the light of new
developments.
The essential relationship between this and the
fi ve mandated European Packaging Standards
and one (mandated) CEN Report is specifi ed in
EN 13427.
Recycling Material recovery,
SR2011no3,
SR2008no14-15
XP T47-758 End of life tyres – Separate determination
of free and bound textile contents of
granulates from grinding process of
End of life tyres – Method based on the
manual separation after mechanical
sieving of products.
This document specifi es a method to obtain
the rate of textile fi bers (due to aggregate or
not) by manual separation after screening of a
laboratory sample of aggregates from PUNK.
Recycling Material recovery,
SR2008no12-15,
SR2011no4
PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging.
Specifi cation for quality and guidance
for good practice in collection and
preparation for recycling
This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)
specifi es a classifi cation and grading system
for the quality of collected waste plastics
packaging intended for recycling. It includes
test methods for the verifi cation of quality in
the event of a dispute; see Annex D and Annex
E.
This PAS also includes, in Annex B and Annex C,
guidance on the collection, sorting and storage
of waste plastics packaging.
Recycling Material recovery,
SR2008no1-8 and
12-15,
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and
recycling of plastics waste
This International Standard provides guidance
for the development of standards and
specifi cations covering plastics waste recovery
as well as other means of plastics waste
reduction, including recycling. The standard
An
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establishes the different options for the
recovery of plastics waste arising from pre-
consumer and postconsumer sources as
illustrated diagrammatically in Annex A. The
standard establishes the quality requirements
that should be considered in all steps of
the recovery process, and provides general
recommendations for inclusion in material
standards, test standards and product
specifi cations. Consequently, the process
stages, requirements, recommendations and
terminology presented in this International
Standard are intended to be of general
applicability.
Recycling Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application
directive for soils from waste
This OEN ORM applies to the examination of
input materials, incoming inspection, process
control, quality control, quality requirements
and the application of soil from waste. This
includes both mixtures of soils suitable for the
manufacture of materials and those produced
in a earth. This part applies to the use of soils
from wastes, taking into account the location
and the subsequent use.
Disposal Disposal, no
permitting ref.
BS EN 14987:2006 Plastics – Evaluation of disposability
in waste water treatment plants –
Test scheme for fi nal acceptance and
specifi cations
This European Standard specifi es test
methods and criteria which are to be applied
in order to verify if a solid plastic material
can be considered as disposable in waste
water treatment plants, i.e. it does not create
problems for the environment and for the
drainage systems. In order to reach this
conclusion it needs be verifi ed that the plastic
material under evaluation is biodegradable
under aerobic conditions (i.e. susceptible to
mineralization) and water soluble or water
dispersible.
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NOTE Plastic materials which are shown to be
in compliance with this European Standard
can be used to produce items which, for their
characteristics of water solubility or water
dispersibility and biodegradability,
Metal Material recovery –
may relate to
production
BS EN 2955:1993 Aerospace series. Recycling of titanium
and titanium alloy scrap
This standard specifi es the general
requirements for recycling, by vacuum
remelting, titanium and titanium alloy scrap
used for the production of ingots.
Rubber Material recovery,
SR2008no12-15
PAS 107 Specifi cation for the manufacture and
storage of size reduced tyre materials
This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)
specifi es minimum requirements for the
manufacture and storage of size-reduced, tyre
derived rubber materials intended for a range of
applications in existing and emerging secondary
end markets. Tyre sources include those from
land based vehicles, i.e. bicycles, motorcycles,
cars, light commercial vehicles, trucks, buses,
and industrial and agricultural vehicles.
This PAS does not cover the processing
of aircraft tyres, the use of whole or baled
tyres in end use applications or the end use
applications. It does not cover the by-products
of the process, namely steel and textile fi bre
or tyre recycling by means of alternative
technologies such as pyrolysis or microwave
treatment.
In order to accommodate the widening range
of end user requirements for size reduced
tyre materials, variations or additions to an
end use specifi cation may be required. This
is referenced in the PAS as being subject to
agreement between the producer and user.
However, in all instances, the standard set by
this PAS will be the minimum requirement.
An
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Rubber Material recovery,
SR2008no12-15
OEN ORM EN 14243
(2004-04-01)
Post-consumer tyre – Materials and
applications
This Standard is being prepared in order to
provide a European system of reference for
materials produced from post-consumer tyres
and rubber wastes based upon their physical
and chemical characteristics. It is to be used
as a source of material quality designations
for the preparation of the specifi cations for
products and applications which utilise post-
consumer tyre materials.
Waste Disposal Disposal, DG?? OEN ORM S 2070
(2004-09-01)
Waste disposal facilities –
Hydrogeological and geotechnical
classifi cation of landfi ll sites
This OEN ORM classifi ed sites according to
the permeability of the substrate, expressed
by the permeability coeffi cient (k value). The
prerequisite for such a classifi cation is a
positive assessment of the site for geological,
hydrogeological and geotechnical criteria
according to ÖNORM S 2074-1.
Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1
PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)
specifi es requirements for the process of
composting, the selection of input materials,
the minimum quality of composted materials
and the storage, labelling and traceability of
compost products. It specifi es requirements
for a Quality Management System (QMS) for
the production of composts to ensure they
are consistently fi t for their intended uses.
It also requires Hazard Analysis and Critical
Control Point (HACCP) assessment, which
the composter takes into account when
developing, implementing and reviewing the
QMS.
This PAS is for composts from a composting
system into which only source segregated
biowastes (see 3.63 and 3.9) and/or
biodegradable non-waste materials are fed.
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Inputs to the composting process are
allowed to include digestate (whole digestate,
separated fi bre or separated liquor) from an
anaerobic digestion facility that processes
only source-segregated biowastes and/
or biodegradable materials as inputs, that
is compliant with PAS 110 (see 6.1.6 and its
notes).
Digestate (whole digestate, separated fi bre
or separated liquor) from a non-PAS 110
anaerobic or aerobic digestion process is only
allowed to be added to a PAS 100 composting
process if the digestate is made only from
input materials allowed by PAS 100 (see 6.1.6
and its Notes).
This PAS allows a composting process to
utilize thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD, see
3.71) for its sanitization step instead of aerobic
composting (see Clause 8 Table 1) and the
resulting compost can be claimed compliant
with this PAS if all requirements are met.
However, any whole digestate or separated
liquor output arising from the TAD step
that is not utilized in a subsequent aerobic
composting step to form compost (see 3.17) is
not allowed to be claimed compliant with this
PAS.
This PAS does not specify tests for specifi c
or indicator plant pathogens due to a lack of
validated methods.
PAS 100 is applicable to product-oriented
composting processes and the composter is
responsible for establishing and consistently
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fulfi lling any additional quality needs the user
has.
Vermi-composting is within the scope of this
PAS where it follows a sanitization step of
thermophilic aerobic composting or TAD (see
7.1).
PAS 100 does not apply to composting
activities that do not require registration with
the regulator, such as composting at home.
Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1
OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils
from compost
This OEN ORM in the manufacture, testing and
alvation of earth culture from compost use. It
specifi es the requirements that must comply
earth compost culture. The aim is to achieve
with proper handling of these products
optimal plant growth. The subject for the
manufacture and marketing of cultural earths
from used compost to the provisions of the
Regulation.
Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1
OEN ORM S 2204
(2005-01-01)
Compost – Hygiene requirements –
E.coli, Salmonella sp., Listeria sp.,
Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test
methods, representation of results
This standard sets out the microbiological
examination methods and the interpretation
of results for the microbiological testing of
compost Ordinance according to epidemic-
hygienic end product control. This standard
covers the sampling, testing methods and the
presentation of results from E. coli, Salmonella
sp., Listeria sp. And Campylobacter sp
Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1
OEN ORM S 2206-2
(2005-03-01)
Requirements for a quality assurance
system for composts – Part 2:
Determination of tasks and conditions for
a quality assurance organisation
This OEN ORM defi nes the requirements for
a Quality Assurance Organization (QSO), who
works for compost facilities.
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Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1
OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting
plants
The present OEN ORM specifi es the minimum
technical standards for composting facilities
with an annual production capacity of
more than 150 m3 of compost (including
screenings) according to OEN ORM S 2100
and S OEN ORM 2,201th It is also relevant to
the environment and the internal environment
of the composting plant emissions and
pollution in question taken care. With respect
to the choice of location gave the advantages
of local spatial planning, the meteorological
situation as well as other customary local
conditions to be observed. Measures for the
protection of workers are without prejudice to
the legal framework (e.g. Employee Protection
Act, Regulation on the health monitoring in
the workplace, workplace regulations) so far
above, as this is specifi c to the operation of
composting plants resulting impacts. The
aim of this OEN ORM is to defi ne conditions
for low-emission and orderly operation of
composting facilities, taking into consideration
the quality of the fi nished product. The
procedure described in this technical
equipment OEN ORM of the plants or their
management was established with a view
to producing a fi nal product that meets the
quality criteria required for a recovery.
Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1
OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance
system for the production of composts –
Part 1: Principles for quality assurance of
a company and of the internal technical
processes
In this OEN ORM describes the requirements
for a quality assurance system for the
production of compost. In this part 1, the
foundations laid down for quality assurance
and describes the internal operations that
are subject to quality assurance and are
documented accordingly.
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Radioactive
waste/waste
collection
Disposal, no
permitting ref
OEN ORM S 2600
(2004-08-01)
Radioactive waste – Guidelines for
collection
The OEN ORM is applicable to radioactive
waste, etc. in hospitals, research laboratories,
research institutes, industrial enterprises
incurred The OEN ORM does not apply to
radioactive waste from reprocessing plants for
nuclear fuel. Gaseous radioactive substances
and aerosols are, if they can not be converted
into one of the categories of waste according
to section 4.2 of this OEN ORM excluded from
this OEN ORM. The OEN ORM sets guidelines
for the collection of radioactive waste at the
set for the handling of radioactive materials
and guidelines for the authorized transfer of
waste by the conditioner. The purpose of these
guidelines is to identify measures by which,
with careful separation of the radioactive
waste at source conditions are created that
allow optimization of disposal in accordance
with ecological and economic aspects.
Radioactive
waste
Pre-treatment, no
permitting ref
OEN ORM S 2605-1 Treatment of radioactive waste water
from industry, commerce, science,
research
This is OEN ORM on radioactively
contaminated waste water from industries
which are subject to authorization by the
Radiation Protection Act and its use in
industrial, commercial or scientifi c research
activities and open radioactive substances to
apply. Goals of treatment are contaminated
wastewater reducing the activity or the
activity concentration in the effl uent and
the containment of radioactivity as small
manageable volumes.
Radioactive
waste
Disposal, no
permitting ref
OEN ORM S 2606
(2011-03-15)
Radioactive waste – Guidelines for waste
management by radioactive decay
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Radioactive
waste
Pre-treatment,
disposal, no
permitting ref
GOST R 50996 Collection, storage, treatment and
burial of radioactive waste. Terms and
defi nitions
This standard specifi es the terms and
defi nitions for collecting, storing, processing
and disposal of radioactive waste. The terms
set forth in this standard are mandatory for
all types of documentation and literature on
the science and technology sector within
the scope of standardization activities and/
or using the results of these studies. This
standard should be applied in conjunction with
Standard 12 916
Hazardous
waste
Disposal, no
permitting ref
ANSI/ASME QHO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of
Hazardous Waste Incinerator Operators
Landfi ll Disposal, no
permitting ref
BS EN
14414:2004
Geosynthetics – Screening test method
for determining chemical resistance for
landfi ll applications
This European Standard describes a test
method to determine the chemical resistance
of geosynthetics to liquid municipal,
agricultural and industrial wastes, using a
laboratory immersion procedure.
The procedure includes three chemical
compounds chosen to initiate known types of
chemical degradation, and a synthetic leachate
representative of a landfi ll containing domestic
waste. The procedure can also be applied
using a site-specifi c leachate. These options
are denoted by methods A to E:
method A: hydrolysis under acidic
conditions;
1 method B: hydrolysis under basic
conditions;
2 method C: alvation/swelling;
3 method D: synthetic leachate;
4 method E: any site-specifi c leachate;
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The method of evaluation (see clause 9)
differs according to whether the material
is a geotextile, a polymeric or bituminous
geosynthetic barrier, or a geosynthetic clay
barrier. In the case of geosynthetic clay
barriers only the polymeric component will be
tested.
Liquid waste Disposal, no
permitting ref
BS EN 13492:2004 Geosynthetic barriers. Characteristics
required for use in the construction
of liquid waste disposal sites, transfer
stations or secondary containment
This document specifi es the relevant
characteristics of geosynthetic barriers,
including polymeric geosynthetic barriers,
clay geosynthetic barriers and bituminous
geosynthetic barriers, when used as fl uid
barriers in the construction of liquid waste
disposal sites, transfer stations and secondary
containment, and the appropriate test
methods to determine these characteristics.
The intended use of these products is to
control the leakage of fl uids through the
construction. This document is not applicable
to geotextiles or geotextile-related products.
This document provides for the evaluation of
conformity of the product to this document.
This document defi nes requirements to be met
by manufacturers and distributors with regard
to the presentation of product properties.
Storage Disposal, energy
recovery, no
permitting ref
OEN ORM S 2098 Requirements for the intermediate
storage of waste with high calorifi c value
Healthcare
waste
General,
SR2008no24-25
NF X30-510 Terminology of health care waste. This document defi nes the terms used in the
fi eld of waste treatment activities. The purpose
of this document is to defi ne a list of terms
used in the fi eld of waste and care activities
necessary for the proper understanding and
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application of regulations and practices of
waste management in care activities.
Sludge Treatment/disposal,
SR2008no19
BS EN 12255-8:2001 Wastewater treatment plants. Sludge
treatment and storage
Sludge Treatment/disposal,
SR2008no19
CEN/TR 13714 Characterization of sludges – Sludge
management in relation to use or
disposal
This Technical Report gives guidance for
dealing with the production and control of
sludge in relation to inputs and treatment
and gives a strategic evaluation of recovery,
recycling and disposal options for sludge
according to its properties and the availability
of outlets. This report is applicable for
sludges from: storm water handling; night
soil; urban wastewater collecting systems;
urban wastewater treatment plants; treating
industrial wastewater similar to urban
wastewater (as defi ned in Directive 91/271/
EC [1]); water supply treatment plants; but
excluding hazardous sludges from industry.
Sludge Treatment/disposal,
SR2008no19 – not
formal standard,
move
CEN/TR 13768 Characterization of sludges – Good
practice for combined incineration of
sludges and household wastes
This CEN Report gives indication for dealing of
the combined incineration treatment of sludge
and household waste. This European standard
is applicable to sludges described in the scope
of CEN/TC 308 i.e. specifi cally derived from:
storm water handling;
night soil;
urban wastewater collecting systems;
urban wastewater treatment plants;
treating industrial wastewater similar to
urban wastewater (as defi ned in Directive
91/271/EEC);
but excluding hazardous sludges from
industry. Annex A gives information on various
systems to input sludge into a household
waste incineration plant.
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Sludge Treatment/disposal,
SR2008no19 – not
formal standard,
move
DIN-Fachbericht CEN/
TR 15126
Characterization of sludges – Good
practice for landfi lling of sludges and
sludge treatment residues
This part of the European Guideline describes
good practice for the landfi ll of sludge and
by products of sludge after incineration. The
scope of the guideline is the sludges described
in the scope of CEN/TC 308 i.e. sludges and
sludge products from:
storm water handling;
night soil;
urban wastewater collecting systems;
urban wastewater treatment plants;
treating industrial wastewater similar to
urban wastewater (as defi ned in Directive
91/271/EEC);
water supply treatment plants;
water distribution systems.
Biological
treatment
Treatment/disposal,
SR2008no19
DIN 38412-26 German standard methods for the
examination of water, waste water and
sludge; bio-assays (group L); surfactant
biodegradation and elimination test for
simulation of municipal waste water
treatment plants (L 26)
The document describes a biological test
method for the control of the biodegradation
of in water soluble surfactants in municipal
sewage plants. The principle of the laboratory
activated sludge plant, the procedure and the
evaluation of the biological test are given.
Biological
treatment
Treatment/disposal,
SR2008no19
NF X42-300 Biotechnolgy. Biological treatment of
waste water. Sewage treatment plant
code of practice. Prevention from
biological risks to personnel and the
environment.
This guide covers best practices to comply
with biosafety, to the exclusion of other risks
in the biological treatment plants treating
industrial wastewater and/or urban. It applies
to biological processes in water treatment and
sludge include:
free cultures (activated sludge, lagoons,
etc.).
Attached growth (trickling fi lter, submerged
bed, etc.).
It applies to treatment plants biological
wastewater and sludge by both aerobic and
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anaerobic treatment may include physical-
chemical pre-and/or supplement the biological
process, and the treatment of sludge from
wastewater treatment plants. This guide is
not the biological treatment of water in an
integrated manufacturing process that is
subject to the rules inherent to the process.
Biological
treatment
Treatment/disposal,
SR2008no19
BS EN ISO
11733:2004
Water quality. Determination of the
elimination and biodegradability of
organic compounds in an aqueous
medium. Activated sludge simulation test
This International Standard specifi es a method
for the determination of the elimination and
the biodegradability of organic compounds
by aerobic micro-organisms. The conditions
described simulate a waste-water treatment
plant. Two test systems can be used: activated
sludge plants or porous pots. The tests can
optionally be performed under conditions of
nitrifi cation and denitrifi cation (Annex A) and
coupling of the units (Annex B).
The method applies to organic compounds
which, under the conditions of the test, are
a) soluble in tap water at the test
concentration and not expected to be
transformed to insoluble metabolites if
biodegradation, in addition to elimination, is
determined;
b) poorly water-soluble, but which are
satisfactorily dispersible in water and allow
detection with suitable analytical means
(e.g. organic carbon measurements);
c) non-volatile, or which have a negligible
vapour pressure under the test conditions;
d) not inhibitory to the test micro-organisms
at the concentration chosen for the test.
Inhibitory effects can be determined by
An
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using a suitable test method (e.g. ISO
8192[15] or ISO 15522[27]). Compounds
inhibitory at concentrations used in this
test may be tested at concentrations less
than their EC20 value, followed by higher
practical concentrations after a period of
acclimatization.
The method can also be used to measure the
biodegradation and elimination of dissolved
organic compounds in waste water (also called
“test compound” in the method). If more or
different information is required to predict the
behaviour of test compounds or waste water
in a treatment plant, other degradation tests
may be performed. For appropriate use of this
method and for alternative biodegradation
methods, see ISO/TR 15462 and for general
information on biotesting, see ISO 5667-16.
Biological
treatment
Treatment/disposal,
SR2008no19
BS EN ISO
11734:1999, BS
6068-5.21:1996
Water quality. Evaluation of the
‘ultimate’ anaerobic biodegradability of
organic compounds in digested sludge.
Method by measurement of the biogas
production
This International Standard specifi es a
screening method for the evaluation of the
biodegradability of organic compounds
at a given concentration by anaerobic
microorganisms. The conditions described in
this test do not necessarily correspond to the
optimal conditions allowing the maximum
value of biodegradation to occur, since a
dilute sludge is used with a relatively high
concentration of test chemical. The test allows
exposure of sludge to the chemical for a
period of up to 60 d, which is longer than the
normal sludge retention time (25 d to 30 d)
in anaerobic digesters, though digesters at
industrial sites can have much longer retention
times.
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The method applies to organic compounds
with a known carbon content and which are
1 soluble in water;
2 poorly soluble in water, provided that a
method of exact dosing is applicable;
3 not inhibitory to the test microorganisms
at the concentration chosen for the test;
inhibitory effects can be determined in
separate tests or by an additional inhibition
assay.
For volatile substances a case by case decision
is necessary. Some can be tested if handled
with special care, for example no release of
gas during the test.
Biological
treatment
General OEN ORM S 2007 Biological waste treatment – Terms and
defi nitions
Material
recovery
Material recovery,
SR2008no12-15,
SR2011no4, SR2008
no1-8
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging
recoverable through composting and
biodegradation –
Test scheme and evaluation criteria for
the fi nal acceptance of packaging
This European Standard specifi es
requirements and procedures to determine
the compostability and anaerobic treatability
of packaging and packaging materials by
addressing four characteristics:
1) biodegradability,
2) disintegration during biological treatment,
3) effect on the biological treatment process
and
4) effect on the quality of the resulting
compost.
In case of a packaging formed by different
components, some of which are compostable
and some other not, the packaging itself, as
a whole is not compostable. However, if the
components can be easily separated
An
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by hand before disposal, the compostable
components can be effectively considered and
treated as such, once separated from the non
compostable components.
This European Standard covers the
compostability of packaging itself but does not
address regulations that may exist regarding
the compostability of any residual contents.
This European Standard makes provision for
obtaining information on the processing of
packaging in controlled waste treatment plants
but does not take into account packaging
waste which may end up in the environment,
through uncontrolled means, i.e. as litter.
The essential relationship between this
European Standard and the four other
(mandated) European Packaging Standards
and one (mandated) CEN Report is specifi ed in
EN 13427:2000.
Energy
recovery
Energy recovery, no
permitting ref
CEN/TR 14745 Solid recovered fuels
Material
recovery
Disposal, permitting
ref unclear
(SR2008no1-8,
SR2009no14-16?)
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or
on soil – Recovery, disposal and related
environmental issues
This Technical Report is intended to summarise
the current state of knowledge and experience
in the fi eld of biodegradable plastics which are
used on soil or end up in soil. It also addresses
the links between use, disposal after use,
degradation mechanisms and the environment.
Therefore, this document is intended to
provide a basis for the development of future
standards. Its aim is to clarify the ideas and
ensure a level playing fi eld, without hiding
possible needs for further research or areas of
disagreement among experts.
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Material
recovery
Material recovery,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no12-15
ASTM D 7209 Standard Guide for Waste Reduction,
Resource Recovery, and Use of Recycled
Polymeric Materials and Products
1.1 This guide provides information for the
development of standards (guides, practices,
terminology, test methods, or specifi cations)
relating to plastics recycling and other means
of waste reductions and resource recovery.
1.2 This guide is directed to consumer,
commercial, and industrial sources of
thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric
materials.
1.3 This guide addresses terminology,
performance standards, specifi cations, quality
assurance, separation or segregation of
product by classes, identifi cation and marking
of generic classes, contaminants, fi llers,
designing for recycle, degradable products,
reconstituted products, biobased resins,
certifi cation and percentages of recycled
products, and other methods of waste
reduction and resource recovery.
1.4 This guide does not address parameters or
factors involving the original manufacture of
virgin polymers or the fabrication of consumer
products from these virgin polymers.
1.5 This guide is intended to replace Guide
D 5033. This standard does not purport to
address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
Note 1 There is no equivalent ISO standard.
ISO/DIS 15270 is similar in scope and content.
An
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Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Metal Material recovery,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2009no7,
SR2011no2
ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal
Ferrous Scrap
1.1 These test methods cover various tests for
assessing the usefulness of a ferrous fraction
recovered from municipal wastes.
1.2 These test methods comprise both
chemical and physical tests, as follows:
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to
be regarded as standard. The values given in
parentheses are mathematical conversions to
SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
Material
recovery
General,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no14-15
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or
Purity of a Solid Waste Materials Stream
1.1 This test method covers the determination
of the composition of a materials stream in
a solid waste resource recovery processing
facility. The composition is determined with
respect to one or more defi ned components.
The results are used for determining the
purity resulting from the operation of one or
more separators, and in conjunction with Test
Method E1108 used to measure the effi ciency
of a materials separation device.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be
regarded as the standard. The values given in
parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
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with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use. For hazard statements, see Section 7.
Pyrolysis Treatment,
SR2008no3-4,
SR2008no7-8
OEN ORM S 2108-1 Thermal treatment of waste – Part 1:
Requirements and general conditions
This is OEN ORM of people use that are
associated with the production, collection
and/or treatment (provision, collection,
transportation, storage, treatment) of waste
involved. OEN ORM This has the purpose of
waste according to code numbers according
to OEN ORM S 2100 drop list the possibility
of a thermal treatment (e.g. burn, pyrolysis)
and set it necessary requirements and
conditions. Here, the possibilities of treatment
in production, the requirements for emission
control and practical advice for the recovery of
substances are presented. The ability or legal
obligation to other treatment methods will not
be affected. For the thermal treatment of the
relevant statutory provisions and regulatory
approvals and the state of the art shall prevail.
Recovered
fuels
Energy recovery, no
permitting ref
ASTM E 830 Standard Test Method for Ash in the
Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel
1.1 This test method covers determination
of the ash content in the analysis sample of
refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The results obtained
can be applied as the weight percent ash in
the proximate analysis and in the ultimate
analysis.
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units
are to be regarded as standard. The values
given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous
materials, operations, and equipment. This
An
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standard does not purport to address all
of the safety problems associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety
and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use. For specifi c precautionary statements see
Section 6.
Certifi cation General BS EN 45011:1998 General requirements for bodies
operating product certifi cation systems
Criteria for technical and management
competence.
Certifi cation Material recovery,
energy recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
SR2011no4,
ANSI/ASME QRO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of
Resource Recovery Facility Operators
Plastic General, no permitting
ref
PD CEN/TR
15351:2006
Plastics. Guide for vocabulary in the
fi eld of degradable and biodegradable
polymers and plastic items
This guide provides the vocabulary to be
used in the fi eld of polymers and plastic
materials and items. The proposed terms and
defi nitions are directly issued from a scientifi c
and technical analysis of the various stages
and mechanisms involved in the alteration of
plastics up to mineralization, bioassimilation
and biorecycling of macromolecular
compounds and polymeric products; i.e.
polymeric items.
NOTE The proposed vocabulary is intended
also to be in agreement with a terminology
usable in various domains dealing with time
limited plastic applications, namely biomedical,
pharmaceutical, environmental, i.e., in surgery,
medicine, agriculture, or plastics waste
management.
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Plastic Material recovery,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no12-15
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling
procedures for testing plastics waste and
recyclates
This European Standard specifi es a system
for sampling procedures for testing plastics
waste and recyclates which take into account
the specifi cs of the plastics waste and
recyclates. It is intended to cover all stages of
the plastic recycling process. This standard is
intended to serve two purposes: To provide
a guide to plastic recyclers and others that
enables a calculation to be made of the risk of
inaccuracy presented by a chosen sampling
regime. This will help to inform decisions
about sampling that may also be infl uenced by
factors such as the supply record of a supplier
or the reliability of a process. This is covered in
Section 5; To defi ne the sampling procedures
to be followed to characterise the material
being sampled. These procedures may be
followed where a particular level of accuracy is
required, or where the sampling is in support
of the resolution of a dispute. This is covered
in Section 7 and Annex A. The sampling
procedures include the statistical specifi cs
of the plastic waste and the behaviour of
recyclates.
NOTE The sampling method must produce
a representative testing sample. Differences
may arise due to; the mixture of plastics; the
origin (e.g. green dot in Germany, or electronic/
automotive industry); the previous use of the
plastic material; the residual contents (e.g. of
containers); inert, residual or moisture content
on or in the material; It is not the intention
of this standard to develop new sampling
methods. This standard does not address any
legal or product safety issues.
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Plastic Material recovery,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no12-15
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to
Separate and Identify Contaminants in
Recycled Plastics
1.1 This guide is intended to provide
information on available methods for the
separation and classifi cation of contaminants
such as moisture, incompatible polymers,
metals, adhesives, glass, paper, wood,
chemicals, and original-product residues in
recycled plastic fl akes or pellets. Although
no specifi c methods for identifi cation or
characterization of foam products are
included, foam products are not excluded from
this guide. The methods presented apply to
post-consumer plastics.
1.2 For specifi c procedures existing as
ASTM test methods, this guide only lists the
appropriate reference. Where no current ASTM
standard exists, however, this guide gives
procedures for the separation or identifi cation,
or both, of specifi c contaminants. Appendix
X1 lists the tests and the specifi c contaminant
addressed by each procedure.
1.3 This guide does not include procedures
to quantify the contaminants unless this
information is available in referenced ASTM
standards.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
Note 1 – There is no known ISO equivalent to
this standard.
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Plastic Material recovery,
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-15,
SR2011no1
BS EN ISO
14855-1:2007
Determination of the ultimate aerobic
biodegradability of plastic materials
under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon
dioxide. General method
Plastic Material recovery,
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-15,
SR2011no1
BS EN ISO
14855-2:2009
Determination of the ultimate aerobic
biodegradability of plastic materials
under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon
dioxide. Gravimetric measurement of
carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test
Construction
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
RECYCLING
JIS A 5032 Melt-solidifi ed slag material for road
construction derived from municipal
solid waste and sewage sludge
This Japanese Industrial Standard specifi es
the quality, test method, inspection, marking,
report, etc. with regard to the melt-solidifi ed
slag used for the aggregate for heated asphalt
mixture for general road and for roadbed
material.
Construction Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
RECYCLING
GOST 8269.0 Mountainous rock road-metal and
gravel, industrial waste products for
construction works. Methods of physical
and mechanical tests
This standard applies to crushed stone
and gravel from dense rocks (including
incidentally harvested overburden and host
rocks and substandard waste from the
mining companies) and industrial wastes
(including wastes from ferrous and nonferrous
metallurgy and thermal power plants) with an
average density of grains 2.0 to 3.0 g/cc, used
as placeholders for heavy concrete, and road
and other construction works, and sets the
order of the physical and mechanical tests
Construction Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
RECYCLING
GOST 8269.1 Mountainous rock road-metal and
gravel, industrial waste products for
construction works. Methods chemical
analysis
This standard applies to crushed stone
and gravel from dense rocks (including
incidentally harvested overburden and host
rocks and substandard waste from the
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mining companies) and industrial wastes
(including fuel slag, slag of ferrous and
nonferrous metallurgy, slag and ashes mix-
ash of thermal power stations), used as
fi llers and components of heavy, light and
porous concrete, as well as for road and other
construction works, and establishes methods
for determining the mass fraction of chemical
elements and the order of chemical analysis
in assessing the suitability of the construction
waste from the mining companies and
industrial production
Construction
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
RECYCLING
STN 73 3055 Road construction. Use of waste rock This standard applies to the design and
construction of natural, background, or even
a cover layer pavement of roads, highways,
local and special-purpose communications
and paved areas, involving the use of materials
suitable or partially suitable.
Demolition
waste
General, no permit ref. NEN 5884:2008 nl Waste and waste disposal – Terms and
defi nitions for waste from building and
demolition processes
This standard contains a list of concepts
(terms) with their defi nitions in terms of
construction and demolition waste. The
purpose of the standard term for each
included an explanation or defi nition to which
the term is mentioned. Where it seemed
desirable for clarity, after the defi nition also
has an explanation. The standard is divided
into several chapters in which defi nitions are
given in terms of types of construction and
demolition waste, demolition and processing
methods and products. Annex A (informative)
A brief description of the legal framework for
construction and demolition waste. For general
terms and defi nitions for waste disposal is
made to BS 5880.
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Agricultural
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree
of rotting in a self-heating test
The degree of rotting of test materials is
an indicator of the extent to which a highly
biodegradable organic substance has been
broken down. It characterises the current state
of the decomposition process and represents
a level on a scale of coeffi cients that
comparatively characterise the progression or
degree of rotting.
Agricultural
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and
production – Guidance for the handling,
inactivating and testing of waste; German
version EN 12461:1998
The document is concerned with the safe
disposal of all solid, liquid or gaseous effl uents
arising from the biotechnology industry,
which contain, or could potentially contain,
microorganisms.
Agricultural
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media –
Determination of the aerobic biological
activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR);
German version prEN 16087:2010
This European standard describes a method
to determine the aerobic biological activity
of growing media and soil improvers or
constituents thereof by measuring the
oxygen uptake rate (OUR). The oxygen uptake
rate is an indicator of the extent to which
biodegradable organic matter is being broken
down within a specifi ed time period. The
method is not suitable for material with a
content of particle sizes > 10 mm exceeding
20%.
Wood
recycling
Material recovery,
SR2011no4,
RECYCLING
PAS 104 Wood recycling in the panelboard
manufacturing industry
This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)
specifi es minimum quality requirements for
processed post-consumer wood intended
for consumption in the manufacture of
panelboard products. It includes test methods
for verifi cation of quality in the event of a
dispute.
Annex C – Industry documents and schemes
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Annex C – Industry documents and schemes
C.1. Industry documentsTable C.1 lists relevant industry documents pertaining to waste management.
Table C.1 – Waste management industry documents
Key Word Organization Identifi er Title
Accident EA H1 Annex A Amenity and accident risks from
installations and waste operations
Farming EA H1 Annex B Intensive farming
Accident EA H1 Annex C Accidents
Surface water EA H1 Annex D Surface water discharges (basic)
Surface water EA H1 Annex E Surface water discharges (complex)
Air emissions EA H1 Annex F Air emissions
Waste disposal EA H1 Annex G Disposal or recovery of waste produced on
site
Global warming EA H1 Annex H Global warming potential
Landfi ll EA H1 Annex I Landfi ll
Groundwater EA H1 Annex J Groundwater
Control measures EA H1 Annex K Justifying and cost-benefi t analysis of
control measures
Energy EA H2 IPPC; Energy effi ciency
Noise EA H3 IPPC; Noise assessment
Odour EA H4 IPPC; Odour management
Condition EA H5 IPPC; Site condition report
EMS EA H6 Environmental Management Systems
Regulatory guidance EA RGN no.1-13 EA Regulatory guidance series
Toolkit EA V1.3 General Waste Handling Sector
Toolkit EA V1.4 Authorised Treatment Facility for End-of-
Life-Vehicles
Toolkit EA V1.4 Metal Recycling Sites
Toolkit EA V1.3 General Sector
Permit guidance EA EPR 1.00 How to comply with your environmental
permit
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
88
Key Word Organization Identifi er Title
Mining EA EPR 6.14 Additional guidance for: mining waste
operations
Water EA EPR 7.01 Water Discharge and Groundwater (from
point source) Activity Permits
Clinical waste EA EPR 5.01 Incineration of waste
Clinical waste EA EPR 5.07 Clinical waste
Landfi ll EA IPPC S5.03 Guidance for the Treatment of Landfi ll
Leachate
Hazardous/non-
hazardous waste
EA IPPC S5.06 Guidance for the Recovery and Disposal of
Hazardous and Non Hazardous Waste
Waste EA V.2 Defi nition of Waste: Development Industry
Code of Practice (V2)
Waste CLAIRE March 2011 Defi nition of Waste. Development Industry
Code of Practice
Waste management EU Commission EU Strategy
guidance
EU Focus on Waste Management (1999)
Compost EU Commission Guidance Success stories on compost and separate
collection (2000)
Biodegradable waste EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Biodegradable waste
Blast furnace slag
(BFS)
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Blast furnace slag (BFS)
Construction,
demolition and
excavation
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Construction, demolition and excavation
Cooking oil and
rendered animal fat
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Cooking oil and rendered animal fat
Glass – cathode ray
tube (CRT)
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Glass – cathode ray tube (CRT)
Glass – fl at EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Glass – fl at
Incinerator bottom
ash (IBA)
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Incinerator bottom ash (IBA)
Lubricating oils EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Lubricating oils
Marine sediments
from capital and
maintenance
dredging
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Marine sediments from capital and
maintenance dredging
Paper sludge ash
(PSA)
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Paper sludge ash (PSA)
Annex C – Industry documents and schemes
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Key Word Organization Identifi er Title
Plasterboard EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Plasterboard
Plastics (non-
packaging)
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Plastics (non-packaging)
Poultry litter ash
(PLA)
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Poultry litter ash (PLA)
Pulverised fuel ash and
furnace bottom ash
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Pulverised fuel ash and furnace bottom ash
Soil – contaminated EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Soil – contaminated
Soil –
uncontaminated
EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Soil – uncontaminated
Steel slag EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Steel slag
Tyres EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Tyres
Wood EA/WRAP Waste Protocols
Project
Wood
Plasterboard DEFRA Roadmap Plasterboard Sustainability Action Plan
Electrical and
Electronic equipment
ICER ICER Refurbishers & Recyclers Code of
Practice
Electrical and
Electronic equipment
WEEE Forum WEEE LABEX recyclers
Electrical and
Electronic equipment
EPEAT R2 Responsible Recyclers Guide
Electrical and
Electronic equipment
Basel Action
Network
e-Stewards Standard for Responsible
Recycling and Reuse of Electronic Equipment
Electrical and
Electronic equipment
ISRU (Institute
for Scrap
Recycling
Industries)
RIOS (Recycling Industry Operating
Standard)
Permitting DEFRA V 3.1 Environmental Permitting Guidance
Core Guidance
Permitting DEFRA V 1.0 Environmental Permitting Guidance
Exempt Waste Operations
Permitting DEFRA May 2011 General Guidance Manual on Policy and
Procedures for A2 and B Installations
Recycling ESA MRF Code of Practice
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
90
C.2. Industry schemesTable C.2 lists industry schemes relevant to waste management.
Table C.2 – Industry schemes
Industry (workshop) Mapping Organization Scheme
WEEE SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
UKAS Reuse of WEEE
A certifi cation scheme has been developed
for UKAS accredited certifi cation2 to PAS
141. This is a BIS initiative and the scheme is
administered by Valpak.
General, BIOWASTE,
METAL, RECYCLING
No specifi c
permitting refs
EA/UKAS EMS+
This is an Environment Agency initiative
that is currently being developed, and UKAS
would be involved as the requirements
become fi nalised. It adds to audits to ISO
14001 to include checking specifi c legal
requirements related to permits, some of
which relate to waste.
Rubber SR2008no12-15 UKAS Tyre Derived Rubber Materials
There is a certifi cation scheme that has
been developed in this area, for UKAS
accredited certifi cation to PAS 107. There is
also a Quality Protocol issued by WRAP for
this area.
General, BIOWASTE,
METAL, RECYCLING
No specifi c
permitting refs
EA Operational Risk Appraisal (OPRA)
Environmental Permitting Regulations,
Operational Risk Appraisal Scheme, version
3.6, April 2011
2 Conformity assessment is the demonstration that what is being supplied actually meets the requirements specifi ed or
claimed. Conformity assessment can be applied to a product (which, for these purposes includes a service), a process, a
system, a body or persons and includes activities such as testing, inspection and certifi cation.
Conformity can be assessed by a body that is independent of any party interested in the outcome of the assessment
(third party conformity assessment); or assessed by any party that is interested in the outcome of the assessment.
It is important that the market has assurance that certifi cation bodies operate to acceptable standards and this is the
purpose of accreditation. The accreditation process determines, in the public interest, the technical competence and
integrity of organisations such as those offering testing, calibration and certifi cation services (commonly referred to as
conformity assessment).
Annex C – Industry documents and schemes
91
Industry (workshop) Mapping Organization Scheme
The Opra for EPR scheme 2011 has four
annexes. The fi rst three give details of how
to apply Opra and work out your Opra-
banded profi le for tier-3 Installations, Waste
facilities and Mining waste operations.
The fourth annex gives information about
permits with fi xed charges.
Annex A – Opra Scheme for installations
Annex B – Opra Scheme for waste facilities
Annex C – Opra Scheme for mining waste
operations
Annex D – Opra Scheme for permits with
fi xed charges
General, BIOWASTE,
METAL, RECYCLING
No specifi c
permitting refs
EA MCERTS
MCERTS is the Environment Agency’s
Monitoring Certifi cation Scheme. It provides
the framework for businesses to meet the
EA’s quality requirements. If businesses
comply with MCERTS, the EA can have
confi dence in the monitoring of emissions
to the environment.
MCERTS for air monitoring
Continuous monitoring of industrial
chimneys, stacks and fl ues
Emissions monitoring from chimney stacks
using accredited laboratories and certifi ed
staff
Monitoring ambient air quality
Monitoring with isokinetic samplers
Portable equipment for emissions
monitoring
Choosing a test laboratory
MCERTS for soil analysis
Chemical testing of soil
MCERTS for water monitoring
Equipment for continuous monitoring
discharges to rivers, smaller watercourses
and the sea
Direct toxicity assessment of effl uents
Portable equipment for monitoring water
Sampling and chemical testing of water
Self monitoring of effl uent fl ow
MCERTS for environmental data
management software
Performance standards and test procedures
for environmental data management
software
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
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Industry (workshop) Mapping Organization Scheme
BIOWASTE,
RECYCLING
No specifi c
permitting refs
EA ‘Equal’: Ensuring Quality of waste-derived
products to achieve resource effi ciency
Equal is an innovative, demonstration
project, part funded by LIFE+, that provides
a potential solution to the environmental
problem of resource effi ciency.
The project team, headed by the
Environment Agency, has three clear aims:
To demonstrate the environmental
impacts of waste-derived products on
the environment through a series of fi eld
trials on 4 Quality Protocol compliant
materials;
To empower industry to self-assess their
compliance with Waste Quality Protocols
with the aid of a Quality Protocol
compliance e-tool and guide;
To demonstrate a successful
methodology for making end-of-waste
decisions by developing an End of Waste
e-tool, enabling businesses to make their
own end of waste decisions.
General, BIOWASTE,
METAL, RECYCLING
No specifi c
permitting refs
EA Green Compass
This Scheme has been developed after
extensive work and consultation by
Constructing Excellence in Wales (CEW) in
developing PAS 402:2009. It is intended
that the CEW Green Compass Scheme will
be recognised as the leading methodology
for inspection against PAS 402 and shall act
as a source of information and guidance to
assist registered Inspection Bodies to carry
out inspections against the PAS within a
consistent and robust structure.
General, BIOWASTE,
METAL, RECYCLING
No specifi c
permitting refs
EA Energy & Utility Skills Ltd
The Waste Management Industry Technical
Competence ‘Competence Management
System (CMS) Scheme’ has been developed
through collaboration between various
stakeholders related to the waste
management industry. The intent of the
scheme is to provide waste operators with
a means of demonstrating technically
competent management of permitted
activities on the basis of both corporate
competence and employees’ individual
competence.
Annex C – Industry documents and schemes
93
Industry (workshop) Mapping Organization Scheme
General, BIOWASTE,
METAL, RECYCLING
No specifi c
permitting refs
SNIFFER Interactions with UKAS Certifying Bodies
(ERP11_04)
Look at the role of certifying bodies (UKAS
accredited) and their interaction with the
Regulator. The rationale would be to get a
full baseline understanding of their audit
processes and determine the consistency of
different certifi ers leading to identifi cation
of options to maximise synergies between
these bodies and the Regulator – potentially
delivering further desirable environmental
outcomes and legal compliance. It would
appear that unless a specifi c programme
is set up there is limited communication
between the two. The project offers an
opportunity for the Regulator to direct
the certifi cation body to those areas felt
to be most pertinent or signifi cant. The
EA is already working with certifi cation
bodies within their Farm Assurance Scheme
and they train the certifi ers to the EA’s
requirements. This could be particularly
useful with SMEs and has synergies with
ER13
General, BIOWASTE,
METAL, RECYCLING
No specifi c
permitting refs
EMAS The EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
(EMAS) is a management tool for companies
and other organisations to evaluate,
report and improve their environmental
performance. Those using EMAS must prove
that they conform to ISO 14001.
BIOWASTE,
RECYCLING
Red Tractor
Assurance
A new scheme, which could see farm
assurance for biofuels,
It is the intention of this scheme to give
crop and sugar beet producers a head start
in the burgeoning bioenergy market while
at the same time keeping the burden of the
new EU regulations to a minimum.
RECYCLING R2 Responsible Recyclers Practice
Responsible electronics recycling provides
important benefi ts, such as:
Reducing environmental and human
health impacts from improper recycling;
Increasing access to quality reusable
and refurbished equipment to those who
need them; and
Reducing energy use and other
environmental impacts associated
with mining and processing of virgin
materials – conserving our limited
natural resources.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
94
Industry (workshop) Mapping Organization Scheme
WEEE SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
ICER ICER Accreditation Scheme
ICER has developed Accreditation Schemes
in preparation for the WEEE Directive.
This directive requires increased recycling
and re-use of electrical and electronic
equipment.
The schemes are voluntary and open to all
recyclers and refurbishers – commercial or
community sector – who can demonstrate
that they operate to high standards of
environmental performance.
WEEE SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
RIOS Certifi cation to RIOS or R2/RIOS provides
independent verifi cation that your facility
meets RIOS or R2/RIOS requirements
General, BIOWASTE,
METAL, RECYCLING
No specifi c
permitting refs
CIWM WAMITAB (Waste Management Industry
Training & Advisory Board)/CIWM Operator
Scheme
This Technical Competence Scheme
has been jointly developed by CIWM
and WAMITAB. It is based on individuals
demonstrating personal competence within
the prescribed framework. It seeks to build
on and improve the existing scheme so
that relevant achievements through the
National Vocational Qualifi cation (NVQ)/
Certifi cate of Technical Competence
(CoTC) are still recognised. However, the
Scheme identifi es that different types of
waste facilities present different levels
of risk to the environment and therefore
demonstration of technical competence
should be proportional. It also recognises
that individuals have different learning and
development preferences and therefore the
scheme offers choices for achieving the
competence awards. In order to ensure that
all technically competent persons maintain
their knowledge and skills an element of
continuing competence is built into the
scheme ensuring that everyone remains up
to date with relevant knowledge.
RECYCLING, METAL ESA MRF Code of Practice
The ESA has developed a draft Code of
Practice for material recovery facilities and
other facilities engaged in the sorting of
dry recyclables. The ESA is also devising a
compliance scheme which allows facilities
complying with the terms of the Code to
demonstrate to external stakeholders that
they are doing so.
Annex C – Industry documents and schemes
95
Industry (workshop) Mapping Organization Scheme
The compliance scheme
The Scheme is governed by the Code and
by the Scheme Terms and Conditions.
Members of the Scheme are required
to verify compliance with the Code
and abide by the Scheme’s Terms and
Conditions.
Members of scheme operate Registered
Facilities and sort materials destined
for recovery by a Reprocessor or for
immediate re-use.
The Scheme applies to metals, fi bres,
plastics and glass and only those wastes
which go through the sorting and/
or processing process at a Registered
Facility.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
96
Annex D – Non-NSB standards of relevance to waste management
Table D.1 lists non-NSB standards of relevance to waste management. The ‘mapping’ column
indicates how the standard relates to the Sector life cycle – Value chain (see Figure 1) and the pre-
existing waste permits.
An
nex D
– N
on
-NS
B s
tan
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s o
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van
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man
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t
97
Table D.1 – Other standards with potential relevance.
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Waste
management
Sorting/pre-treatment
SR2008no1-8
VDI 3972 (2011-05-
00)
Stockyards for bulk material – Processes
and continuous conveying equipment
Stockyards for bulk material serve for storage
and/or preparation for subsequent processing.
To this end, the stockyards are provided
with conveying equipment and machinery
for stacking and reclaiming. The guideline
deals with the storage of bulk material in
open and roofed stockyards. In the guideline
dimensions and mass-fl ow data have been
updated, and current stockyard layouts have
been included. The guideline is a tool assisting
in stockyard planning and design. In addition
to the available surface areas and their layout,
further criteria for the design of a stockyard
are its intended use, the properties of the
bulk material and operational requirements
with regard to, e.g., blending, homogenising
and mixing. The manifold options in terms of
conveying equipment furthermore depend
on the mode of operation, the specifi ed
availability, the quality of, e.g., mixtures and,
last but not least, the investment cost. The
guideline provides detailed information and
useful descriptions concerning the design
and arrangement of stockyards and their
mechanical equipment, also taking heed of
environmental protection.
Waste
management
General BIP 2102:2006 Environment management report. Focus
on Waste Management
Report
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98
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
General, no permitting
ref
VDI 2343 Blatt 1 Recycling of electrical and electronic
products – Principles and terminology
As the terminology of recycling of used
electrical and electronic equipment is not
consistent in literature and practice, it has
become necessary to defi ne the pertinent
terms with greater precision in this guideline.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
SR2008no23
VDI 2343 Blatt 3 Recycling of electrical and electronic
equipment – Disassembly
This guideline series is addressed to all groups
involved in equipment and material lifecycles
(e.g. legislators, producers, dealers, importers,
equipment users and disposal operators).
The purpose of Part 3 is to provide concrete
instructions for action and recommendations
(e.g. minimum standards) for the disassembly
of waste electrical and electronic equipment,
in order to safeguard investments and develop
new rationalisation and investment potentials.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
SR2008no23
VDI 2343 Blatt 4 Recycling of electrical and electronic
products – Reconditioning
The guideline provides precise instructions
and recommendations for reconditioning
of electrical and electronic equipment and
considers specifi cations and infl uence of
legal frames, manufacturer specifi cations,
sales markets for recovered material fl ow as
well as type and stage of disassembly. The
reconditioning essentially comprises crushing,
classifi cation and sorting in appropriate plants.
The aim is the separation of harming and
disturbing substances following the technical
and regulatory requirements as well as the
production of material fl ow for the utilization
and harmless disposal.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
SR2008no23
RAL-GZ 728 Quality assurance and test specifi cations
for the demanufacture of refrigeration
equipment
An
nex D
– N
on
-NS
B s
tan
dard
s o
f rele
van
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man
agem
en
t
99
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Metal SR2008no20,
SR2011no3
AutowAnlBek BY Publication of leafl ets in the fi eld
of refuse disposal; leafl et on the
establishment and the running of
facilities for the storage and treatment of
car wrecks
Car wrecks i.S. this leafl et are mainly motor
vehicles and trailers that are no longer
operational and repair is no longer meaningful.
The requirements for an environmentally
friendly storage and treatment with regard to
a possible recovery are due out.
Paper Material recovery VDI 4091 (2006-01-
00)
Closed-loop production and material fl ow
management – Methodology – Paper
The purpose of this guideline is to present an
effective material fl ow management scheme
for the industrial sector. It discusses the
various aspects of closed loop production by
the example of the paper cycle and provides
all stakeholders and interested parties with
the necessary information and examples
from industrial practice. Furthermore, the
methodology of realizing closed material
loops is discussed in detail. Last but not
least, it is also the purpose and the intent
of this guideline to encourage persons and
institutions in other industries to tackle
the planning and implementation of closed
material loops.
Radioactive
waste
Disposal, not
permitting ref
N292.3-08 (2008-
03-01)
Management of Low- and Intermediate-
Level Radioactive Waste
1 Scope
1.1 This Standard specifi es requirements for
the management of low- and intermediate-
level radioactive waste in solid, liquid, or
gaseous states.
1.2 This Standard applies to organizations
and facilities that generate, possess, manage,
and transport low and intermediate-level
radioactive waste, including power reactors,
research institutes, laboratories, and industrial
facilities.
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1.3 This Standard applies to facilities of all sizes
(i.e., from storage cupboards to large purpose-
built sites dedicated to the management of
radioactive waste).
1.4 The following types of radioactive waste are
not addressed in this Standard: (a) irradiated
nuclear fuel; (b) naturally occurring radioactive
material (NORM); (c) technologically enhanced,
naturally occurring radioactive material
(TEN ORM); (d) uranium mine and mill tailings;
and (e) exempt waste (see Clause 3).
1.5 In CSA Standards, “shall” is used to express
a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user
is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with
the standard; “should” is used to express a
recommendation or that which is advised
but not required; “may” is used to express
an option or that which is permissible
within the limits of the standard; and “can”
is used to express possibility or capability.
Notes accompanying clauses do not include
requirements or alternative requirements;
the purpose of a note accompanying a clause
is to separate from the text explanatory or
informative material. Notes to tables and
fi gures are considered part of the table or
fi gure and may be written as requirements.
Annexes are designated normative
(mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to
defi ne their application.
Radioactive
waste
Disposal, not
permitting ref
RadAbfLSam
MbenORdSchr
Model directive for using of the Land
depots for radioactive wastes in the
Federal Republic of Germany
An
nex D
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-NS
B s
tan
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man
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101
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Radioactive
waste
Disposal, no
permitting ref
RadAbfBeseitVV BW Licence for the disposal of radioactive
wastes
Hazardous
waste
General, no permitting
ref
Z752-03 (R2008)
(2003-09-01)
Defi nition of Household Hazardous Waste 1 Scope
1.1 General. This Standard defi nes those
household wastes that present signifi cant risks
to humans or the environment when disposed
of in one or more systems within the regular
domestic waste stream. This Standard can
be used to (a) guide product development; (b)
develop communication programs to inform
the public about which materials are HHW
and how to dispose of them properly; (c) assist
in the development and encouragement of
product stewardship programs; and (d) guide
the collection and disposal of HHW. This
Standard is based on commonly accepted
practices, codes, standards, and regulations
used in Canada.
1.2 Exclusions. This Standard is not wholly
applicable in some cases where a waste
management system fails to comply with
minimum requirements of applicable
standards or regulations. This Standard does
not (a) provide disposal recommendations or
specifi c labelling requirements regarding the
categories of wastes it describes; (b) provide
guidance on the packaging, use, or storage
of domestic products within the household;
(c) address waste management systems that
are outside of the regular domestic waste
stream (e.g., industry product stewardship
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aste
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102 Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
programs, special household waste collection
programs); (d) cover occupational hazards
associated with the management of materials
in HHW programs; (e) specifi cally address the
unauthorized or illegal disposal of materials
(e.g., materials disposed of in municipal storm
sewers); and (f) cover substances that are used
in occupational contexts.
Landfi ll Disposal, no
permitting ref
STN 83 8106 (2004-
05-01)
Waste disposal. Sealing of the landfi lls.
Design, construction, control and
technical requirements
The standard specifi es conditions for the
design, manufacture, inspection and technical
manuals. Requirements for sealing landfi lls....
Landfi ll Disposal, no
permitting ref
VDI 3790 Blatt 2 Environmental meteorology – Emissions
of gases, odours and dusts from iffuse
sources – Landfi lls
The document deals with emissions for
landfi lls where soil excavation, building
rubble and municipal wastes have been
deposited or are being deposited and which
are stationary point, line or area emission
sources or mobile emission sources. These can
be activated especially by excavation work in
abandoned waste disposal sites and existing
landfi lls for domestic refuse and domestic-
refuse-like waste. It defi nes relevant emission
potentials and emission facets and indicates
ways in which such emission factors can be
determined or estimated.
Landfi ll Disposal, no
permitting ref
VDI 3860 Blatt 1 Measurement of landfi ll gas – Principles The document describes the basic principles
of the processes in landfi ll sites and the
factors which affect landfi ll gas formation
and composition. Additionally, it details the
essential features of landfi ll gas measurements
and measurement planning as well as the
necessary sampling and measurement
methods for the various measurement
objectives. Target compounds are primarily
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nex D
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Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
the permanent gases carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4), oxygen (O2) und nitrogen
(N2) which constitute the main components
of landfi ll gas. Reference is made to minor
components such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
and ammonia (NH3) and trace components
such as LCHC, BTEX and organic silicon
compounds.
Landfi ll Disposal, no
permitting ref
VDI 3860 Blatt 2 Measurement of landfi ll gas –
Measurements in the gas collection
system
This guideline gives guidance on how to
determine the gas composition in pipelines
and gas collectors of gas collection systems in
landfi lls and on how to determine the physical
parameters required for interpretation of the
results. The guideline is also suitable to check
the correct operation of automatic monitoring
stations of active degassing systems.
Scrap yards Material recovery,
SR2008no20-23,
SR2009no7,
SR2011no2-3
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of
scrap yards – Facilities and equipment
for the handling, storage and treatment
of scraps and other materials
In the Federal States of the Federal Republic of
Germany, different requirements concerning
the contents of the state of technology are
given for the approval and the execution
of scrap yards with regard to its planning,
implementation and operation. In the frame of
approval procedures and in execution, these
different requirements can lead to temporal
delays in investment and to distortions
of competition. This guideline is aimed to
standardize these substantial requirements
for the enterprises concerned according to
the state of technology and, furthermore, to
contribute to the deregulation technology. The
guideline applies to operators, planners, facility
constructors, responsible authorities as well
as third parties in the business domain of the
plants and equipment of scrap yards.
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aste
Regu
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104 Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Refuse General, no permitting
ref
AbwÜbwPrüfVV BW Administrative regulations on priority
inspections of enterprises with polluting
substances and refuse with regard to
water and refuse industry
Through regular review of focus farms where
environmentally hazardous substances and
wastes used, treated, stored or deposited,
shall endanger the environment identifi ed and
immediate actions are caused by accidents.
The review covers the processes of sewage
and waste disposal as well as on the handling
of water-polluting substances. In reviewing the
companies are also those which are in Annex I
referred to the Ordinance.
Biological
treatment
Energy recovery,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1
VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation –
Biofi lters
This guideline VDI 3477 covers the treatment
of waste gas/exhaust air containing
gaseous air pollutants, aerosols and notably
odorants. Biodegradation of the pollutants
is accomplished under aerobic conditions by
micro-organisms colonizing on solid support
media. This guideline gives an overview of
waste gas streams that have been successfully
treated and/or pollutants that have been
effectively degraded in biofi lter systems. It
addresses the criteria to be considered for the
proper design of the biofi lter system, discusses
performance evaluation criteria and presents
production processes in which biofi lters have
become successfully established for waste gas
treatment.
Material
recovery
Material recovery/
Disposal, no
permitting ref
RAL-GZ 729 Demanufacture of foam products
containing ozone-depleting substances –
Quality assurance
Annex E – Standards separated by relevant workshop
105
Annex E – Standards separated by relevant workshop
E.1. Metal recycling/dismantlingTable E.1 is a classifi cation of all identifi ed standards with relevance to the metals waste industry.
Many standards have overlaps with other waste industries.
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aste
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106 Table E.1 – Metal waste standards
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
FORMAL STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Waste Material recovery,
energy recovery
and disposal,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
BIOWASTE, METAL
(ELV)
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology
for the determination of the leaching
under specifi ed behaviour of waste
conditions
This standard specifi es a methodology for
the determination of the leaching behaviour
of waste under specifi ed conditions (i.e. for a
specifi ed scenario including a specifi ed time
frame) in order to provide a solution to a
defi ned problem. This applies to disposal and
recovery scenarios.
NOTE 1 Recovery is the term defi ned in the
European Waste Acts [1,3]. It includes re-use
and recycling.
The term “waste” includes all categories
of waste, such as municipal waste, waste
from extractive industry etc.” The external
conditions which have a direct infl uence on
the release of constituents from waste are
considered. Migration of constituents leached
from the disposal or the recovery site into the
surrounding environment is not considered.
Also the assessment of toxicity to humans or
ecological impacts on fl ora and fauna as a
secondary effect after release of constituents
from the waste is not considered.
NOTE 2 Present knowledge of highly complex
scenarios and wastes may limit the ability to
provide a clear solution to a defi ned problem.
An example may be the land fi lling of complex
mixtures of wastes or the prediction of the
acid generation behaviour waste from the
extractive industry.
An
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– S
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107
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, WEEE,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
DD IEC/PAS
62545:2008
Environmental information on electrical
and electronic equipment (EIEEE)
This PAS provides guidelines on generic
environmental attributes to be considered
by product committees when preparing a
declaration frame suited to a concerned
product category to disclose credible,
relevant, and harmonized product related
environmental information to who needs or
requests it. As a result, generic requirements
to be followed by upstream suppliers to
deliver necessary information to downstream
producers are also specifi ed.
This PAS is stand-alone and only applicable
if relevant requirements on environmental
aspects and impacts information does not
exist in relevant product standard.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, WEEE,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for
electrotechnical applications. Standard
for the inventory control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of
electrical equipment and insulating
liquids containing PCBs
The scope of this European Standard is
to provide operational procedures for the
activities of inventory, control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of
equipment and containers with insulating
liquid containing PCBs, in compliance with
the Council Directives (96/59/EC, 96/61/EC),
Commission Decision (2001/68/EC), and/or
with appropriate national or local legislation.
This European Standard is addressed, in
particular, toward the management of
insulating liquids and it has been developed
in accordance with the following motivating
principles:
a) reduction of risks for workers, public health
and the environment, deriving from troubles
or failures of the equipment that could
originate fi res or the spill of hazardous and
persistent products;
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108 Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
b) implementation of the “Best Available
Techniques” and methodologies available
for safety, while taking into account the
criteria of the surroundings, self-suffi ciency
and functional recovery;
c) technical feasibility of the activities
recommended or imposed by current
legislation, within the prescribed time
schedules, taking into account the
economic feasibility as well.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
Disposal, METAL,
WEEE, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
OEN ORM S 2106
(2005-09-01)
Recycling and disposal of waste electrical
and electronic appliances
This is OEN ORM of people apply who are
concerned with the collection, recycling and
disposal of waste electrical and electronic
equipment. OEN ORM objective of this is
the proper recycling and disposal of waste
electrical and electronic equipment in
accordance with the requirements of the
Federal Law Gazette II No. 570/2003, as well
as the transport of the fractions (see Section
4) according to ADR. For assigning waste code
numbers, the Federal Law Gazette II 570/2003
shall apply. The key numbers according to
ÖNORM S 2100 and S OEN ORM 2100/AC1
may still in the transition period will be used
in accordance with Act 2002. It was the
largest possible amount of substance use and
a minimal amount of material removal can
be fed to meet the recovery targets of the
directive on waste electrical and electronic
equipment can. These ecological and economic
considerations are taken into account.
An
nex E
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109
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
Disposal, METAL,
WEEE, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
OEN ORM S 2107
(2006-08-01)
Requirements to be met by companies
collecting and treating waste electrical
and electronic equipment
This OEN ORM sets the requirements for
collection and treatment of waste electrical
and electronic equipment in the operational
process. These are e.g. commercial enterprises,
local authorities, waste management
associations and other public and private
institutions. The transport of waste electrical
and electronic equipment is collected in this
OEN ORM only so far as to meet the special
collection and treatment due diligence and
documentation requirements.
Recycling General, METAL,
WEEE, RECYCLING
X30-012 GA X30-
012 (2004-08-01)
(AFNOR)
Waste – Recycling terminology. This paper proposes a basis of common
defi nitions for all materials and the
introduction of new defi nitions or additions
to existing defi nitions in order to have
a clear vision and system of collection/
sorting/recycling and the all the operations it
implements.
Metal Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING –
may relate to
production ??
BS EN 2955:1993 Aerospace series. Recycling of titanium
and titanium alloy scrap
This standard specifi es the general
requirements for recycling, by vacuum
remelting, titanium and titanium alloy scrap
used for the production of ingots.
Metal Material
recovery, METAL,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2009no7,
SR2011no2
ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal
Ferrous Scrap
1.1 These test methods cover various tests for
assessing the usefulness of a ferrous fraction
recovered from municipal wastes.
1.2 These test methods comprise both
chemical and physical tests, as follows:
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to
be regarded as standard. The values given in
parentheses are mathematical conversions to
SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
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110 Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
1.4 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
OTHER STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
General, METAL, no
permitting ref
VDI 2343 Blatt 1 Recycling of electrical and electronic
products – Principles and terminology
As the terminology of recycling of used
electrical and electronic equipment is not
consistent in literature and practice, it has
become necessary to defi ne the pertinent
terms with greater precision in this guideline.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23
VDI 2343 Blatt 3 Recycling of electrical and electronic
equipment – Disassembly
This guideline series is addressed to all groups
involved in equipment and material lifecycles
(e.g. legislators, producers, dealers, importers,
equipment users and disposal operators).
The purpose of Part 3 is to provide concrete
instructions for action and recommendations
(e.g. minimum standards) for the disassembly
of waste electrical and electronic equipment,
in order to safeguard investments and develop
new rationalisation and investment potentials.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23
VDI 2343 Blatt 4 Recycling of electrical and electronic
products – Reconditioning
The guideline provides precise instructions
and recommendations for reconditioning
of electrical and electronic equipment and
considers specifi cations and infl uence of
legal frames, manufacturer specifi cations,
sales markets for recovered material fl ow as
well as type and stage of disassembly. The
reconditioning essentially comprises crushing,
classifi cation and sorting in appropriate plants.
The aim is the separation of harming and
An
nex E
– S
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dard
s s
epara
ted b
y re
levan
t work
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op
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Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
disturbing substances following the technical
and regulatory requirements as well as the
production of material fl ow for the utilization
and harmless disposal.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23
RAL-GZ 728 Quality assurance and test specifi cations
for the demanufacture of refrigeration
equipment
Metal METAL
SR2008no20,
SR2011no3
AutowAnlB ek BY Publication of leafl ets in the fi eld
of refuse disposal; leafl et on the
establishment and the running of
facilities for the storage and treatment of
car wrecks
Car wrecks i.S. this leafl et are mainly motor
vehicles and trailers that are no longer
operational and repair is no longer meaningful.
The requirements for an environmentally
friendly storage and treatment with regard to
a possible recovery are due out.
Scrap yards Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING,
SR2008no20-23,
SR2009no7,
SR2011no2-3
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of
scrapyards – Facilities and equipment for
the handling, storage and treatment of
scraps and other materials
In the Federal States of the Federal Republic of
Germany, different requirements concerning
the contents of the state of technology are
given for the approval and the execution
of scrap yards with regard to its planning,
implementation and operation. In the frame of
approval procedures and in execution, these
different requirements can lead to temporal
delays in investment and to distortions
of competition. This guideline is aimed to
standardize these substantial requirements
for the enterprises concerned according to
the state of technology and, furthermore, to
contribute to the deregulation technology.
The guideline applies to operators, planners,
facility constructors, responsible authorities
as well as third parties in the business
domain of the plants and equipment of
scrap yards.
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ndard
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n R
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pport W
aste
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ns
112 Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Metal RECYCLING, METAL ESA MRF Code of Practice The ESA has developed a draft Code of
Practice for material recovery facilities and
other facilities engaged in the sorting of
dry recyclables. The ESA is also devising a
compliance scheme which allows facilities
complying with the terms of the Code to
demonstrate to external stakeholders that they
are doing so.
By verifying compliance with the Code,
Members demonstrate that waste materials
handled and sorted at Registered Facilities:
are subject to a series of quality
management systems and checks; and
where recovered or recycled, are accepted
by a Reprocessor; and
are handled or processed at the Registered
Facilities in accordance with good industry
practice; and
stay within the legal waste management
chain; and
where exported, comply with prevailing
legislation and go to a Reprocessor that
is authorised to operate under applicable
domestic legislation, is in general
compliance with all applicable domestic
environmental and health and safety
legislation and is operated in a manner
broadly equivalent to European Union
practices.
Annex E – Standards separated by relevant workshop
113
E.2. Biowaste treatment (compos ng, anaerobic diges on and landspreading)Table E.2 is a classifi cation of all identifi ed standards with relevance to the biowaste industry. Many
standards have overlaps with other waste industries.
Sta
ndard
izatio
n R
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pport W
aste
Regu
latio
ns
114 Table E.2 – Biowaste standards
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
FORMAL STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Waste Material recovery,
energy recovery
and disposal,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
BIOWASTE, METAL
(ELV)
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology
for the determination of the leaching
under specifi ed behaviour of waste
conditions
This standard specifi es a methodology for
the determination of the leaching behaviour
of waste under specifi ed conditions (i.e. for a
specifi ed scenario including a specifi ed time
frame) in order to provide a solution to a
defi ned problem. This applies to disposal and
recovery scenarios.
NOTE 1 Recovery is the term defi ned in the
European Waste Acts [1,3]. It includes re-use
and recycling.
The term “waste” includes all categories
of waste, such as municipal waste, waste
from extractive industry etc.” The external
conditions which have a direct infl uence on
the release of constituents from waste are
considered. Migration of constituents leached
from the disposal or the recovery site into the
surrounding environment is not considered.
Also the assessment of toxicity to humans or
ecological impacts on fl ora and fauna as a
secondary effect after release of constituents
from the waste is not considered.
NOTE 2 Present knowledge of highly complex
scenarios and wastes may limit the ability to
provide a clear solution to a defi ned problem.
An example may be the land fi lling of complex
mixtures of wastes or the prediction of the
acid generation behaviour waste from the
extractive industry.
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Recycling Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
METAL, BIOWASTE,
SR2008no1-8 and12-
15,
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and
recycling of plastics waste
This International Standard provides
guidance for the development of standards
and specifi cations covering plastics waste
recovery as well as other means of plastics
waste reduction, including recycling. The
standard establishes the different options for
the recovery of plastics waste arising from
pre-consumer and postconsumer sources as
illustrated diagrammatically in Annex A. The
standard establishes the quality requirements
that should be considered in all steps of
the recovery process, and provides general
recommendations for inclusion in material
standards, test standards and product
specifi cations. Consequently, the process
stages, requirements, recommendations and
terminology presented in this International
Standard are intended to be of general
applicability.
Recycling Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application
directive for soils from waste
This OEN ORM applies to the examination of
input materials, incoming inspection, process
control, quality control, quality requirements
and the application of soil from waste. This
includes both mixtures of soils suitable for the
manufacture of materials and those produced
in earth. This part applies to the use of soils
from wastes, taking into account the location
and the subsequent use.
Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)
specifi es requirements for the process of
composting, the selection of input materials,
the minimum quality of composted materials
and the storage, labelling and traceability of
compost products. It specifi es requirements
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for a Quality Management System (QMS) for
the production of composts to ensure they
are consistently fi t for their intended uses.
It also requires Hazard Analysis and Critical
Control Point (HACCP) assessment, which
the composter takes into account when
developing, implementing and reviewing the
QMS.
This PAS is for composts from a composting
system into which only source segregated
biowastes (see 3.63 and 3.9) and/or
biodegradable non-waste materials are
fed. Inputs to the composting process are
allowed to include digestate (whole digestate,
separated fi bre or separated liquor) from an
anaerobic digestion facility that processes
only source-segregated biowastes and/
or biodegradable materials as inputs, that
is compliant with PAS 110 (see 6.1.6 and its
notes).
Digestate (whole digestate, separated fi bre
or separated liquor) from a non-PAS 110
anaerobic or aerobic digestion process is only
allowed to be added to a PAS 100 composting
process if the digestate is made only from
input materials allowed by PAS 100 (see 6.1.6
and its Notes).
This PAS allows a composting process to
utilize thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD, see
3.71) for its sanitization step instead of aerobic
composting (see Clause 8 Table 1) and the
resulting compost can be claimed compliant
with this PAS if all requirements are met.
However, any whole digestate or separated
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liquor output arising from the TAD step that is
not utilized in a subsequent aerobic composting
step to form compost (see 3.17) is not allowed
to be claimed compliant with this PAS.
This PAS does not specify tests for specifi c
or indicator plant pathogens due to a lack of
validated methods. PAS 100 is applicable to
product-oriented composting processes and
the composter is responsible for establishing
and consistently fulfi lling any additional
quality needs the user has. Vermi-composting
is within the scope of this PAS where it follows
a sanitization step of thermophilic aerobic
composting or TAD (see 7.1).
PAS 100 does not apply to composting
activities that do not require registration with
the regulator, such as composting at home.
Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils
from compost
This OEN ORM in the manufacture, testing and
labelling of earth culture from compost use. It
specifi es the requirements that must comply
earth compost culture. The aim is to achieve
with proper handling of these products optimal
plant growth. The subject for the manufacture
and marketing of cultural earths from used
compost to the provisions of the Regulation.
Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
OEN ORM S 2204
(2005-01-01)
Compost – Hygiene requirements –
E.coli, Salmonella sp., Listeria sp.,
Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test
methods, representation of results
This standard sets out the microbiological
examination methods and the interpretation
of results for the microbiological testing of
compost Ordinance according to epidemic-
hygienic end product control. This standard
covers the sampling, testing methods and the
presentation of results from E. coli, Salmonella
sp., Listeria sp. and Campylobacter sp..
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Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
OEN ORM S 2206-2
(2005-03-01)
Requirements for a quality assurance
system for composts – Part 2:
Determination of tasks and conditions for
a quality assurance organisation
This OEN ORM defi nes the requirements for
a Quality Assurance Organization (QSO), who
works for compost facilities.
Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting
plants
The present OEN ORM specifi es the minimum
technical standards for composting facilities
with an annual production capacity of
more than 150 m3 of compost (including
screenings) according to OEN ORM S 2100
and S OEN ORM 2,201th It is also relevant to
the environment and the internal environment
of the composting plant emissions and
pollution in question taken care. With
respect to the choice of location gave the
advantages of local spatial planning, the
meteorological situation as well as other
customary local conditions to be observed.
Measures for the protection of workers are
without prejudice to the legal framework
(e.g. Employee Protection Act, Regulation
on the health monitoring in the workplace,
workplace regulations) so far above, as this is
specifi c to the operation of composting plants
resulting impacts. The aim of this OEN ORM
is to defi ne conditions for low-emission and
orderly operation of composting facilities,
taking into consideration the quality of the
fi nished product. The procedure described
in this technical equipment OEN ORM of the
plants or their management was established
with a view to producing a fi nal product
that meets the quality criteria required for a
recovery.
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Compost Material recovery –
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance
system for the production of composts –
Part 1: Principles for quality assurance of
a company and of the internal technical
processes
In this OEN ORM describes the requirements
for a quality assurance system for the
production of compost. In this part 1, the
foundations laid down for quality assurance
and describes the internal operations that
are subject to quality assurance and are
documented accordingly.
Biological
treatment
General, BIOWASTE OEN ORM S 2007 Biological waste treatment – Terms and
defi nitions
Material
recovery
Disposal, BIOWASTE,
permitting ref unclear
(SR2008no1-8,
SR2009no14-16?)
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or
on soil – Recovery, disposal and related
environmental issues
This Technical Report is intended to
summarise the current state of knowledge
and experience in the fi eld of biodegradable
plastics which are used on soil or end up in
soil. It also addresses the links between use,
disposal after use, degradation mechanisms
and the environment. Therefore, this document
is intended to provide a basis for the
development of future standards. Its aim is
to clarify the ideas and ensure a level playing
fi eld, without hiding possible needs for further
research or areas of disagreement among
experts.
Material
recovery
General,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no14-15,
BIOWASTE
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or
Purity of a Solid Waste Materials Stream
1.1 This test method covers the determination
of the composition of a materials stream in
a solid waste resource recovery processing
facility. The composition is determined with
respect to one or more defi ned components.
The results are used for determining the
purity resulting from the operation of one or
more separators, and in conjunction with Test
Method E1108 used to measure the effi ciency
of a materials separation device.
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be
regarded as the standard. The values given in
parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to
address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For hazard statements,
see Section 7.
Plastic Material recovery,
BIOWASTE,
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-15,
SR2011no1
BS EN ISO 14855-1:
2007
Determination of the ultimate aerobic
biodegradability of plastic materials
under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon
dioxide. General method
Plastic Material recovery,
BIOWASTE,
SR2008no16-18,
SR2010no14-15,
SR2011no1
BS EN ISO 14855-2:
2009
Determination of the ultimate aerobic
biodegradability of plastic materials
under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon
dioxide. Gravimetric measurement of
carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test
Agricultural
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree
of rotting in a self-heating test
The degree of rotting of test materials is
an indicator of the extent to which a highly
biodegradable organic substance has been
broken down. It characterises the current state
of the decomposition process and represents
a level on a scale of coeffi cients that
comparatively characterise the progression or
degree of rotting.
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Agricultural
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and
production – Guidance for the handling,
inactivating and testing of waste; German
version EN 12461:1998
The document is concerned with the safe
disposal of all solid, liquid or gaseous effl uents
arising from the biotechnology industry,
which contain, or could potentially contain,
microorganisms.
Agricultural
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1,
BIOWASTE
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media –
Determination of the aerobic biological
activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR);
German version prEN 16087:2010
This European standard describes a method
to determine the aerobic biological activity
of growing media and soil improvers or
constituents thereof by measuring the
oxygen uptake rate (OUR). The oxygen uptake
rate is an indicator of the extent to which
biodegradable organic matter is being broken
down within a specifi ed time period. The
method is not suitable for material with a
content of particle sizes > 10 mm exceeding
20%.
OTHER STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Biological
treatment
Energy recovery,
BIOWASTE,
SR2008no16-19,
SR2010no14-16,
SR2011no1
VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation –
Biofi lters
This guideline VDI 3477 covers the treatment
of waste gas/exhaust air containing
gaseous air pollutants, aerosols and notably
odorants. Biodegradation of the pollutants
is accomplished under aerobic conditions by
micro-organisms colonizing on solid support
media. This guideline gives an overview of
waste gas streams that have been successfully
treated and/or pollutants that have been
effectively degraded in biofi lter systems. It
addresses the criteria to be considered for the
proper design of the biofi lter system, discusses
performance evaluation criteria and presents
production processes in which biofi lters have
become successfully established for waste gas
treatment.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
122
E.3. Materials recycling/MBT facili esTable E.3 is a classifi cation of all identifi ed standards with relevance to the recycling industry. Many
standards have overlaps with other waste industries.
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Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
FORMAL STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Waste Outputs, permitting
SR2010No17, SR2010
No18
OEN ORM S 2026-1
(2002-09-01)
Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 1:
Concepts for solid and liquid fuels
The aim of this standard is to provide fuel from
waste regulations for contractors, i.e. Authority,
operators and owners of waste, pretending
to assist. It describes the conditions to be
determined for the use of waste as fuel. This
section defi nes terms that are applicable to
solid and liquid/pasty fuels from waste.
Waste Outputs, permitting
SR2010No17, SR2010
No18
OEN ORM S 2026-2
(2002-09-01)
Recovered fuels from wastes – Part
2: Quality characteristics and analysis
methods for solid and liquid fuels
The aim of this series of standards is to provide
fuel from waste regulations for contractors,
i.e. Authority, operators and owners of waste,
pretending to assist. It will be determined as
described between the parties for the use of
waste as fuel. This part of the standard series
establishes quality characteristics and methods
that are applicable to solid and liquid or paste-
like fuels from waste.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, WEEE,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
DD IEC/PAS
62545:2008
Environmental information on electrical
and electronic equipment (EIEEE)
This PAS provides guidelines on generic
environmental attributes to be considered
by product committees when preparing a
declaration frame suited to a concerned
product category to disclose credible,
relevant, and harmonized product related
environmental information to who needs or
requests it. As a result, generic requirements
to be followed by upstream suppliers to
deliver necessary information to downstream
producers are also specifi ed.
This PAS is stand-alone and only applicable
if relevant requirements on environmental
aspects and impacts information does not
exist in relevant product standard.
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Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, WEEE,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for
electrotechnical applications. Standard
for the inventory control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of
electrical equipment and insulating
liquids containing PCBs
The scope of this European Standard is
to provide operational procedures for the
activities of inventory, control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of
equipment and containers with insulating
liquid containing PCBs, in compliance with
the Council Directives (96/59/EC, 96/61/EC),
Commission Decision (2001/68/EC), and/or
with appropriate national or local legislation.
This European Standard is addressed, in
particular, toward the management of
insulating liquids and it has been developed
in accordance with the following motivating
principles:
a) reduction of risks for workers, public health
and the environment, deriving from troubles
or failures of the equipment that could
originate fi res or the spill of hazardous and
persistent products;
b) implementation of the “Best Available
Techniques” and methodologies available
for safety, while taking into account the
criteria of the surroundings, self-suffi ciency
and functional recovery;
c) technical feasibility of the activities
recommended or imposed by current
legislation, within the prescribed time
schedules, taking into account the
economic feasibility as well.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
Disposal, METAL,
WEEE, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
OEN ORM S 2106
(2005-09-01)
Recycling and disposal of waste electrical
and electronic appliances
This is OEN ORM of people apply who are
concerned with the collection, recycling and
disposal of waste electrical and electronic
equipment. OEN ORM objective of this is
the proper recycling and disposal of waste
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electrical and electronic equipment in
accordance with the requirements of the
Federal Law Gazette II No. 570/2003, as well
as the transport of the fractions (see Section
4) according to ADR. For assigning waste code
numbers, the Federal Law Gazette II 570/2003
shall apply. The key numbers according to
ÖNORM S 2100 and S OEN ORM 2100/AC1
may still in the transition period will be used
in accordance with Act 2002. It was the
largest possible amount of substance use and
a minimal amount of material removal can
be fed to meet the recovery targets of the
directive on waste electrical and electronic
equipment can. These ecological and economic
considerations are taken into account.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
Disposal, METAL,
WEEE, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23,
SR2008no20-22,
SR2011no2
OEN ORM S 2107
(2006-08-01)
Requirements to be met by companies
collecting and treating waste electrical
and electronic equipment
This OEN ORM sets the requirements for
collection and treatment of waste electrical
and electronic equipment in the operational
process. These are e.g. commercial enterprises,
local authorities, waste management
associations and other public and private
institutions. The transport of waste electrical
and electronic equipment is collected in this
OEN ORM only so far as to meet the special
collection and treatment due diligence and
documentation requirements.
Recycling Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
RECYCLING
PAS 109:2008 Specifi cation for the production
of recycled gypsum from waste
plasterboard
This PAS specifi es minimum requirements for
the production of recycled gypsum from waste
plasterboard (see 3.25) intended for a range of
applications in existing and emerging end
markets. This PAS covers the selection,
receipt and handling of input materials, the
specifi cations of product grades, and the
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storage, labelling, dispatch and traceability of
the products. It also specifi es requirements
for a quality management system for the
production of grades of recycled gypsum
to ensure they are consistently fi t for their
intended uses.
This PAS is for recycled gypsum produced
from waste plasterboard that has been
separately collected, or sorted and segregated
from, other wastes, products or materials.
Likely sources of waste plasterboard include:
plasterboard manufacturing waste;
over-ordering on construction sites;
boards damaged during transportation,
handling or storage;
off-cuts during installation; and
plasterboard stripped-out during
refurbishment and demolition works.
The requirements for the recycled gypsum
grades specify particle size distribution,
residual paper content, purity, physical
contamination and chemical composition
limits, and acceptability of colour and smell.
The end markets to which this PAS applies
include, but are not limited to, the following
applications:
plasterboard manufacture;
cement manufacture;
manufacture of construction products;
soil treatment in agriculture and
horticulture;
manufacture of growing media;
soil stabilization and binding;
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clarifying aquatic environments; and
absorbent for liquid spills.
In order to accommodate the widening
range of end user requirements for recycled
gypsum variations or additions to an end user
specifi cation may be required. However, in all
instances, the standard set by this PAS shall
be the minimum requirement. The recycler
is responsible for consistently fulfi lling
any additional quality needs, such that the
products are safe and consistently fi t for their
intended purposes.
Recycling General, METAL,
WEEE, RECYCLING
X30-012 GA X30-012
(2004-08-01)
(AFNOR)
Waste – Recycling terminology. This paper proposes a basis of common
defi nitions for all materials and the
introduction of new defi nitions or additions
to existing defi nitions in order to have
a clear vision and system of collection/
sorting/recycling and the all the operations it
implements.
Recycling Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no12-15,
SR2011no4,
SR2008no1-8
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria
for recycling methods. Description of
recycling processes and fl ow chart
This European Standard defi nes the criteria for
a recycling process and describes the principal
existing processes for material recycling and
their inter-relationship.
Both packaging and recovery technologies are
subject to continuing and rapid development.
This European Standard describes the
present stage of knowledge but may be
subject to modifi cations in the light of new
developments.
The essential relationship between this and the
fi ve mandated European Packaging Standards
and one (mandated) CEN Report is specifi ed in
EN 13427.
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Recycling Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
SR2011no3,
SR2008no14-15
XP T47-758 End of life tyres – Separate determination
of free and bound textile contents of
granulates from grinding process of
End of life tyres – Method based on the
manual separation after mechanical
sieving of products.
This document specifi es a method to obtain
the rate of textile fi bers (due to aggregate or
not) by manual separation after screening of a
laboratory sample of aggregates from PUNK.
Recycling Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no12-15,
SR2011no4
PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging.
Specifi cation for quality and guidance
for good practice in collection and
preparation for recycling
This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)
specifi es a classifi cation and grading system for
the quality of collected waste plastics packaging
intended for recycling. It includes test methods
for the verifi cation of quality in the event of a
dispute; see Annex D and Annex E.
This PAS also includes, in Annex B and Annex C,
guidance on the collection, sorting and storage
of waste plastics packaging.
Recycling Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
METAL, BIOWASTE,
SR2008no1-8 and
12-15,
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and
recycling of plastics waste
This International Standard provides
guidance for the development of standards
and specifi cations covering plastics waste
recovery as well as other means of plastics
waste reduction, including recycling. The
standard establishes the different options for
the recovery of plastics waste arising from
pre-consumer and postconsumer sources as
illustrated diagrammatically in Annex A. The
standard establishes the quality requirements
that should be considered in all steps of
the recovery process, and provides general
recommendations for inclusion in material
standards, test standards and product
specifi cations. Consequently, the process
stages, requirements, recommendations and
terminology presented in this International
Standard are intended to be of general
applicability.
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Metal Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING –
may relate to
production ??
BS EN 2955:1993 Aerospace series. Recycling of titanium
and titanium alloy scrap
This standard specifi es the general
requirements for recycling, by vacuum
remelting, titanium and titanium alloy scrap
used for the production of ingots.
Rubber Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no12-15
PAS 107 Specifi cation for the manufacture and
storage of size reduced tyre materials
This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)
specifi es minimum requirements for the
manufacture and storage of size-reduced,
tyre derived rubber materials intended for a
range of applications in existing and emerging
secondary end markets. Tyre sources include
those from land based vehicles, i.e. bicycles,
motorcycles, cars, light commercial vehicles,
trucks, buses, and industrial and agricultural
vehicles.
This PAS does not cover the processing
of aircraft tyres, the use of whole or baled
tyres in end use applications or the end use
applications. It does not cover the by-products
of the process, namely steel and textile fi bre
or tyre recycling by means of alternative
technologies such as pyrolysis or microwave
treatment.
In order to accommodate the widening
range of end user requirements for size
reduced tyre materials, variations or
additions to an end use specifi cation may be
required. This is referenced in the PAS as being
subject to agreement between the producer
and user. However, in all instances, the
standard set by this PAS will be the minimum
requirement.
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Rubber Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no12-15
OEN ORM EN 14243
(2004-04-01)
Post-consumer tyre – Materials and
applications
This Standard is being prepared in order to
provide a European system of reference for
materials produced from post-consumer tyres
and rubber wastes based upon their physical
and chemical characteristics. It is to be used
as a source of material quality designations
for the preparation of the specifi cations for
products and applications which utilise post-
consumer tyre materials.
Material
recovery
Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no12-15,
SR2011no4,
SR2008no1-8
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging
recoverable through composting and
biodegradation –
Test scheme and evaluation criteria for
the fi nal acceptance of packaging
This European Standard specifi es
requirements and procedures to determine
the compostability and anaerobic treatability
of packaging and packaging materials by
addressing four characteristics:
1) biodegradability,
2) disintegration during biological treatment,
3) effect on the biological treatment process
and
4) effect on the quality of the resulting
compost.
In case of a packaging formed by different
components, some of which are compostable
and some other not, the packaging itself,
as a whole is not compostable. However,
if the components can be easily separated
by hand before disposal, the compostable
components can be effectively considered and
treated as such, once separated from the non
compostable components.
This European Standard covers the
compostability of packaging itself but does not
address regulations that may exist regarding
the compostability of any residual contents.
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This European Standard makes provision
for obtaining information on the processing
of packaging in controlled waste treatment
plants but does not take into account
packaging waste which may end up in the
environment, through uncontrolled means, i.e.
as litter.
The essential relationship between this
European Standard and the four other
(mandated) European Packaging Standards
and one (mandated) CEN Report is specifi ed in
EN 13427:2000.
Certifi cation Material recovery,
energy recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
SR2011no4,
RECYCLING
ANSI/ASME QRO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of
Resource Recovery Facility Operators
Plastic General, no permitting
ref, RECYCLING
PD CEN/TR 15351:
2006
Plastics. Guide for vocabulary in the
fi eld of degradable and biodegradable
polymers and plastic items
This guide provides the vocabulary to be
used in the fi eld of polymers and plastic
materials and items. The proposed terms and
defi nitions are directly issued from a scientifi c
and technical analysis of the various stages
and mechanisms involved in the alteration of
plastics up to mineralization, bioassimilation
and biorecycling of macromolecular
compounds and polymeric products; i.e.
polymeric items.
NOTE The proposed vocabulary is intended
also to be in agreement with a terminology
usable in various domains dealing with time
limited plastic applications, namely biomedical,
pharmaceutical, environmental, i.e., in surgery,
medicine, agriculture, or plastics waste
management.
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Plastic Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no12-15
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling
procedures for testing plastics waste and
recyclates
This European Standard specifi es a system
for sampling procedures for testing plastics
waste and recyclates which take into account
the specifi cs of the plastics waste and
recyclates. It is intended to cover all stages of
the plastic recycling process. This standard is
intended to serve two purposes: To provide
a guide to plastic recyclers and others that
enables a calculation to be made of the risk of
inaccuracy presented by a chosen sampling
regime. This will help to inform decisions
about sampling that may also be infl uenced by
factors such as the supply record of a supplier
or the reliability of a process. This is covered in
Section 5; To defi ne the sampling procedures
to be followed to characterise the material
being sampled. These procedures may be
followed where a particular level of accuracy is
required, or where the sampling is in support
of the resolution of a dispute. This is covered
in Section 7 and Annex A. The sampling
procedures include the statistical specifi cs
of the plastic waste and the behaviour of
recyclates.
NOTE The sampling method must produce
a representative testing sample. Differences
may arise due to; the mixture of plastics; the
origin (e.g. green dot in Germany, or electronic/
automotive industry); the previous use of the
plastic material; the residual contents (e.g. of
containers); inert, residual or moisture content
on or in the material; It is not the intention
of this standard to develop new sampling
methods. This standard does not address any
legal or product safety issues.
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Construction
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
RECYCLING
JIS A 5032 Melt-solidifi ed slag material for road
construction derived from municipal
solid waste and sewage sludge
This Japanese Industrial Standard specifi es
the quality, test method, inspection, marking,
report, etc. with regard to the melt-solidifi ed
slag used for the aggregate for heated asphalt
mixture for general road and for roadbed
material.
Construction Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
RECYCLING
GOST 8269.0 Mountainous rock road-metal and
gravel, industrial waste products for
construction works. Methods of physical
and mechanical tests
This standard applies to crushed stone
and gravel from dense rocks (including
incidentally harvested overburden and
host rocks and substandard waste from
the mining companies) and industrial
wastes (including wastes from ferrous and
nonferrous metallurgy and thermal power
plants) with an average density of grains 2.0
to 3.0 g/cc, used as placeholders for heavy
concrete, and road and other construction
works, and sets the order of the physical and
mechanical tests
Construction Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
RECYCLING
GOST 8269.1 Mountainous rock road-metal and
gravel, industrial waste products for
construction works. Methods chemical
analysis
This standard applies to crushed stone
and gravel from dense rocks (including
incidentally harvested overburden and host
rocks and substandard waste from the
mining companies) and industrial wastes
(including fuel slag, slag of ferrous and
nonferrous metallurgy, slag and ashes mix-
ash of thermal power stations), used as
fi llers and components of heavy, light and
porous concrete, as well as for road and other
construction works, and establishes methods
for determining the mass fraction of chemical
elements and the order of chemical analysis
in assessing the suitability of the construction
waste from the mining companies and
industrial production
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Construction
waste
Material recovery,
SR2008no14-15,
RECYCLING
STN 73 3055 Road construction. Use of waste rock This standard applies to the design and
construction of natural, background, or even
a cover layer pavement of roads, highways,
local and special-purpose communications
and paved areas, involving the use of materials
suitable or partially suitable.
Plastic Material recovery,
RECYCLING,
SR2008no1-8,
SR2008no12-15
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to
Separate and Identify Contaminants in
Recycled Plastics
1.1 This guide is intended to provide
information on available methods for the
separation and classifi cation of contaminants
such as moisture, incompatible polymers,
metals, adhesives, glass, paper, wood,
chemicals, and original-product residues in
recycled plastic fl akes or pellets. Although
no specifi c methods for identifi cation or
characterization of foam products are
included, foam products are not excluded from
this guide. The methods presented apply to
post-consumer plastics.
1.2 For specifi c procedures existing as
ASTM test methods, this guide only lists the
appropriate reference. Where no current ASTM
standard exists, however, this guide gives
procedures for the separation or identifi cation,
or both, of specifi c contaminants. Appendix
X1 lists the tests and the specifi c contaminant
addressed by each procedure.
1.3 This guide does not include procedures to
quantify the contaminants unless this information
is available in referenced ASTM standards.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety
and health practices and determine the
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applicability of regulatory limitations prior
to use.
Note 1 -There is no known ISO equivalent to
this standard.
Wood
recycling
Material recovery,
SR2011no4,
RECYCLING
PAS 104 Wood recycling in the panelboard
manufacturing industry
This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS)
specifi es minimum quality requirements for
processed post-consumer wood intended
for consumption in the manufacture of
panelboard products. It includes test methods
for verifi cation of quality in the event of a
dispute.
OTHER STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23
VDI 2343 Blatt 3 Recycling of electrical and electronic
equipment – Disassembly
This guideline series is addressed to all groups
involved in equipment and material lifecycles
(e.g. legislators, producers, dealers, importers,
equipment users and disposal operators).
The purpose of Part 3 is to provide concrete
instructions for action and recommendations
(e.g. minimum standards) for the disassembly
of waste electrical and electronic equipment,
in order to safeguard investments and develop
new rationalisation and investment potentials.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23
VDI 2343 Blatt 4 Recycling of electrical and electronic
products – Reconditioning
The guideline provides precise instructions
and recommendations for reconditioning
of electrical and electronic equipment and
considers specifi cations and infl uence of
legal frames, manufacturer specifi cations,
sales markets for recovered material fl ow as
well as type and stage of disassembly. The
reconditioning essentially comprises crushing,
classifi cation and sorting in appropriate plants.
The aim is the separation of harming and
disturbing substances following the technical
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and regulatory requirements as well as the
production of material fl ow for the utilization
and harmless disposal.
Electrical and
Electronic
equipment
Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING,
SR2008no23
RAL-GZ 728 Quality assurance and test specifi cations
for the demanufacture of refrigeration
equipment
Paper Material recovery,
RECYCLING
VDI 4091 (2006-01-
00)
Closed-loop production and material fl ow
management – Methodology – Paper
The purpose of this guideline is to present an
effective material fl ow management scheme
for the industrial sector. It discusses the
various aspects of closed loop production by
the example of the paper cycle and provides
all stakeholders and interested parties with
the necessary information and examples
from industrial practice. Furthermore, the
methodology of realizing closed material
loops is discussed in detail. Last but not least,
it is also the purpose and the intent of this
guideline to encourage persons and institutions
in other industries to tackle the planning and
implementation of closed material loops.
Scrap yards Material recovery,
METAL, RECYCLING,
SR2008no20-23,
SR2009no7,
SR2011no2-3
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of
scrapyards – Facilities and equipment for
the handling, storage and treatment of
scraps and other materials
In the Federal States of the Federal Republic of
Germany, different requirements concerning
the contents of the state of technology are
given for the approval and the execution
of scrap yards with regard to its planning,
implementation and operation. In the frame of
approval procedures and in execution, these
different requirements can lead to temporal
delays in investment and to distortions
of competition. This guideline is aimed to
standardize these substantial requirements
for the enterprises concerned according to
the state of technology and, furthermore, to
contribute to the deregulation technology. The
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guideline applies to operators, planners, facility
constructors, responsible authorities as well
as third parties in the business domain of the
plants and equipment of scrap yards.
Recycling RECYCLING, METAL ESA MRF Code of Practice The ESA has developed a draft Code of Practice
for material recovery facilities and other facilities
engaged in the sorting of dry recyclables. The
ESA is also devising a compliance scheme which
allows facilities complying with the terms of the
Code to demonstrate to external stakeholders
that they are doing so.
By verifying compliance with the Code,
Members demonstrate that waste materials
handled and sorted at Registered Facilities:
are subject to a series of quality
management systems and checks; and
where recovered or recycled, are accepted
by a Reprocessor; and
are handled or processed at the Registered
Facilities in accordance with good industry
practice; and
stay within the legal waste management
chain; and
where exported, comply with prevailing
legislation and go to a Reprocessor that
is authorised to operate under applicable
domestic legislation, is in general
compliance with all applicable domestic
environmental and health and safety
legislation and is operated in a manner
broadly equivalent to European Union
practices.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
138
E.4. General – widely applicable standardsTable E.4 lists all other standards of relevance which have general applicability over all three
prioritised sectors.
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Table E.4 – Generally applicable standards
Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
FORMAL STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Waste General
Environmental
Management
(General Terms)
ISO 14001 Environmental management systems.
Requirements with guidance for use
This International Standard specifi es
requirements for an environmental
management system to enable an organization
to develop and implement a policy and
objectives which take into account legal
requirements and other requirements to which
the organization subscribes, and information
about signifi cant environmental aspects. It
applies to those environmental aspects that
the organization identifi es as those which it
can control and those which it can infl uence.
It does not itself state specifi c environmental
performance criteria.
This International Standard is applicable to any
organization that wishes to
a) establish, implement, maintain and improve
an environmental management system,
b) assure itself of conformity with its stated
environmental policy,
c) demonstrate conformity with this
International Standard by
– making a self-determination and self-
declaration, or
– seeking confi rmation of its conformance
by parties having an interest in the
organization, such as customers, or
– seeking confi rmation of its self-
declaration by a party external to the
organization, or
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– seeking certifi cation/registration of its
environmental management system by
an external organization.
All the requirements in this International
Standard are intended to be incorporated
into any environmental management system.
The extent of the application depends on
factors such as the environmental policy of
the organization, the nature of its activities,
products and services and the location where
and the conditions in which it functions. This
International Standard also provides, in Annex
A, informative guidance on its use.
Waste Overarching –
relevant to elements
of operations
BS OHSAS 18001 Occupational health and safety
management systems. Requirements
This Occupational Health and Safety
Assessment Series (OHSAS) Standard specifi es
requirements for an occupational health and
safety (OH&S) management system, to enable
an organization to control its OH&S risks and
improve its OH&S performance. It does not
state specifi c OH&S performance criteria, nor
does it give detailed specifi cations for the
design of a management system.
This OHSAS Standard is applicable to any
organization that wishes to:
a) establish an OH&S management system to
eliminate or minimize risks to personnel
and other interested parties who could be
exposed to OH&S hazards associated with
its activities;
b) implement, maintain and continually
improve an OH&S management system;
c) assure itself of its conformity with its stated
OH&S policy;
d) demonstrate conformity with this OHSAS
Standard by:
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– making a self-determination and self-
declaration, or
– seeking confi rmation of its conformance
by parties having an interest in the
organization, such as customers, or
– seeking confi rmation of its self-
declaration by a party external to the
organization, or
– seeking certifi cation/registration of
its OH&S management system by an
external organization.
All the requirements in this OHSAS Standard
are intended to be incorporated into any
OH&S management system. The extent of the
application will depend on such factors as the
OH&S policy of the organization, the nature of
its activities and the risks and complexity of its
operations.
This OHSAS Standard is intended to address
occupational health and safety, and is not
intended to address other health and safety
areas such as employee wellbeing/wellness
programmes, product safety, property damage
or environmental impacts.
Waste General –
Performance
reporting, no permit
reference
PAS 402: 2009 Waste Resource Management –
Specifi cation for Performance Reporting
This PAS specifi es requirements for
performance reporting by a waste resource
management organization.
It requires a waste resource management
organization to report:
a) how it conducts specifi c waste resource
management activities (Clauses 3 to 11);
and b) the landfi ll diversion and material
recovery rates it achieves (Clause 12).
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It is applicable to a waste resource
management organization that processes
industrial, commercial or household waste at a
transfer station, treatment facility or disposal
site. It is not applicable to a waste resource
management organization that operates solely
as a waste carrier or waste broker.
Waste General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
OEN ORM S 2097-1
(2005-04-01)
Sorting analysis of waste – Part 1:
Concepts
The OEN ORM S-Series 2097 Part 1 to 4
“sorting analysis of waste” is concerned
with the identifi cation and analysis of
the composition of solid waste including
recyclables/recyclable materials using physical
methods. This Part 1 defi nes the terms that
apply to the analysis of waste sorting.
Waste General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
OEN ORM S 2097-2
(2005-04-01)
Sorting analysis of waste – Part 2:
Sampling
The OEN ORM S-Series 2097 Part 1 to 4
“sorting analysis of waste” is concerned
with the identifi cation and analysis of
the composition of solid waste including
recyclables/recyclable materials using
physical methods. This Part 2 sets out the
sampling.
Waste General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
OEN ORM S 2097-3
(2005-04-01)
Sorting analysis of waste – Part 3:
Sorting
The OEN ORM S-Series 2097 Part 1 to 4
“sorting analysis of waste” is concerned
with the identifi cation and analysis of
the composition of solid waste including
recyclables/recyclable materials using physical
methods. This Part 3 shall be applied for
manually sorting of waste, depending on the
size of pieces or lumpiness.
Waste General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
OEN ORM S 2097-4
(2010-11-15)
Sorting analysis of waste – Part 4:
Evaluation of measuring results and
analysis report
The OEN ORM S-Series 2097 Part 1 to 4
“sorting analysis of waste” is concerned
with the identifi cation and analysis of the
composition of solid waste including
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recyclables/recyclable materials using physical
methods. This is part 4 in the evaluation of the
analytical results of manually sortable waste
(lumpiness, lot size) to apply.
Waste General, Reporting OEN ORM S 2100
(2007-09-01)
List of wastes This OEN ORM shall summarize the purpose,
the types of waste and the incorporated terms,
key numbers with any specifi cations, indicating
the GTIN for all wastes in accordance with
Act 2002. The main contents of the Waste
Catalogue Ordinance, Federal Law Gazette
II No. 570/2003 as amended by BGBl II No.
89/2005, were included in this OEN ORM, so
that their users with this OEN ORM a body of
work for the allocation of waste to waste types
available.
Waste Other standards
relating to waste –
SR2008no24,
SR2008no25
OEN ORM S 2104
(2008-07-01)
Waste from medical institutions OEN ORM objective of this is the proper
treatment of waste from the medical fi eld to
avoid danger to persons due to injury, infection
or poisoning and to avoid environmental
hazards. This OEN ORM is applied by all
persons who are involved with the production
and with the treatment (provision, collection,
transportation, storage, recycling and disposal)
of waste from the medical fi eld as well as by
professionals from the cosmetics industry
(according to Federal Law Gazette I No.
141/2003). The potential for waste prevention
and separate collection for the purpose of
exploitation are to be used largely, as far as
is reasonably hygienic and safety reasons.
The use of disposable medical products is
a hygienic necessity, appropriateness and
environmental impact review. The principle of
precaution and sustainability, according to
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Waste Management Act in its current version
is considered. OEN ORM This does not apply
to radioactive waste, except that these wastes
may be disposed of according to radiation
safety regulations as inactive waste.
Waste General, BIOWASTE,
RECYCLING, METAL
CEN/TR 16110 Characterization of waste – Guidance on
the use of ecotoxicity tests applied to
waste
Ecotoxicity tests can be applied to wastes to
identify their potential hazardous properties
with respect to the environment or to assess
the risk related to a site-specifi c exposure
scenario. This document provides guidance for
the selection and use of ecotoxicity tests for
both applications. This document focuses on
the following selected fi eld of applications:
a) Basic ecotoxicological characterization;
b) Site-specifi c exposure scenario; c) Landfi ll
management:
1) monitoring of leachates;
2) mineral waste going to non-controlled
landfi ll sites.
d) Re-use of waste:
1) use of sludge in agriculture;
2) use of mineral waste in road
construction.
The user should be aware that other fi elds
of application can also be covered by
ecotoxicological testing not being in the
scope of the document. The ecotoxicological
assessment of waste within other scenarios
might need the development of other test
strategies. Depending on the waste type and
the assessment goal, relevant criteria are
described for the selection of a test strategy
and the suitable ecotoxicity test(s). This
document also provides guidance for
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individual ecotoxicity test protocols to meet
the specifi c demands of waste testing (e.g.
limitations, test design, confounding factors).
The tests recommended represent a minimum
test battery that may be accomplished by
additional tests or even be replaced by others
according to the waste, the intended use or
protection goal envisaged.
Waste
management
General BS EN 13965-1:2004 Characterization of waste. Terminology.
Material related terms and defi nitions
This part of the European Standard EN 13965,
Characterization of waste – Terminology –
Part 1: Material related terms and defi nitions,
concerns concepts which are related to
different types of waste. It gives a compilation
of selected and updated terms and defi nitions
for use by for example producers, waste
industry and legislators in the waste
management fi eld. It is harmonized with the
current language used in management as well
as in regulation. It includes, with references,
national terms and defi nitions where such
needs have been expressed. It does not include
terms related to specialized activities. The
scope of TC 292 excludes radioactive wastes.
Therefore such concepts are not included in
this standard. Defi nitions in other standards
with a scope different from the scope of this
European Standard can be different from the
defi nitions in this standard.
Waste
management
General BS EN 13965-2:2010 Characterization of waste. Terminology.
Management related terms and
defi nitions
This European Standard, EN 13965-2,
Characterization of waste – Terminology – Part
2: Management related terms and defi nitions,
gives a compilation of selected and updated
terms and defi nitions, for use by for example
producers, waste industry and
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legislators in the waste management fi eld.
It is harmonized with the current language
used in management as well as in regulation.
It includes, with references (see Annex C),
national terms and defi nitions where such
needs have been expressed. It does not include
terms related to detailed activities.
The scope of CEN/TC 292 excludes radioactive
wastes. Therefore, such concepts are not
included in this standard.
Defi nitions in other standards with a scope
different from the scope of this European
Standard can be different from the defi nitions
in this standard.
Waste
management
General – BIOWASTE,
RECYCLING, METAL
BS EN 14899:2005 Characterization of waste. Sampling
of waste materials. Framework for
the preparation and application of a
sampling plan
This European Standard specifi es the
procedural steps to be taken in the preparation
and application of a Sampling Plan. The
Sampling Plan describes the method of
collection of the laboratory sample necessary
for meeting the objective of the testing
programme. The principles or basic rules
outlined in
this European Standard, provide a framework
that can be used by the project manager to:
produce standardised Sampling Plans for
use in regular or routine circumstances
(elaboration of daughter/derived standards
dedicated to well defi ned sampling
scenarios);
incorporate the specifi c sampling
requirements of European and national
legislation;
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design and develop a Sampling Plan for use
on a case by case basis.
This European Standard has been developed
for the characterization of waste.
There may be a need for more than one
Sampling Plan to meet all the requirements
of the testing programme. Ultimately the
Sampling Plan provides the sampler with
detailed instructions on how sampling should
be carried out.
Waste
management
General – BIOWASTE,
RECYCLING, METAL
OEN ORM S 2000-1
(2003-09-01)
Waste management – Part 1: Waste –
Defi nitions
This OEN ORM sets terms for the designation
of waste because of their origin or their
composition and properties.
Waste
management
General – BIOWASTE,
RECYCLING, METAL
OEN ORM S 2000-2
(2003-09-01)
Waste management – Part 2: Scopes –
Defi nitions
This OEN ORM sets terms for the division of
responsibilities laid waste management.
Waste
management
General – BIOWASTE,
RECYCLING, METAL
OEN ORM S 2000-4
(2003-09-01)
Waste management – Part 4: Waste
recycling – Defi nitions
This OEN ORM sets terms for the recovery of
waste and defi ned metrics.
Waste
management
General – BIOWASTE,
RECYCLING, METAL
OEN ORM S 2006
(2007-01-01)
Recycling of waste and existing
substances – Defi nitions and methods
This standard defi nes important terms of
Abfall-/Altstoffverwertung. They refer to
waste as defi ned in Act 2002. It specifi es
technical decision criteria, especially
considering the environmental impact
assessment of waste treatment measures. In
addition, it should be noted that in the relevant
legal standards such as EU directives and their
transposition into national law to be made
different allocations for material and energy
recovery, and these must be considered in a
given case. Quantities are always represented
as a mass. The volumes are only for the
importance of logistics.
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148 Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
Waste
management
General –
performance
reporting, no permit
reference
ASTM D 5231 Standard Test Method for Determination
of the Composition of Unprocessed
Municipal Solid Waste
1.1 This test method describes procedures for
measuring the composition of unprocessed
municipal solid waste (MSW) by employing
manual sorting. This test method applies to
determination of the mean composition of
MSW based on the collection and manual
sorting of a number of samples of waste over
a selected time period covering a minimum of
one week.
1.2 This test method includes procedures
for the collection of a representative sorting
sample of unprocessed waste, manual sorting
of the waste into individual waste components,
data reduction, and reporting of the results.
1.3 This test method may be applied at landfi ll
sites, waste processing and conversion
facilities, and transfer stations.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to
be regarded as the standard. The values given
in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety problems, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior
to use. For specifi c hazard statements, see
Section 6.
Waste
management
General – BIOWASTE,
RECYCLING, METAL
ASTM D 5681 (2009-
00-00)
Standard Terminology for Waste and
Waste Management
1.1 This terminology contains standard
defi nitions of terms used in the general area of
waste and waste management. It is intended
to promote understanding by providing
precise technical defi nitions of terms used in
An
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Key Word Mapping Identifi er Title Scope
the standards developed by Committee D34
and its subcommittees.
1.2 Terms used only within an individual
standard, and having a meaning unique to that
standard, may be defi ned or explained in the
terminology section of that individual standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability
of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Healthcare
waste
General,
SR2008no24-25
NF X30-510 Terminology of health care waste. This document defi nes the terms used in the
fi eld of waste treatment activities. The purpose
of this document is to defi ne a list of terms
used in the fi eld of waste and care activities
necessary for the proper understanding and
application of regulations and practices of
waste management in care activities.
Biological
treatment
General, BIOWASTE OEN ORM S 2007 Biological waste treatment – Terms and
defi nitions
OTHER STANDARDS IDEN TIFIED
Refuse General, no
permitting ref
AbwÜbwPrüfVV BW Administrative regulations on priority
inspections of enterprises with polluting
substances and refuse with regard to
water and refuse industry
Through regular review of focus farms where
environmentally hazardous substances and
wastes used, treated, stored or deposited,
shall endanger the environment identifi ed and
immediate actions are caused by accidents.
The review covers the processes of sewage
and waste disposal as well as on the handling
of water-polluting substances. In reviewing the
companies are also those which are in Annex I
referred to the Ordinance.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
150
Annex F – Standards separated by relevant Environment Agency
permit
F.1. Environment Agency waste management permits
Keeping/transfer of waste
SR2008No1 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station
SR2008No2 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station (no building)
SR2008No3 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with treatment
SR2008No4 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with treatment (no
building)
SR2008No5 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with asbestos storage
SR2008No6 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with asbestos
storage (no building)
SR2008No7 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with treatment and
asbestos storage
SR2008No8 Household, commercial and industrial waste transfer station with treatment and
asbestos storage (no building)
SR2008No9 Asbestos waste transfer station
SR2008No10 Inert and excavation waste transfer station
SR2008No11 Inert and excavation waste transfer station with treatment
SR2009No5 Inert and excavation waste transfer station, less than 250,000 tonnes per year
SR2009No6 Inert and excavation waste transfer station with treatment, less than 250,000
tonnes per year
SR2008No24 Clinical waste and healthcare waste transfer station
SR2008No25 Clinical waste and healthcare waste treatment and transfer station
Biological treatment of waste
SR2008No16 Composting in open windrows
SR2008No17 Composting in closed vessels
SR2008No18 Non hazardous mechanical biological (aerobic) treatment facility
SR2008No19 Non-hazardous sludge biological, chemical and physical treatment site
SR2009No4 Combustion of biogas in engines at a sewage treatment works
SR2010No14 Composting biodegradable waste (in open and contained systems)
SR2010No15 Anaerobic digestion facility including use of the resultant biogas
SR2010No16 On-farm anaerobic digestion facility including use of the resultant biogas
SR2010No17 Storage of digestate from anaerobic digestion plants
SR2010No18 Storage and treatment of dredgings for recovery
SR2011No1 Composting biodegradable waste (in open and contained systems) (new rules set)
Metal recovery/scrap metal
SR2008No20 Vehicle storage, depollution and dismantling (authorised treatment) facility
SR2008No21 Metal recycling site
SR2008No22 Storage of furnace ready scrap metal for recovery
Annex F – Standards separated by relevant Environment Agency permit
151
SR2008No23 Waste electrical and electronic equipment authorised treatment facility (ATF)
excluding ozone depleting substances
SR2009No7 Storage of furnace ready scrap metal for recovery, less than 1,000,000 tonnes
per year
SR2011No2 Metal recycling site (new rules set)
SR2011No3 Vehicle storage, depollution and dismantling (authorised treatment) facility (new
rules set)
Materials recovery and recycling
SR2008No12 Non-hazardous household waste amenity site
SR2008No13 Non-hazardous and hazardous household waste amenity site
SR2008No14 Materials recycling facility
SR2008No15 Materials recycling facility (no building)
Recovery or use of waste on land
SR2008No27 Mobile plant for the treatment of waste soils and contaminated material,
substances or products
SR2009No1 Pet cemetery
SR2010No4 Mobile plant for landspreading
SR2010No5 Mobile plant for the reclamation, restoration or improvement of land
SR2010No6 Mobile plant for landspreading of sewage sludge
SR2010No7 Use of waste in construction (up to 50,000 tonnes of waste)
SR2010No8 Use of waste in construction (up to 100,000 tonnes of waste)
SR2010No9 Use of waste for the reclamation, restoration or improvement of land (up to
50,000 tonnes)
SR2010No10 Use of waste for the reclamation, restoration or improvement of land (up to
100,000 tonnes)
Treatment to produce aggregate or construction materials
SR2010No11 Mobile plant for the treatment of waste to produce soil, soil substitutes and
aggregate
SR2010No12 Treatment of waste to produce soil, soil substitutes and aggregate (up to
75,000 tonnes)
SR2010No13 Use of waste to manufacture timber or construction products
Incineration
SR2008No26 Animal carcass incinerator (pet crematorium)
F.2. Standards separated by Environment Agency waste management permitsTable F.1 is a classifi cation of all identifi ed standards by the Environment Agency waste permit
to which they relate. Some permits were founds to have no relative standards and this is also
refl ected in the table.
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152 Table F.1 – Identifi ed standards listed by permit
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
KEEPING/TRANSFER OF WASTE
SR2008No1 Household, commercial and industrial
waste transfer station
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
SR2008No2 Household, commercial and industrial
waste transfer station (no building)
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
An
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153
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
SR2008No3 Household, commercial and industrial
waste transfer station with treatment
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
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154 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
SR2008No4 Household, commercial and industrial
waste transfer station with treatment (no
building)
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
An
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155
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
SR2008No5 Household, commercial and industrial
waste transfer station with asbestos
storage
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
SR2008No6 Household, commercial and industrial
waste transfer station with asbestos
storage (no building)
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
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156 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
SR2008No7 Household, commercial and industrial
waste transfer station with treatment and
asbestos storage
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
An
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157
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
SR2008No8 Household, commercial and industrial
waste transfer station with treatment and
asbestos storage
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
SR2008No9 Asbestos waste transfer station N/A
SR2008No10 Inert and excavation waste transfer
station
N/A
SR2008No11 Inert and excavation waste transfer
station with treatment
N/A
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158 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
SR2009No5 Inert and excavation waste transfer
station, less than 250,000 tonnes per year
N/A
SR2009No6 Inert and excavation waste transfer
station with treatment, less than 250,000
tonnes per year
N/A
SR2008No24 Clinical waste and healthcare waste
transfer station
OEN ORM S 2104 (2008-
07-01)
Waste from medical institutions
NF X30-510 Terminology of health care waste.
SR2008No25 Clinical waste and healthcare waste
treatment and transfer station
OEN ORM S 2104 (2008-
07-01)
Waste from medical institutions
NF X30-510 Terminology of health care waste.
Biological Treatment of Waste
SR2008No16 Composting in open windrows BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application directive for soils
from waste
PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials
OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils from compost
OEN ORM S 2204 Compost – Hygiene requirements – E.coli, Salmonella sp.,
Listeria sp., Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test methods,
representation of results
OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance system for the
production of composts – Part 1: Principles for quality
assurance of a company and of the internal technical
processes
An
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Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
OEN ORM S 2206-2 Requirements for a quality assurance system for
composts – Part 2: Determination of tasks and conditions
for a quality assurance organisation
OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting plants
BS EN ISO 14855-1:2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. General
method
BS EN ISO 14855-2:2009 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. Gravimetric
measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test
VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation – Biofi lters
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree of rotting in a
self-heating test
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and production –
Guidance for the handling, inactivating and testing of
waste;
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of the
aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR)
SR2008No17 Composting in closed vessels BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application directive for soils
from waste
PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials
OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils from compost
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160 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
OEN ORM S 2204 Compost – Hygiene requirements – E.coli, Salmonella sp.,
Listeria sp., Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test methods,
representation of results
OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance system for the
production of composts – Part 1: Principles for quality
assurance of a company and of the internal technical
processes
OEN ORM S 2206-2 Requirements for a quality assurance system for
composts – Part 2: Determination of tasks and conditions
for a quality assurance organisation
OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting plants
BS EN ISO 14855-1:2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. General
method
BS EN ISO 14855-2:2009 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. Gravimetric
measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test
VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation – Biofi lters
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree of rotting in a
self-heating test
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and production –
Guidance for the handling, inactivating and testing of
waste;
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of the
aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR)
An
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Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
SR2008No18 Non hazardous mechanical biological
(aerobic) treatment facility
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application directive for soils
from waste
PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials
OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils from compost
OEN ORM S 2204 Compost – Hygiene requirements – E.coli, Salmonella sp.,
Listeria sp., Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test methods,
representation of results
OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance system for the
production of composts – Part 1: Principles for quality
assurance of a company and of the internal technical
processes
OEN ORM S 2206-2 Requirements for a quality assurance system for
composts – Part 2: Determination of tasks and conditions
for a quality assurance organisation
OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting plants
BS EN ISO 14855-1:2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. General
method
BS EN ISO 14855-2:2009 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. Gravimetric
measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test
VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation – Biofi lters
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aste
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162 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree of rotting in a
self-heating test
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and production –
Guidance for the handling, inactivating and testing of
waste;
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of the
aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR)
SR2008No19 Non-hazardous sludge biological, chemical
and physical treatment site
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree of rotting in a
self-heating test
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and production –
Guidance for the handling, inactivating and testing of
waste;
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of the
aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR)
SR2009No4 Combustion of biogas in engines at a
sewage treatment works
SR2010No14 Composting biodegradable waste (in open
and contained systems)
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application directive for soils
from waste
PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials
OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils from compost
An
nex F
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163
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
OEN ORM S 2204 Compost – Hygiene requirements – E.coli, Salmonella sp.,
Listeria sp., Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test methods,
representation of results
OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance system for the
production of composts – Part 1: Principles for quality
assurance of a company and of the internal technical
processes
OEN ORM S 2206-2 Requirements for a quality assurance system for
composts – Part 2: Determination of tasks and conditions
for a quality assurance organisation
OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting plants
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
BS EN ISO 14855-1:2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. General
method
BS EN ISO 14855-2:2009 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. Gravimetric
measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test
VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation – Biofi lters
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree of rotting in a
self-heating test
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and production –
Guidance for the handling, inactivating and testing of
waste;
Sta
ndard
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oadm
ap to
Su
pport W
aste
Regu
latio
ns
164 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of
the aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate
(OUR)
SR2010No15 Anaerobic digestion facility including use
of the resultant biogas
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application directive for soils
from waste
PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials
OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils from compost
OEN ORM S 2204 Compost – Hygiene requirements – E.coli, Salmonella sp.,
Listeria sp., Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test methods,
representation of results
OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance system for the
production of composts – Part 1: Principles for quality
assurance of a company and of the internal technical
processes
OEN ORM S 2206-2 Requirements for a quality assurance system for
composts – Part 2: Determination of tasks and conditions
for a quality assurance organisation
OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting plants
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
BS EN ISO 14855-1:2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. General
method
An
nex F
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165
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
BS EN ISO 14855-2:2009 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. Gravimetric
measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test
VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation – Biofi lters
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree of rotting in a
self-heating test
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and production –
Guidance for the handling, inactivating and testing of
waste;
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of the
aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR)
SR2010No16 On-farm anaerobic digestion facility
including use of the resultant biogas
BS EN 12920:2006 Characterization of waste – Methodology for the
determination of the leaching under specifi ed behaviour
of waste conditions
OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application directive for soils
from waste
PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials
OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils from compost
OEN ORM S 2204 Compost – Hygiene requirements – E.coli, Salmonella sp.,
Listeria sp., Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test methods,
representation of results
OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance system for the
production of composts – Part 1: Principles for quality
assurance of a company and of the internal technical
processes
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166 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
OEN ORM S 2206-2 Requirements for a quality assurance system for
composts – Part 2: Determination of tasks and conditions
for a quality assurance organisation
OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting plants
CEN/TR 15822 Plastics – Biodegradable plastics in or on soil – Recovery,
disposal and related environmental issues
BS EN ISO 14855-1:2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. General
method
BS EN ISO 14855-2:2009 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. Gravimetric
measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test
VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation – Biofi lters
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree of rotting in a
self-heating test
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and production –
Guidance for the handling, inactivating and testing of
waste;
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of the
aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR)
SR2010No17 Storage of digestate from anaerobic
digestion plants
OEN ORM S 2026-1 Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 1: Concepts for solid
and liquid fuels
OEN ORM S 2026-2 Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 2: Quality
characteristics and analysis methods for solid and liquid
fuels
An
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167
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
SR2010No18 Storage and treatment of dredgings for
recovery
OEN ORM S 2026-1 Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 1: Concepts for solid
and liquid fuels
OEN ORM S 2026-2 Recovered fuels from wastes – Part 2: Quality
characteristics and analysis methods for solid and liquid
fuels
SR2011No1 Composting biodegradable waste (in open
and contained systems) (new rules set)
OEN ORM S 2122-3 Soils from waste – Part 3: Application directive for soils
from waste
PAS 100 Specifi cation for composted materials
OEN ORM S 2203 Requirements for manufactured soils from compost
OEN ORM S 2204 Compost – Hygiene requirements – E.coli, Salmonella sp.,
Listeria sp., Campylobacter sp. – Sampling, test methods,
representation of results
OEN ORM S 2206-1 Requirements for a quality assurance system for the
production of composts – Part 1: Principles for quality
assurance of a company and of the internal technical
processes
OEN ORM S 2206-2 Requirements for a quality assurance system for
composts – Part 2: Determination of tasks and conditions
for a quality assurance organisation
OEN ORM S 2205 Technical requirements for composting plants
BS EN ISO 14855-1:2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. General
method
BS EN ISO 14855-2:2009 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials under controlled composting conditions.
Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide. Gravimetric
measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test
Sta
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168 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
VDI 3477 Biological waste gas purifi cation – Biofi lters
DIN V 11539 Compost – Determination of the degree of rotting in a
self-heating test
EN 12461 Biotechnology – Large-scale process and production –
Guidance for the handling, inactivating and testing of
waste;
EN 16987 Soil improver and growing media – Determination of the
aerobic biological activity – Oxygen uptake rate (OUR)
METAL RECOVERY/SCRAP METAL
SR2008No20 Vehicle storage, depollution and
dismantling (authorised treatment) facility
DD IEC/PAS 62545:2008 Environmental information on electrical and electronic
equipment (EIEEE)
06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for electrotechnical applications.
Standard for the inventory control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of electrical equipment
and insulating liquids containing PCBs
OEN ORM S 2106 Recycling and disposal of waste electrical and electronic
appliances
OEN ORM S 2107 Requirements to be met by companies collecting and
treating waste electrical and electronic equipment
ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal Ferrous Scrap
AutowAnlBek BY Publication of leafl ets in the fi eld of refuse disposal;
leafl et on the establishment and the running of facilities
for the storage and treatment of car wrecks
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
An
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169
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
SR2008No21 Metal recycling site DD IEC/PAS 62545:2008 Environmental information on electrical and electronic
equipment (EIEEE)
06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for electrotechnical applications.
Standard for the inventory control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of electrical equipment
and insulating liquids containing PCBs
OEN ORM S 2106 Recycling and disposal of waste electrical and electronic
appliances
OEN ORM S 2107 Requirements to be met by companies collecting and
treating waste electrical and electronic equipment
ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal Ferrous Scrap
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
SR2008No22 Storage of furnace ready scrap metal for
recovery
DD IEC/PAS 62545:2008 Environmental information on electrical and electronic
equipment (EIEEE)
06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for electrotechnical applications.
Standard for the inventory control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of electrical equipment
and insulating liquids containing PCBs
OEN ORM S 2106 Recycling and disposal of waste electrical and electronic
appliances
Sta
ndard
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oadm
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Su
pport W
aste
Regu
latio
ns
170 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
OEN ORM S 2107 Requirements to be met by companies collecting and
treating waste electrical and electronic equipment
ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal Ferrous Scrap
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
SR2008No23 Waste electrical and electronic equipment
authorised treatment facility (ATF)
excluding ozone depleting substances
DD IEC/PAS 62545:2008 Environmental information on electrical and electronic
equipment (EIEEE)
06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for electrotechnical applications.
Standard for the inventory control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of electrical equipment
and insulating liquids containing PCBs
OEN ORM S 2106 Recycling and disposal of waste electrical and electronic
appliances
OEN ORM S 2107 Requirements to be met by companies collecting and
treating waste electrical and electronic equipment
VDI 2343 Blatt 3 Recycling of electrical and electronic equipment –
Disassembly
VDI 2343 Blatt 4 Recycling of electrical and electronic products –
Reconditioning
RAL-GZ 728 Quality assurance and test specifi cations for the
demanufacture of refrigeration equipment
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
An
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171
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
VDI 2343 Blatt 3 Recycling of electrical and electronic equipment –
Disassembly
VDI 2343 Blatt 4 Recycling of electrical and electronic products –
Reconditioning
RAL-GZ 728 Quality assurance and test specifi cations for the
demanufacture of refrigeration equipment
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
SR2009No7 Storage of furnace ready scrap metal for
recovery, less than 1,000,000 tonnes per
year
ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal Ferrous Scrap
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
SR2011No2 Metal recycling site (new rules set) DD IEC/PAS 62545:2008 Environmental information on electrical and electronic
equipment (EIEEE)
06/30159746 DC BS EN 50503. Fluids for electrotechnical applications.
Standard for the inventory control, management,
decontamination and/or disposal of electrical equipment
and insulating liquids containing PCBs
OEN ORM S 2106 Recycling and disposal of waste electrical and electronic
appliances
OEN ORM S 2107 Requirements to be met by companies collecting and
treating waste electrical and electronic equipment
ASTM E 701 Standard Test Methods for Municipal Ferrous Scrap
Sta
ndard
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oadm
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pport W
aste
Regu
latio
ns
172 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
SR2011No3 Vehicle storage, depollution and
dismantling (authorised treatment) facility
(new rules set)
AutowAnlBek BY Publication of leafl ets in the fi eld of refuse disposal;
leafl et on the establishment and the running of facilities
for the storage and treatment of car wrecks
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
XP T47-758 End of life tyres – Separate determination of free and
bound textile contents of granulates from grinding
process of End of life tyres – Method based on the
manual separation after mechanical sieving of products.
VDI 4085 Planning, construction and managing of scrapyards –
Facilities and equipment for the handling, storage and
treatment of scraps and other materials
MATERIALS RECOVERY AND RECYCLING
SR2008No12 Non-hazardous household waste amenity
site
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow chart
PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging. Specifi cation for
quality and guidance for good practice in collection and
preparation for recycling
PAS 107 Specifi cation for the manufacture and storage of size
reduced tyre materials
An
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173
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
OEN ORM EN 14243 Post-consumer tyre – Materials and applications
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
SR2008No13 Non-hazardous and hazardous household
waste amenity site
ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging. Specifi cation for
quality and guidance for good practice in collection and
preparation for recycling
PAS 107 Specifi cation for the manufacture and storage of size
reduced tyre materials
OEN ORM EN 14243 Post-consumer tyre – Materials and applications
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
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aste
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174 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
SR2008No14 Materials recycling facility ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
PAS 109:2008 Specifi cation for the production of recycled gypsum from
waste plasterboard
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow chart
XP T47-758 End of life tyres – Separate determination of free and
bound textile contents of granulates from grinding
process of End of life tyres – Method based on the
manual separation after mechanical sieving of products.
PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging. Specifi cation for
quality and guidance for good practice in collection and
preparation for recycling
PAS 107 Specifi cation for the manufacture and storage of size
reduced tyre materials
OEN ORM EN 14243 Post-consumer tyre – Materials and applications
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
ANSI/ASME QRO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of Resource Recovery
Facility Operators
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
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Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
JIS A 5032 Melt-solidifi ed slag material for road construction derived
from municipal solid waste and sewage sludge
GOST 8269.0 Mountainous rock road-metal and gravel, industrial waste
products for construction works. Methods of physical and
mechanical tests
GOST 8269.1 Mountainous rock road-metal and gravel, industrial waste
products for construction works. Methods chemical
analysis
STN 73 3055 Road construction. Use of waste rock
SR2008No15 Materials recycling facility (no building) ISO 15270 Plastics – Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste
ASTM E 889 Standard Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
Waste Materials Stream
PAS 109:2008 Specifi cation for the production of recycled gypsum from
waste plasterboard
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
XP T47-758 End of life tyres – Separate determination of free and
bound textile contents of granulates from grinding
process of End of life tyres – Method based on the
manual separation after mechanical sieving of products.
PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging. Specifi cation for
quality and guidance for good practice in collection and
preparation for recycling
PAS 107 Specifi cation for the manufacture and storage of size
reduced tyre materials
OEN ORM EN 14243 Post-consumer tyre – Materials and applications
Sta
ndard
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oadm
ap to
Su
pport W
aste
Regu
latio
ns
176 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
ANSI/ASME QRO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of Resource Recovery
Facility Operators
prEN 16010 Plastics – Recycled plastics – Sampling procedures for
testing plastics waste and recyclates
ASTM D 5577 Standard Guide for Techniques to Separate and Identify
Contaminants in Recycled Plastics
JIS A 5032 Melt-solidifi ed slag material for road construction derived
from municipal solid waste and sewage sludge
GOST 8269.0 Mountainous rock road-metal and gravel, industrial waste
products for construction works. Methods of physical and
mechanical tests
GOST 8269.1 Mountainous rock road-metal and gravel, industrial waste
products for construction works. Methods chemical
analysis
STN 73 3055 Road construction. Use of waste rock
SR2011No4 Treatment of waste wood for recovery
(new rules set)
BS EN 13437:2003 Packaging and material recycling. Criteria for recycling
methods. Description of recycling processes and fl ow
chart
PAS 103:2004 Collected waste plastics packaging. Specifi cation for
quality and guidance for good practice in collection and
preparation for recycling
BS EN 13432:2000 Packaging – Requirements for packaging recoverable
through composting and biodegradation – Test scheme
and evaluation criteria for the fi nal acceptance of
packaging
An
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177
Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
ANSI/ASME QRO-1 Qualifi cation and Certifi cation of Resource Recovery
Facility Operators
PAS 104 Wood recycling in the panelboard manufacturing industry
RECOVERY OR USE OF WASTE ON LAND
SR2008No27 Mobile plant for the treatment of
waste soils and contaminated material,
substances or products
N/A
SR2009No1 Pet cemetery N/A
SR2010No4 Mobile plant for landspreading N/A
SR2010No5 Mobile plant for the reclamation,
restoration or improvement of land
N/A
SR2010No6 Mobile plant for landspreading of sewage
sludge
N/A
SR2010No7 Use of waste in construction (up to
50,000 tonnes of waste)
N/A
SR2010No8 Use of waste in construction (up to
100,000 tonnes of waste)
N/A
SR2010No9 Use of waste for the reclamation,
restoration or improvement of land (up to
50,000 tonnes)
N/A
SR2010No10 Use of waste for the reclamation,
restoration or improvement of land (up to
100,000 tonnes)
N/A
TREATMENT TO PRODUCE AGGREGATE OR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
SR2010No11 Mobile plant for the treatment of waste
to produce soil, soil substitutes and
aggregate
N/A
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178 Permit identifi er Permit title Standard Identifi er Standard title
SR2010No12 Treatment of waste to produce soil, soil
substitutes and aggregate (up to 75,000
tonnes)
N/A
SR2010No13 Use of waste to manufacture timber or
construction products
N/A
Incineration
SR2008No26 Animal carcass incinerator (pet
crematorium)
N/A
Annex G – Reports from waste industry workshops
179
Annex G – Reports from waste industry workshops
G.1. Metal industry workshop report
Summary of responses
Session 1: Identifying permit compliance issues
Most permit compliance issues within this sector lie with smaller waste management operators
whose lack of skills and resources are the main concern. However, ensuring SME compliance
could be a signifi cant drain on EA resources.
Specifi c issues pertaining to SMEs include:
b Ability to understand legal requirements. The smaller the business, the less complex the
management ‘system’ needs to be, but the principles for managing environmental impacts
and compliance still hold. So the language and content of standards – or other interventions
such as permits or advice/guidance – needs to be made simple and clear for them.
b Ability to fi nd relevant information. Small businesses are much more likely to be unaware
of their obligations and their impact on the environment – they need information to be
provided in ways that they can easily fi nd with least costs and resources.
b Ability to manage their environmental impacts. Small does not necessarily mean simple and
low risk. The type of activities carried out may warrant a fairly comprehensive approach to
environmental management. Here the issue is about the maturity of the organisation’s ability
to manage its impacts and the standards that it should apply.
Insuffi cient information surrounding drainage is a big issue.
Some older sites have COPA licences that bear no refl ection whatsoever on modern-day waste
permits.
Consistency and continuity on behalf of the EA could be improved
Noise/statutory nuisance dependent on vicinity of neighbours etc. Furthermore, consideration
needs to be given to the altering environment in which the facility operates – changes in its
surroundings can result in greater compliance burdens.
Certifi cates of Technical Competence – do sites have these? If so, do they pertain to employees
still working? There should be a role for the EA to check this.
Lack of accident management plans/no relationship with local Fire Brigade etc.
EA ‘How to comply with your permit’ documents seen as too general for most operations.
Larger companies already compliant with permitting requirements should not be asked to meet
further standards.
It should be recognised that there are differences in technical competency compliance issues
based on region. As such, any output from this project should take in to account regional
variances, especially those pertaining to the devolved countries. Some larger operators operate
across borders and the implications of this should be considered.
There are forthcoming changes to EU directives (RoHS, WEEE and Batteries) that could have
an effect on the metal industry, and particularly SMEs. Any new initiatives should bear these in
mind.
Permits are extremely specifi c about waste types defi ned using the European Waste Classifi cation,
rather than by waste characteristics, a waste operator is too restricted in the wastes they could
reasonably recover and would need to apply to change the permit.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
180
The European commission has been working to develop an Environmental footprint of Products
(EFP), which may have repercussions for operators, especially SMEs, specifi cally with regards to
working with large companies (providing information on the recycling process) or for their fi nal
product (using waste as a resource).
Session 2: Establishing a permit compliance knowledge base
What compliance tools (standards, guidance, certifi cation, toolkits, etc.) are in use by (your)
industry?
How do such tools relate to permitting and permit compliance (do they support/assist/
complement/block/complicate permit compliance)?
Very few formal standards are of direct relevance – there are, however, pertinent codes of
practice (such as those produced by the EA) and guidance.
How to comply sector guidance notes – Waste managers tend to persist with working plans
instead of adopt these. Although these guidance notes complement permitting requirements,
they are not viewed as being user- friendly.
Environmental Management System toolkits – Considered to be good examples of practical,
understandable guidance.
Technical Management Systems – Provide the opportunity to improve knowledge and skills of
waste management operators.
ISO standards (9001, 14001, 18001) – Mostly used by larger metal sites/companies. However,
as these standards are not addressed by EA in terms of waste permitting compliance, they are
often viewed from a commercial perspective as a way of boosting image and winning new
contracts.
PAS (specifi cally relating to WEEE) – More focussed, affordable and fi t for purpose.
BMRA Material Specifi cation – Aids understanding in terms of selling and provides parameters
on different types of metals. However, the specifi cations are commercially driven and hold little
bearing to permitting requirements.
Larger waste management operations have their own management systems in place to provide
consistency across their business and deliver best practice to complement toolkits.
Other schemes, toolkits and guidance mentioned include EMAS (Eco- Management and Audit
Scheme), the EPR toolkit, which would be utilised by an operator already ISO 14001 compliant,
DCF (Designated Collection Facilities) code of practice, the new MRF code of practice and CRT
guidance.
Session 3: Addressing gaps and needs through standardization What is missing? What tools
(and levels of interaction between these) need to be developed (or adapted/enhanced) to address
pressing compliance issues?
How can such tools help reduce regulatory burden and meet the remaining project objectives?
What format should such tools take (e.g. new standards, certifi cation and accreditation measures,
policy/regulatory changes…) and who should be involved in their development/implementation?
There is a need for sector specifi c guidance, particularly addressing end of life vehicles (ELV)
and metal recycling sites (MRS) – this guidance could take the form of consolidating the metal
toolkit with ‘How to comply…’ guidance from EA.
Annex G – Reports from waste industry workshops
181
The benefi ts to the operator would be:
b Consistent EPR and EPR enforcement
b Greater ease of compliance
b Greater environmental protection
b Less regulatory burden/cost
The benefi ts to the EA would be:
b Target regulation so better use of resources
b Consistent regulation
b Better communication
Conversely, there were concerns about any new standardization resulting in further costs for
both the regulator and the operator. Furthermore, it was suggested that if this route were taken,
a standard would be ‘meaningless’ without certifi cation, and that there was no guarantee that
any certifi cation body would be an improvement on EA auditing. There were additional concerns
surrounding the potential ‘detachment’ of the EA from waste management sites, noting that
even good performers would still require visits, raising the question as to whether such an
initiative would save much money.
In general it was perceived that larger companies would be resistant to another layer of cost/
bureaucracy relating to its operations and that any success would be wholly dependent upon
SME buy- in.
Conclusions
There is apparently limited scope for further standardization or guidance in this sector – failures
to comply with waste permitting are perceived to be largely an SME problem with smaller
operators neither having the capacity in terms of resource nor the fi nance to meet permitting
requirements.
It is perceived that standards alone would do little to raise waste permitting compliance – any
new standards would need to be accredited.
In terms of cost/benefi t analysis, the benefi ts of standardization/further guidance in this sector
are questionable.
Any new initiatives would need to be fi nancially sound for the EA and also the operator to ensure
suffi cient buy-in. How this is achieved is debatable.
For any new initiative to be successful, it needs to be able to exemplify tangible gains to avoid it
being perceived by operators as another opportunity for consultants.
There is a need for better communications with operators falling out of compliance waste
permitting.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
182
G.2. Biowaste industry workshop report
Summary of responses
Session 1: Identifying permit compliance issues
Odour is a big issue with its subjective nature (and therefore inability to enforce) the most
signifi cant aspect.
Bioaerosols are also a concern, with (as per Odour) there being a perceived disconnect between
public opinion and the agency requirements to adhere to a waste permit.
In general, the cost of compliance is too high – cost of an accredited standard should be at least
no more than equal to (preferably less than) the cost of a permit.
Feedstock – Types and quality, to be linked to tests on output quality. There is a lack of input
specifi cations (non-source segregation) and monitoring of compliance.
Biosecurity.
Schedule 5 reporting – 24 hour reporting is not appropriate
Compliance is different for large and small operators, in terms of scale of cost and resource
required, and there needs to be workable standards for all scales of operation that provide
understanding of requirements. Fees could be calculated on grounds of number of visits needed.
There is not currently suffi cient incentive for waste permit compliance.
There should be a better discount on subsistence for operators with good levels of compliance.
Permits do not include risk-based trigger levels.
Regarding dust, noise and nuisance levels, a greater understanding of waste management
operations is needed by the EA inspector. There is also a need for greater inspector consistency
in this respect.
ISO 14001 – good for big sites, not for small – potential for adaptation for smaller sites.
Additionally, there would be benefi t in adapting 14001 for a composter or operator resulting in
a standard management system, such as BS8555.
Leachate, including run- off
Inconsistencies between compliance with planning regulations and EPR.
Are there any standards relating to emissions?
Operators have to adhere to multiple regulations – Animal By-Product, Water Authority, Local
Authority, Farm Assurance…
Regional variations should be taken in to account – devolved admin and guidance, standards
and requirements.
Energy effi ciency a concern, and diffi cult to address as biowaste is still very much a new industry.
Need to get away from ‘lucky inspections’ where operators make last minute improvements to
their facilities resulting in a narrow pass before reverting to sub-par practices.
A need for real-time compliance over quarterly reporting.
Lack of clarity surrounding where standards and permits fi t in relation to actual environmental
breaches.
Planning authorities need to understand waste management compliance issues from the
outset – this includes organisations such as the Highways Agency.
Lack of contingency for if an operator ‘falls out’ of a standard.
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Session 2: Establishing a permit compliance knowledge base
What compliance tools (standards, guidance, certifi cation, toolkits, etc.) are in use by (your)
industry?
How do such tools relate to permitting and permit compliance (do they support/assist/
complement/block/complicate permit compliance)?
PAS 100 - important regarding end of waste and regulatory constraints but technically
challenging with costly and complex testing and verifi cation. Also considered to not be specifi c
to agriculture.
PAS 110
PAS 99
VDI 3477 re: bioaerosols
BS EN ISO 9001 – Important in terms of good quality materials which also reduces permitting
compliance issues.
BS EN ISO 14001 – puts all of Europe on an even playing fi eld and requires technical competence
which could negate COTC and reduce OPRA costs. However, it is expensive to initiate.
BS EN ISO 18001
Operational Risk Appraisal (OPRA)
EA Monitoring Certifi cation Scheme (MCERTS)
Energy and Utility Skills – to demonstrate technical competence
Association for Organic Recycling (AfOR) Code of Practice
EA Guidance – How To Comply… - good introduction but too generic
AfOR/EA guidance for bioaerosol monitoring
Duty of Care
Safe Sludge Matrix – provides customer assurance above and beyond specifi c permit compliance
concerns.
BS 3882 – Specifi cation for Topsoil
Standards for gas engines come from landfi ll industry – appropriate re: biogas?
Soil Association – Organic certifi cation
Red Tractor Scheme – Farm Assurance
Certifi cate of Technical Competence (COTC) – Although provides continued guidance, is costly
to put new personnel on to COTC and it offers no specifi c permit compliance focus. When
undertaken, potentially results in less authority intervention.
Code of Good Agricultural Practice (COGAP) and PEPFFA Code
(DEFRA) Fertilizer Manual RB 209
EA Odour Management (H4) Guidance
Feedstock Toolkit
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
Session 3: Addressing gaps and needs through standardization What is missing? What tools
(and levels of interaction between these) need to be developed (or adapted/enhanced) to address
pressing compliance issues?
How can such tools help reduce regulatory burden and meet the remaining project objectives?
What format should such tools take (e.g. new standards, certifi cation and accreditation measures,
policy/regulatory changes…) and who should be involved in their development/implementation?
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Quality Management Systems should be integrated with compliance measures like Animal By-
Product Regulations, EA guidance and PAS
Standards for Inputs (Industry Acceptance Criteria) – Contracts of Supply (Feedstock, Mixing/
pre-mixing and Waste Acceptance Criteria). There is a question as to whether this should be
done contractually or through standards.
EcoParks with different treatment facilities on-site require and standard for the whole site
covering both environment and quality management systems.
Potential for standards in terms of infrastructure.
Odour guidance – build on H4 guidance which is considered to be sound. Question as to whether
this guidance should be sector specifi c or generic.
Potential to build on ISO 14001, avoiding duplication of COTC scheme.
Lighter-touch permits could add controls through standards allowing fl exibility for treatment
and market innovation.
Update and improve existing monitoring standards
Regarding when an operator ‘falls out’ of a standard (such as PAS 110), there should be facility
to minimize the repercussions including a lower charge for (contingency) deployments in cases
of minor failures.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Plans with potential to align with operator
competence standards – Increased training could resolve competence issues.
Odour Management Plan template being developed to address dust, noise and fugitive, perhaps
should address emissions too.
One assurance scheme to address the whole biowaste management process would be
appreciated – start to fi nish audit and not fi ve separate audits.
Permits could be made more fl exible if based on standards that move with the industry that
they support. In addition, if such accreditation and standards are effective, this will result in a
lesser focus on regulation.
Many pre-existing guidance and standards are considered to be too complicated, hidden or
confused – a general portal to bring these all together and clarify them would be well received.
There is potential for this portal to be used to reduce the reporting burden. This kind of portal
existed in the now defunct Net Regs and Envirowise, with its successor not so popular.
Following on from this, one of the workshop delegates has devised a conceptual web-based
portal to provide a ‘single point assessment and monitoring tool for all relevant regulators
to the industry and a single point reporting structure for operators whilst giving fl exibility to
different operations, technologies, feedstocks, outputs etc.’ It is intended that this portal be
developed in to an OPRA style software package.
Pig and Poultry Scheme seen as an effective consolidation of guidance that earned recognition
and removed duplication of effort by utilizing existing tools rather than starting fresh.
Potential for standard surrounding competence of auditor if EMS is the most effective route
forward.
An EMS specifi c to biowaste would have to be industry-owned and be the result of extensive
stakeholder consultation to ensure all potential implications are understood.
Scope for Risk Accreditation around standard permits potentially resulting in cheaper operator
costs.
In addition to PAS 100, there is a need for a quality assessment tool for composting. The same
applies to anaerobic digestion and mechanical biological treatment. These tools would have
to be the result of extensive consultation between industry and the EA. Re: composting, the EA
Annex G – Reports from waste industry workshops
185
informs that there are major companies involved in the sector that are willing to work with EA
to produce sector-specifi c guidance.
However, consideration should be given to work being undertaken by the Anaerobic Digestion
and Biogas Association who are putting together a best practice scheme.
There is value in a toolkit for smaller operators to address issues such as odour management
through providing examples and templates as part of a wider management system. This
would help operators reduce costs/resources needed and could have implications on permit
compliance further down the line.
Possible output standard for use on agricultural land, but still waste (segregated materials).
Conclusions
Input standards (re: feedstock) are very much in need as the quality/purity of materials at the
outset of the biowaste management chain has signifi cant implications on the quality of the
outputs.
Routes to help reduce the cost of waste permitting compliance are seen as key with regards to
boosting levels of compliance.
Lighter-touch permits could add controls through standards allowing fl exibility for treatment
and market innovation.
Odour and Bioaerosols are the key aspects of the industry that need to be addressed, either
through guidance or standards.
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186
G.3. Recycling industry workshop report
Summary of responses
Session 1: Identifying permit compliance issues
Collection – there needs to be more education for both businesses and the public.
Feedstock – there is a need for a pre-acceptance specifi cation as a high quality output would
require a high quality process and thus ensure greater likelihood of compliance. An issue with
pre-acceptance criteria is currently that these may vary from client to client and that any
specifi cation would require wide input from stakeholders and widespread recognition and
adoption throughout the entire supply chain
How is the recycling sector defi ned?
Permits could mirror standards.
Specifi c issues pertaining to recycling include:
b Odour (measurability and subjectivity);
b Dust;
b Noise;
b Vehicle movements;
b Site locations;
b Neighbours (proximity of);
b Free-riders (market distortion);
b Fires;
b Treatment.
Site infrastructure:
b Drainage;
b Bunding;
b Hardstanding;
b Fencing;
b Segregation;
b Litter screens.
No BSI standards relate to engineering or infrastructure of recycling facilities. This would help
to tackle permit issues from the outset.
Age of permitted stock – makes it diffi cult for both operators and regulators to know which
conditions apply.
Receipt – it is diffi cult to identify the quantity and nature of non-compliant materials when
they are received by a facility and as a result it is diffi cult for recyclers to know to what extent
they are compliant and how they will have to deal with non-compliant material. This is another
reason to have pre- acceptance specifi cations
Storage – linking to the end of waste debate, if a material becomes a product then it no longer
falls within permitting requirements. When does waste stop being waste?
Emissions/discharge – the need for control
Market – once waste permits have been complied with, the operator needs to be left with a
product for which there is a market.
There is no standardization surrounding reporting and there are multiple reporting requirements
for different agencies (e.g. regulator, standards and certifi cation bodies and clients).
Data collected at audits – how is it used and why is it collected?
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Permit admin burden – paperwork is an additional burden and cost.
Differences between the devolved regulators (Scotland and Wales) need to be recognised.
However, there will still need to be consistency.
Is the permit trying to control too much? Concerns that the regulator is inadvertently limiting
innovation/technology advancement.
European Waste Catalogue codes and descriptors – SIC codes add diffi culties to compliance.
EA guidance doesn’t wholly match with permits – which takes precedence? Is this guidance
produced in consultation with industry? And is this process a transparent one?
Auditors are not always suffi ciently experienced or knowledgeable.
There is a general inconsistency in the interpretation of guidance.
Session 2: Establishing a permit compliance knowledge base What compliance tools (standards,
guidance, certifi cation, toolkits, etc.) are in use by (your) industry?
How do such tools relate to permitting and permit compliance (do they support/assist/
complement/block/complicate permit compliance)?
BS EN ISO 18001
BS EN ISO 14001
BS EN ISO 9001
ISO 17025 in conjunction with UKAS – lab analysis, leachate sampling etc.
DEFRA: Core EPR guidance, sector specifi c i.e. landfi ll, waste disposal, Part B, Best Available
Treatment – Recovery and Recycling Techniques.
EA: How to comply with your permit toolkits, Pollution Prevention Guidance and Resolution
Plans (sector and material specifi c)
HSE: HSE 71 – Storage of Dangerous Substances
PAS 100
PAS 110
PAS 99
Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments (CL:AIRE)
EU Guidance – reference documents (BREFs)
Guidance should aim to reduce OPRA scores, which accordingly should reduce subsistence
costs.
Standards to provide a level playing fi eld amongst the recycling community.
Operator Competence Scheme
EU Skills – Competence Management Scheme (CMS)
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
Internal EMS
EPR Assurance trial – this is a new trial whereby a director who has legal liability signs off
compliance with the aim of reducing inspections.
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188
Session 3: Addressing gaps and needs through standardization What is missing? What tools
(and levels of interaction between these) need to be developed (or adapted/enhanced) to address
pressing compliance issues?
How can such tools help reduce regulatory burden and meet the remaining project objectives?
What format should such tools take (e.g. new standards, certifi cation and accreditation measures,
policy/regulatory changes…) and who should be involved in their development/implementation?
It should be recognised, in any new guidance/standardization, that there is value in waste and
it is, in many cases, now considered a resource. As such, any new initiatives should have a
moveable framework to refl ect the fact that the industry shifts as it is market- dependent.
With the above in mind, guidance as to what constitutes waste should be considered.
There is a lack of SME representation and engagement in this industry and it should be
remembered that what works for larger operators doesn’t necessarily work for smaller ones –
they have no built-in accountability/corporate social responsibility.
Voluntary standards are generally not effective
The answer may not be through management systems – many aren’t read, or if they are, they
aren’t understood, they aren’t updated and may not even match the permitting requirement
that they were intended for. If management systems are to be effective they need to be more
industry- specifi c.
Duplicated audits, due to corporate liability, are a concern and there should be a way around
this – perhaps through internal audits.
Or if standards were properly realigned with waste permit requirements, this might reduce
audit requirements from different parties.
PAS 99 should be considered in terms of consolidating BS EN ISO 9001, 14001 and 18001 to
help simplify auditing.
A new management system could be formulated, consisting of BS EN ISO 14001 and EMS+
with specifi c requirements for the waste industry. It would work in the same way as ISO/TS
16949 and AS 9100and include elements of other standards, such as BS EN ISO 17025. This
approach would result in a three tiered system based on company size and risk – it would relate
to operator competence, tonnage throughput and standard/bespoke permits. It would be a one-
standard-fi ts-all approach. This would not be obligatory so wouldn’t result in any extra cost for
SMEs. Certifi cation cost would refl ect the size of the operator based on the tier system.
Standards should be accredited. This would provide credibility, although it is important that any
standards to be devised are done so by considering input from customers (input), the market
(output) and the regulator (environmental permit).
There is also potential for, and value in, pulling together and consolidating existing standards
relevant to this sector.
Potential to link End of Waste certifi cation with waste permit.
Refuse-derived fuels need to be considered as they are currently without specifi cation. All fuels
that result as a by-product of recycling should be considered in terms of permitting.
There is a lack of recognition of standards across the supply chain as a whole – addressing this
issue could promote greater cohesion between parties and reduce administrative and reporting
burdens.
Non-permitted activities should be considered.
Data security in terms of remote access to environmental monitoring data is a concern.
Annex G – Reports from waste industry workshops
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Tools need to provide opportunity for risk analysis for reputable operators to demonstrate to
the regulator how they are managing compliance.
EPR and standards could be combined in to one document to be more intuitive.
Guidance should be ‘real time’ as often it is out of date as soon as it is written.
Conclusions
There is a need to marry permits with management systems, in whichever form they may take,
to reduce the burden for both the operator and regulator.
EA guidance should align more closely with waste permits.
The workshop in general seemed to express a preference for standards to be obligatory and
with the facility for them to be accredited against.
Scope for refuse-derived fuels specifi cation
PAS 99 should be considered in terms of consolidating BS EN ISO 9001, 14001 and 18001 to
help simplify auditing.
Standardization Roadmap to Support Waste Regulations
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G.4. Overarching issues common throughout all three workshops Compliance issues related to the state of the existing infrastructure reported across all three
sectors
Need/opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of (embedded) Quality Management Systems
(QMS) by adopting an integrated and staged approach and better linking QMS with (EA’s) current
permitting stock (e.g. PAS 99 – integrated MS, BS 8555, etc.)
Flexibility to add/join up other standards or elements (i.e. permit compliance related) to basic
Environmental Management Systems, i.e. concept of EMS+ (e.g. BS EN ISO 14001 plus Certifi cate
of Technical Competence standards). Waste management derivative of BS EN ISO 14001 to
assist with permit compliance?
Specifi c standardization gaps identifi ed (not necessarily end-of-life but in preceding processes)
the improvement of which could support waste permit compliance, e.g. need for standards
around the defi nition of waste (i.e. waste seen as resource), standards to take into account site
specifi cs and site engineering requirements prior to permitting process and link these with
permits, competency frameworks…
Recognition and enhancement of existing effort – need to converge standards, guidance,
schemes, certifi cation/accreditation mechanisms into a harmonised system, promote the
system and make it more accessible to both large organisations and SMEs (e.g. a knowledge
base web portal to improve access to standards, based on a tiered “risk based” approach).
Possibility to “strengthen” current guidance and schemes through standards (i.e. build on the
consultative, transparent and industry driven nature of standards), e.g. introduce element of
consultation and collaboration in EA’s permit compliance guidance with input from both small
and large operators. Also need to better defi ne and explain (the role of) standards.
Signifi cant concern surrounding the burden of audits – any system/method to help consolidate
these would be very well received by the waste industry.
Specifi cally, better sector guidance should be aimed at SMEs (including a potential SME toolkit)
and be formulated in conjunction with the EA and industry. This would entail presenting guidance
in a language that is understood by the market it is aimed at with palpable advantages instantly
apparent. However, there is concern about routes to SME engagement.
Any new work should take in to account regional variations and differences in requirements for
operators especially in devolved countries.