Standard Operating Procedure B Maunakea Vertebrate Threats ... · 8/17/2015 · Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide,

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Standard Operating Procedure B

Maunakea Vertebrate Threats, Identification, Collection, and Processing Guide

Version 1.0, 8/17/2015, Darcy Yogi & Jessica Kirkpatrick

Table of Contents 1. Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Vertebrate Threats & Risks ....................................................................................................................... 1 3. Native and Non-native Vertebrates .......................................................................................................... 3 4. Identification of Common Vertebrates ..................................................................................................... 5

4.1 Identification of Native Vertebrates ................................................................................................... 5 4.2 Identification of Non-native Vertebrates ............................................................................................ 8

5. Vertebrate Collection ............................................................................................................................. 17 5.1 Collection Supplies ............................................................................................................................ 17 5.2 Collecting Vertebrates....................................................................................................................... 17

6. Specimen Processing & Identification .................................................................................................... 18 7. Contact Information ................................................................................................................................ 18 8. References .............................................................................................................................................. 18 9. Revision History Log ................................................................................................................................ 20 10. Recommended Citation ........................................................................................................................ 20

1. Purpose and Scope This standard operating procedure (SOP) guides threat characterization, identification, collection, and processing of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) on Maunakea. The identification guide is not intended to be comprehensive; rather it is representative of common species to facilitate identification. This SOP should be used under the guidance of a professional wildlife biologist if complete confidence in specimen identification is required. Procedures for monitoring, capture, control and similar activities are described in other sections (SOP’s) of the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan.

2. Vertebrate Threats & Risks There are few native vertebrates on the University managed lands on Maunakea, with most occurring only in the vicinity of Halepōhaku. For alpine desert habitat, located above approximately 3,500 m where most University land is located, neither historical nor recent biological surveys, nor oral history documentation identified much more in the way of native vertebrates than occasional sightings of birds. Thus the introduction of non-native vertebrates on Maunakea has the potential for ecological



disturbance. Threats from vertebrates are mainly from non-native birds, feral mammals, rodents, and mongoose. These species may feed on the sparse vegetation, prey on native birds and arthropods, and serve as vectors for other non-native species and diseases. The following groups of vertebrates are priority target species for both early detection and ongoing monitoring:

1. Non-native mammals (Cats, rats, mongoose, rodents (mice, rats), & feral ungulates) 2. Reptiles (lizards) 3. Amphibians (frogs and toads) 4. Any other taxonomic groups not presently known to occur on University managed lands on

Maunakea (such as rabbits, order Lagomorpha). Mammalian threats manifest themselves in the form of habitat modification, resource competition, and native species depredation. The most widespread and detrimental mammalian threats are feral ungulates because of their extensive and intensive grazing habits. While University managed lands are above the majority of the feral ungulate population, we support the Stateʻs removal efforts, assist as requested, and facilitate necessary research and information gathering. Rodents (mice and rats) are a targeted mammalian threat because they can eat native arthropods and seeds as well as potentially altering native plant communities. However, mice do not contribute to the consumption of Māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) seeds because of the seed’s toxic seed coat. Rats, cats and mongoose are also a targeted threat because they impact bird populations. These species are known to depredate bird eggs, nests, and chicks. Amphibian and reptilian threats have not been extensively studied on Maunakea. However, introductions of any new species have the potential to change floral and faunal communities. Presumably due to the harsh environment, there are few reports of reptiles and amphibians within the UH management area. Most reports are of dead Coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui). Reptiles and amphibians have not been encountered in other monitoring, such as arthropod traps. Priority vertebrate threats will be targeted for prevention and early detection surveys on Maunakea and summarized in invasive species reporting. Any collected or observed threats will be documented and processed. Additional compliance, including Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approval and State permits, will be completed before any deliberate collecting occurs (traps for example, as opposed to incidental collection of vertebrates that died of natural causes). Due to their broad distribution and abundance, limited efficacy and control, the following groups of vertebrates are not priority target species for early detection or ongoing monitoring:

1. Non-native birds (Passerine, Galliformes, etc.) Most bird species on Maunakea are widely distributed and control over a single management area such as University managed lands in not practical. Birds are mobile and removing them from University lands will not significantly affect their population or ability to immediately re-occupy habitat. Nevertheless, non-native passerines are known to compete with native birds for food, shelter, or nesting locations. They are also sources and reservoirs of avian diseases and help to disperse invasive seeds. Additionally, presence of these non-native birds could lure invasive mammalian predators which potentially prey on native bird species. Other non-native birds present on Maunakea are game birds (galliformes), which assist in seed dispersion of both native and invasive plant species and lure mammalian predators. However, further extent of their impacts are unknown.



The primary native bird of concern is the federally endangered Palila (Loxioides bailleui). Palila populations have been on the decline due to habitat loss from habitat alteration by both humans and grazing animals. Their strong reliance on the Māmane tree seed pods for food and lack of resistance to mosquito borne disease also limit their habitat range to a narrow band on the slopes of Maunakea. Further competition with non-native birds for resources and depredation by non-native mammals continue to add even more population stress.

3. Native and Non-native Vertebrates All species listed have been observed on UH Managed lands, as documented in the 2009 Natural

Resource Management Plan. Nativity of each species is as shown in the Natural Resources Management

Plan.

Table 1: Native and non-native vertebrates observed on UH Managed lands.



Class Order Species Common Name Nativity

Amphibia Anura Eleutherodactylus coqui Coqui Frog Non-Native

Aves Anseriformes Branta sandvicensis Nēnē Native

Aves Charadriiformes Pluvialis fulva Kōlea or Pac. Golden Plover Native

Aves Falconiformes Buteo solitarius ‘Io or Hawaiian hawk Native

Aves Galliformes Alectoris chukar Chukar Non-Native

Aves Galliformes Callipepla californica California Quail Non-Native

Aves Galliformes Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail Non-Native

Aves Galliformes Francolinus erckelii Erckelʻs Francolin Non-Native

Aves Galliformes Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin Non-Native

Aves Galliformes Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey Non-Native

Aves Galliformes Phasianus colchicus Ring-Necked Pheasant Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Carpodacus mexicanus House Finch Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Garrulax canorus Melodious Laughing-thrush Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Leiothrix lutea Red-Billed Leiothrix Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Lonchura malabarica Warbling Silverbill Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Lonchura punctulata Nutmeg Mannikin Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Passer domesticus House Sparrow Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted Canary Non-Native

Aves Passerifomes Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye Non-Native

Aves Passeriformes Chasiempis sandwichensis ʻElepaio Native

Aves Passeriformes Hemignathus munroi ‘Akiapōlā‘au Native

Aves Passeriformes Hemignathus virens virens Hawaiʻi ʻAmakihi Native

Aves Passeriformes Himatione sanguinea ʻApapane Native

Aves Passeriformes Loxioides bailleui Palila Native

Aves Passeriformes Vestiaria coccinea ʻIʻiwi Native

Aves Procellariiformes Pterodroma sandwichensis ʻUaʻu or Hawaiian Petrel Native

Aves Strigiformes Asio flammeus sandwichensis Pueo or Hawaiian Owls Native

Mammalia Artiodactyla Bos taurus Cattle Non-Native

Mammalia Artiodactyla Capra hircus Goat Non-Native

Mammalia Artiodactyla Ovis aries Domestic Sheep Non-Native

Mammalia Artiodactyla Ovis musimon Mouflon Sheep Non-Native

Mammalia Artiodactyla Sus scrofa Feral Pig Non-Native

Mammalia Artiodactyla Unknown Feral and Mouflon Sheep Hybrids Non-Native

Mammalia Carnivora Felis catus Feral Cat Non-Native

Mammalia Carnivora Herpestes auropunctatus Mongoose Non-Native

Mammalia Chiroptera Lasiurus cinereus semotus ʻŌpeʻapeʻa or Hawaiian hoary bat Native

Mammalia Rodentia Mus musculus & domesticus Mice Non-Native

Mammalia Rodentia Rattus rattus Black Rat Non-Native

Reptilia Squamata Chamaeleo jacksonii Jacksonʻs Chameleon Non-Native

Reptilia Squamata Hemidactylus frenatus House Gecko Non-Native

Reptilia Squamata Phelsuma madagascariensis Madagascar Day Gecko Non-Native



4. Identification of Common Vertebrates Identification guides of the species listed above are provided below with a selection of photographs and identifying characteristics derived from literature. This section includes 3 identification guides: Identification of Native Vertebrates, Non-Native Vertebrates, and Non-Native Priority Vertebrate Threats.

4.1 Identification of Native Vertebrates Table 2: Identification guide to common Native vertebrate species on University managed lands on Maunakea.

Scientific Name Common Name(s) Photo Identification Characteristics (Source)

NATIVES

Class: Aves Order: Anseriformes

Branta sandvicensis

Nēnē

Small (64 cm) grey-brown goose

Scaly grey, brown, and white patterns

Black face and crown

Golden neck with black furrow patterns

Juveniles are browner (BirdLife Int’l)

Class: Aves Order: Charadriiformes

Pluvialis fulva Kolea or Pacific Golden Plover

Spangled gold, pale yellow, or white on back

Dark brown underside

White stripe from forehead down to wings

Breeding males will be solid black from chin to under tail

Females are duller in color

(BirdWeb)

Class: Aves Order: Falconiformes

Buteo solitarius ‘Io or Hawaiian hawk

Females are larger up to 18”, while males are around 16”

Can be either dark brown all over or with dark head and light breast and underwings

Feet and legs are yellowish when mature and greenish when immature

(USFWS)



Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes

Chasiempis sandwichensis

ʻElepaio

Generally brown color

White tail feather tips, rump, and wing bars

White underside

Darker brown wing and tail feather color

Females have white chin and males have black chin

Juveniles are greyish-brown

(BirdLife Int’l)

Hemignathus munroi

‘Akiapola’au

Decurved upper bill

Stout lower bill

Bull-headed

Yellow-green dorsal

Yellow ventral

Orange tinge on face and breast

(BirdLife Int’l)

Hemignathus virens virens

Hawaiʻi ʻAmakihi

Olive green color, darker green on tail and wings

Bright yellow colored breast

Females are dull green in color

Dark decurved bills

Distinctive black around the eyes

(Native forest birds of HI)



Himatione sanguinea

ʻApapane

Bright crimson color

Black wings and tail

White undertail and abdomen

Long black decurved bill

(Fancy & Ralph, 1998)

Loxioides bailleui Palila

Short, rounded bill

Golden-yellow head and breast

Dark grey back and rump

White underneath

Dark wing and tail feathers with golden edges

Females are less golden colored

(BirdLife Int’l)

Vestiaria coccinea ʻIʻiwi

Bright vermilion color

Very long curved salmon colored bill

Orange legs

Black wings with patch of white

Juveniles will have green and yellow speckles

(Fancy & Ralph, 1998) Class: Aves Order: Procellariiformes



Pterodroma sandwichensis

ʻUaʻu or Hawaiian Petrel

Large size (43 cm)

Dark grey-brown cap from below eye to upper breast and continuing on wings and tail

White color along entirety of underside, cheeks, and forehead

White patches on side of rump

Narrowing black band under middle of wing

(BirdLife Int’l)

Class: Aves Order: Strigiformes

Asio flammeus sandwichensis

Pueo or Hawaiian Owls

“Radar shaped” face

Darker in color compared to common barn owl

Dark brown to black coloration around the eyes

Yellow eye color

Mixed scaled color patterns

(DOFAW)

Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera

Lasiurus cinereus semotus

ʻŌpeʻapeʻa or Hawaiian hoary bat

Large bat with narrow wings

Long soft fur that goes from dark brown/black at the root to a cream color then mahogany brown and tipped with white

Yellow-brown collar under the chin

Yellowish ears edged in black

White patches on shoulders and wrists

(USFWS)

4.2 Identification of Non-native Vertebrates Table 3. Identification guide to Non-native vertebrate species on University managed lands of

Maunakea. This section first presents birds (not considered threats) followed by priority threats

highlighted in light red.




NON-NATIVES

Class: Aves Order: Galliformes

Alectoris chukar Chukar

About 15 in. long

Olive to ashy color

Black and white barred flanks

Black stripe across forehead and jointed at the throat

Bill, feet, and eye-ring is red

(Kramer, 2014)

Callipepla californica

California Quail

About 10 in. long

Short black topknot

Males have black and white patterned face

Females will have brownish head and body

Chestnut striping on the sides and scaled pattern across breast

(Kramer, 2014)

Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail

About 6.5 in. long

Chestnut, black, and white patterned mixed color

Male has black or cinnamon bib

Female throat is light yellow-brown in color

(Kramer, 2014)

Francolinus erckelii

Erckelʻs Francolin

Larger bird about 16 in. long

Chestnut colored crown with a white throat

Elongated spots on the breast and belly

(Kramer, 2014)



Francolinus francolinus

Black Francolin

Typical length is 13 in.

Scaled markings on top and sides of body

Females are brown and chestnut

Males have black underparts with white spots, a black head with a white stripe behind the eye, and a chestnut colored collar

(Kramer, 2014)

Meleagris gallopavo

Wild Turkey

Approximately 3-4 ft. long

Males have wattles on their neck and “beards” on their breast

White tipped tails and brownish-bronze coloration

(Kramer, 2014)

Phasianus colchicus

Ring-necked Pheasant

Pear-shaped bodies with small heads

Males have multi-colored plumage (including red) with pointed and barred tails

Green coloration on neck, breast, and upper belly

Females are buff brown (Switzer, 2011)

Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes

Acridotheres tristis

Common Myna

Cocoa brown color

Head, neck, and upper breast is a glossy black

Under tail, tail tip, and outer feathers are white

Bill, legs, and feet are bright yellow

Yellow around the eye

(Massam, 2001)



Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark

Streaky brown color on back

Off-white color underside

Dark brown streaking on upper breast

Brown tail with outer white feathers

Small crest on head, which can be raised and lowered

(Arkive)

Cardinalis cardinalis

Northern Cardinal

Males are brilliant red

Females are pale brown with reddish tinges on wings, tail, and crest

Black face and red-orange bill

Long tail and short thick bill

Prominent crest

(All About Birds)

Carpodacus mexicanus

House Finch

Very small (14 cm)

Males are rosy pink on throats and rump

Males also have red streaks over their eyes and backs along with brown on the abdomen, wings, and tail

Females are brown overall with some pale red coloration

(BioKids)

Garrulax canorus Melodious Laughing-thrush

Reddish-brown plumage

Tail and flight feathers have dark bars at the base

Belly is grey color

Blue-white eye ring that extends backwards

(Cottrell, 2015)



Leiothrix lutea Red-billed Leiothrix

Bright red bill

Lore, crown, back, and nape is an olive green color

Bright yellow to orange throat

Underside is a dull yellow

Majority of body and tail is grey

Wings alternate from black to yellow with scarlet colors near top

Deeply notched tail (Male, Fancy, & Ralph, 1998)

Lonchura malabarica

Warbling Silverbill

White throat from under beak to the undertail

Fine stripes along the flank

Brown plumage on upperparts with brownish-white flank and white rump

Blue-grey beak

Feet vary from deep red to pale brown

(Arkive)

Lonchura punctulata

Nutmeg Mannikin

Bright cinnamon head and neck

Duller brown back and wings

Brown scaly pattern on white breast

Pointed yellow-brown tail

(Arkive)

Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird

Long legs and tail

Short and rounded wings

Grey upper-body with black posterior

Two white wing bars

White-grey underneath

Inner tail feathers black and outer tail feathers more white

(Derrickson & Breitwisch, 1992)



Passer domesticus House Sparrow

Brown colored back with black streaks

Males have a black chin, grey crown, chestnut sides, and white cheeks

Females are a darker brown color with no black chin

Juveniles are similar to females

(Arkive)

Serinus mozambicus

Yellow-fronted Canary

Males have golden-yellow face, belly, flank, and rump

Yellow-olive green color on back, neck, and crown

Sparse dark streaking on wings, tail feathers, and back

Females are duller in color with a brown bib

(Lambert, 2007)

Zosterops japonicus

Japanese White-eye

Majority of bird is olive green with brighter hues on rump, crown, throat, and under tail

Underside is a dull white to brown

White eye ring with black margin by bill

Bill, legs, and feet are black

(McDowell, n.d.)


PRIORITY THREATS

Class: Amphibia Order: Anura

Eleutherodactylus coqui

Coqui Frog

Small nocturnal frog

Size of a quarter (~ 2 in. long)

Brown or gray brown color with lighter stripe down its back

High pitched “co-qui” mating call

(HISC)

Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla



Bos taurus Cattle

Color varies

Size varies

Capra hircus Feral Goat

Coloration is variable from brown to black and from single to multi-coloration

Black anterior with brown posterior is common

Horns are dimorphic with ambiguous spiral

Males are bearded during breeding season

(Global Invasive Species Database)

Ovis aries Feral Sheep

Mixed colors from black, brown, gray, white, and all intermediates

Heavy fleece coat over entire body except on the face and legs

(Kramer, 2014)

Ovis musimon Mouflon Sheep

Generally brownish tan body color with distinct white saddle patch

Underparts and inside limbs are white

Rump is white with short black tail

Male horns are yellowish brown and are typically one wide sweep

No shaggy wool (Kramer, 2014)



Unknown Feral and Mouflon Sheep Hybrids

Very similar to feral sheep, but don’t have heavy fleece coat over entire bodies

Mixed patches of heavy fleece and fine coat

(Kramer, 2014)

Sus scrofa Feral Pig

Varying colors from black to brown to white

Typically weigh over between 200-400 pounds

“Polynesian” pig is black and heavily haired with a smaller stature typically with a weight averaging 125 pounds

(Kramer, 2014)

Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora

Felis catus Feral Cat

Color varies

Herpestes auropunctatus

Mongoose

Small slender body type with short legs and rounded ears

Soft short fur

Pale to dark brown with golden flakes

Long bushy tail

Eyes are amber to brown or blue-green in juveniles

Typically 23-41 cm. in length

(DiFiore, 2001)

Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha



Oryctolagus cuniculus

Feral European Rabbit

Grey-brown (or sometimes black) mammal

Weight from approximately 1.1 to 2.5 kg (2.4 to 5.5 lb).

Four sharp incisors (two on top, two on bottom) that grow continuously throughout its life, and two peg teeth on the top behind the incisors.

Long ears, large hind legs, and short, fluffy tails.

Photo by DAVID ILIFF. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0

Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia

Mus musculus & domesticus

Mouse

Dull grey-ish brown fur

Tail is the same length as body

Strong stale odor

Mice in urban areas will be larger and darker with longer tails

High pitched squeaks

6-10 cm in body length

(Arkive)

Rattus rattus Black Rat

Typically uniform black to tawny brown color

Lighter under parts

Tail is longer than the body and is hairless

16-24 cm in body length

18-26 cm in tail length

(Arkive)

Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata

Hemidactylus frenatus

House Gecko

Typically 7.5-15 cm long

Enlarged scales on back that form into bands on their tail

They can be grey, light brown, or beige with green iridescence

Has distinctive “chuck, chuck, chuck” call

Has vertical pupils (Cole, 2010)



Phelsuma madagascariensis

Madagascar Day Gecko

Largest species of gecko reaching up to 25 cm in length

Very large eyes with circle of bright blue around them

Vary from light green to bluish green in color

Red or stripe present from nostril to just behind ear

Form brown “line” with dots on scales along mid-back

Juvenile geckos will have orange on tail undersides

(Fry & Roycroft, 2009), Photo: Manuel Werner, Nürtingen, Germany. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Trioceros jacksonii

Jackson’s chameleon

Light emerald green in color

Hints of yellow along throat, shoulders, flank, and crest

Head is darker green or turquoise

Typically have a length between 20-30 cm

Toes are partially fused creating the distinctive opposable paddle-like toes

Ability to change color (Holland, 2010)

5. Vertebrate Collection At present, this section only addresses incidental collection of species that most likely died of natural

causes or pets that will be transported to the Humane Society for return to their owners. Given the dry

conditions on University managed lands, most all (dead) specimens collected are desiccated. Health and

safety concerns of anyone collecting specimens are paramount, and safety information and protocols

will be included in pending IACUC applications.

As other methods are developed that include trapping, this section will be augmented.

5.1 Collection Supplies Gallon Ziploc bags

Pre-cut labels

Pencil

Gloves (for putrid specimens)

Pet transporter for use with live cats and dogs

5.2 Collecting Vertebrates When specimens are collected, the following data should be recorded:



Date

Location: descriptive narrative as well as GPS coordinates when possible

Species or other identification

Collector

Other pertinent information such as condition, presence or absence of other dead

species, etc.

6. Specimen Processing & Identification At present, OMKM does not anticipate maintaining a collection of vertebrate specimens and thus is not actively trapping or collecting specimens. With completion of procedures for vertebrate control as part of the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan, we will update this section for processing, identification, and disposition. Specimens must be safely stored in a freezer clearly identified as appropriate for biological specimens within 24 hours of collection or transferred to appropriate authorities (State of Hawai‘i or U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service). Typically this will be double bagged in sealed ziploc containers. Specimens should be immediately identified with assistance from University faculty, State of Hawai‘i, or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service if needed. Specimens of priority target species (listed again below) should be reported to the State of Hawai‘i and Department of Land and Natural Resources within 24 hours of collection.

1. Non-native mammals (Cats, rats, mongoose, rodents (mice, rats), & feral ungulates) 2. Reptiles (lizards) 3. Amphibians (frogs and toads) 4. Any other taxonomic groups not presently know to occur on University managed lands on

Maunakea (such as rabbits, order Lagomorpha). Records of all priority vertebrate threats sightings and specimens are included in annual invasive species program reports.

7. Contact Information To contact OMKM with questions or concerns regarding this document:

Web: http://omkm.org/inspections

Phone: 808-933-0734

Email: [email protected]

8. References “’Amakihi.” Native forest birds of Hawaii. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

<http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/consrvhi/forestbirds/amakihi.html>

“Black rat (Rattus rattus).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/black-rat/rattus-rattus/>

“Capra hircus (mammal).” Global Invasive Species Database. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=40>

http://omkm.org/inspections

mailto:[email protected]



Cole, N. 2010. “Hemidactylus frenatus.”Global Invasive Species Database. Web. 7 Aug. 2015. <http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1344>

“Coqui Frog (Eleutherodactylus CoquiI).” Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC). Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/species/coqui/>

Cottrell, V. 2015. “Garrulax canorus (Chinese hwamei).” Invasive Species Compendium. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/82130>

Derrickson, K. C. and Breitwisch, R. 1992. Northern Mockingbird. The Birds of North America, No. 7 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, F. Gill eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved 23 Mar. 2015 from < https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4030/Derrickson1992

.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>.

DiFiore, Sonia. 2001. Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). Web. Retrieved 9 Apr. 2015. <http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Herpestes_auropunctatus.html>

Fancy, S. G. and Ralph, J. C. 1998. ‘Apapane (Himatione sanguinea). The Birds of North America, No. 296 (A. Poole and F. Gill eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved 23 Mar. 2015 from <http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/4251/fancy1.pdf>.

Fancy, S. G. and Ralph, J. C. 1998. ‘I’iwi (Vestiaria coccinea). The Birds of North America, No. 327 (A. Poole and F. Gill eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved 23 Mar. 2015 from <http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/4251/fancy2.pdf>.

Fry, C. & Roycroft, C. 2009. “Phelsuma madagascariensis.” Animal Diversity Web. Web. 7 Aug. 2015. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phelsuma_madagascariensis/>

“Hawaiian Hawk/ Buteo solitarius/ ‘Io.” US Fish & Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/fauna/HIhawk.html>.

“Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus).” US Fish & Wildlife Service Environmental Conservation Online System. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=A03W>

Holland, B. 2010. “Chamaeleo jacksonii.” Global Invasive Species Database. Web. 7 Aug. 2015. <http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1575&lang=EN>

“House finch.” BioKids. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Carpodacus_mexicanus/>

“House mouse (Mus muschulus).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/house-mouse/mus-musculus/>

“House sparrow (Passer domesticus).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/house-sparrow/passer-domesticus/>

Kramer, R. J. 2014. “Hunting in Hawaii.” Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Kalkomey Enterprises Inc, Dallas, TX.

Lambert, T. 2007. “Serinus mozambicus.” Animal Diversity Web. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Serinus_mozambicus/>

Male, T. D., Fancy, S. G. and Ralph, J. C. 1998. Red-billed Leiothrix. The Birds of North America, No. 359 (A. Poole and F. Gill eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved 23 Mar. 2015 from < http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/4251/male1.pdf>.

Massam, M. 2001. “Common Myna.” Department of Agriculture Farmnote No. 61/2001.

McDowell, B. n.d. “Japanese White-eye, Zosterops japonicus.” Audubon Zoo. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.riverbanks.org/subsite/pact/whiteeyes.pdf>



“Northern Cardinal.” All About Birds. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Northern_Cardinal/id>

“Owls at Ka’ena Point.” Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW). Web. 9 Apr. 2015. <http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/files/2013/09/pueo-fact-sheet_kaena.pdf>

“Pacific Golden-Plover.” BirdWeb. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://birdweb.org/birdweb/bird/pacific_golden-plover>

“Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/scaly-breasted-munia/lonchura-punctulata/>

“Skylark (Alauda arvensis).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/skylark/alauda-arvensis/>

“Species factsheet: Akiapolaau Hemignathus munroi.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=8912>.

“Species factsheet: Palila Loxioides bailleui.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=8901>.

“Species factsheet: Hawaiian Goose Branta sandvicensis.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=383>.

“Species factsheet: Hawaii Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=32698>.

“Species factsheet: Hawaiian Petrel Pterodroma sandwichensis.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3896>.

Office of Maunakea Management. 2009. Natural Resources Management Plan for the UH Management Areas on Mauna Kea. Kailua, HI: Sustainable Resources Group Int’l, Inc.

Switzer, C. 2011. “Phasianus cochicus.” Animal Diversity Web. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phasianus_colchicus/>

“White-throated munia (Lonchura malabarica).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/white-throated-munia/lonchura-malabarica/>

9. Revision History Log New Version #

Version Date

Author Changes Made Reason for Change

1.0 8/17/15 D.Y. Original version.

Add rows as needed for each change or set of changes associated with each version.

10. Recommended Citation Yogi, D & Kirkpatrick, J. 2015. Standard Operating Procedure B, Maunakea Vertebrate Threats, Identification, Collection, and Processing Guide. v1.0. 8 pp. In: Vanderwoude, C., F. Klasner, J. Kirkpatrick and S. Kaye. 2015. Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan. Technical Report No. 191. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, Hawai‘i.

Documents

Standard Operating Procedure B Maunakea Vertebrate Threats ... · 8/17/2015 · Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide,