No. I f-VOI..-L1

FRIDA\',

13TH f\lARCII. 1953

Price 6d.

founded by Mahalma Gandhi in 1903

Mel1 MOllrl1

Deatl1Sal1e

Stalin's'All*

Real PeaceIf Wi' art' 1(> reach rt'al

peace £rl tl,,'s world cllld if

we art' 10 carr)' 011 a ,..'al

war affaillsl war. Wt' shall

Itavc to beffirt wilh childri'll;

altd ;f Iltc)' will ,fi7'ow 1Itin Ilui,- 'lalural irl1tnrelu,',

we wort'l hazl" It} s/rttgt;lc;

we wan" hal'" I" pass

fntillus idle NsollI/iollS,

lut we sltall go from 10,'('

,,, lovt: am{ peace /0 teare.

until al last all th,. cor·

rIel'S of Ihe world an:

covered with Ihat pearr and

love for tIJhich c01lSciotis/)'

or 'l1tco,lIciotfsly Ihe wholL'

war/,{ is IltIllJ:erillIJ.

-Mahatma Gandhi.

-'­I.

h\\K1 ARSHAL Stalin, Russia's grcat leader, died on Thursd"y nightIJ. VII March 5, May his soul rest in peace. Though there havc been

some unbecoming remarks made about him by people who shouldknow better, we shall rccord here tributes we take pride in associatingourselves with:

Mr. Nehru (India): "A personality of exceptional gifts and g-reatachievements. The history of Russia, and indeed of the world, willalways bcar the imprcss of his endeavours and accomplishment."

Mr. Clement Attlee, Leader of the Urilh:h Labour Party: ...... "Therewill be world·wide sympathy with the Russian people at the 1055 of agreat nationnl lender who, by his courage and tenacity, brought hiscountry through the perils of the second world war, and played a greatpart in defe~ting the Nazis." .

Mr. Trygve Lie: "On those accasions on which I had the honour ofmeeting !\fr. Stalin, I have been deeply impressed by the qualities whichm:l.lle him one of the outstanding statesmen of our time."

Mr. Les~er Pearson, President of the General Assembly of theUnited Nations: "\Vith f\larshal Stalin's death the United Nations hadlost one of its founders. and the Soviet people had lost lhe man who \\'a~

their indomitable IC:l.der in the struggle against Nazi aggression,"

. l\lr. Sydney Holland, Prime Minister of New Zealand: "Stalin sdeath had removed from the world scene at a critical time one of its mostpowerful leaders, one whose infl1lence and achievements have been ofprofound significance in our times. .

"\Ve remember him today and honElur him as one of the great w:lrleaders. \Ve recall how he rallied his people when the)' were almostoverwhelmed, and how he led them from the brink of disaster to manhalongside British, American and Allied forces to share in the decisivevictory which they won over the forces of Nazism."

The Dean of Canterbury. Dr. He\vlett Johnson; "\Vith the deathof Joseph Stalin a great figure passes from the stage at history, a deathmourned as of a father by 200,000,000 in thc Soviet Union, and as aliberator, friend and prophet by 800,000,000 from Prague to Peking, andhundreds of more beyond.

"I vi\·idl)' remember Stalin as I met him and remember our longconversation. He was calm and composed. friendly and approachable,simple in manner and direct in speech, untouched by the slightest sus·picion of pomposity."

\&1 .NDIAN Ot!'INION I~th ~arch, I95J

INDIANOPINION

I="RIDAY. 13TH MARCH. 1953

Marshal Stalin

of their land, South Afric ...

would have been a land ofpeace Hnd contentment withno .lproblems" to ,speak of.

So Hitler, Stalin, Malan arethe products; of our mis­

deeds. Tbey may disappearin person but that does notmean that their spirit willnot prevail. I t shall 'pre-

vail more forcibly than evereven as Hitler has passed

away but, ~\ azism has be­come all pervading. LetMarshal Stalin's ,life there­

fore be a lesson for us all.Let us imbibe all the goodin him and discard all the

bad. Peace be to his

soul.

NOTES AND NEWS

WhItes Against AfricanPostmen

The immediate dismisS:lI of allnon-Europeans doing the workof EuropC3tl p6stmen is de­manded in a resolution paSJe:lby the triennial CQngre.s of theSouth AfriC2n POltal Associationwbicb closed recently in Durban•Mr. T. P. vOin Niekerk, secretaryof the :lSsociatioo, S:lid last week."The employment of non-Buro­peans is cawing ~esentment anddissatisfaction. Only the factthat they have worked sepuatcJy

Clinic For Non-European

The Newcastle and DistrictIndian Child Welfare Society huj~t opened a clinic for Indiam,Coloureds and Afri<:::lns. I Thesociety hopes to obtain Govern­ment recognition and assistance.The clinic hopes to cheektbe numerous diseases caused by.under-nourisbment and poorhygiene, as well as providingpre-natal care and advice.

Might End Colour Bar

Wben the Labour Parry wasn:tumed to power again, it mightwetl give early coll9ider:uioD to~ding the colour bu in NorthetJI .Rbodesi:l, S3id Mr. Jobn DugcUle,former Labour Miaiste: of Statlfor Colonial Affairs, in the House ,of Commoll9. That might alia I

have :I CQnsiderable effect onSoutbern Rhodesia, he added.

African Nationalism ScaresHuggins

The Prime Minister, Sir God- ..frey Huggins, addressing a meet­ing on feder:ltion in Bulawayo'Said that be wisbed to see theRhodesia5 and Nyas3land 3.t one'Suong Britisb Government, be-·cause of the grul surge of Afri-'

\ ;

from the Europeans bas, so farprevented trouble." He added:"We feet that tbe ~e of non­Europeans as postmen will Iddto 'cbeap labour.'.. Improvedworking conditions and salariesnnd not "cbdp" non-EuropuDlabour were tbe solution to tbesbortage of st.llff. The ASlow­tion would ask the Departmentto raise tbe commencing basicnlarin of postmen from £165to £240 a year, and to promotetbem to tbe grade mmmwn of£400 a year in seven instadof 12 years. Another grievancewas excessive over-time_ Dueto lack of supervising officUlrecruits were not being properlytrained. So seriolD W2J thestaff position tbat postmen pro­moted to sorters could not t2keup their new duties, in somecases even five months anerpromotion.

should have brought thislesson home to the world,

which unfortunately it has Confusion Over Newnot dOlle. It only shows Group Rule

that the world is in for The Durban City Council'sdarker days than it has Group Areas proposal have been

h coofused by the Government'spassed through, whic latest directive whicb iosists tbatmeans that the world will African workers in urban areascome to an end. The world must eventually be housed inwill be saved n6t by cursing areas specially set aside for theirNazism, Commurtism or any occupation, Extensioll9 to Afri-

<:::10 compounds outside theseother 'ism' and those who areas are not permitted. Thisgave birth to it. I t will may mean that larger AfriC2nonly be saved by reflecting residential areas will have to be

provided, involving, possibly,un the causes that gaveencroachment on proposed Eu1O-

birth to it and by ,u:ting ptan and' Indian areas. In aspeedily for the removal of report to the General PurposCithose causes. Hitler was Com~ittee of the Durban Citycursed, Stalin was cursed Council, Mr. E. Havemann of

the TecbwC21 sub-Committeeand they have gone. To- On Race Zoning, uys that theday Dr. I\:Ial.an is being race toning plm was basedcursed. He too will go but 00 the 3S3umption tbat a sub­there will be no peace until stantial proportion of tbe annual

increase in the African labourand unless the causes fou;e would be housed in in-that brought them into dustrial and commercial are2S.being are removed. Those ''It is not quite clear whethctcauses are selfishness and tbe term 'area, specWly set

g rt:ed. 'oNere it 'not for the aside for African occupation'includes Municipal hOlfeb in in-

selfishness and greed ~f the dustrlal areas, but it seems quitetwo and a half-million \Vhite cle:lr th~t it does not includepeople of South Africa who employers' compou.ods," he .I:Iid.

. In a circular letter to muaici-have assumed power to rule palitie.s, tbe Seetetary for Africanover four times their num- Affairs, Dr. W. W. M. Eiselen,ber according to their will; bal S.1id that 'V'Ihile the use ofwere it not for the selfish- existing accommodation outside

African areas need not be cur­ness and greed of the capi- tailed for the present

llocal

talists who hold a monopoly autborities should not permIt ex­of great industries and wax' tensions to them, or the ereelionfat on the sweat and blood of :IDY new accommodation,

of the millions who have beenkept as serfs by man-madelaws utterly disregardingthe law of God; were it notfor the individual landlordswho own vast tracts of landand think they Olre lordsof all they survey, and' donot think for a moment ofthe millions who have noland at all and are not pre­pared to part with an inch

~ RID A Y morning'

Ll~ i\farch 6 b~ought

the shocking' newsof the death of MarshalStalin. I t is a loss not onlyto Russia but to the wholeworld of a gre'lt man. Hewas not a man to bespitted upon as some whoought to know betterhav!' done unbecomingly.We heartily join those whohave paid the dead man thetribute he well des~n·es.

Though the worlc! has un­fortunately not yet won thepence who can deny that alar~e ~hare of the creditgoes to Russia led by JosefStalin for winning the lastwar. Is it to be forgotten.so soon how the Russianmen an I \ women bled intheir millions to save theworld from the Nazis? Andwould the Russians havebt:cn able to do so had itnot uecn for Stalin's greatrersonality and power? vVcmust reverently bow to itthough we may not agreewith his methods.

I t is utterly foolish tothi.nk that Communism isdead because Stalin is dead.It is just as much <IS to saythat the Nationalist regimewill die in South Africa if,God forbid, we were to loseDr. 1\Ialan. There wasnothing evil about Com­munism as such. All thosewho are sufft:ring under theheels of capitalism are, atheart, virtual Communists.What is objectionable is tl\l;:

.way it is brought abuut and

is being turned into anotherform of imperialism. Noth­ing achic"ed by violencewill live long. The last war

13th March, 195) t NO i·A N OPINION .63

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GOVERNMENT-AIDEDSCHOOL

fund \'1'.15 however lyine dormantall these year:; the donors havingdone nothing about it. Whenthe news of thc above school wasmentioned to them they wereonce 3!;ain enthused and decidedto donate the sum which amount­ed to ncarly £4,500 to Phocnc\:for the accomplishment of thedcsired goal. Thc Departmentof Education with thc consent ofthe Provinci31 Administrationhave now very kindly agreed 10

give a fifty per cent gr<lnt on thepermanent school buildi'll!; to bebuilt in memory of Kasturu3Gandhi and to givc it aidedStatus.

What was supposed to be atemporary structure has now bc­come part of thc pcrmanentbuilding with tWO class roomsalready built. We are happyto announce that the school con·sisting of 152 pupils which isbeing conducted in these twoclasses plus two rooms in "Sarvo­daya" was officially opened onWednesday, March 4, with Mr.S. S. Mara!. SOD of Mr. S. R.Marai, well-known of Veru'am,3S :lcting Principal.

\Y}e hope to have a formalopening of the school buildingwhen the structure is completed.

We take this opportunity toexpress our grateful appreciationto tbe Department of Educ3tionas well as tbe Provincial Adminis­tration for tbeir very kind assist­ance and support in making tbisproject :I success.

MAN1LAL GANDHI

for the Phoenix Selliement Trusr.

KASTURBA GANDHIINDIAN

\ ..what 3ction to t3ke on the"Indianisation" of higher cate­gories, but it is expected the

I •

SOME tlVO year~ al;o a privateschool was started at the

Phoenix Settlement with fivepupils in Mahatma Gandhi'scotlOige which is known as"Sarvodolya" (Welfare of All). The'number of pupils rapidly grew upto over a hundred and fifty. \Vewere struggling with the scboolwith the meagre resources at ourdisposal.

Later we negotiated with theDepartment of Education inti­mating that it was desi;ed toestablish a SChool here in com­memoration of Kasturba, wife ofMahatma Gandhi, in terms of thcPboenix Selllement Trust" andapplied for aided sratus to begiven to tbat school. The De­partment was very symp3theticand agreed to gr:mt aided sratusto the scbool provideei the rulesand regulations pertaining to sucha scbool were comgIied wilh."Sarvodaya" was found too smallto house so many cbildren :lnd :t

proper building bad to be builtbefore such grant could be given.The matter w:.s informally put be­fore a few friends who had one daycorne 10 visit the Phoenix Settle­ment and they were very kind todonate a sum which amounted toabout £2;5. It was felt then th:lta temporary wood and iron struc,ture could be built 31 3 cost of£300 to provide the immediateneed. Plans were made, sub·mitted to the Department ofEducation and were passed.

New dltve10pments had Ihentaken place. Nine years ago a fundwas cullected in the Transvaal toraise a memorial in honour of Kas­turba Gandhi 3t Phoenix. This

{or the B.Com degree, SastriCoUege would not offer a first­year B.Com course this yearunless one more student cameforw;lrd to bring the numberof the first·year cbss up to 10.Dr. Palmer s;lid tbat only asm;lU Dumber were studyingfor their degree in Social Sciencebecause of the very small salariesoffered by the Government tonon'Europeans with the D.S.S.degree. Dr. G. W. Gale, Deanof the Faculty of Medicine- atthe non-European section ofthe University of Natal told IhePress that .:Ibout 8-tnon·Euro­pems were studyin!; medicineat the university.

New £35000 Indian SchoolIn Durban

Tbe foundation stone of aGovernment Aided Indian Schoolpurposed to be built by theSurat Hindu A!sociation at aCOSt of £35000 in Prince EdwardStreet, Durban, was laid bythe Administrator,' Mr. D. G.Shepslone on Thursday, March5. Glowing tributes were paidby various speakers to theEduC3ti:>n Department and theProvincial Administration for tbehelp they were going in thematter of Indian education. Tea:lnd refreshments were servedafter the termination of a verypleaS.:lnt functioD.

Indians In Foreign Firms

A memorandum prominentlydispbyed in newspapers in NewDelbi recently described the 1,200foreign undertakings in India as"miniature South Africas" Tbiswas tbe btest develop'ment intbe campaign for Ihe "Indian­isation" of British and otherEuropean firms in India. Thememorandum, said to bave beendrawn up by Indian executivesworking in foreign firms, basbeen circulated among membersof Parliament in Delhi. It al­leged that foreign firms prac­tised ruthless and sordid discri·mination against Indians employ­ed by them, and that Europeanswere appointed to senior postsover the heads of Indians. Aquestionaire was circulated bytbe Government last year toEuropean firms in India askingfor details 'of tbe number ofIndians employed at differentwage levels. Replies bave not yetbeen made public, but a recentreport, believed to have beenofficially inspired, stated tbatanswers sbowed that more than75 per cent. C'lf senior posts inthese firms, with emoluments of:lbove £900 a year, were beld byforeigners. In junior posts, worthbetween £280 and £900 a year,about 90 per cenl. were Indians.Tbe Government is now deciding

an D~tionalism "II over Afrio"In those countries ruled byBrit.3in where there is no Euro­pun settlement, tbere will beAfri= :it.:ltes in 20 years­probably British, but ruled en­tirfly by Afric.:lns," he said."We have to rescue our 1\70nonhero neil;bbours." It \VolSno usc scoffing :11 Ibis growlhof Afcicn nation3lism. It wascne of the most serious tbingstb.:lt bad ever happened, and itIud been planned by the previousGovrrnment in Britain.

Viewpoint On Federation

Tbe followinl; letter by].130xwell of Isipinl;o, appe3rcdin a recent iS3ue' of the 'N3ulMercury' :

Sir,-Mr. Heaton Nicholls is inbveur of federating the Rhodesiasa.nd Nyasal.tnd and "mainuingEuropean hel;emony (2 polite""ord for domination) to tbeCongo, Tanganyik.1 and possiblyfu beyond." History has showntb2t European domination Im­plies ovecwh.lming voting powerin favour of tbe White rac~; tbedistribution of land according tothe will of the Europem; discri­mination in educational facilities,and cheap Afri= labour formines md brms-3 privileged~itioD for the European andarrested development for tbeAfrican To extend this systemagainst the declared wishes of tbehuge m.:ljority of an awakeningAfrican population would be 3nact of criminal folly. If the BritishParliament passes Federation inthe Nortb, on what leg will itendeavour to stand in tbe case ofSwaziland, Basutoland and Be·cbumilind "/

B.Ed. Degree ForNon-Europeans

Non-European students willtbu yur for the first time beallie to take tbe B.Ed. degreeat Sastri College :lDd anotherdegree in remedial education forteachers wbo will h.:lve to instructbackward or h2ndicapped cbild­ren. Tbis w;a.s revealed by Dr.Mabel Palmer, organiser of tbeI1tnl-Europun section of tbe Uni­versity of Natal, wbo said tbeB.Ed. degree was a post-gr.:lduatecoutle only open to people who .Iud a degree and five years'tuthing aperience. Dr. PalmerIlid there were at present 198Et1,·olenlS oit S;a.stri College com­prUing Indians, Africans andColoureds, lInd most of them~e studyin~ for, their B.A.

·degree. About 100 of the 198students were studying part-time,and " considerable number ofthese were alrudy engaged inteaching md were working toinc:rease their qualificatiollS. At­IhoUih a course was being held

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SIGNS OF DETERIORATION

SEETHING SOUTH AFRICA TO-DAYBy HOMER A. JACK

(With The Kind Permission or. 'Tho Christian Century')

III

'3th March, 1953

SOUTH AFRICA has beendescribed a5 a colonial

lIation maintaining its colonywithin its borders-a nation of21 million whites encompl1ssing• colony of JO million lion.wliiteJ. Subject peoples. thenon-whitel have no real citizen­Ihip aod less grounds for hopethan in many of the colonies inAfrica. Even the few rightsthey have had are dimioisbiof{.Flam the Cape 01 Good Hopeto the Limpopo river, there aremultiple sigos 01 deterioratioo.

A symbol 01 the oppreuiondealt out to these subject peopleswu furnished by a Johannes­burg newspaper in mid-Julywhen-probably by inadvert·ence-it carried tbe h:o fol­lowing Itories in ndjecentcolumnl: "lll·Tre3.t~d Animals:Pi:.ed '£'5' A coloured mao,William Mulder, lVas fined £25with the alternative of sixweeks' imprisonment with hardla'>our when he pleaded guilt,'in the Roodepoort magistrate'scourt of ill. tre.r.ung a horse anda mule." The other star):"Gnilty of Assault on Nalive:Fiaed £:20. A. constable stated inRoodepoort magistrate's courtthat a miner, William P. 0Prinsloo, brou~ht a Native tohim with his hands bound withwire, whicb was IIlso tied tohil neck. Tbe Native was bleed­inllrom the mouth, nose andea:c. It was allel(ed thOlt Prin­1100 had hit a Native, Dani"lUothaung, wbo W.iS in his ew·plw, witb his open hand andfur: tnd with an iroG pipe onl~ head. Prinsloo was fioed£29 with the r.lternative of amonth', imprisonme.nt....

Signl 01 deterioration are toto be seen in at least threeareas: io the Ireatme:lt 01 thenon-Europeans (not ooly .ioceJ9+8 wben Dr. Malan came topower, but lor decades belorewhen Jan Smuts and the UnitedPolrty were the rulers). lo thelXlatter 01 civil liberties, and inthe relationl between whitesand Don.white. on a leadershiple'el.

The history 01 Soulh Alrica IS

cbieBy three ceoturies ol "keep­inl the kaffir in his place."Tbat place wal for maoy yearsin Ihe rural areas llnd nativereserves; but as gold minesn~ded labour and as urban lifedneloped, Africans iacreiulnglycame to tbe cities. The winesdeveloped 'tbe" comp~und ,ys.

INDIAN

tem, where men live for monthswithout their familiell. BasilDavidson in hil perceptive newbook,1?eporlon Soulhern .I1/((co.IUserll that tbese modern minecompounds contain "all theelements of OrweU's hell ...Dotslavery in the old sense: no-butintelligent, hygienic totalita­rian slavery," The Africans whocame to the cities for domesticwork and unskilled jobs wereloon herded into segregated"locations." A lew locationshave heen huilt by municipali.ties and may be tolerable­within the intolerable contextof segregation-but many nreshanty towns, as had as theworst human housing aoywherein tbe world.

Oae of the most oppressivllevils of urban livini' in SouthAfrica. is, for the African male,the pass .Yltem. A pass it one01 several types of documentswhich must be carried for law­ful movement and must beproduced on demand. The firstpass law was introduced in theCape in ~769, when slavesmovinll between rural and urbanareas had to carry PlUSes fromtheir masters. Today there aremany law. of thu kind and theordinary urhan Afiican mustgenerally carry at least fourpasse•• Certain African,_clergy_men, teachers, chiefs---<:aIl ap­ply lor exemption hom pal$e~,

but they must then produce anexemption certificate instead 01a pan. A pau allolVing an Alri:can to travel outside the loca.tion evening curfew (olten np.m.) is called II. "special". It ispouiole for an AfriclLD employ­er who does not have ane.xemption himself to write outODe for himself. But since. hewould commit an offence if hedid not ~any a "special" aftercurfew, he bas to apply eachtime to the police I

There are several "historicalreasons" for the existen~"Ilf

pane" luch as the regulation oftbe urban labour supply lUIdtbe reduction of crime. Yet anyAfrican planning B crime couldaLtain a valid pan. Port Eliz:a­beth, which does not have cur­few passes, has the lowest tUbancrime rate in the Union. Toobtain cer~3in palles,. the Afri­can must often Itand in queuesfor days. Even if hil passes arein order he rults constantharassment by the police. Atleast J9.m penons are can-

OP.INION

vieted monthly for violating thopass laws. A committee study­iog the ~ocial and ecooomicconditions of the Alricans inIq.p callet! the whole paSllsystem "a harassing and con­stant ioterference with the free.dom of movement of nativeswhich gives rise to a burningsense of grievance and iojustile."A new Unioo.wide pass systemis being adopted which maysimplify matters lomewhat, hutit will not ~ive the African thefreedom of movement to whichanyone in a non·totalitatiansociety is entitled ae a basicright.

Poverty. Disease AndDeath

If passes were completelyabolished, the African wouldstill face a lire of poverty Dndits social consequences, especial­ly disease hnd crime. Noo­Europeans who constitute four·fifths of the population 01 theUnion, receive less than t~o

fifths of the national income.The poverty in the rural areasis unbelievaHe, the yearly c uhincome bein~ less than thoequivalent of $25. [n the goldmines, the average cash iocomefor a daily h about 32 cenh,and the average monthly in.come in cash aod kind about£5 or $15 (an increase 01 ooly$6 duriog the past 6J years). Inthe cities, the cash incomemight be as much as £6 or$17 a week. Dllring World WarII the average llet income forAfricaos was less than JO percenl. of the iocome 01 Euro­peans.

The deatu rate for Europeansis less than JO per l,ooo-3S

low 11'1 any in the world-butfor non· Europeans it is doublethat. The infant mortality ratefor Alricans is not less thanJ59 per J,ooo live births, and insome area. as high B3 699 oreven 790. While the incidenceof leprosy is lower than iCl anyother Afrklln territory, the in­cidence af sypbilis and tuber­culosis is probably higher tha.nin any other country in theworld that claims to be civili.ed.Both these conditions are due tothe effects of detribBlisation andof urban living in a disorganisedsociety.

Tbe crime rate amonr;: Alri.c nl in urban centrel is alsoamong the hi~best in the world.This is not ooly crime directedaglinst white penons and white­o?"ned property, bu t equa1Iyagaiost African•• Coloured:! andIndians. It is hard 10 e%a~ger·

ate the fear of enme tbat \exiltsin large cities such as Joban­nesburl{, although it must beadded that tbere are whites whohave lived there lor years un.armed and unmolested and wbo

165

feel that tbe reports on crimehave heen overemphasised. Lenhaa been said about the Africanl'fear of their fellows. For someyears teen-aged holsls (Il Bantutranslation of "z:oot.suiten")have menRced the Africanl intheir 10cntioD!. Just now out­side Johaonesburll' 1\ notorioUIgaog called the "Russians" areterrorising l,:JOO of their fellowAfricans and driving them out01 their shanty town into amiserable squatter camp nearby. The only conclusion to bedrawn about l.rime In SouthAfrica is that, as in urban areasanywhere, much of it stemsfrom defiance toward a societywhich does not fulfil bBllic needs.To attach a racial label to it ia.ociologically inaccurate andnot practically helpful.

Nationalists Bolster"Apartheid"

The co:.!ition of the Nationalaod Afrikaner parties came topower in May J948 with amajority of only five seate inthe House of Assembly. Indeed,because 01 the weightin~ ofrural votes, they actually hadJ:J2,COO fewer vote\: than theiropponents. Immediately Dr.Malan began to fullil his pled~e

".0 protec~ the Europ:lan plJpu.lation of tile coun try as Il purewuite racC'.''' Legislatively nndadministratively, the pace ofaparlhelcl quickened. One of theficst me:lSures to be passed wasthe Mixed Marriages Act of1949. which prohibits marriagesbetween Europeans and non­Europenns. (From J925 to J936there was Iln annual average of46J mixed marriages.) This wallreally nn extension of the J9~7

Immnrality Act, which prohibitsextramarital intercourse, butnot marriage, between Euro­peans and Africans nmended in1951 to include Indians, Col­oureds and aU other non.Europeanf.)The'defioitions in the 1949 Act

are as iovolved as they aretragic: "Any party to luchmarriage profeuillg to be aEuropean or a non-European,81 the case may be, is in ap.pearance obviowly what heproleues to be, or is able toshow, in lhe case of a partyprolessing to be a non-European,that he habitually COllSorts withnon.Europeans as 8 non-Euro­pean ..... This does not quite"matcb the genetic precision 01Hitler's Nuremberg law., but itis just as pernicious. Already awhite Roman Catiiolic priesthas b·.en prosecuted for CGn·ducting a marriage ceremo:Jybctwc~n a white man aod awoman whom he bOllCStly be­lieved to be white. The SupremeCOUtt vindicated the priest,asserting that where a person'.r~ce i. in doubt, his way of life

166

h n hpH,er tc~~ than his nppcar·lince,

,Putting New FenrR Into

Thf;l Africnn

10 Ihe 1950 ~e~sion1 of Par­HAment, the N ttionn list, puqedtwo importJlnt' Acts to bolstero/Jarll,e{J. Doe was the popula­tIOn Act, tvhicb set up /I rt'gi5trrof the population nod called torthlldistributioo of racinl identityr.lIrds. A provision of this Actmakes it impouible for nnycommon informer to object 10thl! racial c1assificlltioo 01 IIDyother individual. Aho p'lnedwaq the DotOrious Oroup AreaBAct, which RrBnts the Govern­ment wide powers to d~c1Bre Rnyr,iveD urban area iohnbitnbleoaly by n given rntial r.roup,thus compellin~ the populationil] .pmRession-usunlly noo­Europeanr-'o move to newly(l.veloppd'nrro6, of leo in distant8'lhur"~:' I t is doubtful il m~rt'thAn B tr!cPo t tJ;'inoiol! ,AO bemade to implement this Act,but it puts new tears into/lImos. IlI1 urbani~ed noo-Euro­p~aos who now own property,however modest.

Tae T95l ses,ioo 01 P olrlia·ment p'lssed tbe Native Duildio~

WorkpTS' hct, whil:h prohibitsthe crnploy:Deot 01 Alrica09 onsl.;lIlccl bUlldiolt jobs io nrea~

n?t n:dul1vel)' inhabited byAfricaos. It nlso p]s.ed tben.lntu Authorities A-:t. which0')01is1 ~c1 tbe advisory Nativene;lfe.!..'1tative COllacil-io anyelse defullct-l0d substituted n51'stem 01 lIdmiaistrative con·ttol I,y tribal chiels-:t ,suremetbo:! oft preveoting pro~ress.

A~miDistrBtivoly,tbe National·a.~:Jrl],eiJespecially in the postoffi;es and railroads (tbt're areD 111' two separate ramps at thehr6e ,J obannesburl: station).T.Jey are cultiog 0[[ tndilionals'lbsidies to those adult educa·t,on I(roup~ whicb bold publicf.Joctioos o;Jen to mixed groups'..:rhe Minister 01 Education re­c!n~ly declared: '~Unless ono:ganisatipn adheres to aparilreldt.bere will be no wbsidy frOal

the 5tl4te, "not B penny." TheMir';slcr 01 Native Affairs reof Ilscd to see a mixed deputationtrom' the, Insti lute 01 Race){,la tioos Bod demanded to tal"to the 0:11, African in the delega.tlon separately Irom tbe others.

,S;h')ol leejiug lunds lor. Oon·EJropeans h1ve Rlso been' de.crealed'as B ~Yn~ to teacb non.Europeans woce 5ell-jepeodence.

bioce Dr. Milan was elecl~d0.1 Ii platlorm or Alrik.tner oa.tiuil,llhsm nloog with racism, he'las,s)'stellJEltlcally hied to en.l,,,uce Alukolucr culture tiS wellus \0 enhencb bis p~rly in)10 \\ ce. Tue fits! step was tbel'a:i~.I;t: o[ tue Citizenship "'ctul l 19-19, which increased the

INDIAN

reQulremeot 01 ruidency in tbeUOiOD from two yean to fivebefore R penoo could qualifyfor citizeosbip. SiDce tbe llutperceDtajzl' 01 immi~raDt' hadheeD British, tbh I\t le99t .rll­larded the rate 01 nOD AfribDervoters on the rolls. 10 F:eneral.tbe Nationalist!: are iD a dilem.rna about immi~ratioo: theydesperately waDt more whitelIettlero• but not from tbe BritishIsles because tbese will beEOlllish.8peakinR', and not tromtbe CODtiaent because these maybe Roman Catholic instelld ofDutch Reformed,

United Natiolls FloutedIn 1950 tbe Nationa Ii,ts

nluoted theic defitnce of theUoited Natioos by incorporatinllthe mllodnte:J territory of SouthW~st Africn iota the Union lindp.ivin~ the white resident. 1\

di~prol'ortionately Inrlte reprt'­sentation of .i~ sellts in Parlia·ment-which promptly . wentNationnli~t. Jo O:tober of thatyear Dr, Malan nonoonced thatthe Coloured,. who have hadthp vote in CllP~ prnvioce sioce1853, would be hken off thecommon vott'rs' roll ond put 00a ~epnrate rollnnd thus be reopresented by sep~rQte wbitemembers of r,drlillmeot. Thitwas a racial mallsure in that itwas a 10tical n:tension of Gplrl.hetel in Parliament, but tbemotive was Abo politiclll, since

. the Niltionulistsstllnd to ~aiQ otle3~t fIve seats in tbe Cape pro'vince becnu~e tbe 50.000 Col.oureds affected have sided withtbe United Party Dud have heldtbe blhuce of power in os maoyos twelve parliomentary cunsti.tuencies.

The Coloured vote ou thecon::mon roll is safeguarded inthe so-called entrenched clauses01 the A~t of Uoiou and can beIIlSpeoded only by 0 two tbirdsvote of P..r1iament. 11 tbe N 1.tionaHsts could have mutteredthis mnjority, tbere would pro­bably have been little reactionamong the wbite., lor in 1936th:l Smuts regime took tbeAfricans in the Clpe (the oolyI',ovince where tbey bad onyrepresentation at all) alI thecommon roU by tbe same pro­cedure, bUl with n two-tbirdsmajurit)·. SInce Dr. :Malau didnot hue the two-thirds votehe said he would enact th~legislation anyway, llssorting,tbat the entrencbed clauses weresuperseded.

- fbis Cl\ve the opposition party'a stroog argument which, astbe whole world koolVs, theyuse:! Wisely. The Appeal Court(tbe S.lrll:ne Court 01 SJuthAtrica) ucanimously ruled that.Parliament WIIS not dupreme'above the entrenched clauses'uod invahdated the parlin.mentary action in removing the

OPINION

Colouredg . frnm tbe COlJ!mon

role. Milian's BUgWer wag tbeenactment, still by 11 persistentif ~mall majority, of the llij:thCourt 01 ParliameDt Act. whicbmoke. Parliameot itself tb"final arbiter of its actions. OnAu~u9t 2S the High Courl ofParliament (witb the UDitedParty membeu all,tainiDR') satto jud~e tbe action of tbe Ap­peal Court. lhis impasse be­tween the bighest legislativeBDd tbe (heretofore) higbestjudicial Arm of the GoverDmrntwill probably not icsue in civilwar O'l' lead tbe province ofNatlll to carf}' out its tbreat of~eccnion, but it i, alertingSouth Africa and the world tothe lengths that the Natiool1.list.will l!O for the satt~ of botbprinciple aod politics.

Next Steps I~ DegrndRtion'The flext steps of the Malan.

ill" io the dpgradation 01 tbeirdemocr~cy are not difficult ~o

predict. Indeed they bave ~en

repeatedlyaDoounced. Doe stepmi~bt be agitation to enthroneAfrikaans RS the ooe offidalIlln/:u9ge throull'b repealinr, theremaioiof(' entreocbed clause inthe Act of Ullioo which F:iv~s

equlllity to EOl(lish aod Afri.kaaos. Aoother step might bethe crt'll.tioo of n Soutb African"repu"lic" aDd ;111 that thptimplieJ. substitutioJ! n presidenttor n 1:overoor.f('eneral-:L presi.dent "directly snd only respon.sible to God, over and againstthe people, for bis deeds in tbefu16lment 01 bis duti~."

II tbe iot'of the Don-Euro­peans is daily ftrowiog worse.tbe eaO!ts to reverse tbe tread/He retarded partly because of 11

sirnihir deterioration in dvilliberties.' Passports ere beicgdenied to polilicslly minded.!louth Africans. both Europeanand nOll-European, wbo 'desireto travel abroad. Visas aredeDied "iJodesirable" visitors,such as l\ Scottisb girl whocame to Cape Towo recently tovisit 11 Coloured' family'. TheBritish Medical Association hadto cancel plnns to bold 11' con-'ference with BJuth Africanpbysicians when-the Govern­ment refused to promise toadmit delegates irrespective ofrace. Other important inter­na'.ional conferences scheduledtor S3utb Alrica bave Iakewisebeen cBocelled. The plain·clotbes .C.I.D.' makes ,raids onpolitical group!. There is, how·"ever, only a spotty-censorship ofimporled literature, ODd many'macuines and boo"s very criti­cal ol.South Alrica arc openlyon sale Ilt bookstores,

• ) \.. ~ ~ : ~ l

The Communist Smear -Tile mOH' t1.lgrant deninl ot

civil liberties is the Suppression01 Comm~nism Act of '959,

13th March. 1953

"hieb was amended in t951 tomake it gprovision, retrmpectinto n time before tbe Act w-.ptlSsecf. The Government ig ginlltbe power to Jabe! an in~ivMua111 Com munist. The definitiODllIlrf! very broad, fJne being ,".person who aims lit the ea·courR~ement ot teelings ofbostili!y betwell1l Eoropean ladD01I-Enropean race! of tiltUnio~." Persons named nnderthe Act are prohibited fiomholdin~ public office and can btprevented from IIottendinjt poli­tical lIlatl:etln!1s of any sinAlready more than 300 ;Ddin·duals_ more tbl1n Q third ort~elD

non-whites, have heen namedunder tbi, Act, and several banbeen tried 'for violatin~ ileprovisi")ns, iDcluding Sam Kaha.the ooly Communi,t member 01Parliament. 10' it, administra·tioo tbe Acl hn,; been eJ:teaJedto SCHIle non,commuoist. wbohave been effective critics dthe Government. Tbe IC1l~tim!

seer-tory 01 tbe Garment Wor"l!r~- Uoion, S. A. Sachs. "Wh~

real crime was indudn2 bua.dreds 01 Afrikaner women tojoin the same uoion as noa.Europeans, was relieved ef bisnnion position by tbe GoVet1l"ment and forbidden to arteDdpublic meetioJ(" He attendedtwo rallies lIod has been !leU­

tenct'd to six montbs' imprisOll'ment with hard labour. The Actundoubtedly will suppress someCommunism, but tbe CommoniltParty of Routh Africa wasdissolved jDst belore the Actwas passed in J950, :lnd tbe realvictim is civil liberties, especial.Iy the rillbts of free ~eecb. treeassembly and lree press.

A final sign of deterioratiClllis the gulf between ~hite alldnon-white in South Africa. ADe-vidence points to an unhelin.able widening of tbis II""Beginning in 192J, Cl Dumber oflo-cal1ed joiot coundls wase.tablished in the urban centres-the Johilnnesburg Joint Coua­cil of Europeans and AtriClUlf.tbe IDd~European Joint Coua.cil of Pietermaritzburg, and 10

00. Many surb councils .tinexist but most h!lve lost theireffectiveness, partly because tiltnon-E.uTcpeans have 'seen IIilprogress and have ·concludedtbat sucb aclivity i9 a waste oftime. Also, the number of"'bites who will worlll willinon-Europeans in tbe field 01courageous socilll action~pbilantbropic ,sodal service­is surprisinilly small. tbough i.fairoess it must be recordedthat there are a few. Tbe prO"blt'm is that most of thewhites wbo still want 'to co·operate are too moderate evellfor more moderate non-EurO­pean leadership.

Tne result is a re.infoccemept(Continued on page-171)

13th March, 1953 INDIAN OPINION 167

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168 INDIAN OPINION 13th March. ItS]

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•

By C W. H. GELL

THIS MYTH OF ORIENTAL FECUNDITY-I

13th March, 1953

LIBERAL PERSPECTIVE

THE princip.'ll of N~tal Univer-.ity, Dr. E. G. Malbnbe, nude

a .peecb in Durban OD February20 in whicb he sensibly warDedthe White ncC3 that Asia's de­mand for equ;ll buman sUtus wasirresistible. He ~lso spoke of tbeproblems of poverty ~nd popub­tioD in words whicb, taken out oftheir context (~s tbey almostceruinly have been in tbe brierpre$1 reporu), might I:ive a falseimpression of tbe compli~ted

economic and demograpbi~1

lofCC3 at work. Dr. Malberbe isreported as uying: "If Asia isnot to overwhelm tbe rest of tbeworld witb a v:ast flood of popula­tioo.J.and poverty, Asia must liveup to its responsibilities and lurntbe sort of tbing we have learntin the West, wbich is bow to~inulD a rougbly sution;atypopul.ation." He ~dded tbat thepeople of Iodi;a, m;any of themalready on tl:e verge of starvation,would become poorer and more.... retched "unless tbe fecundity ofilS teeming millions was curbed,"

I am sorry that tbese extractsfrom Dr. Malberbe's speecb bavebeen circulated in :I form wbichrevives ecboes of that unbappypbuse-"explosive fertility"- inthe Report of the Commission ofInquiry into tbe Durban riot! ;andwhicb thU3 seem to by tb~ blamefor a very complex situatinn ononly one of the many causes atwork.

Itbink tbe first errors to er;adi·~te from tbis all too popul.arapproach to tbe problem arc tbefallacious legends of some specialor i e n t a I pbilo-progenitiveness,Eastern sexuality or p;agan addic­rion to polygamy or promiscuity.At tbe same time the ligures willclimiDJt: the comf"rrable butequally fallaCIOUS myth of Euro.pe;an sexual restraint or skill inbirrb coDtrol.

During the !;ast 300 years theworld's population h3S increasedfourfold, from some 600 millionsto 2,410 millions. In the 200yeus between 1715 and 19·n,however, the populations of Indiamd China increased threefoldwbile th;at of Britain, despit~

heavy overseas emigration, in­creased over fivefold. In 1894Ge~ny's birth rate of 36 pertbousand exceeded India's of 34.India's r.zlt of increase today,

. which produces tbe alarming net

i~nual incre;ase of nearly 6 mil.lio~ for tbe whole sub·continent,, about the ume as Holland's.

At 1.4 per cent per year. it islowir tban the annual rate ofI1atunl increase (1.6 per cent) ofour Soulb Afri= Europeanpopulation, although the latter is

IN P IA N

presumed to "have lurnt how tomaiotaiD a roughly sution;arypopulation,"

These figures support wbat isindeed the trutb, that Asia's pre­sent problem is ODe that weWesterners h;ave gOne thtoughand are still to some extent goinltbrougb. It is not a problem ofbirth rates but of death rates.What has been primarily respon­sible for the tremendous spurt inthe world', population tbese last300 years is the spect:lcular dropin death rates, not a comparative­ly snull increase (and in someases an actu;a! decrease) in birthrates.

And tbe fint Df the severalspecial factors wbich bas enabledthe West tD deal with its conse­quences more usily than the Eutan today, was that the impact ofa falling dutb rale was moreI:radu;l! in tbe Weat. The medicaland sanitary improvement3, wbichwere cbiefly respDnsible for cur­tailiDg tbe morulity (particularlythe infant mDrtality) rate, wereintroduced piecemeal in Europeover the last 300 years. Theyhave been applied in tbe East,principally by the colonial powenat firsr, only during tbe Ia!t 100years ;and particularly during thelast 50 yeats, when new drul:5and metbods of mass applicationhave made them suddenly andenormously more effective. It isoften said th;at tbe Western im­perial powers have added to Asia'sdifficulties by curbing the warsand otber disorders wbich usedregularly to reduce the .urpluspopulation. But Western colo­nialism was seldom as pe~ceful asit claims; and it was not theb;lules but the epidemics accom­panying the campaigns ~nd re­belliODS tbat used to carry offmillions. Wars bave only becomesiRnific;ant instruments of humanelimination by actual comb;at anddirect martial devastation in ourown lifetime. It is the veryrecent diminution in the mortalityfrom mal.aria, typhus, plague,cbolera, small·pox etc. tbat hasrevolutionised tbe populationproblem, botb in w;ar and es­pecially in pe~ce. (Tbe suppres­sion of the slave traffic in Centr;alAfria perbaps more nearly justi­fies tbe imperi;al claim, but basbeen offset by tbe introductioD ofT.B., V.D. :led alcohol as thestaple ilem of trade and revenue).

The second f;actor favouringthe West was that tbe medicalinvention.s were themselves ;a bye·product of tb:lt grut social re­organisation known as tbe Agrar­ian and Industrial Revolutions;so tb~I,:lS the population began

OPINION

to swell, more efficient f;armingwas incrt2sing tbe productivecapacity of tbe land and expand­ing factories were there to absorb(however inhumanely ;at first) theIandleas. By contrast, Asian de;atbrates hive suddenly diminisbedwbile a peasant economy-dis­organised by conUct with analien culture and bw (as in India)or by continuous civil ;and foreignwarf;are (as in Chin;a) or by both(;as in contemporary Burma andIndonesia) - w~s disintegratingbut had not yet been repbcedand while the factories to ~bsorb

the surplus and tbe landless weremostly still to be built. And tbeopening of Asi;an countries byr;ailways ;and ro;ads to a free Aowof goods, which W,1S one of th~

most marked resulls of the West­ern impacl, has cerrainly reducedtbe areas :lnd severities of actualfamine at tbe cost of lowering tbegener;al ntion of food availablethrougbout the country. In theold days bmine me;ant deatbto many in the dfe~ted areasfrom surv~tion and epidemic:.Today it means a widespreadtigbtening of belts and loweringof vilality wbere at tbe best oftimes there is little margin forthis. In its drastic but effectivew;ay, the old system operatedMalthusian checks which tbenew uniformity of sub standarddiet does not. I t served a soei;alpurpose in tbe inebstic peasanteconomy which is going unful­filled today except as;a deliber;ateinstrument of policy in totalitarianSlates. And the alternative me­tbod of purchasing food else­wbere, if it C;ln be afforded ;andobt;ained, means using up preciouscapit;al that would otherwise goinlo development or eduC;ltion.

The tbird special factor whichbelped the West was tbat Europebegan its population spurt from;a much lower basic ratio be­tween population and cultiv;ableland than has Asia. No. onlywas there propOrliOnalely muchmore room for expansion withinrhe bound;aries of Ihe variousEurope3n countries, but by hersuperior technology a nd ad­venturous 3Kgression Europecarved out for herself populationcutlets in ber empires overseas.And even when Ihe imperialprccess, wbich peopled theAmericas, Austulia and in amucb lesser degree otherclimatically less congenial colonieswith excess Europeans, had moreor less finisbed, the fantastic:expansion of the United Stateseconomy during tbe last seventyyears continued to provide arefuge for Europe's "teeming mill·ions," Tbe U.S. population rosefrom 5 millions in 1880 to 147millions ie 1948 and much oflhe anu2;ing performance wasdue to heavy immigration fromEurope. Now tb;at it hn beengreatly curt.liled. many European

,169

countries are finding' their"fecundity" much more of aburdeo tban Dr. M~lherbe's eom­ments suggest. By comparisonthe 10 million Chinese exp;atri:atesin S.E. Asia, Ihe nearly 2 millionIndian!: in Malaya, the DearlyI million in Burma (both emi­grant communities much reducedtoday from these pre-war figures)and the balf million in Em aodSouthern Africa afford little re­lid to tbose two great countries'domestic problems. These andaU otber emigration outlets arcvirtually closed tod:ly.

Fourthly. Western mi!itarypower assured Europe's ex­p:lnding economy of :I sltadysupply of raw materials for herfactories and :I ready m;arketfor her surplus industrial pro­duction, thus enabling Europe3nfactories to work :It tbeir mostprofitable rates. This led inturn to an ;astounding. rise inthe national incomes of tbe Westwhich, in the most f:lvour;ablecases, overtook and fdr surpassedthe increase of the popubtion.It was not merely a question of"exploiting" <::olonial territories-tbis w;as by no means the ruleand great wealth and profit

. often accrued to the imperialpower and lhe colonial territorywithour any of the cruder me­thods implied by that meaningfulterm. But it was rather tberesult of :In exceedingly fortunatehistorical break by wbich :Ill

these favourable factors workedat tbe same time in the samedireclion. And il was onlyaflet national standard S of livinghad increased enormously thattbe birth rates of some Westernnations fell away to such an ex­tent that some sort of popul:ltionslability was :lchieved. The Westbas by no means fully learntto "live up to its responsibilitie."in tbis mailer and, where it doe,:lppear to have done so, theresult was somewhat forluitouslyacbieved.

(To be Continued)

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170 INDIAN OPINION 13th March~ 1953

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13th March t 1951 INDIAN OPINION ,171

DR. MALAN SEEKS APARTHEID MANDATE

SEETHING SOUTH AFRICA TO-DAY( Continutd trom page 166)

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why must it then in South Africabe rtg~rded and condemned as amort~1 sin?

"In spite of tbe all too out­.poken episcopal wisdoms andauthority tbe National Party'sapartheid policy is no un·Ohristian, It is true that everyChristian wilJ, readily accept tbedoctrine tbat all men are eq~1

before God and therefore mustbe regarded and treated as humanbeings with human rigbts. Butapart from the fact that it isdifficult to sec how that can beapplied to equal franchise, thematter oan certainly not endthere.

"Apartheid is based also onanother divine creative deedwhich they apparently ignore3ltogether, namely, on the naturaldifferences between race and race,colour :lnd colour, comprising asa rule also difference in nation­hoods, langU:lges and culture.L3ck of appreciation of this lastf~ct is, ;IS a rule. as fatal as lackof application of the first.

='Apartheid as it appears fromeverytbing is no policy of oppres­sion, neither in principle nor itshistoriC:l1 backgro'und, nor in it.existing or proposed application.

"In South Africa the Nativesarc just as sute of their areas asany sep~rate people in Europe.And in regard to assist:lDce, theEuropeans in South AfriC:l standfar above any other nation in tbeworld. For education, he~lth andother social services they spendon the Natives seven times asmucb per C:lpita than even thestrong and liberal Britain does onNatives in her African territories:lnd her Protectorates, includingthe Rbodesias.

"1 have for tbe past 34 yearsbeen a Memher of Parliamentuninterruptedly, and for the mostpart in a more or less leadingposition, and I ought therefore toknow how the word 'ap~rtheid'

arose and why. Tbe fact is thatthere is no difference in meaningwhatever between 'segregation'and 'apartheid.' ..

claimed tbat Colour discriminationin any form meatU notbing Iusthan inhuman oppression.

"Obviously this ius not fallenon deaf cars among the non-Euro­peans. They luve been arousedto assert that even in their mostextravagant demands they enjoytbe support of the whole world,alld even of all Europeans whosupport the Opposition partiesand who ate opposing apartheid.

"The demalld that the Whitenun must quit Africa has in·creased. A bloody .cene followedin Kenya, and i~ our own countryor~anised resisunce movementsresulting in some places in murdercoupled with tbe most horribleand most barbaric auocities.

"The Opposition attributes itall to deteriorating race relationsfor which the Government andits apartbeid policy is uid to beresponsible, conveniently, andclose their eyes to the fact thateven during the regime of theprevious Government with itsanti·ap3ttheid policy the Samedemands were m~de.

"Tbeyforgetthat GeneralSmutshimself was violently attackedat y.N.O. because of bis allegedpolicy of raci~l discrimiD:ltion,that he had h~d to stand aloneagainst a united and hostile frontand that in spite of his worth tothe organisation he was humiliatedbefore the whole world,"

A !act wbich should no! be lostsight of was tbat the land whichbad always belonged to theNatives as their traditional. land,together with bnd which was laterbought ~t State expense fromEuropeans and added to it, in theUnion and in South West Africa,comprised an area of about400,000 square miles-an ~reatwice as big as France and seventimes as big as Engbnd. Thearea included some of the verybest land settlement areas of thecountry.

Allotber !act which should notbe forgotten was that the Europeans in Sonth AfriC.1. unlikethose in m~ny otber countries ofthe world where Europeans andnon Europeaos live togetbtr. hadestablisbed themselves penna·nelltly in South Africa.

"Apartheid is accepted even mEurope and tbroughout tbe worldas being natural, obvious :ltldright. And now we rightly ask

Party nnd the remnant. 01the self.liquidated CommunistParty. Th~e lacks are seriou,.There i. little immediate pros­pect for the emergence of astuteleaderl-Dutside the Congress ortbe Institutll "libernla""::whowould he capahle of buildingeither political or non-partisanbridges acro" this frighteninggap. To be relevant and elIect­ive, sucb· new or~anisalion~

need to be lllrge, but they mustbe courageous and strictlynon-communist. Olle n ttemptwas made several yean ngo inthe Oampaign for Right andJustice. But this Jailed, evenunder tbe leadership of theRev. Michael Scott.

one of tbese two termini: equal­ity. That is to say, tbe removalof all Colour discrimination, oraparlheid, which seeks to allowalld encourage on botb sides ofthe Colour line free Il:ltural de­velopment > in accordance witht::lpacity and level of dvili3ation.Tbey are not parallel, but directlyopposite courus. the one pre­ferred by the Nationalist and theother by the Liberalist. BetWeellthe two no middle course is pos­sible, as is being 3dvoC3ted bythe Leader of the Opposition.

"South Africa has remained tooloog in the labyrinth of uncer­tainty and indecision. And in tbemeamime tbe problem has in­creased h3.lld over fill in extentalld gravity, so that it bas ;almostbecome too late for a solution.This ;s definitely our last chance.The forces against us have in­creased. Tbe Communist ha.sbeen busy continually and mostly

. underground, with his mischief­m~king botb within our bound­aries and througbout the wboleof Mrica.

Both the previoWj Governmentann the present Govetnment h.avebeen seriously warned about tbisin Police reports. The unfortun·ate alld unre~listic Gold Co~st

policy of the ptevious BritishGovernment has understandablyalso had its repercussions tbrough.out the whole of the African Con­,inent right up to Nayasabnd andthe two Rhodesias. and it has un­doubtedly also b~d its influellcein South Mric:a.

"Tbe meddling and aggressiveUnited Nations which w~s in­tended to help to preserve worldpeace has by the creation of aso ~lIed world opinion, energetic­ally co-operated in inciting unrestand even revolt among the mostprimitive races. And in our owncountry the Liberalist elementhas more and more bLatantly pro-

IN view of the new :lDd d:lOger-ou~ situ~tion that h:!d arisen,

the Government would ask theelectof:!te at the forthcominggeneral election for a renewedDUnd~te for their apartheid policy,'he Prime Minister, Dr./Malan,uid at a meetlng in the Stellen­bosch Town Hall ~n Thursdaynight. By that the Governmentwould sund or fall. be said.

The most import~nt and ursentissue W3S undoubtedly the Colourquestion. he ~id. There wereooly two alternatives-equality or~p~rtbeid.

The White races in SouthAfrica were not settlers, but ;aperm~nently establisbed people."They must live here as :l Whiterace and maintain themselves :IS

such, whatever the cost, or theymust die here in dishonour or inhonour. They cboose the latter,"he uid.

The Prime Mit:ister appealedto the electorate to support theGovernment in its ;apartheidpolicy and ensure the Governmenta resounding victory. Tbis, hesaid, w~ the ooly effecture answer

, tlut could be given the slanderersand meddlers abroad. to theUnited Nations. to Russi:a, toIndia and not least of ;all to thedefUnce campaign in SouthAfrica.

The Prime Minister said themost important and most urgentissue of the election was unques­tiolUbly tbe Colour problem.

"A suge has now been reackedwbere South Africa is forced oncem')re in that regard to deeide itscourse. And it must be a definitecourse, so definitely and unambi­guously defined by the peoplethemselves. tb:lt it will not begone b~ck upon again. Indeci~ion

at this suge is £aul."There are only two courses

from which to choose whicbfODner or bter must lead us to

of the iron curtain between thoraces in South Africl\, with thenOD-Europeaos retirioJ:: moreand more to tho location toeogoge in African National

• Congress activity, aod thewhitt! doitlll nothins or at mostworkinlt with such ~roups asthe Civil Right, Lealtue (asmall body roughly nkin to .theAmericnn Civil Liberti~Union)and the fact-findinl: but basic­ally non-political South AfricanIastitute of Race Relations. Forwhites and Don-whites alike,tbete is no non.partisan bomebetween the Civil Ril:hts Leagueand the African and IndianNational Congress, nnd no poliotical home between the United

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By JORDAN K. NGUBANE

DR. MALAN APOLOGETIC ON APARTHErO

Pretoria: European 32.134.Afrloan 181.97. Coloored 85.23,Aslatlo 75,(7,

Marlhburt/: Enropean 23.9.African 2738, Ooloured 110.1.Aliatlo 55 3.

Benoni: Ellropean 39 48.Afrioan 31225, Ooloured 136,05.A.latio 57.95.

Port Elizabeth: Ellfopean 37.78.African 474 85. Coloured 162 57,ABiatio 49.59,

Acoordlng to theSe figuree theaverar;:e infant mortaHty rate forthe whites in the larger clUesla abont 36.21 while that for thenon'whllea as a group III U9.7per thonsand live blrthe. Thefigure Cor A.friosns alone Ie oon~

siderably higher. ot oourse. Thll.tate of affairs Is poeslble beosu.spolitloal power II oonoentrated Inwhile hands. The non-whilescannot influenoe legillatlon in thedireotlon to reunoe their highInfant mortality rllte. Thill Is sobeOl\olle aparthald denies them theright to aD effeotive ,ay in howtheir oouotry Ilhall b" governed,Becanse of this apartheid, in aUllaforms, is dlreotly responsible fortbe death of little non·whItell insuoh large numbera, And that i.preolsely 'Why we condemnapartheid al 8 mortal lin: ItmUl"ders too mllny noo-whltebabies I

173

Policy Of Oppression

Apartheid. oootrary to thePrime Mlnister'll olalm. has.proved that It Is a polioy ofoppresllion. Its hlstorloal back·ground leadJ n. book to tbeslave days of the Old CapeOolony. When Britleh liberalismabolbhed slnery, the Voor­trekken were eo looeneed aboutthis that they left the Cape anddrove into the hinterland whel"ethey oontlnued to treat the manot oolonr either as their naturalIllave or inferior. As for it.present applioation-yon oppre..a man when yon deny him theright to say how he sball lIvlland olalm that yon alone oanlook after hie affairl! better thanhe oan and then proceed to im.pose a polloe tyranny over him;look him up in rural looatlonllwith rigidly orlntrolled entryand egt'eaa and urban gbettoeswhere ha hBB to have a palllallowing him to live with bl.lion over eighteen yeatll of ageWhen you do that to a fellowhuman being, I repeat, yonoppress him.

At least most ludians andmost AfrioaDs raleed their eyellin surprise to read that apartheidcreatea trleo~ship and co.opera.

'tlon. A. brief catalogne at Inci"dnnta slnoe 1948 will be reveal­1111:.: 19'9-lndo-Afrioan riots.19::iQ-52-Appeliate Oonrt de'clarell on two eeparate oC03slon8that the Government leaks toupset the foundations on which

OPINION

and insnlts him In pnbllo plaoe.·by putUn'R up notices deolarlng:"No Frenohmen Allowed Here."He oan Ita into any railwaycoaoh; any hotel; live where belikos so long as he oomplles withDOlOb Law.

Fundamental DiEferenceIn Bontb Afric~, It does not.

malter how mnch of a ChTisUanaDd oivillsed hnman t,eing anAfrloan might be. pDblio Dolloeswill londly proolalm: "NativesAnd Doge Not Allowed Here."Ho will be permanently insaltedand humllated In the land of hlBbirth and be made to rei'll byevery means possible. that he I~

a hated inferior by the Whileherrenvolk. This Is tbe funda­menlel difference belween the.eose of nationality we Ilee InEurope and the raoe-hatred forwhloh 8parth'lld ..tande. Bothhave nothiug 'lVh~tsoevor In com"man. The inten.est senile ofnaticnality Oan have no raoe­hatred whatsoever; whereas apart­heill oannot tbrive witbont itsaotive prlnolple of raoe·halred.When Dr. Malan eays Europeannatlonslity Is synonymous withMalanlte apartheid, be ie oon­fusing two different Bnd un­related oonoepts.

He goes tarther, he wanls toknow preolsely why aparlheld lecondemned 08 a mortal sin. Theanewer can be given rea~lly:

Apartheid slands for whileba8Bllkep; that is, the conoentra­tion of all -polltloal power inwhite bands. It denies the Afri­oan the rIght to determine hisown Ufe. If it doel! not. apart­heid ahonld be 'Working towards(Clving tbe Africans lanr! theywin own and rnn as their ownoonntry; land where they willbe oompletely independent andsovereign; free to deolare 'Warpnd make peaoe with any otherconntry in the world. If theaparthelden are honellt In theirtalk about natoral development.thle Is the goal tbey shonld betalking ahoat.

But tbere Ie a deeper reasonwhy apartheid is a mortal Ilin inthia oountry. By denying theAfrican the right to i.1BuellceleR'!slation in B way to improvehis own eoonomio and livingcondllions it creates situatlouslike the one revealed in a reoentInstitnte of RllCe Relationssorvey. A team of experts 'WBIlappointed over tbree yeara agoto Investigate Infant mOl"talltyamoog all the raoial groups otSooth Africa in the larger oitlesof the Uniou. Thill is whatthese Institute experts dlloover.ed : (The morlallty fignres givenare per tbonaand live births):

Jobannesburg : Edropean 31.9,African 232 0, Coloured 95.!i1,Asiatlo 75.13.. Kimberley: Enropean 50.88.African 185.18, Ooloored 133.80,ABiatio Nil.

INDIAN

rightly oak why mUllt It In BonthAfrica be regarded and con­demned as :I mortal sin·· •.•• Apal"t­held Is no rolioy of oppreeslon,neither Ie prinolple nor In illlhlstorioal baokgronnd, nor in ihexlatioR or proposed application......Apartheld creates friendshipand co·operatlon· .....It Indloateea Ileparaiion wlthoot eliminatingneoessarily legillmale and de­sirable oontaots in both direolions.Althongb it plaoes reolprooalrealrlollons on both sides. it alsosenell as an effeotive proteotlonogsinst 'Violation of onll another'arights It i. the best goaranteefor frlendllhip and reclprooalhelpfulness,"

Unbelievable

My own exporienoe as anAtrlo~n makes it impossible forme to believe the thin!:s Dr.Malan wants me and I snpposethe world, to believe about apart­heid, Anybody readlnR the.epassaRes from his Btellenbosohspeech wonld wonder if It waanot ODe of the Inelltute of RlloeRelations Liberals speakingl For.the Nasionale Party Ie, at this~er7 moment. making plans torob the Colourods of tholr rlgbtto "free natural development"hy se~klng to atrike them offthe oommon roll and Riving them

• a fixed, permanent number ofrepresentatives in parliament.who mnst be Whitemen aDdwhose numbere will not inoreasefairly as the Coloured,' oapaoityto administer their own affairsInorea'esl By blooking Coloureddevelopmeot In this nnnaturalway Dr, Malan says apartheidpromises free natural develop­ment to all raoesl

He olaims that apartheid Ienot a epeolfioally Booth Afrlo!lnoreatlon. He Is probahly rigbt.Raoe·hatred took a notoriouslyvirulent form ie Germany onlyfew years 1l20. It was in Europethat pORroml were regulsrlyorgsnlsed against the Jews.

Bnt this le not what the PrimeMinister has in mind, He aaYIlEurope'e map Is divided into annmber of sovereign independ­ent atal6ll' A oith:'n of one le aforeigner In the othen. Bot whAtthe Prime Minister does here Ieto oonfuse nationality with ToIoehatl"ed. It is trne tbat a Frenoh­man le treated as a foreigner InHolland-that is, l! he has nOdesll"e to oonform to the demarlll'of Dutoh oitiz-Dshlp. ThA doorle alwaya open for him to becomea Dntchman. by the Ilimple pro·'cells of naturali83lion. And. ifhe does not avail hlm.elf of thisopportonlty. nobody oetraobes

13th ~arch. 1953

AFRICAN VI EWPOI NT'

TBE Prime MIIlIMer was ill IlnapoloRetio 1I100d when be

pat up the 03lie for a~ 'lrthelll atBteUenLo~ohon Tho",:'!ay n ~bt

lll$t week. HiB epeeoh lacltedthat 811!1Tt'esive donrVCEll wllioheh:lraotcrieed his more oonB(l~nt

ltatpmenls of polloy in tho Pl\!lt.For an aroh prlcel of ap:lrtholllhie tone wu in oertain reapeoteIl'l"on oonolliatory.

Now. nobolly muet read inthis tbe bint tbat Dr. Malan bas

, In any way abandoned his raoe­baticR apartbeid, What bOI

happened clearly. both from thetone of tbe sdllress aud lis sob·jeet maller, iJ that tbl! apartheill-

. ers are ou the defenstvo 00 botbthe internal and exteroal impH­cnliolls of their apartheid polioy.Aud tbl. Is BB things ebou1l1 be·Dr. Malao's c:ure Ie Intrlnal03l1yInd.

Right tbronRh his aildre,a,whioh was of mAjor ImporillnoebeOlltlee it laid down the partyline durinR the elections. thePrime Mlullter is not reported.to han daDe mooh by way atIhowloK preolaely what apartbeldh~d aohleved. In fairness to him.hll took up a defenaivl> aUltudeon all the three Ilnbjeols-~oono­

ml" afIairll. aparlheid and eove­r~lgllty-whlohhe dl,on~sed andwhloh would be the major planks00 the N8sloc~le Party platform.On the rising coat of living he.In effect, told the Bonth Africansto thank their stars that they"',re not II' badly off 8S peopl..In Dther lIIndllo No Governmeot.he ooofelaed, oould have faredmilch better.

OD the aoverelgnty 1&!!1I'3; thatJr. on the Malanlte war again,tthe L~w Courts of the Land. Dr.M\lan merely BBked the White~~teI"ll to trost hh gang I

It Is on the apartheid ieme thathe dwelt at lenl/th. Hie WBB II de­fenftiven8Slll whloh reqtllrea closerenmination. FireUy. be eald.his party 'Woold not have a newmanifesto. It wonld uk theelectorate for a new mandateeodonlDg the Government'sapartheid polloy. Let him etstehla c:l8e Ill! reported in the PrESS:

"Apartheid seeks to BucoorllgeDn both sides of the ooloor linetree natoral devlliopment Inaooordan~ with capaoity and'level of civilisation. ApartheidII both in conception lind inapplication, not a specifioallyBooth A.frloan prodtlol and farleBlll .UlI. somethlnR oreated bylhe Nll.!llonllie Party for political'PtlrpoaBe· .....Apartheid ie acoept­ed even In Eorope and throDllh­oot the world 8e being natural,ob?iOlll and right. And now we

IP.O. Box III. UMTALI. S. Rhodesia.Telegrams: uPremsilk" Phone: 2523:

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Everythini for the African Trade. Prints. Khaki.Calicos. Blankets. Shoes & nncy, Goods.

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13th March, 1953

Prompt Attention.

INDIANto rehabilitate their Wu1 and tilreplant c:roplll without dehy.

Food parcels bave beeJJ givento those whose food stoc:k3 werealready exhausted. but it "ppearsnow that not only are these reliefstocks exbawted but tb.. t manY'families who had been holdilllOUf have now exhausted their OWD

Itoda. Altogetber, 1,215 peoplewere affected.

It i. now urgent, says the. IJ1stitute, that immediate help be

given on a generoU3 scale by tberest of the City. Danuge esti­mated at £13,000 ha3 been done '

'at Sea Cow Lake, ..nd rice, mealierice, oil, beans, dboll, flour, sugar,tea, etc., worth £5,OOo-or themoney to buy - this food-ilurgently needed, together withanother £5,000 to buy fertilisersand seed.

The Durb..n City Treasurer hasagreed to act .... treasurer to thefund and cbeques should be sentto him. m..de out to the Sea CowL..ke Flood Relief Fund, Th~able to make larger don.ations offood, fertilistl or seed should getin touch with Councillor Mrs.Mary Asher or with Miss Wehba 7 Woodlands Ro..d, GICDwood.

A depot for receiving such giftsha.s been set up at tbe VictoNLeague in Mercury Lane, bur sofar only a little sugar and someclothing h..s been received. Tbe ,fund at present has little marethan £100 Ie buy food for ..Uo~.lion. "

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Cables

out in the JanlUty floods at SeaCow Lake, Dorban, face .tarva­tion.

Food ·i. Dot coming in faitenougb, say~ the South Afric.1DInstitute of Race Relation., which;Jppe;JI! most earnestly to Durbanpeople and business firms to giveimmediately £5,000 wortb ofgoods and £5,000 worth of fer­tilliers and seed, to relieve thevery prwing distress in th...rea"

At the I..st di"tribution of freeaid, only 20 bmilics out of 210could be helped-there Wa3 DOmarc aid to go round. Basicfoods, such as mealie rice, peas,be..os, su~ar, oil and lea, werei",ued. At the previow alloca.tion, on Febru..ry 14, only 75 outof 200 families ..pplying for ..idcould be helped.

Tbe insutute notes that a panelof doctors has been formed togive advice and help those need.ing it' in tbe diuressed .uea.

So far, about 75 per cent. of tbehelp given hu rome from theIndian community itself. At thelast Institute meetini in Durban,concern was expre",ed ..t theslowness of the response to theappeal' for funds ..nd food torelieve tbe distress and to enablethe flooded-out ,market g..rdene1'3

IN D'I A'N'"\ 0 P I.N ION

AID NEEDED' FORWill overwhelmingly res{lonalblefor thl.. Dr. Malan, In spite ofthl. reoord, Brgno. that all thl. MO~E than 1,000 Indians whosewas proof of the Caot that apart- ' market gardens were washedheld III a guarantoe of friendshipand oondooell toward. co-opera­Uon. Oomment I. soperlloas l

The Isaue before the whitevoter II whe~her or not the.ellilngs shall be oontlnned andBaath Africa lIet tlrmly 00 theroad to final road to dillaater.'fholle who say Booth Africamust be destroyed will vote torthe MlIlanltes. We trollt sanemoo and women In the wblteoamp-and may they be 10 tbemaforlty-wlll telloh the Mala·olte. that Bouth Africa will haveno more ot the evil t,raony, II

wie of whloh they gave BoathAfrloa amply In the year8 they,wore, 10 power.

174

ANOTHER KENYA AFRICAN LEADERARRESTED

Booth Afrloan soolety II baaedlMr. 8traoe8 and the United Partyboyoott tho Bo-oalled High Oourtof l'arllllment; rlota at Port Ell­zabeth"Eaa! Lonllon, Kimberleyand Denver.

In addlUon the reslstanoemov~mept Is a strl~log I reproofof the onlUolZ oapaoitles of apart.held. If apartheid had' b~en af!

friendly 81 Dr. MsiaD olalms,there wbllid have been no reaI8~'

Bnoe movemeot. Even the whltocommonlty la wrn Iharply lototwo groops. Dr. Millan oalll thatoo-operatlon !

DorIng the perIod 19-18·53blood'was ahed In the Uoloo,raDial strlle 10tenslfied and soollllno rest sUrred on a seale wlthontparallol dnrlng, any similar,peaoe'lIme period In the historyof the Union. And apartheid

As the forlh.:nonth trial of ' Tho European leader. arc DOW

Jomo Keoyatla and five laying that hi. /luest .houldotber' Africans on Mau Mau lcopen tho whole queltion of

. cblirget neared itli cnd on Mon- African representation on theday, the Government dropped Legislative Council and Gov.a bombshell by auestiogKenyatta" successor as pre- emment committeea during thosident of tho Kenya African. crisis.Umon. He is Mr. F. W.Odede, In addition to draftin~ policewho is one of the African to mllny upcountry areas, leavoDominated mcmbers 'of the fL . I t' C 'I It . 0 Army officcn and troops huegis a lve ounC1 • III , " •officially started that' before, b~en caoc~lled In certain du·tdiog this "SCriOUIl litep" the tncts: It 15 no secret that theGovernol. \Sir Evelyn Barinll. authorities anticipate diatur­had satisfic"d himself that Odede bances once the Kenyattahad becn attempting to lipread verdict ill announced. Odede'.ita vio~ent !Dllthods into the' arre.t DOW adch fuel to theNyanu provlDce. '.- D", uneasy $ltua.lon. lsunct COQ.

An official statement says that cern ia noticeable throuihout"iaformation received shows the Colon oYer the c1fecta ofhe has threatened a number t yof loyal Africans with tho same ,he emerllency on Kenya'slate as ~l1S beeD suHered, by' econ~m~c and aacial dmvelop­lome lawabiding Africans. ment. Unofficial European"For rcasoDIl 01 security it is •leaders, I undecrstELIld. areimpossible .to: disclo~c the thiolaipg that if the emergency10urCCli of thlll mformatlon. It is prolonged another six monthsm~t b~ cmphasilied ~hat this they will robabl r thachon 11 taken agalnst :Mr. p y p 0$1 eOdede perlionally because of Go.vemment to seela a loan fromhis connection with, and' ad- ~nta~nlvocacy of. the violent attain- The 1'llgetiall lawyer Mr.mcnt of certain objectives. It Ketelllillh Daviea leturned tohall1o~ be~ll. taken on accoun~ the Magi,trate'. Court atof any pohtlcal view••be m~y Kapengurla after; waIting outhold or Il%pre5S. or hIS lCglt., of th t' 11 F 'd 1 .mate activities all a Membcr II na lUt nay, C8VlDgof tho Lllgislati~e Council or Jomo Kenyatta without legalreprelientative of the Afri~a represcntation.of NyIlDza,"

Odede'l lalt public function ,..~

was on Friday when he enrobed Dr. H. Bun.see Singh whoMr. D. N. Pritt, Q.C., defence • recently p~ed his medical'counliel in' tho Kenya~ta trial. coune at GIa3gow Univenity haswith a monkeysllin coat ill tbe ~etur!1ed to Durb~. A welcomepresence Qf 3.999 Africanl.' reception was gavrn in his bonourThis was described as a tollen by the,Springfield Hindu Sabhaof appreciation of Mr. Pritt'. ,be: beine a reiident of Spring~Icrvices for tho Africans, ' field.

:.------------__.....J.~

13th March. 1953 I N 0 I A N - 0 P'I N ION 115 .

BOOKS FOR SA.LETTTE GIT.1. ACCORDING TO GANDHI

-Mshade\" De~lli 12 6

OANDlllA..NA-D. G. Deshpande-(A pibliograpby orGondhian Lit.erature) [) 0

WOMEN AND ROCIAL IN.JUSTlOB-M. K. Unndbi 10 0

PILGRIMAGE ron rEAC~-Pyarcllll 12 6

STRAY GLIMP~ES OF BAPU-Kllka Klllelhr u 0

SELECTIONS FROM OANDllI-Nimnr Kumar BOI'e 10 0

FOn PACIFlSTS-M. K. Gandhi 8 0

'GLEANINGS-Mira 6

GANDIIlAN ETIlICS-Bcuoy Goplll Roy 2 0

DAPU-Mllrry F. Darr -1 0

COMMUNAL UNITY-M. K. Gandhi 2~ 0FAMOUS PARSIS 7 (;

THE EPIO FAST-Pyarc!/ll 2 6CnhITANYA TO VIVEKAN AND ..... s 3

FOOD SUORTAOE-Gaudhi -1 0STOHl" OF SATARA-Mlljor B. D. Daau, (LILS.) J6 0

TIlE U.K.C.C. AND l~nIA-A. N. A~orwal" r; 6SEVEN MONTUS WITH GANDHI-Kriauadas 12 6

STORY or TTTE BIBLE-S. K. George 9 0

RUSKIN-UNTO TTTlS LAST-M. K. Gandbi 1 ,DELUl DIARY-(JBudbiji 10 • 6

A RIGTTTEOUS STRUGGI.E-1oIabadev Dl"ai 4 /;

THE rOLITISAL PIIlLOSOPHY OF MAHA.TAt AG.lNDJlI-Gopinath Dhewan 17 9

GHaina'!iZ. from:

U INDIAN OPINION,"P. Bag. Phoenix, Natal.

'Golden' NumberOF

"INDIAN OPINION"

Souvenitr

Of The

Passive Resistance

lVIovement1906~1914

Price: Four Shillings.

(;&t,dnaOZ" g&rom:

II Indian epinion"

1)h,o(Jni~, .)fa.ta.Z.

BOOKS ·FOR, . SALE "

NOlAN JUDGER (BiOl{mphical and critical 8ketA:he!.".ith J:0rtrait8) 7

.B.MNIENT AMERICANS WHOM INDIASHOULD KNOW-Jabez T. Sunderland 7

THE BRAGAVAD GITA_Tho Lord's Song-(An English TranBlation)-Anuie Beaant 1

WHAT 18 WRONG WITH INDIAN ECONOMIC LIFE?-Dr. V. K. R. V. Rao S

OUR INDIA (Ohildren's storiea by various mit.ers, illustrated)-Minoo Mllsani 2

COTTAGE INDUSTRIES AND THlI:lR ROLE ININDIAN ECONOMY-Prof. Rao ~

8nAW-~L~KEYNESON

STALIN-WELLS TALK (Verbatim Record) S

GOLDEN }I,"UMBI:R OF "INDIAN OPINION", 1914(Souveuir of the Plll!I!i\"e Reaistance Mo\"cment

in S,A., 1906.1914) (

TIlE DELIVERANCE (A pietnre of the palpitating lifeor the joint family) 4

PUBLIC FINANOE AND OUR POVERTY. -J. C. Komarappa 3

THE LIFE OF RAMAKRISHNA-An exha~ti\"e

aooonot of the Mast.er'll "onderlnl Jile-Romain Rolland 15INDIAN STATES' PROBLEM (Gaudhiji's Writings and

Utt.eranOCll)-M. K. Gandhi 10

FOUNDATIONS OF PEACE (Oritical Etody of theIlollditioll5111"hich predpit.:lted t",o "orld wars-K. T. ihab 16

INDIA SPEAKING (Variou! oontribution.e on economio,political. cultonl an~ 60Cial problelIlJ! of modern India) l'

6

6

o

o

6

o

6

6

o

o

o

o

SOVIET ATTITUDE TOWARDS OHINAPaclAJ And Facta-8tanley Powell 6

AMONG TH~ GREAT (Oou\"el'Slltiou with Romain Rolland,Mahatma Gandhi, Bertrand Rueaell, RabindranathTagore and Sri Aurobirido)-Dilip Kumar Roy 16

TWO HISTORICAL TRIALS IN RED FORT-~ aoconutof the trialof the Offieera aBhe I.N.A. 14

WHY CRIPPS FAILED (Documented acconntfrom th.Indian Nationalist point of view)-M. Snbrahmanyan 2

GANDIII..JIN'NAH TALKS (Text of Correepondenceaud otbe" televant matter) 2

INDIAN SCIENTISTS (Biographical SketcheS.An aoconut of their researches, disooveriell and innntioIlJ 7

GANDHIJl'S CORRESPONDBNCE WITH THEGOVERNMENT (1922-H)-M. K. Gandhi r>

THI: STORY OF MY EXPERIMENTS WITH TRUTH-M. K. Gandhi 15

OHRISTIAN llISSIONS IN INDIA(Their place in India)_M. K. 9audhi I

INDIAN OHRISTIANS \Biographical and critical!k:etchCl! .of poets, pnblicillte ~f the Church) '1

PRACTICE AND PRECBPTS OF JESUS-J. C. Kumarappa 8

Obtainaltre from:

'Indian Opinion,'

P.Bag, Phoenix, Natal.

o

o

o

6

9

o

o

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6

, '1" D J A 1M 0 .. I N I Q N 11th Harch', , Its) ,

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