Stages of urbanization Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 2015/2016. CUB Department

Stages of urbanizationStages of urbanization

Economic Foundations of Local DevelopmentEconomic Foundations of Local DevelopmentModule 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectorsModule 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectorsAutumn term 2015/2016.Autumn term 2015/2016.CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures StudiesCUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies

dr. Jeney Lászlódr. Jeney LászlóSenior lecturerSenior [email protected]@elte.hu

22

Late antique townLate antique town

3333

Spread of urban culture in Spread of urban culture in EuropeEurope

1600 B. C.: 1600 B. C.: urban urban development development also in Europe also in Europe (via Asia, (via Asia, Egypt)Egypt)

1000 B. C: 1000 B. C: global centre global centre shifted to shifted to Europe (Athens, Europe (Athens, Rome)Rome)

Frontier of Frontier of European urban European urban culture spread culture spread to Northwest to Northwest (towards the (towards the cooler climatic cooler climatic zone)zone)

4444

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Period Rome Other townsKingdom 8th–6th cent. B.C

Young townCity wall, fortress on the Capitolium, bridge on Tiber (Tiberis)

Port-town: Ostia

Republic 509–31 B. C.

200 thousand citizens Towns on Italian roads too: Capua, Pompeii, Brindisium

Empire 31 B. C. – A. D. 476

Augustus: 1.1 mn (1.5–2 mn?) Architecture: Forum of Caesar, Palace of Augustus, Circus Maximus, Colosseum. Modern symptoms: crowded buildings, 3–5-storied tenement houses, rack rent. Building laws by Augustus: 21 m max height. Antecedents of exurbanization

Foundations of European cities: London, Paris, Vienna, Cologne, Regensburg, Budapest

5555

Constantinople Constantinople (Byzantine (Byzantine Empire)Empire) 350–800, Constantinople: largest town of the 350–800, Constantinople: largest town of the

worldworld– Link between the antique and the feudal urban Link between the antique and the feudal urban

developmentdevelopment– 330, Emperor Constantine the Great (Constantinus): 330, Emperor Constantine the Great (Constantinus):

Constantinople – seat of the Roman EmpireConstantinople – seat of the Roman Empire– Flourishing: under the age of Emperor Justinian (527–Flourishing: under the age of Emperor Justinian (527–

565) on the basis of global trading role (on the meeting 565) on the basis of global trading role (on the meeting of Europe and Asia)of Europe and Asia)

– Symbol: Hagia Sophia (built: 532–537)Symbol: Hagia Sophia (built: 532–537) Early Middle Ages: largest town of EuropeEarly Middle Ages: largest town of Europe

66

The feudal townThe feudal town

7777

Characteristics of the Characteristics of the European medieval feudal European medieval feudal townstowns 88thth–9–9thth cent.: initial feudal towns cent.: initial feudal towns On the basis of 3 types of rolesOn the basis of 3 types of roles

1.1. Role of defence: 9Role of defence: 9thth–12–12thth cent.: Pflaz/Palatinate – imperial cent.: Pflaz/Palatinate – imperial watchwatch--postsposts

2.2. Role of church: residences of bishops – religious seats with Role of church: residences of bishops – religious seats with castles (Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Passau, Basel, Lyon, Cologne)castles (Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Passau, Basel, Lyon, Cologne)

3.3. Role of trade: Wick – strengthened trading settlements Role of trade: Wick – strengthened trading settlements (Ipswich, Norwich)(Ipswich, Norwich)

– Where all roles are present Where all roles are present faster urban development faster urban development (Munster, Trier, Bruges)(Munster, Trier, Bruges)

Feudal towns: only in West EuropeFeudal towns: only in West Europe– Iberian Peninsula: Moor rule Iberian Peninsula: Moor rule Seville (not feudal) Seville (not feudal)– Southeast Europe: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire Southeast Europe: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire

Constantinople (between antique and feudal)Constantinople (between antique and feudal)– East Central & East Europe: feudalism just after Migration East Central & East Europe: feudalism just after Migration

PeriodPeriod

88

Evolution of modern Evolution of modern townstowns

99

1. Agglomerating 1. Agglomerating processprocess = clustering, knitting= clustering, knitting Also referred falsely to as urbanization, urban explosionAlso referred falsely to as urbanization, urban explosion

– Urbanization, but: whole process is referred to as urbanization Urbanization, but: whole process is referred to as urbanization agglomeration is the 1 agglomeration is the 1stst stage of the urbanization stage of the urbanization

– Urban explosion, but: instead of diverging (centrifugal) powers Urban explosion, but: instead of diverging (centrifugal) powers converging (centripetal) powersconverging (centripetal) powers

Absolute concentrationAbsolute concentration– Population of whole agglomeration: increases dynamicallyPopulation of whole agglomeration: increases dynamically– Initially just the city increases, later city and also the suburban Initially just the city increases, later city and also the suburban

zone increasezone increase City and its suburban zone coalesce / accreteCity and its suburban zone coalesce / accrete

– It is often followed by the enlargement of the city boundariesIt is often followed by the enlargement of the city boundaries Its concurrent: generated by the Industrial RevolutionIts concurrent: generated by the Industrial Revolution

1010

The spread of the The spread of the Industrial Industrial Revolution in Revolution in EuropeEurope

Diffusion of the Industrial Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution, agglomerating Revolution, agglomerating process: NW process: NW SE SE– Reverse way to the spread of the Reverse way to the spread of the

antique urbanization (SE antique urbanization (SE NW) NW)– 1818thth cent.: England cent.: England– Mid 19Mid 19thth cent.: West Europe cent.: West Europe– Turn of the 19Turn of the 19thth cent.: N-Eu, E- cent.: N-Eu, E-

Central-Eu, Northern part of S-EuCentral-Eu, Northern part of S-Eu– First half of the 20First half of the 20thth cent.: S-Eu cent.: S-Eu– Mid 20Mid 20thth cent.: E-Eu, Balkans cent.: E-Eu, Balkans

1111

Effects of Industrial RevolutionEffects of Industrial Revolution

Industrialization (→shifts in employment)Industrialization (→shifts in employment) Fordism: appearance of bigger producing units (→spatial Fordism: appearance of bigger producing units (→spatial

concentration of population)concentration of population) Rural Rural urban migration (→rapid urbanization)urban migration (→rapid urbanization) Factors:Factors:1.1. Overall demographic boomOverall demographic boom

– England 1750: 6 mn; 1850: 18 mnEngland 1750: 6 mn; 1850: 18 mn– France 1800: 27 mn; 1900: 39 mnFrance 1800: 27 mn; 1900: 39 mn– Germany 1800: 23 mn; 1900: 56 mnGermany 1800: 23 mn; 1900: 56 mn– Developing (3rd) World: nowadaysDeveloping (3rd) World: nowadays

2.2. ‚‚Push’ factor: rural labour surplusPush’ factor: rural labour surplus3.3. ‚‚Pull’ factor: urban labour demandPull’ factor: urban labour demand4.4. Changing technical background of urban planning Changing technical background of urban planning

(→metropolitan infrastructure)(→metropolitan infrastructure)

1212

Leading role of Europe in Leading role of Europe in the appearance of the the appearance of the modern citiesmodern cities184184

0019291929

Contemporary built-up Contemporary built-up areas of Greater-Londonareas of Greater-London

Europe becomes leaderEurope becomes leader– Towns over 100 th citizensTowns over 100 th citizens

1800:1800: Eu 21/ World Eu 21/ World 6565

1900:1900: Eu 148/ World Eu 148/ World 301301

Primacy of Great BritainPrimacy of Great Britain– First country where the First country where the

proportion of the urban proportion of the urban population: >50%population: >50%

LondonLondon– 1818thth cent.: first modern city cent.: first modern city

(over 500 th citizens) in (over 500 th citizens) in EuropeEurope

– 1919thth cent.: over 2 mn citizens cent.: over 2 mn citizens– 1850–1920: largest city of the 1850–1920: largest city of the

worldworld– 11stst megapolis (over 8 mn megapolis (over 8 mn

citizens) of the Worldcitizens) of the World

1313

Number of Europeans in the Number of Europeans in the rank of the 25 largest towns of rank of the 25 largest towns of the Worldthe World

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100év

léts

zám

year

1414

Advantages of agglomeratingAdvantages of agglomerating

From residential point of view: better quality of life (partly)From residential point of view: better quality of life (partly)– Rich supply of workplacesRich supply of workplaces– Higher incomesHigher incomes– Existence of educational and cultural institutionsExistence of educational and cultural institutions– Rich and better quality of housingRich and better quality of housing– Wide range of services (retail trade etc.)Wide range of services (retail trade etc.)

From economic point of view: higher productivity (positive From economic point of view: higher productivity (positive externalities) externalities) P. Krugman: new economic geography P. Krugman: new economic geography– Rich „quality” supply of labour-forceRich „quality” supply of labour-force– Availability for cooperationAvailability for cooperation– Innovation advantages (research etc.)Innovation advantages (research etc.)– Cheaper and better infrastructure (e.g. transport)Cheaper and better infrastructure (e.g. transport)– Closeness of marketsCloseness of markets

Antecedent: antique RomeAntecedent: antique Rome Modern cities: after the Industrial RevolutionModern cities: after the Industrial Revolution

– Spreaded from West Europe: London, ParisSpreaded from West Europe: London, Paris

1515

1850 előtt

1850-1900 között

1900-1950 között

1950 után

Europe, the craddle of the modern Europe, the craddle of the modern citycity

before 1850between 1850–1900between 1850–1900after 1950

Source of data: censusesSource of data: censuses

Earlier: ancient RomeEarlier: ancient Rome Modern city: after industrial revolutionModern city: after industrial revolution

– Spread from West-Europe: London, ParisSpread from West-Europe: London, Paris

1616

Evolution of the Evolution of the Budapest Budapest AgglomerationAgglomeration 1873: foundation of Budapest = Pest + Buda + 1873: foundation of Budapest = Pest + Buda +

ÓbudaÓbuda Early 20Early 20thth cent.: massive suburban development cent.: massive suburban development

– 1900–1907: build-up of tramlines to the suburban zone1900–1907: build-up of tramlines to the suburban zone– 1908: coming up the thought of creature of Greater 1908: coming up the thought of creature of Greater

BudapestBudapest– 1937: legal sphere of action of the Council of Public 1937: legal sphere of action of the Council of Public

Works spread also to the 22 suburban settlementsWorks spread also to the 22 suburban settlements 11stst January, 1950: foundation of Greater Budapest January, 1950: foundation of Greater Budapest Budapest AgglomerationBudapest Agglomeration

– 1970s: 44 settlements1970s: 44 settlements– 1997: 78 settlements1997: 78 settlements– Pest county (not the same)Pest county (not the same)

1717

„„Shadows” of Shadows” of agglomeration agglomeration processprocess

Inorganic, rapid, spontaneous Inorganic, rapid, spontaneous urban development urban development unwished negative byeffectsunwished negative byeffects– SlumsSlums– Overcrowding (back-to-back Overcrowding (back-to-back

dwelling houses)dwelling houses)– Lack of green areasLack of green areas– Pollution of environment (smog)Pollution of environment (smog)– Lack of public utilities Lack of public utilities

(sanitation)(sanitation)– Cholera epidemic – in 1832 Cholera epidemic – in 1832

London: 5000; Glasgow: 2800 London: 5000; Glasgow: 2800 victimsvictims

– CrimeCrime– Early 19Early 19thth cent., in slumming of cent., in slumming of

Liverpool: life expectancy at Liverpool: life expectancy at birth: 16 yearsbirth: 16 years

1818

Reactions of urban Reactions of urban planning on the planning on the crowdingcrowding New urban planning and architectural acts, lawsNew urban planning and architectural acts, laws Reaction of the urban architecture of the moReaction of the urban architecture of the modern eradern era

– 1933 Athens Charter – style of modern architecture1933 Athens Charter – style of modern architecture– Le Corbusier (1887–1965)Le Corbusier (1887–1965)– Spread upwards instead of dense horizontal built-up zones Spread upwards instead of dense horizontal built-up zones

+ more green area+ more green area Foundation of new townsFoundation of new towns

– West Europe (Great Britain, France, Finland, Sweden): West Europe (Great Britain, France, Finland, Sweden): „planned” suburbanization for the exoneration o„planned” suburbanization for the exoneration off the cities the cities

Cities: London (Hatfield, Milton Keynes), Paris (Cities: London (Hatfield, Milton Keynes), Paris (Cergy-Pontoise)

New Lanark (Robert Owen), garden city campaign (Ebenezer (Ebenezer Howard)Howard)

– Socialist countries: socialist towns for the goal of industrialization

1919

Suburbanization planned Suburbanization planned by urban planning: the by urban planning: the garden city campaigngarden city campaign

Garden city model of Garden city model of Ebenezer Howard Ebenezer Howard (1848–1928)(1848–1928)– 1885.: Garden Cities 1885.: Garden Cities

and Town Planning and Town Planning AssociationAssociation

– 1898.: „Garden Cities of 1898.: „Garden Cities of Tomorrow”Tomorrow”

2020

Main street of Welvyn, 32 km Main street of Welvyn, 32 km from Londonfrom London

Realized Realized garden garden cities cities north from north from London:London:– LetchwortLetchwort

h (1903)h (1903)– Welwyn Welwyn

(1920)(1920)

2121

Latter stages of the Latter stages of the modern urban modern urban development: sub-, dez-, development: sub-, dez-, re- and post-re- and post-suburbanizationsuburbanization

2222

2. 2. Suburbanization Suburbanization / exurbanization/ exurbanization Anglo-Saxon: exurbanizationAnglo-Saxon: exurbanization Relative deconcentrationRelative deconcentration

– Population number of total agglomeration increasesPopulation number of total agglomeration increases– Population number of city decreases, that of suburban Population number of city decreases, that of suburban

zone increases zone increases economic, social and urban structure economic, social and urban structure on agglomeration transformson agglomeration transforms

Outmigration of city dwellersOutmigration of city dwellers– SpontaneousSpontaneous– Directly towards the suburban zoneDirectly towards the suburban zone

Its phases:Its phases:– Early phase: outmigrants keep their urban workplace Early phase: outmigrants keep their urban workplace

commutingcommuting– Late phase: number of workplaces (industrial and Late phase: number of workplaces (industrial and

tertiary) decrease in the central city, increase in the tertiary) decrease in the central city, increase in the suburban zone (dezurbanization? suburban zone (dezurbanization? false statement) false statement)

2323

Suburbanization Suburbanization / exurbanization/ exurbanization Suburbanization of populationSuburbanization of population

– Insufficient housing supply and environment in central cityInsufficient housing supply and environment in central city– Development of transportation infrastructure Development of transportation infrastructure spatial spatial

separation of residential and working zonesseparation of residential and working zones Initial: public transport (local railways) Initial: public transport (local railways) radial radial

diffusiondiffusion– Later: cars, public roads: Later: cars, public roads: diffusion among radiuses as well diffusion among radiuses as well– Today: motorways Today: motorways radial diffusion again radial diffusion again

Developed countries: from 1920s to 1970sDeveloped countries: from 1920s to 1970s– Characteristics of East Central Europe: official restriction of Characteristics of East Central Europe: official restriction of

moving moving only from 1970s only from 1970s Result: population increase in cities slows down, than Result: population increase in cities slows down, than

decreasedecrease– But workplaces remain hereBut workplaces remain here

Suburban zone: mainly residential functions, Suburban zone: mainly residential functions, sparssparseellierier built-up, green areas built-up, green areas

2424

Later: moving Later: moving out of industry out of industry and services and services tootoo Ways of industrial suburbanizationWays of industrial suburbanization

1.1. moving outmoving out2.2. greenfield investmentsgreenfield investments– Its characteristics: high-tech industries (just in time) + Its characteristics: high-tech industries (just in time) +

supplierssuppliers Suburbanization of servicesSuburbanization of services

– Consumer-oriented branches with high interest for Consumer-oriented branches with high interest for spacespace

– LogisticsLogistics– Recreational activities (Disneyland)Recreational activities (Disneyland)– Office functionsOffice functions

Anglo-Saxon: counterurbanization – Brian Berry Anglo-Saxon: counterurbanization – Brian Berry (1976)(1976)– (Somebody understands falsely the industrial and tertial (Somebody understands falsely the industrial and tertial

suburbanization under the dezurbanization)suburbanization under the dezurbanization) Absolute deconcentrationAbsolute deconcentration

– Number of population workplaces of total agglomeration Number of population workplaces of total agglomeration decreases (from the early 1970s)decreases (from the early 1970s)

1970s, developed countries: change of global 1970s, developed countries: change of global economic paradigmeconomic paradigm– Modern urban and industrial regions became Modern urban and industrial regions became

unattractive for both the residents and the companiesunattractive for both the residents and the companies Initially USA, later West Europe: outmigration to Initially USA, later West Europe: outmigration to

more and more distancemore and more distance– Not only to the suburban zones, but also to the further Not only to the suburban zones, but also to the further

countrysidecountryside– Rapidly increasing population of some rural areasRapidly increasing population of some rural areas 2525

3. Dezurbanization / 3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanizationcounterurbanization

Population change in Ruhr area

Relative concentrationRelative concentration– Population number of total agglomeration decreasesPopulation number of total agglomeration decreases– Population number of city (especially the centre) increases Population number of city (especially the centre) increases

againagain Appearance of special ‚Urban Development Appearance of special ‚Urban Development

Corporations’ (UK) for the urban renewalCorporations’ (UK) for the urban renewal Spread of the enterprise form of public private Spread of the enterprise form of public private

partnership (PPP)partnership (PPP)– Clearing of the areaClearing of the area– Configuration of the public utilitiesConfiguration of the public utilities– Configuration of the transportation networkConfiguration of the transportation network– Selling the building plots, seeking for investorsSelling the building plots, seeking for investors

Early 1980s, Europe: 1Early 1980s, Europe: 1stst big urban rehabilitation big urban rehabilitation projectsprojects– Emblematic city: London (Dock Quarter: Canary Wharf)Emblematic city: London (Dock Quarter: Canary Wharf)– Later: Birmingham, Berlin, Hamburg, Amsterdam (Waterfront Later: Birmingham, Berlin, Hamburg, Amsterdam (Waterfront

Program), New York (Harlem), Budapest (Middle Ferencváros – Program), New York (Harlem), Budapest (Middle Ferencváros – Corvin Quarter)Corvin Quarter)

2626

4. Reurbanization4. Reurbanization

Population change in Ruhr area

2727

Population change of the Population change of the urban agglomerationurban agglomeration

Suburban zone

Agglomerating

process

Suburbanization

Exurbanization

Dezurbanization

Counterurb.

Reurbanization

Urban agglomeration

City

Concentration

Deconcentration

Concentration

2828

Stages of urban Stages of urban developmentdevelopment

Change of populationChange of population

CityCity Suburban Suburban zonezone

Urban Urban agglomeratioagglomeratio

nn1. Agglomerating 1. Agglomerating

processprocess IncreaseIncrease Decrease Decrease increaseincrease DecreaseDecrease

2. 2. Suburbanization / Suburbanization /

ExurbanizationExurbanizationIncrease Increase decreasedecrease IncreaseIncrease DecreaseDecrease

3. 3. Dezurbanization / Dezurbanization / CounterurbanizatCounterurbanizat

ionionDecreaseDecrease Increase Increase

decreasedecrease IncreaseIncrease

4. Reurbanization4. Reurbanization Decrease Decrease increaseincrease DecreaseDecrease DecreaseDecrease

Stages of urban development Stages of urban development according to the change of according to the change of populationpopulation

2929

Brief summary of the stages of Brief summary of the stages of urban developmenturban development It affects smaller crowds in timeIt affects smaller crowds in time

– Agglomerating: more millions, reurbanizatiAgglomerating: more millions, reurbanizatioon: a few n: a few thousands, postthousands, post--suburbanization: no significant movementsuburbanization: no significant movement

Leading, dominant continentLeading, dominant continent– Stages of moving inwards (agglomerating, Stages of moving inwards (agglomerating,

reurbanization): initially in Europereurbanization): initially in Europe– Stages of moving outwards (sub-, and dezurbanization): Stages of moving outwards (sub-, and dezurbanization):

initially in North Americainitially in North America Dynamics of the process:Dynamics of the process:

– Initially agglomeratingInitially agglomerating– Followed by suburbanizationFollowed by suburbanization– Later could be followed by dez-, re and post-Later could be followed by dez-, re and post-

suburbanizationsuburbanization More stages could coexistence parallel in citiesMore stages could coexistence parallel in cities Cities could be classify upon the dominant stageCities could be classify upon the dominant stage

– (Whole countries are classified falsely)(Whole countries are classified falsely)

Space-specific elements in Space-specific elements in the demographic process of the demographic process of the European citiesthe European cities

3131

Annaul average population Annaul average population change of cities from 1950schange of cities from 1950s

1.8

1.2

0.8

0.6

-0.2 -0.

1-0.

1 -0.1

-0.2 -0.

1

0.4

0.2

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

aktuálisan félmillió feletti városok 59 nagyváros

száz

alék

1950-19601960-19701970-19801980-19901990-20002000-2007

1001000

n

t

tn

PP

1950s: faster growth1950s: faster growth 1970s, 1980s, 1990s: decreasing population1970s, 1980s, 1990s: decreasing population After the turn of the Millennium: population increase againAfter the turn of the Millennium: population increase again

Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)

cities actually over half million residents

59 cities

3232

1950–19601950–1960

Source: calculations Source: calculations based on the data of based on the data of censuses and World censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)

Increase: almost Increase: almost everywhereeverywhere

Decrease: on the Decrease: on the British IslesBritish Isles

significant increase (0.5%<)moderate increase (0–0.5%)moderate decrease (–0.5–0%)significant decrease (>–0.5%)

3333

1960–19701960–1970


Decrease spreads to Decrease spreads to West Central Europe West Central Europe (the Netherlands, (the Netherlands, Germany, Austria) Germany, Austria) tootoo


3434

1970–19801970–1980


Decrease spreads Decrease spreads further to Belgium, further to Belgium, France, North Italy, France, North Italy, North EuropeNorth Europe

Increase only on the Increase only on the lagging peripheries lagging peripheries (Ireland, (Ireland, Mediterranean, Mediterranean, socialist countries)socialist countries)


3535

1980–19901980–1990


Line of Iron Curtain Line of Iron Curtain appears in city growthappears in city growth

Decrease: developed Decrease: developed Europe (exp. North Europe (exp. North Europe: inner North–Europe: inner North–South migrationSouth migration

Increase: socialist Increase: socialist Europe (exp. Europe (exp. BBudaudappestest): more ): more restricted mobility, restricted mobility, lack of motorization lack of motorization and highwaysand highways


3636

1990–20001990–2000


Pattern radically Pattern radically turnedturned

Decrease: East Central Decrease: East Central Europe (besides Europe (besides suburbanization suburbanization international migration international migration too (e. g. Riga, Vilnius)too (e. g. Riga, Vilnius)

Increase again: Increase again: somewhere in somewhere in developed Europe developed Europe (mainly London): (mainly London): reurbanization + guest reurbanization + guest workersworkers


3737

2000–20072000–2007


Dominantly Dominantly increase: developed increase: developed EuropeEurope

Dominantly Dominantly decrease: East decrease: East Central EuropeCentral Europe


3838

Clusters of cities according to Clusters of cities according to its population dinamics its population dinamics between 1950–2007between 1950–2007

220002000

219901990

219801980

219701970

219601960

219501950 )b - (a )b - (a )b - (a )b - (a )b - (a )b - (a),( baD

clustercluster numbernumber CitiesCities11 1717 Amsterdam, Vienna, Berlin, Birmingham, Brussels, Amsterdam, Vienna, Berlin, Birmingham, Brussels,

Dresden, Glasgow, Hague, Leeds, Leipzig, Lisbon, Liverpool, Dresden, Glasgow, Hague, Leeds, Leipzig, Lisbon, Liverpool, London, Lyon, Manchester, Rotterdam, SheffieldLondon, Lyon, Manchester, Rotterdam, Sheffield

22 1313 Bremen, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Bremen, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Gothenburg, Hamburg, Hannover, Helsinki, Paris, Gothenburg, Hamburg, Hannover, Helsinki, Paris, Stockholm, StuttgartStockholm, Stuttgart

33 22 Dublin, ValenciaDublin, Valencia44 33 Sofia, Vilnius, ZaragozaSofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza55 1313 Budapest, Bucharest, Cologne, Cracow, Lodz, Malaga, Budapest, Bucharest, Cologne, Cracow, Lodz, Malaga,

Palermo, Poznan, Prague, Riga, Seville, Warsaw, WroclawPalermo, Poznan, Prague, Riga, Seville, Warsaw, Wroclaw66 1111 Athens, Barcelona, Genova, Copenhagen, Madrid, Marseille, Athens, Barcelona, Genova, Copenhagen, Madrid, Marseille,

Milano, Munich, Napoli, Rome, TorinoMilano, Munich, Napoli, Rome, Torino


3939

Annual average population Annual average population change of the clusterschange of the clusters

1,2

-0,1

1,6

2,5

2,0

-0,4

2,8

0,6

-0,6

0,1

1,9

1,4

2,7

3,5

-0,1

-0,9

-0,4

-0,1

1,4

1,2

2,1

-0,1

-0,1

-0,1

-0,7

0,50,3

1,2

-0,1

0,2 0,3

-0,8

-0,5

0,4

-0,1

0,2 0,3 0,20,3

-0,2

0,6 0,6

-1,0

-0,5

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

EU 1 Nyugat-Európa 2 Nyugat-Közép-Európa

3 Dél-Európa 4 Kelet-Közép-Európa

5 Dublin, Valencia 6 Szófia, Vilnius,Zaragoza

klaszterek

száz

alék

1950-es évek1960-as évek1970-es évek1980-as évek1990-es évek2000-es évek


clusters1 West Europe

2 West Central Europe

3 South Europe

4 East Central Europe

6 Sofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza

1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s

4040

országhatár EU-határ 1. klaszter 2. klaszter 3. klaszter 4. klaszter 5. klaszter 6. klaszter

Geographic location of the Geographic location of the clustersclusters

Source: calculation based on the data of censuses and World Source: calculation based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)Gazetteer (2007)

stateborderEU-bordercluster 1cluster 2cluster 3cluster 4cluster 5cluster 6

Documents

Stages of urbanization Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 2015/2016. CUB Department