STABILIZATION MECHANISM FOR SOIL BY USING LIME AND …€¦ · Soil stabilization techniques were introduced using Rice husk ash (RHA) and Lime as stabiliz and thus effect of soil

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp.

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976

© IAEME Publication

STABILIZATION MECHANISM FOR SOIL BY

USING LIME AND RICE HUSK ASH AS

BINDING AGENTS IN EROSION PRONE Z

Research Scholar in Department of Civil Engineering

Noorul Islam University, Kanyakumari (DT), Tamilnadu, India.

Senior Professor in Department of Civil Engineering

Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi,

Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering

Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.

ABSTRACT

In the current study, soil samples from erosion prone zones at the bank of

Thovalai channel in Kanyakumari DT (at the base of Thekkumalai Hill) were tested

and the soil type was identified as Sandy Clay Loam (SCL). For each soil samples, its

effective size was noted and the co

Allen - Hazen formula. The rate of permeability was found to be high with soil

samples 5 and 10 which were collected from

Thirumalaipuram respectively. Soil

locations. Results obtained from the compressive strength test shows soil loss is quite

nature in all the locations. Soil stabilization techniques were introduced using Rice

husk ash (RHA) and Lime as stabiliz

and thus effect of soil stabilization on soil properties like OMC, MDD, Atterberg

limits, and UC Strength were ascertained.

Key words: Effective Size,

Strength

Cite this Article: Thanappan Subash, Vincent, P Soil Stabilization Mechanism by

using Lime and Rice Husk Ash as Binding Agents

Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCI

IJCIET/index.asp 1479 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2017, pp. 1479–1493 Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_167

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6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

Scopus Indexed



BINDING AGENTS IN EROSION PRONE Z

A CASE STUDY

Thanappan Subash

Research Scholar in Department of Civil Engineering


P. Vincent

Senior Professor in Department of Civil Engineering

Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Virudunagar (DT), Tamilnadu, India.

K. Sathya prabha

Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering

Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.




was noted and the co-efficient of permeability (k) were calculated using

Hazen formula. The rate of permeability was found to be high with soil

samples 5 and 10 which were collected from Annai Tresa Road Jnc

Thirumalaipuram respectively. Soil moisture percentage was high almost in all the



husk ash (RHA) and Lime as stabilizing agents. RHA was mixed with lime and soil


limits, and UC Strength were ascertained.

Effective Size, Lime, Permeability, Rice Husk Ash, Stabilization, UC

Thanappan Subash, Vincent, P Soil Stabilization Mechanism by

using Lime and Rice Husk Ash as Binding Agents –A Case Study.

Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 1479-1493

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4

[email protected]

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4



BINDING AGENTS IN EROSION PRONE ZONE -


Virudunagar (DT), Tamilnadu, India.




efficient of permeability (k) were calculated using

Hazen formula. The rate of permeability was found to be high with soil

Annai Tresa Road Jnc and

moisture percentage was high almost in all the



ing agents. RHA was mixed with lime and soil


Stabilization, UC

Thanappan Subash, Vincent, P Soil Stabilization Mechanism by

A Case Study. International

93.

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4

Thanappan Subash, P. Vincent and K. Sathya prabha

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1480 [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION

The main aim of stabilization is to efficiently use the locally available materials and thus to

control soil erosion [1, 19]. Sandy type soils are highly detachable in nature, and therefore an

adequate binding is essential to control erosion [2]. Soils may be improved through the

addition of some binders for intermediate support so that soil particles come in contact to

increase the water holding capacity and to make pressure resistant [3]. Soil stabilization can

be achieved by improving its physical and chemical properties [4].

1.1. SOIL STABILIZATION WITH LIME

The addition of lime with soil made the soil as more friable [5, 8, 12, 20]. Sometimes the term

“lime” is used to describe agricultural lime which is generally finely ground limestone, a

useful soil amendment but not chemically active enough to lead to soil stabilization [6]. Lime

can substantially increase the stability, and impermeability.

1.2. SOIL STABILIZATION WITH RICE HUSK ASH (RHA)

Rice husk is one of the main agricultural residues and waste byproduct of agricultural

processing firms. The additive of rice husk could improve the dry strength of sand soil [7, 13,

21]. Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is obtained from the burning of rice husk. The husk is a by-

product of the modern and normal rice mills either in towns or villages. 10% of the rice grain

is rice husk by weight. 20% of RHA generate from the burning of rise husk. RHA has an

adequate cementation tendency to bind the soil particles together. The present investigation

was carried out with Rice Husk Ash mixed with soil to analyze the improvement on the

physical properties of soil.

2. STUDY AREA

The current study was conducted at Thekkumalai hill region, on the upstream bank of

Thovalai channel route (Figure 1) in Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India. The study area

is covered by Majestic Hill, named Thekkumalai [17], and some plains fringed with coconut

trees, flower fields, vegetable fields and paddy fields [Figure 2]. The major roads in the study

area include: ‘Ramanathichanputhur – Nari Thondu Road’, ‘Channal Karai Road’ connecting

a village named ‘Nilaparai’. The study area covers two union taluks, namely, and

Agesteeswarm taluk and Thovalai taluk. The type of soil in the study area is Reddish Brown

Sandy Clay Loam. Paddy is the main crop and it grows in two seasons. First crop is shown in the month of April – June (Kannipoo) and second crop is raised in the month of September – October (Kumbapoo).

Figure 1 Base Map of Study Area

Stabilization Mechanism for Soil by Using Lime and Rice Husk Ash as Binding Agents in

Erosion Prone Zone - A Case Study


Figure 2 Paddy and Coconut Fields at the base of Thekkumalai Hill

Coconut is an important cash crop in the study area. The main planting season is usually May

to July. Vegetables are normally cultivated during January – February and July – August and

grown as 3rd crop after the harvest of 2nd crop paddy in some parts of the study area.

Banana is cultivated mainly during March – May and September - October. The average wind

speed is 3.67 m /sec at 257.50 in the study area [16].

3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

To characterize both the unstabilized and stabilized soil by conducting routine laboratory tests

like specific gravity, Atterberg Limits, Grain size analysis etc. and to determine engineering

properties e.g. optimum moisture content (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD) by standard

proctor test and Modified Proctor Test, UC test for assessing the improvement of soil with

stabilization.

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Soil samples were collected at a depth of 2-3 m in a specific diameter of 7.5 cm [19] from 13

different locations in the study area. The textural classes for 13 soil samples from the study

area wherever the gullies are identified [15, 18] as shown in Table 1. Secondly, the co-

efficient of permeability of soil is calculated using the Allen Hazen’s formula as follow:

K= C. D102

(1)

The above equation (1) was used to measure of the soil against flow of water through its

porous structure [5, 14]. Based on the value of ‘k’ obtained for each soil samples, the zones

which are highly influenced for erosion is identified. The testing using rice husk ash and lime

were initiated to reduce the erosion of soil. Rice husks were locally collected from the

‘Modern Rice Mills’ at Nagercoil Town. The collected rice husks were dried, powdered and

sieved through 75 µ IS sieve before use and then subjected to the various physical tests [11].

Rice Husk Ash was mixed in different percentages e.g., 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% with soil

which was previously stabilized with different percentages (3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15%) of

lime. In a similar way, Raw Rice Husk was mixed with soil-lime mixtures. In each case the

stabilized soil was compacted at a water content of 5% above the optimum and Unconfined

Compressive Strength (UCS) test [9, 10] was conducted at Civil Engineering Laboratory in

Noorl Islam University. The UCS values of the stabilized soil samples were compared with



that of the non stabilized soil. The effect of curing of stabilized soil on the results of

Unconfined Compressive Strength tests is also studied.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 Textural class for the 13 soils

Ecotype Management Sand Clay Silt Textural

Class

Amaravathivizai channel upstream

@ base of the hill Coconut (Hybrid) 65 25 20 SCL

Nari Thondu ) Coconut (Hybrid) 81 11 8 SCL

Sasthan Kovil Odai Banana, Coconut 69 20 11 SCL

Old bridge Coconut (Hybrid) 83 10 7 SCL

Ramanathichanputhur ( near Annai

Tresa Road Jnc) Coconut (Hybrid) 82 10 8 SCL

Ramanathichanputhur-Agri Field

(near crusher) Coconut (Hybrid) 72 18 10 SCL

Mount Litera School Zone Coconut (Hybrid) 76 14 10 SCL

Nilaparai (Spray Irrigation Field) Banana, Teak 82 11 7 SCL

Kovil Vizai Coconut (Hybrid) 79 10 11 SCL

Thirumalaipuram Paddy, Lemon,

Flowers 74 19 19 SCL

Annai Asram, Kozhikottupothai Flowers, Vegetables 84 10 6 SCL

Broiler Farm, Kozhikootupothai Open land 81 9 10 SCL

Thovalai Vilakku Paddy, Sweet Gum

Ball Tree 68 14 18 SCL




Figure 3. Soil moisture in %

Figure 4 Permeability range

Figure 5 Compressive strength



Table 2. Effective Size and Permeability Analysis for Soil Samples

Samples Location of Sample Collection D10 (mm)

K= C. D102

1 Amaravathivizai Channel Upstream @ Base of Hill 0.42 6.35

2 Nari Thondu (Base of The Hill) 0.65 15.21

3 Sasthan Kovil Odai 0.45 7.29

4 Old Bridge (Near Mount Litera School) 0.58 12.11

5 Annai Tresa Road Jnc 0.61 13.39

6 Ramanathichan Puthoor-Agri Field (Near Crusher) 0.5 9.0

7 Mango Field (Opp. To Mount Litera) 0.48 8.29

8 Nilaparai (Spray Irrigation Field) 0.55 10.89

9 Kovil Vizai (Dr.Moses Field) 0.44 6.96

10 Thirumalai Puram 0.44 15.21

11 Annai Asram, Kozhikottupothai 0.60 12.96

12 Broiler Farm, Kozhikootupothai 0.60 12.96

13 Thovalai Vilakku 0.5 9.0 a C = a constant,100 cm

–1 Sec

–1

b Debashis Moitra, 2003

The textural classes for 13 soil samples from the study area wherever the gullies are identified

as shown in Table 1. Sieve analysis was carried out and the effective size of each soil samples

was shown in Table 2. The maps were digitally prepared using GIS tool (Figure 3, 4, 5)

showing the soil moisture in %, permeability range in cm/sec, and compressive strength of

soil samples in KN/ cu.m before the treatment of soil. According to Essien Udo and Charles

Kennedy (2016), the mixture of lime with sandy soil exhibits the tendency of arresting the

shrinkage nature of soil and on increasing the percentage of Lime in soil, the Liquid Limit

tends to decrease. According to Rahul, D. (2016), the modern rice mill wastes like RHA in

combination with the river sand can be used for soil stabilization. The current study also

proves that by increasing the RHA content, the liquid limit tends to decrease. But on

increasing RHA content, Liquid Limit tends to increase gradually. The same follows when

RHA content increases with respect to certain percentage of lime. On increasing Lime and

RHA percentage alone in soil, the plastic limit tends to decrease. The same condition occurs

when RHA content increases with respect to certain percentage of lime. Similarly, on

increasing Lime percentage in soil, the Plasticity Index tends to decrease. But on increasing

RHA content, Plasticity Index tends to increase gradually. Again the same condition follows

when RHA content increases with respect to certain percentage of Lime (Table 2). Variation

of Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index with Lime and RHA Combinations are

shown digitally (Figure 6, 7, 8).

Stabilization Mechanism for Soil by Using Lime and Rice Husk Ash a

Erosion Prone Zone


Figure 6

Figure 7 Variation of Plastic Limit with Lime

for Soil by Using Lime and Rice Husk Ash as Binding Agents



Figure 6 Variation of Liquid Limit with lime

Variation of Plastic Limit with Lime with Lime and RHA Combination

s Binding Agents in

[email protected]

with Lime and RHA Combination



Table 3 Atterberg Limits of the Mixture

Test No.

Mix Proportion

Liquid Limit Plastic

Limit

Soil (%) Lime (%) RHA (%) PI Group

1 100 0 0 51 28 23 CH

2 98 3 0 48 29.4 18.6 MI & OI

3 96 6 0 46 31 15 MI & OI

4 94 9 0 42 32.4 9.6 MI & OI

5 92 12 0 38 33 5 MI & OI

6 90 15 0 35 32 3 MI & OI

7 97 0 5 51.6 29 22.6 MH & OH

8 94 0 10 52.4 30.8 21.6 MI & OI

9 91 0 15 53.3 32.4 20.9 MH & OH

10 88 0 20 53.5 33 20.5 MH & OH

11 95 3 5 49 30.2 18.8 MI & OI

12 92 3 10 49.4 32 17.4 MI & OI

13 89 3 15 50 33 17 MI & OI

14 86 3 20 50.6 34.6 16 MH & OH

15 93 6 5 47 33 14 MI & OI

16 90 6 10 48 33.8 14.2 MI & OI

17 87 6 15 49 35 13.5 MI & OI

18 84 6 20 50 36.2 13.8 MI & OI

19 91 9 5 44 33.5 10.5 MI & OI

20 88 9 10 43 34 9 MI & OI

21 85 9 15 45.3 36 9.3 MI & OI

22 82 9 20 48 37 11 MI & OI

23 89 12 5 40.5 34 6.5 MI & OI

24 86 12 10 41 34.8 6.2 MI & OI

25 83 12 15 42.8 36 6.8 MI & OI

26 80 12 20 46 36.8 9.2 MI & OI

27 87 15 5 36 33.8 2.2 MI & OI

28 84 15 10 39 35 4 MI & OI

29 81 15 15 40.7 36.5 4.2 MI & OI

30 78 15 20 43 35.9 7.1 MI & OI


Erosion Prone Zone


The Maximum Dry Densities (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Contents (OMC) of the

different admixtures with the original soil in varying proportion is shown in

data indicate that the optimum moisture content

decreases with increase of percentage of Lime and RHA up to a certain percentage. Variation

of MDD and OMC with Lime and RHA Combinations were shown (

curves it may be observed that with the increasi

soil increases gradually and maximum dry density

strength (UC Strength) of the different admixtures with the original soil in varying proportion

is shown in Table 5. According to Apa

(UC Strength) will be increased by 90.6 % for 10% RHA and the decrease in UCS is mainly

due to the excess addition of RHA. Unconfined Compressive Strength increased upto a

certain percentage with increase

increase upto a certain percentage in a long term

Figure 8 Variation of Plasticity Index with Lime and RHA combinations





different admixtures with the original soil in varying proportion is shown in

data indicate that the optimum moisture content increases and maximum dry density


of MDD and OMC with Lime and RHA Combinations were shown (Figure 9, 10).

curves it may be observed that with the increasing optimum moisture contents of admixed

soil increases gradually and maximum dry density decreases. Unconfined compressive


. According to Aparna Roy (2014), the unconfined compressive strength



certain percentage with increase of Lime and RHA and also shows significant strength

increase upto a certain percentage in a long term case (Figure. 11, 12).

Variation of Plasticity Index with Lime and RHA combinations

s Binding Agents in

[email protected]


different admixtures with the original soil in varying proportion is shown in Table 4. These

increases and maximum dry density


Figure 9, 10). From the

ng optimum moisture contents of admixed

decreases. Unconfined compressive


rna Roy (2014), the unconfined compressive strength



RHA and also shows significant strength

Variation of Plasticity Index with Lime and RHA combinations



Figure 9 Variation

Figure 10 Variation of OMC with Lime and RHA combinations.

hanappan Subash, P. Vincent and K. Sathya prabha


Variation of MDD with Lime and RHA combinations

Variation of OMC with Lime and RHA combinations.


[email protected]

of MDD with Lime and RHA combinations

Variation of OMC with Lime and RHA combinations.




Table 4 Maximum Dry Density & Optimum Moisture Content

No. of

Tests

Mix Proportion MDD OMC

Soil (%) Lime (%) RHA (%)

1 100 0 0 1.63 15.92

2 98 3 0 1.567 21.89

3 96 6 0 1.554 23.73

4 94 9 0 1.54 24.51

5 92 12 0 1.518 26.49

6 90 15 0 1.498 27.42

7 97 0 5 1.552 21.32

8 94 0 10 1.481 22.21

9 91 0 15 1.44 24.2

10 88 0 20 1.378 26.42

11 95 3 5 1.475 21.54

12 92 3 10 1.437 25.83

13 89 3 15 1.36 30.88

14 86 3 20 1.31 31.08

15 93 6 5 1.44 22.02

16 90 6 10 1.38 25.69

17 87 6 15 1.35 27.46

18 84 6 20 1.32 29.42

19 91 9 5 1.42 25.69

20 88 9 10 1.398 28.02

21 85 9 15 1.342 30.71

22 82 9 20 1.242 31.01

23 89 12 5 1.436 26.8

24 86 12 10 1.352 29.57

25 83 12 15 1.28 31.03

26 80 12 20 1.22 33.2

27 87 15 5 1.407 28.16

28 84 15 10 1.319 30.26

29 81 15 15 1.23 32.17

30 78 15 20 1.178 34.5



Table 5. Unconfined Compressive Strength

No of

Test

Mix Proportion UCS (KN/m2)

Soil (%) Lime (%) RHA (%) 0 Days 30

days

1 100 0 0 6.43 7.1

2 98 3 0 8.65 11.38

3 96 6 0 12.3 14.25

4 94 9 0 15.64 25.33

5 92 12 0 12.25 16.74

6 90 15 0 6.27 14.68

7 97 0 5 9.13 11.53

8 94 0 10 5.69 7.29

9 91 0 15 4.79 6.25

10 88 0 20 3.18 4.29

11 95 3 5 10.71 15.67

12 92 3 10 14.35 17.39

13 89 3 15 17.09 28.14

14 86 3 20 8.74 15.87

15 93 6 5 18.64 28.28

16 90 6 10 20.45 34.94

17 87 6 15 21.14 44.35

18 84 6 20 16.44 26.62

19 91 9 5 21.79 31.52

20 88 9 10 23.28 38.47

21 85 9 15 27.61 44.05

22 82 9 20 22.09 34.52

23 89 12 5 19.4 29.87

24 86 12 10 22.3 31.24

25 83 12 15 28.54 37.45

26 80 12 20 25.79 30.37

27 87 15 5 16.85 25.63

28 84 15 10 19.18 27.13

29 81 15 15 23.42 28.85

30 78 15 20 20.18 24.55


Erosion Prone Zone


Figure 11




Figure 10 Variation of OMC

Figure 11 Variation of USC (0 days)

s Binding Agents in

[email protected]



Figure 12

6. CONCLUSION

The soil samples are found to be Sandy Clay Loam (SCL) type in the study area. The soil

moisture of soil samples ranges from 3% to 19.69%. The results shown that all the soil

samples are slightly moist and few

was found mainly due to relatively high rate of permeability (k). Experimental study

performed in the laboratory has shown that waste materials like Rice Husk Ash have high

potential to be used in bulk quantity for soil stabilization work. The analysis of results

suggested marked improvement in UCS values of the stabilized soil samples in comparison

with that of the non stabilized soil. The high

Husk Ash proves its usefulness

curing of stabilized soil on the results of Unconfined Compressive Strength tests is also

studied. Use of RHA for soil stabilization considerably reduces the accumulat

and environmental pollution arising from such

stabilization of low strength cohesive soil with admixture of different materials like Rice

Husk Ash, lime etc, which are cheap and easily

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16(5), 943 – 949, 2012.

[3] Mukesh, A.P. and Dr. Patel, H.S., “A review on effects of stabilizing agents for

stabilization of weak soil”,

2012.



Figure 12 Variation of UCS (30 days)



samples are slightly moist and few aggregated soil grains breakaway. The fall in soil moisture



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[email protected]



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Documents

STABILIZATION MECHANISM FOR SOIL BY USING LIME AND …€¦ · Soil stabilization techniques were introduced using Rice husk ash (RHA) and Lime as stabiliz and thus effect of soil