SSWH16 The student will demonstrate an understanding of long-term causes of World War I and its global impact.

LONG-TERM CAUSES OF WWI:

M. A. I. N.

MILITARISM: •  Glorification of the military; war was made to be romantic

•  Countries feel threatened, start building up military

•  Navy was most important branch to build up

Alliances

• European nations signed alliances with one another promising to defend each other if attacked

• These alliances led to widespread distrust among nations

ALLIANCES: Feeling threatened by expansion & industrialization, countries began to form alliances with each other in case of war

TRIPLE ALLIANCE (CENTRAL POWERS):

• GERMANY

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

• OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• BULGARIA

TRIPLE ENTENTE (ALLIED POWERS):

• FRANCE

• RUSSIA (1917)

• GREAT BRITAIN

• UNITED STATES (1917)

• SERBIA

•  ITALY (LATER)

IMPERIALISM: •  Competition to gain more territory with access to more natural

resources and build the largest empire led to tension among nations

NATIONALISM: •  Strong sense of pride for one’s country

•  Big in France & Germany

•  Strong nationalism in Russia that caused Austria-Hungry to feel threatened

•  Balkan region: highest area of tension due to nationalism (known as the “powder keg of Europe”

a. Identify the causes of the war; include Balkan nationalism,

entangling alliances, and militarism. • Balkan nationalism:Many countries* in the Balkans wanted to extend and protect their borders

- Groups within these countries wanted to fight Austria to gain ethnic territory

*Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Serbia are located in the Balkan region*

Balkan Region

SHORT-TERM CAUSE OF WWI:

•  Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria)

•  Sarajevo, Bosnia

•  June 28, 1914

•  Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

•  Member of the Black Hand, Serbian nationalist group

•  Austria declares war on Serbia

ALLIANCES KICK IN: •  Austria-Hungary calls on

Germany

•  Serbia asked Russia for help

•  Russia asks France for help

•  Germany declares war on France

•  Germany invades Belgium, Great Britain declares war on Germany

WORLD WAR 1: CONDITIONS ON THE HOME FRONT

WESTERN FRONT:

•  Germany v. France

•  Began digging trenches to protect their armies from enemy fire (trench warfare)

•  Caused a stalemate; battle lines remained unchanged in France for 4 years

BATTLE OF VERDUN: •  February 21-December 18, 1916

•  Lasts 10 months

•  German strategy: to inflict mass casualties on the French in hopes of taking France

•  One of the longest & most devastating battles of the war

•  976,000 deaths

•  French won

TRENCH WARFARE: • Aerial of trenches

• No Man’s Land

“going over the top” was the only way to take territory

“trench foot”

EASTERN FRONT: •  Germany v. Russia

•  Russia was the least industrialized great power during WWI

•  Poorly equipped to fight a modern war

•  Russia left war in 1917 due to revolution

NEW MODERN TECHNOLOGY: • Machine guns

• Long range artillery gun

• Poison gas

• Tanks

• Airplanes

• Submarines (U-boats)

THE END: •  USA joins Allies, helps Allied Powers win

•  Germany signed an armistice on Nov. 11, 1918 at 11 AM

•  Paris Peace Conference:

*victories Allies met in Paris to decide Europe’s fate

*”Big Four:” US, France, Britain, Italy

*Wilson wanted “peace without victory”

*Fourteen Points

*League of Nations

c. Explain the major decisions made in the Versailles Treaty; include German

reparations and the mandate system that replaced Ottoman control.

Versailles Treaty (1919)

• German Reparations:-Germany had to admit total guilt for starting the war-Germany made to pay for the war, money they didn’t have-German navy and army limited in size

• Mandate system:-Territories of Germany and the Ottoman Empire, were taken away, and governed by the League of Nations until they could establish self-government

Wilson’s 14 Points and the League of Nations

• Woodrow Wilson proposed 14 Points, or ideas during the Versailles talks including the formation of the League of Nations

• The League would meet to try and prevent further world conflicts

• Though European countries joined the League, Congress voted against it

EUROPE IN SHAMBLES: • Because of stress of war, governments collapsed in:

1. Russia

2. Germany

3. Austria-Hungary

4. Ottoman Empire

HAPSBURG DYNASTY: • Family that ruled in Austria-Hungary for many centuries

• Collapsed after WWI due to food shortages, unstable government, influenced by Russian Revolution, and toll of war

COST OF WAR: •  More than 8.5 million men died in battle

•  About 18 million had been wounded, many left disabled for life

•  6-13 million civilians lost their lives

•  Most countries put all their money & resources into war, were left poor and dissatisfied (about $208 million)

•  Lost an entire generation of men