SSWH13 B

The Age of Enlightenment

• SSWH13: The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans

• b. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau and their relationship to politics and society.

SSWH13b

Enlighten: to illuminate; to furnish knowledge to; to instruct

Enlightenment:

After the Scientific Revolution and the new ways of thinking, scholars and philosophers began to question old ideas about nonscientific ideas and theories: government, religion, economics, and education.

New intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.

Also known as the Age of Reason

What is Enlightenment?

1. Reason: truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking

2. Nature: what was natural was also good and reasonable

3. Happiness: rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth

4. Progress: stressed that society and humankind could improve

5. Liberty: called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights

Five Concepts of Enlightenment Philosophers

John Locke

English Philosopher

1632-1704

Limited Democracy (Constitutional Monarchy)

Two Treatises of Government

Natural Rights PhilosophyWhat Does John Locke Say? (The Fox Parody) - @mrbettsclass - Duration: 3:01. by MrBettsClass 56,145 views

Government Philosophers

• His work contributed greatly to expanding Enlightenment thought

• Published Two Treatises of Government, 1690 • Natural Rights Philosophy• All men are born equal• Government derives (receives) its right to

govern from the people• Life, Liberty, Property – unalienable rights

• Greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776

To summarize:

French PhilosopherSent to Bastille in FranceExiled to England

Voltaire - Duration: 4:27. by AngelMelodyPhoto 7,301 views

Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)1694-1778

• Probably the most brilliant and influential of the philosophes

• Published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy and drama

• Wrote satires about clergy, aristocracy, government

• Sent to prison (Bastille) in France

• Exiled to England—made enemies there also

• Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech

In summary…

“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

1712-1778

1762: published The Social Contract

Inspired leaders of the French Revolution

3 Minute Philosophy: Jean Jacques Rousseau - Duration: 2:46. by Alvin Lee 17,725 views

Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Born in Switzerland, later lived in France• Won recognition as a writer of essays• Strange, brilliant, and controversial• “Man is born free, and everywhere he is

in chains.”• Only good government –freely formed

by the people and guided by the “general will” of society (direct democracy)• Agreed with Locke: legitimate

government – consent of the governed• Everyone equal, no titles of nobility• Influenced French Revolutionary leaders

In Summary….

The Social Contract by Jean Jacques Rousseau“I…therefore give the name “Republic” to every state that is governed by laws, no matter what the form of its administration may be; for only in such a case does the public interest govern, and the res republica rank as a reality…Laws are, properly speaking, only the conditions of civil association. The people, being subject to the laws, ought to be their author; the conditions of the society ought to be regulated…by those who come together to form it.”

1. Define Enlightenment

Following the Scientific Revolution: New intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

2. Both Rousseau and Locke believed in democracy; but, they believed in different forms. Locke believed in limited (constitutional monarchy) democracy and Rousseau believed in ____________ democracy.

3. Both Rousseau and Locke believed in the Natural Rights Philosophy: all men are created equal. However, Rousseau believed that titles of nobility should or should not be eliminated?

4. He was exiled from France and sent to live in England.

Review

direct

Should be eliminated

Voltaire

Two Treatises of Government

Natural Rights Philosophy

Sent to the Bastille in France

“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

Greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776

Greatly influenced the leaders of the French Revolution

Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech

Locke

Locke

Voltaire

Rousseau

Locke, RousseauVoltaire

Voltaire

Agreed with Locke: legitimate government – consent of the governed

Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech

1762: published The Social Contract

Life, Liberty, Property – unalienable rights

Cannot be separated from

Rousseau

Voltaire

Rousseau

Locke

unalienable