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SSUSH15A thru D & 16A
World War One
World War One
Pre-War Relations with Mexico
• An International Crisis was awaiting President
Woodrow Wilson when he took office in 1913.
• Neighboring Mexico was in a Revolution due to
years of poverty, oppressive laws, and dictatorship.
• 1884 – 1911: Mexico was under the control of a
Caudillo (Dictator) named Porfirio Diaz.
• 1911 – 1913: Democratically minded Francisco Madero
attempted to make changes as President
of Mexico until he was assassinated.
• 1913: General Victoriano Huerta seized power and
continued Mexico’s brutal & corrupt rule.
World War One
Pre-War Relations with Mexico
• President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the
new government and General Huerta was overthrow.
• 1914: Revolutionary Leader, Venustiano Carranza,
became President of Mexico.
• Anti-American Forces in Mexico opposed the new
president and Continued the Revolution.
• Mexican Revolutionary, Poncho Villa, raided towns
and ranches in the United States for supplies.
• Raids conducted by these Mexican Guerillas was also
intended to cause Woodrow Wilson to intervene.
World War One
Pre-War Relations with Mexico
• President Woodrow Wilson sent 6,000 U.S. Troops under
Maj. Gen. John J. Pershing to find & capture Poncho Villa.
• 1916 – 1917: The Mexican Punitive Expedition into Mexico succeeded in
routing the Mexican Guerillas and wounding Poncho Villa.
• It also served as a good training for the U.S. Army
troops that might soon enter World War One.
• However, growing concerns over the war in Europe
caused the President to recall the troops home.
• Unfortunately, the Mexican Expedition also damaged
U.S. Foreign relations with Latin America & Britain.
World War One
Pre-War Problems in Europe
• The roots of World War One date back to the 1860’s:
• 1848 – 1871: Nationalist Revolutions against
Austrian Rulers resulted in the
Unification of Germany & Italy.
• 1870 – 1871: Prussia fought the Franco-Prussian
War to solidify German Unification.
• 1882: The Triple Alliance between Germany, Italy
& Austria-Hungary was designed to protect
them from possible French Aggression.
• 1907: France, Britain, and Russia formed the Triple Entente to
protect themselves against the growing power of Germany.
World War One
The Naval Arms Race
• 1890’s: Germany began to build a naval fleet
to rival the British Navy.
• The British Navy responded by building the
Battleship known as the HMS Dreadnought.
Increased Steel Hull Thickness
Utilized Steam Turbine Propulsion
Armed with Heavy Caliber Guns
• Dreadnought styled Battleships became
symbols of National Power in the world.
Japan’s Battleship Satsuma (1906)
Germany’s SMS Rheinland (1907)
America’s USS South Carolina (1907)
Europe Goes to War
The Immediate Causes of WWI
SERBIA
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
GERMANY
RUSSIA
GREAT BRITAIN
FRANCE
28 July 1914
28 June 1914
29 Jul 1914
Russian Army Mobilizes to
Support Serbia
1 Aug 1914
Germany declared War on Russia Russian Troops
Struggle to Defend along Eastern Front
2 Aug 1914 Due to Alliance France pledges
Support to Russia 3 Aug 1914
Germany declares War on France
4 Aug 1914
Great Britain declared War on Germany
5 Aug 1914 12 Aug 1914
O T T O M A N
E M P I R E
Entered War in 1916 as Central Power
ITALY
Switched Sides in 1916
Declared War
Great Britain declared War on Austria
Assassinated Archduke Ferdinand
World War One
World War One
America’s Initial Response
• As a result of the war, the two alliances became known as:
• Central Powers = Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Until 1916)
• Allied Powers = • France, Britain, and Russia (Until 1917)
• When fighting began, President Woodrow Wilson declared Neutrality to
keep the United States out of foreign affairs.
• Many American Political and Military Leaders favored supporting the
Allied Powers to preserve the International Balance of Power in the world.
• Many American Businessmen with strong ties to Europe also supported and
invested in an Allied Victory.
• Britain influenced the American public by using Propaganda stories of
German war atrocities to gain their support.
World War One
The U.S. Moves Toward War
• 1914: J. P. Morgan and Co. became the leading U.S.
financer of the war for England & France.
• 1914: Britain deployed their navy to blockade
supplies headed for Germany or its allies.
• 1915: Germany changed their naval policy to
begin Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
against all ships in British waters.
• 7 May 1915: A German Submarine (U-Boat)
sunk the British Passenger Liner
Lusitania, killing about 1200 people.
• Many outraged Americans called for war with
Germany.
World War One
The Sinking of the Lusitania: Analyzing Point of View
World War One
The U.S. Moves Toward War
• President Woodrow Wilson steered the middle course on the issue:
He refused to take Extreme Measures against Germany
But, he insisted in Safeguarding Noncombatant Lives
• Mar 1916: Wanting to avoid bringing the U.S. into the war,
Germany agreed to the Sussex Pledge.
Promised not to sink merchant ships without proper warning.
• Jan 1917: The U.S. received a copy of a German Telegram sent to Mexico
offering an alliance between them against the United States.
Promising to provide Mexico with financial and military support
Promising to help them get back Texas, Arizona, & New Mexico
President Venustiano Carranza declined the generous offer
World War One The Zimmerman Telegram: Analyzing Point of View
Coded Telegram sent to Mexico Decoded Telegram sent by Britain
World War One
The U.S. Moves Toward War
• American’s called for war again after reports of the telegram reached the
newspapers.
President Woodrow Wilson tried to avoid conflict
based on unverified accusations.
Mar 1917: German Secretary, Arthur Zimmerman,
admitted that the telegram was true.
• By Mar 1917: Germany resumed Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.
Mar - Apr 1917: 6 U.S. Merchant Ships were sunk with 63 lives lost.
• 2 Apr 1917: President Woodrow
Wilson asked Congress to
Declare War on Germany.
World War One
The U.S. Mobilizes for War
• 18 May 1917: President Woodrow Wilson and Congress enacted the
Selective Service Act.
Registration of ALL Males
between 21 and 20 years old.
Individuals were drawn by
random lottery.
No Substitutions were authorized (like in the Civil War).
• Aug 1918: Congress Amended the drafting age to between 18 and 45.
2 Million American men had volunteered for service.
2.8 Million American men were drafted into the service.
By the end of World War One:
World War One
• World War One is the first war in which Women
Officially Served in the Armed Forces.
Only allowed in non-combat positions.
U.S. Navy was the first to enlist them
for clerical and nursing services.
• Over 11,000 served in the Navy.
U.S. Army hired civilians for clerical jobs.
U.S. Army enlisted women as Nurses.
U.S. Army Nurses were the only enlisted
women to actually serve overseas.
• Over 20,000 served in the Army.
The U.S. Mobilizes for War
World War One
• The United States had to quickly organize and mobilize its work force.
July 1917: The War Industries Board (WIB) was created to
coordinate the production of war materials.
Mar 1918: The National War Labor Board (NWLB) was established to
prevent strikes from disrupting the war effort.
Prominent Labor Attorneys to mediate disputes.
Pressured Industries to grant concessions to workers.
Increased Membership in Unions occurred.
• Increased Industrial job opportunities for Women & African-Americans.
The U.S. Mobilizes for War
The “Great Migration” = About 500,000 African-Americans left the
South to take Industrial Jobs in Northern Cities.
World War One
• The Government needed about $44
Million a day to conduct the war.
• They borrowed more than $20
Billion from Americans.
• Agreeing to pay it back with
interest after the war.
• The Federal Food Administration, under
Secretary Herbert Hoover, asked
Americans to plant “Victory Gardens.”
• The Federal Fuel Administration, under
Harry Garfield, introduced “Daylight
Savings Time” to conserve fuel..
U.S. Public Support for the War
World War One
• The Committee of Public Information was given the
task of “Selling the War” to the American Public.
• Former “Muckraker” Journalists George Creel
headed the agency.
• Hired Artists, Authors, Songwriters, Entertainers.
• “Four-Minute Men” gave motivational public speeches.
• The Espionage Act of 1917:
The U.S. Mobilizes for War
Made it illegal to for anyone to aid the enemy.
• The Sedition Act of 1918: Made it illegal to for anyone to publically speak
against the war, the government, or president.
• 1919: Supreme Court, in Schenck –vs- the U.S., ruled against Freedom of
Speech if the words posed a “Clear and Present Danger” to National Security.
World War One
• Maj. Gen. John J. “Black Jack” Pershing commanded
the American Expeditionary Force in World War I .
They were engaged in 13 different campaigns.
2 Million American “Doughboys” served in Europe.
• The most famous battles were:
Chateau-Thierry (May 1918)
Belleau Wood (June 1918)
The Marne (Jul-Aug 1918)
Saint Mihiel (Sept 1918)
Argonne Forest (Sep-Nov 1918)
The U.S. in World War I
• 11 Nov 1918: Armistice Signed
World War One
• Some Famous U.S. Units and Fighting Men of World War One included:
308th U.S. Inf: The Lost Battalion 369th U.S. Inf: Hellfighters of Harlem
Sergeant
Alvin C. York
Company G,
328th U.S.
Infantry
The U.S. in World War I
Captain
Eddie
Rickenbacker
U.S. Air
Service
Major
Charles
Whittlesey
308th U.S.
Infantry
World War One
Providing Justice for all People and Nationalities
Promoting the Right of Self-Determination
Establishing a General Association for World Peace
• President Woodrow Wilson presented his plan known as
the “Fourteen Points.”
• The other three leaders of the “Big Four” didn’t agree with the proposal.
• 28 June 1919: Despite the President’s hopes, the terms of the “Treaty of
Versailles” signed by Germany were very harsh.
The Flawed Peace
The harshest part of the treaty was known as the “War Guilt Clause.”
It required Germany to pay $33 Billion in Reparations (War Damages).
• Although the treaty adopted the idea for a “League of Nations”, the
United States refused to ratify the treaty or join the new organization.
World War One
The War’s Impact
• Loosened Government Controls after the war caused:
Race to buy goods = Rapid Rise in Prices = Increased Inflation
Ultimately, the Cost of Living rose more than 15%
• Operating Cost for Companies also caused:
New Restriction on Wages = Dissatisfied Workers = Wave of Strikes
Feb 1919: Shipyard Workers in Seattle sparked a “General Strike.”
Sep 1919: Boston Police Strike caused mass Rioting and Looting.
1919 - 1920: U.S. Steel experienced a “General” Steelworkers Strike.
• July 1919: Chicago Race Riot occurred over jobs and segregated beaches.
• Strikes caused a fear of Communist Revolution known as the “Red Scare.”
• J. Edgar Hoover headed the new Federal Bureau of Investigation to arrest
and deport radical foreigners advocating violence