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SSSSSSSSS Dr A Yeung CICU, RHTSK

SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

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Page 1: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

SSSSSSSSS  

Dr  A  Yeung  CICU,  RHTSK  

Page 2: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

History  

•  M/48,  single,  clerk,  NSND,  no  drug  abuse  •  Hx  of  obesity,  ?eczema  on  topical  herbs  •  AdmiJed  x  fever/dry  cough  x  few  days  •  Associated  with  diffuse  erythematous  rash  one  week  before  admission,  followed  by  skin  peeling  

•  Erythema  already  subsided  on  admission  

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P.E.    •  Feverish    •  Grossly  obese,  esSmated  BMI>35  •  Poor  hygiene  •  HS  dual,  no  murmur  •  Chest  clear  •  Abd  soX,  no  tenderness  or  organomegaly  •  GCS  full,  neck  soX,  no  focal  neurology  •  MulSple  patches  of  ?sepSc  spots,  folliculiSs  with  desquamaSon  

•  Mucosa  intact    

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P.E.  

Page 5: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

P.E.  

Page 6: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

P.E.  

Page 7: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Progress  

•  ECG  :  AF,  VR  ~160/min,  no  ischemic  changes  •  CXR  :  increased  CTR,  mild  congesSon    •  Pus  swab  and  blood  culture  done  •  Given  empirical  Tazocin  

Page 8: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Progress  

•  Noted  sudden  drop  in  GCS  to  E4M5-­‐6V4  twelve  hours  aXer  admission  

•  Associated  with  decreased  R  side  movement    •  SepSc  shock  •  Taken  to  ICU  x  further  management  

Page 9: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

CT  Brain  

Page 10: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Progress  

•  Further  drop  in  GCS  and  labile  breathing  •  Intubated  elecSvely  

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Progress  

•  Bedside  USG  abd  :  – GB  wall  mildly  thickened,  no  pericholecysSc  fluid,  liver  normal,  CBD  not  dilated,  bilateral  kidneys  normal  

Page 12: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

TTE  

•  Fair  echogenicity  due  to  gross  obesity  

Page 13: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

TTE  

Page 14: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

TTE  

Page 15: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

TTE  

Page 16: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

TTE  

Page 17: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

TTE  

Page 18: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

TEE  

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TEE  

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TEE  

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Progress  

•  Blood  culture  x  2  :  GPC  •  Pus  swab  :  GPC  •  Imp:  folliculiSs  with  IE  and  cardioembolic  stroke  

•  Seen  by  neurologist  :  not  to  start  aspirin  or  anScoagulaSon  as  high  risk  of  hemorrhagic  transformaSon  

Page 22: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Repeat  CT  Brain  

Page 23: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

CT  Report  

•  Newly  noted  heterogenous  hypodense/isodense  changes  in  large  area  of  R  parietal-­‐temporal  region,  with  extension  to  R  insular  cortex  and  external  capsule.  ?Infarct/abscess  

•  L  MCA  infarct  •  Small  infarcts,  abscesses  or  cerebriSs  over  L  frontal  lobe  

Page 24: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

QuesSon  

•  How  to  explain  the  diffuse  erythematous  rash  and  subsequent  patchy  desquamaSon?  

•  Proceeded  to  skin  biopsy  

Page 25: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Skin  Biopsy  

•  Presence  of  subcorneal  cleXs  •  No  epidermal  necrosis,  spongiosis,  subepidermal  blister  formaSon  or  vacuolar  degeneraSon  

•  Superficial  dermis  :  mild  perivascular  chronic  inflammatory  infiltrate  

•  No  vasculiSs  or  viral  inclusion  •  Gram  stain  and  fungal  stain  are  negaSve  •  Diagnosis  :  Staphyloccocal  scaled  skin  syndrome  

Page 26: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Progress  

•  Given  IE  dose  of  Vancomycin/Gentamicin  then  Cloxacillin/Gentamicin  (MSSA)  

•  Chlorhexidine  bathing  BD  •  FolliculiSs  subsided  •  Fever  down,  repeated  blood  cultures  –ve    •  Best  GCS  E2VTM3  •  Consulted  QMH  CTS  :  not  for  surgical  intervenSon  as  high  hemorrhagic  risk  with  cardiopulmonary  bypass  

Page 27: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Progress  

•  Tracheostomy  done,  weaned  off  venSlator  •  Discharged  to  general  ward  on  Day  12  •  RelaSves  agree  DNACPR  in  view  of  poor  neurology  

•  Succumbed  20  days  aXer  ICU  discharge  

Page 28: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Summary  

•  A  paSent  with  extensive  MSSA  folliculiSs  complicated  by  SepScemia,  infecSve  endocardiSs,  Staphylococcal  Scalded  Skin  Syndrome,  mulSple  SepSc  embolic  Stroke    

•  SSSSSSSSS  

Page 29: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Discussion  

•  Staphylococcal  Scalded  Skin  Syndrome  •  Neurological  complicaSons  of  IE  

Page 30: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Staphylococcal  Scalded  Skin  Syndrome  

•  First  reported  1972  •  Other  names  :  – RiJer  von  RiJerschein  disease  – RiJer  disease  – Lyell  disease  – Staphylococcal  epidermal  necrolysis  

•  Spectrum  – Bullous  impeSgo  to  SSSS  

Page 31: SSSSSSSSS - HKSCCMhksccm.org/files/Presentations/SSSSSSSSS.pdf · Pathophysiology" • AninfeconcausedbyS.aureuscommonlyatsites suchasoral/nasalcavies,throat,umbilicus • Producon"of"

Clinical  Features  

•  Primarily  in  neonates  and  infants    •  Diffuse  erythema  followed  by  flaccid  bullae  and  wrinkling  or  widespread  erosions  

•  No  mucosal  involvement  •  Nikolsky’s  sign  +ve  

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SSSS  in  Adults  

•  Uncommon  •  <50  cases  reported  •  Usually  in  paSents  with  renal  insufficiency  or  immunocompromised  

•  Less  than  5  cases  reported  in  apparently  immunocompetent  adults  –  believed  to  be  due  to  heavy  load  of  Staphyloccus  aureus  

Opal,  S.M.;  Johnson-­‐Winegar,  A.D.;  Cross,  A.S.  Staphylococcal  scalded  skin  syndrome  in  two  immunocompetent  adults  caused  by  exfoliaSn  B-­‐producing  Staphylococcus  aureus.  J.  Clin.  Microbiol.  1988  

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Pathophysiology  

•  An  infecSon  caused  by  S.  aureus  commonly  at  sites  such  as  oral/nasal  caviSes,  throat,  umbilicus  

•  ProducSon  of  EpidermolySc  toxins  A  and  B  (ETA  and  ETB)  

•  ETA  and  ETB  are  proteases  with  high  substrate  specificity  which  selecSvely  hydrolyze  desmosomal  proteins  in  skin  

•  Prevalence  of  ETA  does  not  differ  significantly  among  MRSA  and  MSSA  

 Toxins  (Basel).  May  2010;  2(5):  1148–1165.  

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Histology  of  Normal  Skin  

•  Skin  is  made  up  of  2  layers  :  epidermis  and  dermis  

•  Dermis  contains  the  skin  appendages,  e.g.  sebaceous  glands,  hair  follicles,  vessels,  sweat  glands,  sensory  organs,  etc.  

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Histology  of  Normal  Skin  

•  Epidermis  consists  of  5  layers,  from  top  to  boJom  :  –  Stratum  lucidum  –  Stratum  corneum    –  Stratum  granulosum  –  Stratum  spinosum    –  Stratum  basale  

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The  ETs  selecSvely  hydrolyze  Dsg-­‐1  

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Histology  of  SSSS

Desquamated  epidermis  is  limited  to  stratum  corneum  and  small  porSon  of  granular  layer    

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Histology  of  SSSS  

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Why  SSSS  not  common  in  adults?  

•  Hypotheses  :  – ?neutralizing  anSbodies  –  Increased  renal  clearance  of  ETA  and  ETB  in  mature  kidneys  

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Diagnosis  

•  Clinical  +  Presence  of  S.  aureus  in  nasal,  conjuncSval,  pharyngeal,  umbilical,  or  other  swabs  

•  Full-­‐thickness  skin  biopsy  •  Immunological  assay  of  Staphylococcal  ETA  or  ETB  (not  rouSnely  a/v)  

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Treatment  

•  SupporSve  •  RehydraSon  •  Topical  wound  care  •  AnSbioScs  for  S.  aureus  

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Prognosis  

•  Mortality  among  children  with  treatment  <5%  •  Mortality  among  adult  20-­‐59%  due  to  comorbidiSes  

 

Cribier,  B.;  Piemont,  Y.;  Grosshans,  E.  Staphylococcal  scalded  skin  syndrome  in  adults.  A  clinical  review  illustrated  with  a  new  case.  J.  Am.  Acad.  Dermatol.  1994  

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DDx  

•  Toxic  epidermal  necrolysis  (TEN)  •  Toxic  shock  syndrome  (TSS)  •  Pustular  psoriasis  •  Pemphigus  

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TEN  

•  Prodromal  consStuSonal  symptoms  invariably  precede  mucocutaneous  manifestaSons:  malaise,  fever,  headache,  cough,  rhinorrhea  

•  Large,  poorly  defined  erythematous  or  purpuric  macules  appear  and  coalesce  to  form  large  bullae  

•  Sheets  of  epidermis  desquamate  •  >30%  BSA  •  +ve  Nikolsky’s  sign  •  Mucosal  involvement  

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TEN  

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TEN  

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Histology  

•  TEN  – Full  thickness  epidermal  necrosis  and  subepidermal  blister  

– The  enSre  epidermis  is  present  in  the  desquamated  sheets  

– Dermal  inflammaSon  less  marked  

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Why  need  to  differenSate?  

•  TEN  :  rouSne  anSbioSc  may  cause  harm  •  SSSS  :  anSbioScs  needed  

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TSS  

•  Associated  with  tampon  use.  Other  assoc.  :  abscesses,  postpartum  wound,  burns,  IVDA,  etc.  

•  Occurs  in  persons  of  all  ages  and  sexes  •  Presents  with  diffuse  macular  erythroderma,  most  prevalent  on  trunk,  followed  by  peeling  

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Histology  

•  TSS  :  – KeraSnocyte  necrosis  at  all  levels  of  epidermis  – Ballooning  degeneraSon  may  be  present  – Papillary  dermis  characterized  by  diffuse,  prominent  edema  

– Perivascular  lymphocySc  infiltrate    

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Epidermal  and  Dermal  Necrosis  in  TSS  

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VasculiSs  in  TSS  

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Pathophysiology  of  TSS  

•  S.  aureus  related  epidermal  toxin,  known  as  toxin  1  (TSST-­‐1)  or  enterotoxin  B  or  C  act  as  superanSgens  that  bind  to  major  histocompaSbility  anSgens  and  sSmulate  cytokine  producSon  (TNF,  interleukin-­‐1)  by  macrophages  

•  Streptococcal  related  TSS  are  associated  with  group  A  Streptococcus  infecSon  (necroSzing  fasciliSs/myosiSs),  caused  by  pyrogenic  exotoxins  

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Staphylococcal  TSS  

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Streptococcal  TSS  

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TSS  

•  DifferenSate  from  SSSS  – TSS  usually  a  clinical  diagnosis  – SSSS  usually  occurs  in  neonates/infants  – SSSS  usually  has  no  mulSsystem  involvement  – SSSS  tends  to  start  from  head  and  neck  region  while  TSS  starts  from  trunk  

– Less  blister  formaSon  in  TSS  

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Psoriasis  

•  A  relapsing  and  remivng  condiSon,  characterized  by  well  circumscribed,  red-­‐pink  plaques  covered  by  layers  of  silvery  white  scale  

•  Prominent  on  knees,  elbows,  trunk  and  scalp  •  Variants:  guJate,  erythrodermic  and  pustular  psoriasis  

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Pustular  Psoriasis  

•  Uncommon  form  of  psoriasis  with  widespread  pustules  on  an  erythmatous  background  

•  Generalized  or  localized  •  Typically  in  adults  

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Histology  

•  Pustular  psoriasis:  – AccumulaSons  of  neutrophils  in  epidermis,  forming  a  pustule  

– Plus  other  features  of  psoriasis,  namely,  parakeratosis,  thickened  epidermis,  suprapapillary  thinning  

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Treatment  

•  RehydraSon    •  Correct  electrolytes  •  Methrotrexate,  Cyclosporine,  Steroid,  PUVA  •  AnSbioScs  not  indicated  unless  signs  of  infecSon  

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Pemphigus  

•  Autoimmune,  intraepithelial  blistering  disease  •  Affects  skin  and  mucosal  membrane  •  Mediated  by  circulaSng  autoanSbodies  against  desmosomes  in  epidermis  

•  Cutaneous  lesions  usually  arises  on  healthy-­‐appearing  skin  

•  Nikolsky's  sign  +ve  

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Histology  

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Immunofluorescence  using  an  anS-­‐IgG  anSbody  

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Neurological  ComplicaSons  of  IE  

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Neurological  ComplicaSons  of  IE  

•  TIA  •  Embolic  stroke  •  ICH  •  MycoSc  aneurysm  •  MeningiSs    •  Cerebral  abscess  •  Encephalopathy    

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Neurological  ComplicaSons  of  IE  

•  Most  neurological  Cx  occur  early  during  course  of  IE  

•  20-­‐40%  in  IE  paSents  •  37-­‐55%  in  IE  paSents  requiring  ICU  care  

Sonneville  et  al.  Annals  of  Intensive  Care  2011,  1:10  

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TIA/Embolic  Stroke  

•  >40%  affects  MCA  •  Incidence  decreases  with  appropriate  anSbioScs  –  4.82/1000  paSent  days  in  first  week  to  1.71/1000  paSent  days  in  second  week  

•  Higher  risks  if  :    – Mitral  valve  vegetaSon  –  ProstheSc  valve  vegetaSon    –  Larger  vegetaSon  >10mm  – Mobile  vegetaSon  –  S.  aureus     Sonneville  et  al.  Annals  of  Intensive  Care  

2011,  1:10  

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TIA/Embolic  Stroke  

•  No  indicaSon  for  iniSaSon  of  anSthromboSc  drugs  (thrombolySc  drugs,  anScoagulant  or  anSplatelet)  during  acSve  phase  of  IE  

•  In  paSents  already  receiving  oral  anScoagulant,  it  should  be  replaced  by  unfracSonated  heparin  for  at  least  2  weeks  with  close  monitoring  

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?Aspirin  

•  No  convincing  data  to  support  its  iniSaSon  •  InterrupSon  of  anSplatelet  therapy  is  not  recommended  in  the  absence  of  bleeding  

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ICH  

•  12-­‐30%  of  neurological  Cx  of  IE  •  Hemorrhagic  transformaSon  of  ischemic  infarcts  by  sepSc  emboli  is  involved  in  1/3  

•  Other  mechanisms  involved  :  – Thrombocytopenia  – AnScoagulaSon  therapy  – Rupture  mycoSc  aneurysm  

•  MRI  reveals  an  even  higher  incidence  of  microbleeds  

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Intracranial  MycoSc  Aneurysms    

•  RelaSvely  rare,  <10%  neurological  Cx  of  IE  •  SepSc  embolizaSon  to  vasa  vasorum  •  ICMA  mulSple  in  25%  of  cases  •  Most  common  in  distal  branches  of  MCA  •  Streptococci  >  S.  aureus  >  others  •  CT  angiography  and  MRA  able  to  detect  ICMA  >5mm    •  Monitoring  with  serial  imaging  is  needed  •  Most  resolve  with  appropriate  anSbioScs  •  May  need  neurosurgery  if  mass  effect  or  enlarging  despite  anSbioScs  

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MeningiSs  

•  SepSc  or  asepSc  response  to  brain  ischemia  or  hemorrhage  

•  2-­‐20%  of  paSents  with  IE  •  Up  to  40%  of  neurological  Cx  of  IE  •  May  add  fluoroquinolone  or  rifampicin  if  S.  aureus    

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Brain  Abscess  

•  Reported  in  13%  of  paSents  with  IE  •  Mostly  S.  aureus  

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CirculaSon.  2010;121:1141-­‐1152  

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ImplicaSons  of  Neurologic  ComplicaSons  during  Cardiac  Surgery  •  Risk  of  cardiopulmonary  bypass  :  – Hemorrhagic  transformaSon  due  to  heparin  – Hypotension  further  exacerbate  cerebral  ischemia  

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Controversies  

•  In  many  series,  surgery  independently  associated  with  lower  mortality  ?selecSon  bias  

•  Early  (within  72  hours)  vs  late  (delay  2  weeks)  

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RecommendaSons  •  The  Task  Force  on  the  PrevenSon,  Diagnosis,  and  Treatment  of  InfecSve  EndocardiSs  by  the  European  Society  of  Cardiology  – AXer  a  silent  cerebral  embolism  or  TIA,  surgery  is  recommended  without  delay  if  indicaSon  remains  

– AXer  a  stroke,  surgery  indicated  for  heart  failure,  uncontrolled  infecSon,  abscess  or  persisSng  high  embolic  risk  should  not  be  delayed  

– AXer  ICH,  surgery  must  be  postponed  for  at  least  1  month  

•  This  recommendaSon  does  not  apply  to  comatous  paSents  

 Eur  Heart  J  2009  

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Cardiac  Surgery  :  Factors  to  Consider  

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Prognosis    

•  Mortality  for  IE  :  18%  •  Mortality  with  prostheSc  valve  IE  :  22-­‐33%  •  Mortality  for  paSents  with  IE  requiring  ICU  care  :  45-­‐57%  

Sonneville  et  al.  Annals  of  Intensive  Care  2011,  1:10  

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Take  Home  Messages  

•  Think  of  SSSS  in  blistering  adult  paSents  with  renal  impairment  or  immunocompromised  

•  May  consider  full-­‐thickness  skin  biopsy  if  in  doubt  

•  Poor  prognosis  for  those  with  IE  requiring  ICU  care  

•  Early  appropriate  anSbioScs  for  IE  to  minimize  neurological  complicaSons  

•  ?Early  cardiac  surgery  if  indicated  

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THANK  YOU  QuesSons?