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Solar Energy PowerGeneration:Introduction

Sky Resources Solar Technology Co., LTD ----projects Management Training document


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Clarification of the SolarEnergy Power GeneratingFollowing two type of the solar energy power generating

Grid-off solar energy power generatingMain used in the area where is no electricity supply or the

telecommunication station which is faraway from the electricity net

or the wireless places.

Key componentssolar panelbatteryintelligent controllerinverterelectricity distributionand anti-lighting system. (electricity distribution is close to theactive load).

Advantagesoffer the independent electricity net which will not restricted bythe local public electricity net.

Disadvantagesmuch waste of the energy resources or can controller theuse of the solar energy resources. the electricity use is high restricted by theweather condition, the low efficiency of use and high investment, a little low systemlife span (especially say the batters life span).


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Grid-On PV System

Main use in the place where the city electricity distribution net. It isthe lead direction of New energy from home and all over the world.

Key components:solar panelgrid-on inverter electricity distribution andanti-lighting systemmuch simple ).

Advantageshigh efficient use of the systemlong life spantheinvestment cost is some lowerthe use of the electricity will not restricted by thesystem itself and the weather conditioninfluence.

Disadvantagesthe return of the electricity powered by solar will berestricted by the local public electricity net.


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The Independent Grid-off Solar Energy PowerGenerating System Detailed Introduction


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Solar Panel/ModuleSolar Panel is a generating equipment which

can transfer the solar light energy to the DC

electricity energy. It is made as a single

panel when use according to the different

requirements on the power output and its

voltage. It also can be used as several solarpanel connected in series (which is to meet

the demands on voltage) and connected in

parallel (which is to meet the demands on

current). this way can make as the

panel/modules arrays to supply much higher

electricity demands. the solar panel/modules

has many advantages such as high powerefficiency on arealong life span, and high

reliabilityduring the use period, the loss of

the output power is less than 20%.


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The features of Volt-Amperefor PV solar panelGenerally speakingthe solar

panel electricity generating is

increased in percentage with

the intensity of the sunlight.With the surface temperature

increased of the solar panel

slightly decreased.

The so-called general of the

solar panels that power is inthe sunlight intensity of 1000

W/M2, components, surface

temperature is 20 , Imax *

Umax value.


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Photovoltaic module installation angle

Photovoltaic module installed inclination should be guaranteed to receive themaximum sunlight exposure, in normal circumstances components and thehorizontal direction for the local latitude 5to 10. That is, when thereduction in the summer, when the increase in the winter. If a fixed angle

brackets, the use of local latitude tilt angle. For example, the city of Shantou to23.42latitude.


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Battery discharge curves

10 hour rate (0.1 CA), 5 hour rate (0.17 CA), 3 hours rate (0.25 CA)discharge termination voltage: 10.8 V /set; 1 hour rate (0.55 CA) dischargetermination voltage: 10.5 V / set

Termination of battery discharge voltage minimum not more than 9.6 V / only

to ensure that the battery will not over-discharge.


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the relationship between Battery lifeand temperature curve

In the environmental temperature 15 to 25 and the proper use of circumstances, theuse of rechargeable batteries floating design life of 5 to 8 years. Environmentaltemperature on the battery life is greatly affected when the ambient temperature every

10 increased battery life of about 50 % reduction. Therefore, to extend battery life,the battery should be maintained as far as possible in 15 to 25 .


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Block diagram of the solar controller


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Small PV power Intelligent ControllerCharacteristics1. Solar protection reverse: solar + and - to the anti-

polarity, after correct, it can continue to use.

2. Battery Open circuit protection: If the battery breaks, andbatteries can be rechargeable normally, the controllerwill be limited at both ends of load voltage, to ensurethat the load is not injury, if at night or solar battery notbe chartered, the controller due to its own access toelectricity, will not have any action;

3. Overcharge protection: protection of charge voltagehigher than the voltage, automatic shutdown ofrechargeable batteries. When the voltage then swap tomaintain voltage, battery enter Float state, when lessthan restoring voltage Float closed, are sufficient toenter the state. Have sufficient voltage protection andrestoration of both temperature compensation voltageFloat;

4. When the battery voltage is lower than the protection ofvoltage, the controller automatically shut down outputin order to protect the battery from damage;

5. Over voltage protection: When high voltage, output shutdown automatically to protect against electricaldamage. A charge, the release of over-voltageprotection are delayed action to prevent thedisoperation.

6. With temperature compensation function

7. Variety of control options functions: general charge anddischarge mode, light is turned off mode, the openingof the shutdown mode

Small PV power

Intelligent Controller

5A10A


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Mid-Power Photovoltaic Controller1.LCD display: LCD shows Users Display System important

information such as the battery voltage, the chargeCurrent and discharge Current, the operation mode and thesystem parameters, system status by the digital and English

2. Automatic / manual / night features: Programmable Load ControlWays to automatically or manually. Manual, manual loadOpen or closed. At this time, the evening function invalid. Whenchoosing night function, the controller closed in the daytime loaddetection evening,Automatically after a period of time delayed opening load,regular time, it has been Dynamic load shut down. Regular timeand delay time based programmable Determined;

3. Protection features: over-charged, over-discharged, outputoverload, over -Pressure, high temperature protection;

4. Float voltage with the temperature compensation function;

5 fast charging functions: the battery voltage falls below a certainvalue, rapid Start charging automatically, the controller willincrease battery power Pressure, when the battery voltageachieve the desired value, started fast charging WhenCountdown procedures, regular time, with rapid charging state.Therefore, Full use of solar energy.

6. Automatic identification functions: the first power, in accordancewith electrical storage controller Pool automatic identificationterminal voltage is 12 V or 24 V system;

7. Mode: normal charge-discharge mode, light is turned off mode,- The opening of the shutdown mode.

Mid-Power Photovoltaic Controller

20A30A


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High-Power Photovoltaic Controller


50A-100A

Standard 4UCabinets


150A-200A

Standard 6U Cabinets


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Waterproof Outdoor Mount

250A-400A

1200 StandardCabinets

100A-200A


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The characteristics of the High-PowerPhotovoltaic Controller (1) DSP chip microcomputer control, the charge and discharge parameters,

temperature compensation coefficient programmable arbitrary , can

adapt to the special requirements of different occasions.

LCD dot matrix modules that operate in both English and Chinese menu, users

can switch choice;

Various LED indicator to display photovoltaic charge state and load-off state;

9 touch buttons;

Control circuit totally isolated from the main circuit, high anti-jamming capability;

1-18 Road solar input control; Real-time display battery voltage, load current, the total current

photovoltaic, Each PV current, battery temperature, the total number of

hours photovoltaic power generation, the cumulative load of electricity,

and some like several dozen parameters;


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The characteristics of the High-PowerPhotovoltaic Controller (2) the historical data and Statistics show: the number of charge cycles, the number of

discharges, the number of overload, short-circuit number;Programmable voltage generator start-up and shutdown, secondary load-off voltage, windgenerator unloading and recovery voltage, street photosensitive parameters such as voltageswitch;

Users can set up a rechargeable battery discharge protection and the protection of the load-off

state; With the Second ability to control, that is the main load and secondary load in different battery

voltage electrical point of control;

Various charge pressure of a "backlash" control functions, to prevent oscillation switch into thestate;

Protection features: with a rechargeable battery, a discharge, output overload, short-circuit,surge, solar or battery against a short circuit to the anti-battery at night and a series of anti-anti-sufficient warning and protection;

RS232/485 interfaces can be allocated to facilitate long-distance remote, remote control; PCcontrol software can be measured real-time data, alarm information, change control parameters,read the daily 30 days maximum battery voltage, battery voltage minimum daily PV and thetotal volume of electricity consumed by the daily load accumulated historical data;

Parameter settings and the ability to password-protect users may modify password;


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The characteristics of the High-PowerPhotovoltaic Controller (3) Warning: over-voltage, under-voltage, overload, short-circuit protection, such as alarm;

Multi-channel output report to the police or passive control contact: a rechargeable battery, abattery discharge, Diesel boot control, load disconnect, controller fault; other user-selectablebackup alarm contact, such as flood alarm;

Work step by step-ladder pattern of limited mode, PWM mode, the opening of the off-model-turned-down mode, the clock control mode, the light is turned off early-model, which is themodel for the first two occasions common load, After four model load occasions against thelights, all the length and timing clock delay can be set up;

Users can also set up parameters including: are charging pressure, Float voltage, voltageabsorption launched voltage regulator dynamic coefficient of static coefficient Regulators arefilling state time and state absorption time.

Do not brown-out real-time clock function, display and set the clock;

Lightning: According to system requirements, install different levels of mine devices;

A temperature compensation function;

Portfolio ingenious: alone, but also complementary components scenery, inverter controlintegration models


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The characteristics of the inverterHigh reliability for new energy generation power plants are often installed

in the mountain and pastoral areas, border, islands, and other trafficinconvenience, if there are large temperature difference between day andnight, high-altitude and thin air caused by heat, insulation, as well asfacing long transport , once a power failure, repair, the more difficult andtherefore the reliability of the power supply to more stringent requirements.

High efficiency, the current generation of new energy sources, high costper unit of electricity, the solar panels is expensive, improving theefficiency of inverter power than improving the efficiency of solar panelsmore efficient and more economical.

Specifically for high altitude, cold zone designed to be at an altitude of6,000 m and -40 use of ambient temperature (Note: the need for theuse of descending).

With the discharge of the battery protection, photovoltaic power plants,wind power is often used for the power station on the battery chargecontroller, real-time management of discharge, the battery will be over-

discharge protection with its own power inverter power supply devices toachieve, not only simplify circuit, reduce costs, but also can avoid theconventional DC motor controller-off arising from the widening arc, thusenhancing the reliability of the system.


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Block diagram of the inverter


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On the load configuration Equipment (or other electrical appliances used) on the plate are

generally rated current, voltage data, they are multiplied togetherto receive VA value corresponding power. Users must usecarefully inspect the load power in order to avoid overload. With

the general operation of electrical appliances in the state,especially in the standby power than the actual state of the markon some low power users to be used in the use of electricalappliances and of the nominal power, is starting at the same timeconsider the impact of current, best left 30 % of the power cushionto ensure reliable power supply;

The load should be considered motor-5 ~ 7 times thecushion to impact current.


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Inverter Power protection

protection instruction remarks

Output Over-load

protectionPower load more than 150%, 10 seconds

after the shutdown output delayNeed to be reset

shutdownShort circuitprotection If the output short circuit, inverter power will be

shut down automatically

To protect

against the

importation

Input DC voltage inverter to the anti-polarity, the

inverter will be automatically protected

Automatically

reset, that is, after

the failure to

eliminate the

output will

automatically

resume

Under-voltage Input DC voltage is lower than the under voltage

point, inverter power will be shut downautomatically

Over voltageInput DC voltage is higher than the pressure point,

inverter power will be shut down automatically

Over heating

protectionInverter Power Supply chassis temperature over

75, the output will be shut down automatically


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The discharged protection and recovery Protection of the over-discharged, the battery voltage required to return to work at 226 V or

above can start again. Backlash is set up in order to prevent voltage under voltage system

in the near oscillations, as shown in Figure 6.1.

Power attention when booting the first time if the battery voltage is in the release point andresume work between power will be in the state and show under voltage shutdown.

Over-discharged protection value and the restoration of working voltage values for thedefault settings (subject to user requirements set), general without adjustment. If and where

adjustments, in the PC board (SNMC) found on the potential for VR2 (Figure 7.3 Position6), such as lowering the release point, then clockwise adjustment; such as raising therelease point, the anti-clockwise adjustment. Potentiometer adjustment semi-circle, thecorresponding change in value of the release point about 7 V, for reference purposes only.

Picture 6.1


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the Maintainability of Photovoltaicpower systems components1 Some products photovoltaic power system components can be

repaired after used again, known as maintenance parts, but

some parts missing validity beyond repair or restoration costs

are too high, these components as a non-repair components, the

following table lists the photovoltaic power supply

Attributes of components in the system.

Can be repaired non-repair

Inverter Solar panel

Controller Maintains free lead acid battery

PV water Pump DC lamps

Wind turbine Arrester, fuses, wires


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the Maintainability of Photovoltaicpower systems componentsActually in photovoltaic power system , some components can be maintained but some can not be.

Such as solar panels, maintenance-free batteries, they are difficult to repair after the failure, which

is called as the non-maintenance components, which are directly dealt with a narrow reliability index,

the main reliability, failure rate, the average life expectancy of three indicators, reliability, R (t) refers

to products (or parts) under the conditions set forth in that time to complete the function of the

probability of failure rate (t) refers to the moment t work has not yet Failure products, in the

moment unit time in the probability of failure; average life expectancy refers to the use of products fromthe beginning until failure occurred experienced by time.

The controller, inverter power supply can be maintained, such as products or components, and its

main indicators reliability, failure rate and the average time between failures (MTBF) and mean time to

repair faults (MTTR).

The components can be maintained and by the maintenance of the components of PV systems, in

general, should be understood as products can be maintained.


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The designing of the PV Grid-OffsystemCase Requirements: computers, lighting, radar (emotional) of load, time

uncertain, the daily power consumption about 200 KWH batteries topower for three days cloudy.

1. Battery configuration (in accordance with the allocation of work for three rainy days):

Battery groups voltage: 220 VCapacity needs:(daily needed electricity rainy days 1000) / (battery voltagedischarge capacity)

Discharge capacity:In the process of battery usage, the battery capacity released by the percentage of

its rated capacity, known as the discharge capacity. Discharge capacity to the protectionof small batteries, the election is generally recommended 0.5

(200 3 1000) / (220 * 0.5 * 0.9) = 5754 AHchoose 2 V1000AH battery of a total of five groups of 110pcs, a total of 550pcs.


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The designing of the PV Grid-Off system 2. Solar array configurations:

Need to configure the maximum power to maintain voltage in the vicinity of220V , Selection of 85 Wp (or other specifications): open-circuit voltage of 22V, maximum power point voltage of 17.5, short-circuit current of 545 A.

Configured 220/12 = 18pcs connected in series. Each series power is 18 85 = 1530Wp. Each series in accordance with the full power operation of 3.2hours, each providing 3.2 1530 = 4896 KWH electricity.

Need solar parallel: the daily consumption / (n = array electricity efficiency)

At: 200 / (4.9 * 0.85) = 48 Unit: 0.85 controller for solar and other conductors,such as the efficiency losses.

The total need to configure 48 18 = 864pcs 85 Wp solar panel


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The designing of the PV Grid-Off system

3. Solar controller configurationAccording to the trade unions and arrays: configuration 9pcs SD22100 solar

controller. Each four-way controller solar arrays.

4. Inverter configurationBecause users do not have to provide the power size of the load, inaccordance with the working day to 10 hours to estimate, about 30 KW.

Consider cushion and load activated impact of the proposedconfiguration SN22050KS power inverter.

Meanwhile, in order to protect key equipment, such as radar and worknormally. Recommends that users load individually configured as the key low-power inverter power, the inverter and battery SN22050KS common DC buspower, the specific size can be agreed with the users. The low-power invertercan be purchased as spared machine.


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Grid-connected PV systemRenewable energy grid-connected powergenerating applications


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Grid-connected PV inverterintroductionNewest developed 3K5K6K30K50K100k500k Grid-connected Inverter


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the comparative advantages and disadvantages

of the structure and topology of the common

grid-connected inverter

direct inverter system

Low-frequencytransformer

isolation system


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the comparative advantages and disadvantages

of the structure and topology of the common

grid-connected inverter

the high-frequencyisolation system

Multi- More DC-DC(MPPT), single inverter

system

the high-frequencynon- isolation system


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The advantages and disadvantages ofdirect inverter system

Advantages:Eliminates cumbersome Frequency Transformer: high efficiency (96 %), light weight,

simple structure.

Disadvantages:(1) solar panels and electrical power grids not isolation, solar panels have bipolarvoltage power grids, adverse safety.

(2) DC type solar panels voltage is more than 350 V. This solar components, and

even the entire system of higher insulation requirements prone to leakage

phenomenon.


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The advantages and disadvantages of the Lowefrequency Transformer isolation system

Advantages:Using the frequency transformer to change the voltage and isolate the electricity, ithas the following advantages: simple structure, high reliability, impact resistance,and good safety performance, MPPT DC voltage 200 V rating in the general-750V.

Disadvantages:(1) relatively low system efficiency.(2) heavy


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The advantages and disadvantages ofhigh-frequency isolation system

Advantages:Having the advantage of electrical isolation as well as light weight, system efficiency 93%.

Disadvantages:(1) As isolated DC / AC / DC power hierarchy generally smaller, so this

topological structure concentrated in the following 5 KW;

(2) high-frequency DC / AC / DC the work of a high frequency, usually dozensKHz, or higher, it is more difficult for EMC system design;

(3) the impact of poor system.


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The advantages and disadvantages of thehigh-frequency isolation system

Advantages:

Same as the first topology structure, eliminating cumbersome frequency transformer, we can bring thefollowing advantages: high efficiency, light weight. At the same time joined the BOOST circuit for DC /

DC input voltage DC upgrade, solar array DC input voltage range can be very wide (70 V-750V).

Disadvantages:

(1) Similarly, the solar panels and electrical power grids not isolation, solar panels have bipolar voltage

power grids.

(2) The use of high frequency DC / DC, EMC become even more difficult.

(3) Lower reliability.


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Multi- More DC-DC (MPPT),single inverter system

Advantages:

Same as the advantage of the high-frequency isolation system Due to a number of DC-DC circuit for a number of different tilt array

of access, that is, 1 ~ n arrays can have different MPPT voltage, verysuitable for photovoltaic building.

Disadvantages:

Not with the high-frequency isolation system


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Using the low frequency transformer High

power three-chase High Power grid-

connected Inverter system

Using the low frequency transformer High power three-chase

High Power grid-connected Inverter system 10-500KW


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multi-level transformation of the High

power three-phase Grid-connected

inverter system


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The advantages and disadvantages of single

machine connecting to the Grid

Advantages: Easy centralized control

Relatively low cost

Easy electromagnetic Compatibility

The better ability of the anti-island effect

Disadvantages: Low reliability, high cost of redundancy to achieve

As all components of PV series-parallel, therelatively low efficiency of power generation

Reduce the relative safety of


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The Way Of Distribution of power, multi-branch

Grid-connected inverter


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the characteristics of way Distribution of power,multi-branch Grid-connected inverter

Each Parallel unit is made up by the dozens of 1.5 KW, 2KW,2.5KW, 3KW PV Grid-connected inverters parallel. Multipleindependent inverter use common DC bus and 220 V AC bus,and then by an independent step-up transformer (220 V/10KV)to the high-voltage power transmission grid.

The program is suitable for application in differentphotovoltaic arrays tilted surface, or a variety of models ofdifferent voltage photovoltaic arrays and networks.Photovoltaic arrays and network inverter can have differentspecifications.

All the inverter can communicate, remote monitoring and

centralized management through CAN bus or RS485 bus orEthernet connected to the network, and upper control of thePC.


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the single-phase grid-connected inverter By, Low-

frequency transformer isolation


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the single-phase grid-connected inverter By DC boost,

high-frequency transformer isolation


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The advantages and disadvantages distribution

of power, multi-branch Grid-connected inverter Advantages: Each array independent of each other, and easy to maintain;

Higher reliability of the whole system;

Installation flexibility, adaptability good;

Better safety performance; Higher utilization of photovoltaic array

Disadvantages:

Relatively high cost Can be difficult to achieve electromagnetic compatibility

Require careful design and verification of the ability of anti-islandeffect


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The way of the grid-connectedmulti-inverter Parallel


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The characteristics of grid-connected

multi-inverter Parallel

The program calls for installing photovoltaic arrays in the same

tilted surface, and requires each sub-array has the same power,

voltage and same serial and parallel working model. Multi-inverters

operate Parallel connection.

Under the control of the group controllers, inverter "operationtuning , not running when not needed, significantly extend the

service life of the inverter. N + X can be realized redundancy.

Group controllers provide friendly interface. Users can get the

operating parameters, generating capacity, fault enquiries,

parameter settings and so on successfully through the LCD screen

and key directly.


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the advantages and disadvantages ofParallel grid-connected multi-inverter

Advantages: The whole system reliability;

Installation of a relatively flexible,

Applicability good;

Better safety performance;

High utilization of photovoltaic arrays;

Algorithm flexible, centralized control;

Disadvantages:

Relatively high cost; Electromagnetic Compatibility difficult to achieve;

Require careful design and verification of the ability of anti-islandeffect


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SG series PV Grid-connected Inverter

*Grid-connected PV system includes the PV modules, Grid-connectedinverter and network measurement devices and distribution system.

*Solar cells can generate DC powerelectricity

*The power is changed to the same- phase, sine wave current through thePV Grid-connected inverter directly and enters into the power grids.


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Existing product models andspecifications SG1K5TLSG2K5TLNon-isolated SG3KSG5KSG6K SG10K3SG20K3SG30K3SG50K3SG100K3 SG200K3SG500K3


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SG Products Characteristics using U.S.A. TI Companys 32 DSP microprocessor control

using the fifth generation Intelligent Power Module from Mitsubishi.

maximum power tracking technology (MPPT)

night zero power technology (single-phase)

perfect protection (island effect, over-current, over-temperature, etc.)

stainless steel shell, all enclosed installationSG3K,SG5K,SG6K monitoring capabilities improved, through RS485, Ethernet, and

other means of communication


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SG series PV Grid-connected invertermonitoring software Interface


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SG series PV grid-connected inverterproducts pictures

SG1.5KTL PV grid-connected inverter SG3K PV grid-connected inverter SG5k,6K indoors type

PV grid-connected inverter

SG5k,6K outdoors type


SG30K3

SG50K3 three-chasePV grid-connected inverter 100KW three-chasePV grid-connected inverterSG500K large-scale



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The Contrast Test bed for the Grid-connected InverterbetweenJapan's MitsubishiGermanys SMASky Resource's


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Cases

3kw Grid-connected Solar

PV system for Model


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100KW Grid-connected Roof Solar PV system


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12KW Grid-connected Solar PV system


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Design for the Grid-connected SolarPower System The designing of PV Grid-connected

system is very random, can be big, also

be small.

Guangdong region: 1 KWP photovoltaicarrays (conditions: abundant sunshine)

Daily 3.2 ~ 3.5 KWH of electricity;

And PV Grid-connect devices and

photovoltaic arrays inverter Matching 1:1


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Conclusion

PV Grid-connected system will be an important

trend on the solar photovoltaic application. PV Grid-connected system can be used to achieve

a variety of topology, and many technical issuesneed to be carefully examined and discussed.

The localization of equipment is required to bedone in advanced, which must abide by therelevant national and international standards.

Thanks

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