SRSM Local Communications Development 0_4

SRSM and Beyond Local Communications Development

Author(s) Simon Harrison

Document Status

Draft

Document Ref. No.

SRSM LCD

Document Version

0_4

Date Issued 27 October 2008

Note: V0_4 is an interim draft of the report, prepared in advance of the 29th October 08 meeting of the Local Comms group. It contains an amount of draft detail that will be addressed at that meeting. V0_5 will be published shortly following the meeting and this will be the version open to public review and comment prior to submission to the SRSM Steering Group for approval.

SRSM and Beyond – Local Communications Development Version 0_4

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Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................... 2 Figures ............................................................................................................... 3 Tables ................................................................................................................ 4 Document Control .............................................................................................. 5

1.1 Version History .................................................................................... 5 1.2 Review Group & Website .................................................................... 6 1.3 Intellectual Property Rights and Copyright .......................................... 7 1.4 Disclaimer ............................................................................................ 7

2 Executive Summary and Introduction ......................................................... 8 2.1 Executive Summary ............................................................................ 8 2.2 Purpose ............................................................................................... 8 2.3 Scope .................................................................................................. 8 2.4 Objective .............................................................................................. 8 2.5 Structure of this Document .................................................................. 8

3 Glossary & Conventions ...........................................................................10 3.1 Document Conventions .....................................................................10

3.1.1 Market Segments .......................................................................10 3.1.2 Meter Functionality .....................................................................10 3.1.3 Meter Location ...........................................................................11 3.1.4 Meter and Metering System .......................................................11

3.2 Glossary ............................................................................................13 4 Local Communications Context ................................................................20

4.1 General Context ................................................................................20 4.2 Smart Utility Context for Local Communications ...............................21 4.3 Smarter Display Options Using Local Communications ...................22 4.4 Smart Home Context .........................................................................24

5 Associated Topics.....................................................................................27 5.1 A National Standard ..........................................................................27 5.2 Security ..............................................................................................27 5.3 Delivering the Last Mile .....................................................................28 5.4 Local Device Classification ...............................................................29 5.5 Processes/Activities Required ...........................................................29 5.6 Types of Data ....................................................................................30 5.7 Independent & Private Local Networks .............................................31 5.8 Wireless to Wired Options .................................................................35

5.8.1 Wired/Wireless Protocol Development ......................................36 5.9 British Housing Types .......................................................................36

5.9.1 Houses By Type .........................................................................37 6 Principles & Assumptions .........................................................................39

6.1 Local Communications Principles .....................................................39 6.2 Local Communications Assumptions ................................................39

7 Requirements ...........................................................................................41 7.1 Requirements ....................................................................................41 7.2 Requirements Notes ..........................................................................43 7.3 Potential Additional Requirements ....................................................45

8 Solution Options .......................................................................................46 8.1 Solution Options Descriptions ...........................................................47 8.2 Other Solution Options ......................................................................57

9 Additional Considerations .........................................................................62


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9.1 Network & Addressing Protocols .......................................................62 9.2 Frequency Considerations ................................................................64

9.2.1 Frequency Information ...............................................................64 9.2.2 Licensed or Unlicensed ..............................................................66

9.3 Data Exchange Format Options ........................................................66 10 Evaluation of Solution Options ..............................................................69

10.1 Evaluation Process ............................................................................69 10.2 Evaluation Methodologies .................................................................69

10.2.1 Evaluation Weighting .................................................................69 10.2.2 Evaluation Assessment ..............................................................70

10.3 Evaluation Criteria .............................................................................70 10.4 Evaluation Scorecard ........................................................................73

10.4.1 Evaluation Notes ........................................................................76 10.5 Evaluation Scenarios ...................................................................... 110

11 Recommendations ............................................................................. 111 11.1 Testing & Evaluating Criteria .......................................................... 112 11.2 Solution Summary Statements ....................................................... 115

11.2.1 Bluetooth low energy ............................................................... 116 11.2.2 Wavenis .................................................................................. 116 11.2.3 Wireless MBus ........................................................................ 116 11.2.4 ZigBee @ 868MHz .................................................................. 117 11.2.5 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz ................................................................... 117 11.2.6 Z Wave .................................................................................... 117

12 Issues ................................................................................................. 118 13 References ......................................................................................... 119 Appendix A: Referential Integrity Check ....................................................... 120 Appendix B: Last Mile Evaluation ................................................................. 122

Last Mile Criteria .................................................................................... 122 Appendix C: Initial Field Test ....................................................................... 123 Appendix D: [email protected] Evaluation Introduction ................................ 125

Preamble – On using ZigBee for UK Smart Metering Local Communications .................................................................................... 125

Figures Figure 1: Smart Meter Locations .....................................................................11 Figure 2: Smart Metering Systems, Illustration of Flexible Approaches ..........12 Figure 3: SRSM Smart Metering Operational Framework Scope ...................20 Figure 4: Smart Utility Context .........................................................................22 Figure 5: Smart Display Context ......................................................................23 Figure 6: Smart Home Context ........................................................................24 Figure 7: Smart Home Context & Clusters ......................................................25 Figure 8 Different Uses of Local Communications ..........................................26 Figure 9: Local Communications for the Last Mile ..........................................28 Figure 10 Technical WAN Interoperability .......................................................31 Figure 11: Simple Collection of Smart Meters and Local Devices ..................31 Figure 12: Independent Networks ....................................................................32 Figure 13: Local Communication Signal Range ..............................................33 Figure 14: Overlapping Wireless Ranges ........................................................33 Figure 15: Required Local Communications Range Example .........................34 Figure 16: Mesh Network to Concentrator .......................................................35 Figure 17 ZigBee & DLMS Illustration .......................................................... 126


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Tables Table 1 Local Communications Group Members .............................................. 7 Table 2 Glossary ..............................................................................................19 Table 3 Stock Profile - English House Condition Survey 2005........................37 Table 4 Type of Dwelling - Scottish House Condition Survey 2004/5 .............38 Table 5 1998 Welsh House Condition Survey .................................................38 Table 6 'Overall' British Housing Type Volumes ..............................................38 Table 7 Local Communications Principles .......................................................39 Table 8 Local Communications Assumptions ..................................................40 Table 9 Local Communications Requirements ................................................43 Table 10 Local Communications Requirements Notes ...................................45 Table 11 Solution Options Guide .....................................................................47 Table 12 Bluetooth low energy ........................................................................48 Table 13 M-Bus ................................................................................................48 Table 14 Wavenis ............................................................................................50 Table 15 ZigBee @ 868MHz ...........................................................................51 Table 16 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz .............................................................................54 Table 17 Z-Wave .............................................................................................57 Table 18 Evaluation Criteria ............................................................................73 Table 19 Evaluation Scorecard ........................................................................76 Table 20 Evaluation Notes ............................................................................ 109 Table 21 Evaluation Scenario Suggestions .................................................. 110 Table 22 Evaluation Testing Recommendations .......................................... 115 Table 23 Issues ............................................................................................. 118 Table 24 References ..................................................................................... 119 Table 25 Referential Integrity ........................................................................ 122 Table 26 Last Mile Evaluation Criteria .......................................................... 122 Table 27 Field Test Results .......................................................................... 124


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Document Control

1.1 Version History Version Date Author Description Online Version

0_1 7 February 2008

Simon Harrison

Initial draft snipurl.com/lcdgv1

0_2 10 March 2008

Simon Harrison

Updated following initial meeting of development group: Includes changes made to the online version of the document by John Cowburn of PRI, and materials provided off line by Dave Baker of Microsoft and Brian Back of LPRA

snipurl.com/lcdgv2

0_2_1 15 April 2008

Simon Harrison

Updated to include information and a number of comments provided prior to 2nd meeting of Local Communications Development Group

snipurl.com/lcdgv21

0_3 September 2008

Simon Harrison

Significant update following two meetings of the Local Communications Development Group

snipurl.com/lcdgv3

0_4 27 October 2008

Simon Harrison

Interim draft prepared for meeting #6 of the group Updated following review & evaluation meeting of Local Communications Development Group

This document is a development of Schedule H of the Smart Metering Operational Framework Proposals and Options v1 document, published by the Energy Retail Association in August 2007 – the document history of which is shown below. Version Date Author Description

0.1 17th July 2007 Simon Harrison Initial draft based upon original consolidated SRSM Communications Solution Options document.


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0.2 25th July 2007 Alastair Manson

Minor update following review

0.3 6th August 2007 Simon Harrison Update for Smart Metering Operational Framework publication

0.4 December 2007 Simon Harrison Updated following consultation exercise. Updated following project workshop Updated following receipt of related papers from stakeholders

Document passed to Local Communications Development Group for ongoing development

1.2 Review Group & Website This document has been developed with the assistance of a group of interested parties, including energy suppliers, meter manufacturers, communications experts, interoperability experts and other stakeholders. The table below lists the organisations and companies who are members of the group. Alcatel-Lucent Alertme.com All Island Power Association of Meter Operators Arm Arqiva Atmel British Electrotechnical & Allied

Manufacturers Association BERR BGlobal Metering British Gas EDF Energy Cambridge Consultants Cambridge Silicon Radio Cason Engineering Coronis Daintree Networks Data Direct DEFRA Echelon E.ON UK Npower Electralink Elster Ember Ewgeco Energy Retail Association Engage Consulting Federation of Communication Services

FreescaleFirst Utility

Freescale Fujitsu Green Energy Options Himsley Meter Revenue Services Horstmann I+P Services Imserv Ingenium Itron Laird Technologies Acute Technology Landis+Gyr Low Power Radio Association Microsoft More Associates National Grid Ofcom Ofgem Onzo Orsis PRI UK Ltd Q’Vedis Radiocrafts Remote Energy Monitoring Renesas Technology ScottishPower Scottish & Southern Energy Sensus Metering Services Sentec


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Siemens Energy Services Sustainability First Society of British Gas Industries Secure Electrans theowl.com Tridium Trilliant Networks Utilihub Zensys ZigbeeZigBee Alliance

Table 1 Local Communications Group Members Full details of the membership of the group, its’ meetings and papers can be viewed at the public website: srsmlocalcomms.wetpaint.com

1.3 Intellectual Property Rights and Copyright All rights including copyright in this document or the information contained in it are owned by the Energy Retail Association and its members. All copyright and other notices contained in the original material must be retained on any copy that you make. All other use is prohibited. All other rights of the Energy Retail Association and its members are reserved.

1.4 Disclaimer This document presents proposals and options for the operation of smart metering in Great Britain. We have used reasonable endeavours to ensure the accuracy of the contents of the document but offer no warranties (express or implied) in respect of its accuracy or that the proposals or options will work. To the extent permitted by law, the Energy Retail Association and its members do not accept liability for any loss which may arise from reliance upon information contained in this document. This document is presented for information purposes only and none of the information, proposals and options presented herein constitutes an offer.


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2 Executive Summary and Introduction

2.1 Executive Summary [Overview and Explanation of the exercise and the scale of the document to be added when appropriate.]

2.2 Purpose This document presents the context, requirements, issues and solution options for two-way Local Communication for smart Metering Systems. It also includes an evaluation of solution options and recommendations for further consideration. Any statement of preference for particular communications solution options does not constitute a firm or binding decision by the Suppliers participating in the Supplier Requirements for Smart Metering (SRSM) project. Further information on the SRSM project is available from:

http://www.energy-retail.org.uk/smartmeters.

2.3 Scope The scope of this document is limited to the requirement for two way communications between smart gas and electricity meters and local devices. For ease of understanding and application to a familiar domestic context, this document refers mainly to the ‘Home’ and uses illustrations of houses to represent locations for meter points. However, the communications solution options listed here could apply equally to non-domestic premises – i.e. Local Communications within an office or factory. This document references, but does not define, the opportunity to use the Local Communications capability of a smart meter to provide a ‘Last Mile’ option to deliver WAN Communications. This document does not address the commercial issues arising from communications requirements.

2.4 Objective The objective of the Local Communications Development exercise is to fully document and evaluate the options relating to Local Communications for smart metering, and if possible to produce a solution recommendation (or recommendations) to the ERA SRSM Steering Group.

2.5 Structure of this Document The sections of this document are: - Document Definition

o Section 1 – Document Control


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o Section 2 – Introduction o Section 3 – Glossary and Document Conventions

- Local Communications Context o Section 4 – Local Communications Context – a plain English

explanation of the context for smart metering and Local Communications

o Section 5 –Associated Topics – information on related topics considered by the SRSM project or the Local Communications Development Group

- Requirements o Section 6 – Principles and Assumptions – established by the Local

Communications Development Group o Section 7 – Local Communications Requirements

- Solution Options o Section 8 – Definition of the solution options considered by the

Group using a standard proforma o Section 9 – Additional Considerations – providing detail on key

solution related topics – frequency, protocols etc. - Evaluation & Recommendation

o Section 10 – Evaluation Criteria and process completed by the Local Communications Development Group

o Section 11 – Recommendations – by the Local Communications Development Group to the SRSM Project Steering Group

- Additional o Section 12 – Issues – ongoing and unresolved general issues

relating to Local Communications Solutions o Section 13 – References – links to papers referred to by this report o Appendices – Referential Integrity table, Field test undertaken by

group members, Last Mile evaluation, ZigBee @ 2.4GHz additional information


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3 Glossary & Conventions

3.1 Document Conventions The ERA SRSM project has been running since September 2006, and has established a number of practical conventions and assumptions with regard to smart metering. The project published Proposals and Options for a Smart Metering Operational Framework in August 2007 – this document is over 300 pages in length and presents comprehensive proposals to meet the practicalities of operating smart metering in a competitive retail environment. The following subsections give a brief overview of a number of these topics. For a more complete summary of the Smart Metering Operational Framework, please visit http://www.energy-retail.org.uk/smartmeters

3.1.1 Market Segments The Smart Metering Operational Framework has been written to address the requirements of energy Suppliers in the domestic retail markets. However, it recognises that meters used in homes can actually be exactly the same as meters used in businesses, and therefore the Smart Metering Operational Framework proposals could apply. Therefore, within this document, the solution options discussed could be suitable for use in both domestic and equivalent non-domestic markets.

3.1.2 Meter Functionality The degree of ‘smartness’ of a smart meter is something that distinguishes most of the metering products available today, or that are being installed as part of smart metering projects overseas. The SRSM project has agreed, and discussed with meter manufacturers and the wider energy stakeholders, a set of functional requirements for gas and electricity smart meters. These requirements do not represent final proposals and are presented here to give context to the WAN Communications discussions.

• 2 Way Communications – WAN and Local (see below) • Interval measurement and storage of consumption data • Support for flexible and configurable energy tariffs • Interoperable data exchange and protocols • Remote connection/disconnection1 • Support for prepayment/pay as you go operation (subject to the

footnote above) • Support for microgeneration • Provision of consumption information

1 For electricity, the inclusion of a switch/breaker/contactor has been agreed for all meters. The inclusion of similar, valve-based functionality for all gas meters remains subject to cost.


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• Remote configuration of tariffs, meter operations, upgradeable firmware etc.

Please note that ‘clip on’ or similar devices where information is captured via a pulse counter, optical port, or by use of a sensor around an electricity cable are not considered smart under the definitions of the Smart Metering Operational Framework and are not included in this context. However, through the development of a standard for smart metering Local Communications, any future ‘standalone’ devices could utilize the frequencies and protocols defined by the Smart Metering Operational Framework.

3.1.3 Meter Location Throughout, this document refers mainly to the ‘Home’ and uses illustrations of houses to represent locations for meter points. However, smart meters and the communications solution options listed here could apply equally to other domestic and non-domestic premises types.

Figure 1: Smart Meter Locations

The ERA Smart Metering Operational Framework documentation specifies ‘domestic-sized’ metering, and such meters could be installed in any type of property where energy consumption is within the load/capacity capability of such meters. The Smart Metering Operational Framework includes a number of Meter Variants, usually to accommodate specific energy supply requirements of a metering point – e.g. polyphase electricity supply or a semi concealed gas meter location (see definition of Meter Variant below). Local Communications, unless specifically excluded by the Meter Variant definition in the Smart Metering Operational Framework, is required in all Meter Variants. It is also the case that the placement and location of meters as shown in diagrams is illustrative.

3.1.4 Meter and Metering System Throughout this document, references to a smart meter, particularly within diagrams, should not be interpreted as referring only to smart meters where all of the functionality is contained within one ‘box’. There is regular use of a picture of an electricity smart meter to represent smart Metering Systems.


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Smart Metering Systems, with all the functionality,

including communications “under the glass”

Metering System using a separate

‘black box’ (or boxes) to deliver

functionality

Metering System using a separate ‘black box’ and

external antenna to deliver

functionality

Illustration of how fuels could share (with suitable commercial

arrangements) a single set of black box(es) to deliver functionality

Smart Metering Systems – Illustration of Flexible Approaches

In all cases, the metrology functions must be delivered by a regulated measuring instrument.

The required functionality could be delivered by components:- within the meter casing; - through the use of one or more new hardware components (in conjunction with new meters or retrofitted to existing); or - external hardware components shared between fuels.

Generally, no component of the smart Metering System will be reliant upon equipment owned by the customer (e.g. broadband router), or services under the control of the customer (e.g. telephony provider). There may be individual circumstances where use of the customers equipment is unavoidable (customer chooses to own the meter, or particularly within a non-domestic context where additional energy supply contractual terms can be applied).

Software

Figure 2: Smart Metering Systems, Illustration of Flexible Approaches

As defined by the SRSM project, a smart metering system could comprise a number of physical devices (external modems, antennas etc.) to deliver the smart functionality requirements. The potential variety of physical locations and conditions of metering points could result in smart metering systems where components are not located together in the same metering cupboard, or on the same metering board. It would not be practical to illustrate or explain these potential variations within this document. Therefore all general references to smart meters and uses of icons to represent smart meters in this document should be inferred as meaning the defined Metering System.


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3.2 Glossary A number of these definitions are necessarily drawn directly from the Smart Metering Operational Framework, as they apply across the scope of that document and not just to Local Communications. Term Meaning

3-DES An enhanced form of Data Encryption Standard, where the cipher is used three times to increase the protection provided by the encryption

6LoWPAN IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. A developing set of protocols aiming to enable IPv6 packets of data to be transmitted over IEEE 802.15 networks (e.g. Bluetooth and ZigBee).

Access Control The method by which the Smart Metering Operational Framework controls access to smart Metering Systems, smart metering data and associated devices.

AEC Advanced Energy Control – an application profile of the Z Wave standard

AES Advanced Encryption Standard

AES-128 Where the Advance Encryption Standard uses 128 bit key

AFH Adaptive Frequency Hopping - a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching between frequency channels, used by Bluetooth

AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure, an approach to smart metering, generally describing the whole system to include meters, communications and systems

AMR Automated Meter Reading, the collection and communication of metering information from meters to systems. Can be done using handheld (walk by) or drive by equipment, or be based on a fixed network

AMS Advanced Microsensors – a semiconductor fabricator

API Application programming interface – a piece of software enabling other applications to make use of existing operating systems or services

APS Application Support layer – part of the ZigBee protocol stack

ASE Advanced Silicon Etch – a semiconductor fabricator

ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit – a chip designed solely for a particular use

AtEx ATmosphères EXplosibles The AtEx Directive is two EU directives describing what equipment and work environment is allowed in an environment with an explosive atmosphere. The equipment directive (94/9/EC) is relevant to gas metering

Authorised Party Means the Supplier or another person authorised by configuration of the Access Control security policies in the Metering System to interrogate or configure the Metering System. Authorised Parties could include a communications service provider, a meter operator, a network operator etc.


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Term Meaning

BACnet A data communications protocol for building automation and control networks

Balun A component in radio systems linking antennas to other components

BCH Stands for Bose, Chaudhuri and Hocquenghem. A BCH code is a multilevel, cyclic, error-correcting, variable length digital code and can be used in low power communications as error-correcting codes

Bluetooth A wireless communication standard using low power radio See detail in section 8.

Body Area Network Describes a network where network devices are worn on (or implanted in) the body.

BoM Bill of Materials – term used by manufacturers to cover a list of materials and components used to make an assembled item.

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying A form of Phase Shift Keying

CBA Commercial Building Automation

CCM A form of cryptographic operations

CECED European Committee of Domestic Equipment Manufacturers – representing white goods and appliance manufacturers. Have developed AIS (Application Interface Standard), currently in the process of obtaining CENELEC standards approval.

CE Product marking to signify conformance with European Union regulations

CEN European Committee for Standardisation (Comité Européen de Normalisation)

CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique)

CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (Conférence européenne des administrations des postes et des télécommunications)

CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor – a type of microchip

COSEM COmpanion Standard for Energy Metering The interface model for DLMS

CPU Central processing unit

CRC Cyclic redundancy check - a system of error control for data transmission

CSMA-CA Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance – part of a class of protocols to control how nodes in a network communicate

Data Exchange Electronic interactions including the transmission of data between Metering Systems and Authorised Parties or Metering Systems and Local Devices

DES Data Encryption Standard, using 56 bit keys


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Term Meaning

DEST Danish Energy Savings Trust

DLMS Device Language Message Specification – European data protocol for meter communications

DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum - a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching between frequency channels

ECC Elliptic curve cryptography – an approach to public key cryptography

ERA Energy Retail Association – trade association representing the major domestic energy suppliers in Great Britain

ESMIG European Smart Metering Industry Group – an association of companies with an interest in European smart metering

ETS 300-220 ESTI standard covering electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EU European Union

EVA Kit Evaluation Kit – a software/hardware development tool

FCC Federal Communications Commission, US regulator of the radio spectrum and other communications

FEC Forward Error Correction – a system of error control for data transmission

FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum – a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching between frequency channels

FIPS Federal Information Processing Standards US Federal Standards for non-military applications. Includes the P192 curve which is used in elliptical cryptography

FIT Failures in time – a metric associated with reliability and testing

FSK Frequency Shift Keying – a frequency modulation scheme 2FSK and 4FSK are different forms of Frequency Shift Keying

Gateway Generally means a node on a WAN/HAN network that facilitates connection between the two networks. A smart meter may be a Gateway between enterprise applications connected to the WAN and Local Devices connected to a HAN. There are other Gateways that may be in a home that will provide the same type of activity – e.g. BT HomeHub, Sky Digital Box etc.

GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying – a form of modulation used for radio communications – is used by Bluetooth and Z-Wave

GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying – a form of modulation used for radio communications – is used by GSM

GPIO General Purpose Input/Output

GPRS General Packet Radio System – a mobile telephony data


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Term Meaning transmission system

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile communications – a mobile telephony standard

HAN Home Area Network, typically a network of connected devices within the confines of residential premises

Hand Held Unit A mobile device, usually used by a Meter Worker, capable of interaction with a Metering System using Local (or WAN) Communications. Could also include devices that interact with a Metering System using a dedicated optical port.

HomePlug A brand name for a technology providing communication using powerline technology within a home

HTOL High temperature operating life – a form of estimating the operating life of a product

HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning

IC Integrated Circuit

IEEE 802.15.4 International standard specifying the physical layer and medium access control for low rate wireless networks

IP Internet Protocol

IP-TLS IP Transport Layer Security

IPv4 The version of the Internet Protocol most widely used

IPv6 The most recent version of the Internet Protocols, which accommodates a greatly increased network address space

Interoperability To allow a smart Metering System to be used within market rules by the registered Supplier, its nominated agents and parties selected by the customer without necessitating a change of Metering System. Security of the smart Metering System infrastructure, with structured Access Control, is a key interoperability requirement.

ISM Industrial, Scientific, Medical – term describing unlicensed international radio frequency bands

‘Last Mile’ Means, in a smart metering context, the communications connection to the Metering System itself. This could be via cellular telephony from a mobile mast, or via electricity cables for power line carrier. Generally, the Last Mile has a meter at one end and a connection to the backhaul/data transport at the other, which could be in the form of a concentrator or other equipment.

Local Communications

Communications between a Metering System and Local Devices within the premises in which the Metering System is installed.

Local Device A Local Device can be any piece of equipment within premises that communicates directly with the Metering System using Local Communications.

LOS Line of Sight


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Term Meaning

MAC Media Address Control layer of OSI model (also known as the data link layer)

MBus Or Wireless MBus; A wireless communication standard using low power radio See detail in section 8.

MCU Or µC; Micro Controller Unit

Mesh network Is a networking topology where nodes are configured to act together to provide a greater coverage and increased redundancy

Meter Asset Provider A role within the energy industry, the exact meaning of which may differ slightly by fuel and governance context, generally meaning the organisation which owns and is responsible for the ongoing provision of the meter and holds a contract with the energy Supplier for that service

Metering System A single device or meter, or a combination of devices used to deliver the Lowest Common Denominator as defined in the Smart Metering Operational Framework Schedule L ‘Smart Meter Functional Specification’.

Meter Variant Classification of meter type under the Smart Metering Operational Framework. A ‘Standard’ variant is suitable for installation at the majority of meter points in Great Britain. Other variants exist to cover specific supply, circuit or customer issues at a site. Examples include Polyphase, Semi-Concealed or 5 Terminal variants. The full table of Meter Variants can be found in Schedule L ‘Smart Meter Functional Specification’.

Meter Worker A generic Smart Metering Operational Framework term referring to any person attending a metering point for the purposes of installation, maintenance, investigation, replacement or removal of the Metering System. Includes existing energy industry defined roles of Meter Operator, Meter Asset Maintainer, Meter Reader, Data Retriever etc.

MUC Multi Utility Controller – part of the German Open Metering System for smart metering

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology US measurement standards laboratory

NWK Network Layer of the OSI Model

OBIS Also OBIS-Code An interface class within the DLSM/COSEM object model

OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer

OMS Open Metering System The German smart metering initiative that includes the definition of the MUC

OQPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying A form of phase shift keying


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Term Meaning

Open Standard The European Union definition of an open standard (taken from “European Interoperability Framework for pan-European eGovernment Services”) is: • The standard is adopted and will be maintained by a

not-for-profit organisation, and its ongoing development occurs on the basis of an open decision-making procedure available to all interested parties (consensus or majority decision etc.).

• The standard has been published and the standard specification document is available either freely or at a nominal charge. It must be permissible to all to copy, distribute and use it for no fee or at a nominal fee.

• The intellectual property - i.e. patents possibly present - of (parts of) the standard is made irrevocably available on a royalty-free basis.

There are no constraints on the re-use of the standard. OSI Model Open Systems Interconnection – refers to the OSI Reference

Model, an abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol design.

OTP One Time Programmable

PCB Printed circuit board

PDA Personal digital assistant – a handheld computer

PHY Physical Layer of the OSI model

POR Power-On Reset, a technique used to ensure that devices are in a known state when power is applied

PRI A meter manufacturer based in the UK

PSDU Physical Service Data Unit, a term used in TCP/IP networking

PSK Phase Shift Keying A digital modulation scheme with a number of different types

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

RAND Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory

RF Radio Frequency

RSA An algorithm for public key cryptography

RSSI Received signal strength indication – a measurement of the power present in received radio signal

RX In radio terms means receiving

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, generally an industrial control system managed by a computer.

SoC System on Chip

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface Bus – a component in computing systems that provides data links

SRD Short Range Device

SRSM Project Supplier Requirements of Smart Metering project. Exercise in 2006-08 undertaken by ERA to develop the Smart Metering Operational Framework.


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Term Meaning Ongoing at the time of developing this document

Smart Metering Operational Framework

Smart Metering Operational Framework Proposals and Options

Supplier Means an energy retail business

TAHI The Application Home Initiative

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol Suite – the communications protocols typically, but not exclusively, used for the internet

TSMC Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company – a semiconductor fabricator

TX In radio terms means transmitting

µC Microcontroller unit – see MCU

UART Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter – a piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms

UHF RFID Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification RFID systems which operate between 300MHz-3GHz

USB Universal Serial Bus – a standard serial interface used in computing

WAN (Wide Area Network) Communications

Communications between a Metering System and a remote Authorised Party

Wavenis A wireless communication standard using low power radio See detail in section 8.

Wi-Fi Trade name for wireless networking technology based on a range of IEEE 802.11 standards

WSDL Web Services Description Language – a language used within interoperable machine to machine interactions over networks.

ZigBee A wireless communication standard using low power radio See detail in section 8.

Z/IP Part of the Z Wave protocols, offering TCP/IP connectivity to Z Wave devices

ZSE ZigBee Smart Energy – an application profile of the ZigBee standard

Z Wave A wireless communication standard using low power radio See detail in section 8.

Table 2 Glossary


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4 Local Communications Context This section of the document presents an overview of the Local Communications Development work and a number of topics and issues for consideration.

4.1 General Context It is a clear requirement of the Smart Metering Operational Framework to implement Local Communications capability for smart Metering Systems. Interoperable Local Communications capability will enable customers and Suppliers to make choices in relation to how energy consumption information is displayed. It also supports flexibility in the options for delivering smart Metering Systems solutions and potential ‘smart home’ applications. Throughout this document applications involving water meters, TV displays and other ‘non-energy’ applications are used to illustrate the potential of smart metering to support a range of known and as yet unknown applications. However the Local Communications solution must, first and foremost, meet the energy requirements. Smart meters are not intended to be a fully functional alternative to other residential gateway or home hub products – these products tend to be capable of handling voice and multimedia applications that would add significantly to the cost of utility meters. The diagram below shows the SRSM project representation of the operational architecture for smart metering and therefore the scope of the Smart Metering Operational Framework – this document specifically relates to the ‘Local Comms’ section on the left hand side of the diagram.

Data Transport

(internet)

Industry Interfaces

Figure 3: SRSM Smart Metering Operational Framework Scope


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4.2 Smart Utility Context for Local Communications

The general perception of Local Communications for smart metering is between a smart electricity meter and a display device. This has been the typical approach in other smart metering initiatives, usually on a proprietary basis, where the meter manufacturer provides the display device alongside the meter for electricity only. The manufacturer decides upon the communications medium, the protocols and data formats used. This ‘one size fits all’ solution means that all customers get the same solution that works straight out of the box, usually an LCD device that is portable or fixed in a more accessible location than the meter itself. However, having such a ‘closed loop’ offering for the display of consumption information raises a number of issues:

• Restricting the opportunities for Suppliers to differentiate display products in a competitive retail market.

• Variances in the quality and functionality of offerings from meter manufacturers.

• Customers cannot choose how energy consumption information is displayed to them.

• Innovation in display device technology would be controlled by meter manufacturers or Meter Asset Providers.

• There could be limited support for future demand management and demand response requirements. Access to the information from the smart meter is under the control of the proprietary solution from the meter manufacturer.

• In order to provide a ‘total utility’ solution, the display device must communicate successfully with the gas and water meters – further compounding the potential single source/proprietary solution issue.

These issues could be addressed through specification, i.e. requiring that protocols are open, or available, introducing flexibility and innovation for display devices. Shown below is a representation of the basic utility requirements for Local Communications for smart metering. The solid red lines indicate the core energy metering requirement of a display of information from gas and electricity information. The dotted blue lines illustrate potential other uses of the Local Communications solution.


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Figure 4: Smart Utility Context

In this example, a water meter is included to illustrate the potential for an extended network, however water metering does not form part of the Smart Metering Operational Framework at present and is included purely to illustrate how a utility context could operate. As shown, the gas, electricity and water meters can communicate with a display device. Further, the gas and water meters may use the same communications medium to interact with the electricity meter, which could act as a ‘hub’ for WAN communications for all utilities.

4.3 Smarter Display Options Using Local Communications

Building upon the illustration above, it is a requirement of the Smart Metering Operational Framework to support customer and supplier choice in the display of energy (and potentially water) consumption information from smart meters. Smart meters should allow customers to access information using a number of different display devices, as shown in the illustration below. The original ‘LCD device in Kitchen’ solution remains, but is supplemented or replaced by options using personal computers, white goods, cellular telephones etc. The success of smart metering in raising awareness of energy consumption, and actually changing customer behaviour, will depend upon making the information available in a way that is most relevant to individual customers.


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Figure 5: Smart Display Context

The step from the illustration of a smart utility context to a smarter display context is one of interoperability. As long as the energy smart meters all communicate using the same technology, protocols and a standard data format, it will be possible for display functionality to be added to a number of differing delivery devices. An example could be the use of a USB dongle (and software) for a PC allowing a customer to access sophisticated energy management information from their utility meters. Currently this type of solution is being offered to commercial customers through a wide range of proprietary offerings. A number of display applications may rely upon a service provider external to the home – e.g. an energy management website that a customer logs on to, or a specific TV channel. In these types of application, data from smart meters is processed and formatted by an external party before being presented back to the customer. As these types of display services include a remote service provider, they are not within the scope of the Local Communications work. If smart meters operated on an interoperable open standard for Local Communications then this level of energy management could be available to a much wider range of customers. In this environment, Local Devices can interoperate independent of the Metering System. For example, the water meter could prompt the customer to call the water utility using a display device.


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4.4 Smart Home Context Establishing an interoperable solution for Local Communications, as required to support customer choice for the display of consumption information, opens up a range of opportunities for energy related Local Communications. As shown below, a number of ‘green’ and other applications could be supported by ‘or interact with’ smart meters. These types of automated home technologies are now being installed, and could become more prevalent if they were capable of responding to utility price triggers from smart meters, or could utilise the WAN communications functionality that smart meters will introduce to every home.

Figure 6: Smart Home Context

The final context illustration below presents the smart home context for the smart metering Local Communications solution(s).


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Display Device ‘Cluster’

White Goods/Demand Response ‘Cluster’

Microgeneration ‘Cluster’

Utility Meters

Sensor ‘Cluster’

Figure 7: Smart Home Context & Clusters

It is not a requirement of the SRSM Project for smart meters to act as a (or ‘the’) gateway for all of the devices shown in the clusters. A further suggested use context for Local Communications would be where a meter (or collection of meters) forms part of a SCADA network of devices managed by a remote system. The opportunity to offer services that utilise the WAN communications link within a smart meter is a product of establishing an interoperable platform for Local Communications for smart metering. The illustration below shows how the Local Communications Solution could be utilised to deliver a platform to serve both the smart metering activities of energy Suppliers and the requirements of 3rd parties to access the HAN and Local Devices.


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WA

N C

omm

s

Suppliers3rd Parties

HAN Radio

Customer HAN

Utility Devices

HAN interactions with non-utility devices uses same

HAN radio, but is less critical – restricted to price/

tariff and consumption information from the meter

Alongside price and consumption information, the utility context would include detail of smart meter events and control of smart metering functionality

All remote communications with smart meters are over the secure WAN connection

Suppliers can also communicate with Customer HAN devices

All communications, WAN and HAN are 2-way and encrypted

Figure 8 Different Uses of Local Communications


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5 Associated Topics This section of the document includes further information to assist with setting the requirements, solutions and evaluation into a specific GB smart metering context.

5.1 A National Standard Due to the fundamental differences between the technologies and systems that may be used for Local and WAN Communications activities, fully end to end interoperability across the scope of smart metering might not be appropriate due to the onerous processing and protocol requirements this could place on simple local devices. However, in order to ensure that smart metering creates an effective platform for the types of applications presented in section 4 above, it is believed that a national standard for Local Communications is required. The details of such a standard (approvals, certifications, standardised markings) remain to be considered and will form part of the recommendation of this report. This would mean that all smart Metering Systems would include hardware and software capable of meeting the Local Communications standard. This does not necessarily mean the same chip/hardware in every meter, but would mean conformity in their capability. It is a clear principle of the Local Communications Development workstream that it would not be acceptable for non-interoperable Local Communications solutions to be associated with smart metering – a customer with a range of ‘Smart Energy’ compliant products should be able to transfer these products reasonably seamlessly when they move home, where the smart metering may be different.

5.2 Security Due to the nature of data and functionality that will be accessible via Local Communications, security is a paramount concern. Consumption and other data from a smart meter may not initially be considered as confidential – energy tariffs are publicly available, meter readings on their own are not personal data or at risk of increasing identity theft. 2 However, debit balances sent from a meter to a display device could be considered by many customers to be personal and private. Further, consumption patterns based on interval data could allow third parties to establish patterns of occupancy, which would very much be viewed as personal data.

2 The SRSM project is considering the issues surrounding ownership of smart metering data within a separate workstream; therefore they will not be covered within this document.


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Added to this the ability to operate metering functionality using Local Communications, e.g. a meter worker configuring a meter at installation, increases the risk of misuse or fraud by customers or third parties. It is accepted that no solution can be completely secure and resist all attempts to intercept or interfere, but the Local Communications Solution should be capable of addressing known security attacks – replay, man-in-the-middle, delay, spoofing, sequence change and deletion. The Local Communications Solution should also be future flexible, allowing for firmware/software upgrades to improve security.

5.3 Delivering the Last Mile For certain topographies it may be possible for the Local Communications hardware within smart meters to provide the ‘Last Mile’ physical media for WAN Communications. This would typically be for high density and metropolitan areas where the signal propagation and power consumption restrictions of low power radio solutions are less of an issue. The SRSM project has considered the potential to use low power radio to deliver the last mile, as shown in the diagram below. This also demonstrates a number of options for backhaul for WAN Communications, which is out of scope for the Local Communications Development work.

Low Power

RF Type

Low Power RF to Elec

CellularInfrastructure

Data Transport

(internet)

SupplierX

SupplierA

Low Power RF Type

Substation

Trans-former

DataConcentrator

Low PowerRadio

DataConcentrator

PLCInfrastructure

High Speed Link(Copper/Fibre)

Metering System Options

DataConcentrator

Existing telephonynetwork

Data concentrators could be installed and managed by a service provider making use of the existing telephony network.The equipment could be housed in telephony street furniture, or any appropriate location, including potentially within customer premises in the form of ‘Concentrator Meters’.Data concentrators could be provided as part of the infrastructure service, or as a separate contracted function.

A number of RF solutions include the capability to create ‘Mesh’ networks, where a large number of nodes can be crossed to reach the concentrator.

Figure 9: Local Communications for the Last Mile

There is no assumption that there is necessarily the same hardware within a meter for Local Communications and WAN Communications – theoretically two low power radio chips could be used, possibly at different frequencies. An example would be a meter that uses a ZigBee chip at 868MHz for Local Communications and a WiFi chip at 2.4GHz for WAN Communications.


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5.4 Local Device Classification A topic for potential consideration is the classification of Local Devices. As smart meters are required to be capable of 2 way communication, and energy suppliers expect display devices to be similarly capable of 2 way communication, the Local Communications solution(s) need(s) to accommodate fully functional ‘nodes’ on a network. There will be, however, local devices that will only send or receive data. Examples could include:

- a fridge magnet to display consumption cost information would only receive data

- a temperature sensor would only send data These types of devices could be classified, for the purposes of smart metering Local Communications, as distinct groups. The Local Communications solution could recognise the classification of local devices in order to determine the data exchange types, access control details and network addressing/protocols. Finally, there may be devices capable of sending and receiving data, but that would not act as network repeaters in a number of topologies. In v1 of the Smart Metering Operational Framework, the following categories of local device are proposed:

- Data Device: a device which requires access to smart meter data only - Communicating Device: a device which requires access to remote party

only - Fully Functional Device: a device requiring access to the smart meter

data, and remote parties, and that could also operate smart meter functionality – an example of this could be a diagnostic or commissioning device to be used by a meter worker

Additionally, it has been suggested that Hand Held Units, as may be used by Meter Workers, could form a category of their own. Investigation is needed to understand whether there is a requirement for classification of local devices, and if so, what are the recommended classifications and how they can be documented. It should be noted that a number of the solution options provide for device classification within their profile regimes.

5.5 Processes/Activities Required In order to document and evaluate the potential Local Communication solutions, understanding how those solutions will be used is important. This will also assist with understanding the controls and commands that will be required within the metering system to authorize/manage which local devices can undertake which activities.


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Within the Smart Metering Operational Framework, the SRSM project listed a number of processes/activities that could be expected from a local device (bearing in mind that all smart meters are themselves local devices):

- establish pairing/join network - remove pairing/leave network - receive data from smart meter (passive local device) - access data from smart meter (active local device) - update data on smart meter - operate smart meter functionality - send data to remote party via smart meter - receive data from remote party via smart meter - send data to local device via smart meter - receive data from local device via smart meter - send data to local device directly - receive data from local device directly

Again, a number of the solutions under consideration address the processing/activities on the network using their own profiles and protocols.

5.6 Types of Data From the information presented above, it is possible to infer some general guidelines on the type of data that will be transferred using the Local Communications Solution:

- energy consumption data - energy tariff data - energy local device - microgeneration data and commands - meter functionality commands - load control commands - local device data (sensor information, appliance diagnostics etc.) - local device commands – similar to load control – remote ‘soft’ boots,

resetting clocks etc. - metering system or local device firmware/software

This information is presented for guidance only – the potential applications of Local Communications and HAN activities are almost limitless. It remains the case that the primary requirement is to deliver the data and control facilities for energy smart metering, and that data exchanges will be comparatively small and non-critical. Another issue associated with data will be the end to end format – it is not anticipated that enterprise applications will use the Local Communications data format – therefore some system within the network is expected to act as a gateway, translating Local Communications data exchanges into format that can eventually be read by Authorised Party applications. The illustration below is taken from a consideration of technical interoperability prepared by the SRSM project, it shows how gateways and protocols could be used in a WAN context to deliver standardised interoperability.


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Enterprise ApplicationsStandardProtocol

Meter with WAN Hardware

Gateway

Supplier IT Architecture

StandardHead End

Figure 10 Technical WAN Interoperability

5.7 Independent & Private Local Networks A large proportion of British domestic premises are in areas of dense population, with many homes being very close, if not connected, to each other. Where low power radio technologies are powerful enough to reach all parts of a home, they must essentially be powerful enough to reach neighbouring premises. This section of the document explores this subject in more detail. Shown below is a simple illustration of typical utility applications for Local Communications in two neighbouring properties.

Figure 11: Simple Collection of Smart Meters and Local Devices

The house on the left has a gas meter in an external meter cupboard, a water meter fitted at the boundary point, and has a TV capable of displaying smart metering information.


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The house on the right differs in that there is no water meter, the gas meter is located at the rear of the house and the preferred display solution is a portable LCD display, usually kept in the kitchen. The illustration below shows the required links between devices.

Figure 12: Independent Networks

The topology of the network within premises does not need to be specified, as these could vary significantly by property type. However, in order to deliver the necessary signal propagation to link the electricity meter to the gas meter in the blue house, the range of Local Communications of the electricity meter could be as shown in Figure 13 below.


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Figure 13: Local Communication Signal Range

This simple illustration, without allowing for signal drop off as it passes through walls, shows how all of the devices in the left hand house are within reach of the electricity meter in the right hand house. It is a requirement for the information from one customer’s metering not to be visible on their neighbour’s display. The illustration below shows how much overlap there will be between signals for this simple configuration of smart meters and devices. The TV display in the left hand house is in range of all four energy smart meters. In reality, the range of the wireless signals is likely to be much greater than shown.

Figure 14: Overlapping Wireless Ranges


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The requirement is for the Local Communications solution to deliver a network of Local Devices for each property. It is not practical (or possible) to restrict a wireless signal from each meter to the boundaries of each premises.

Figure 15: Required Local Communications Range Example

Finally, there are circumstances where the wireless signal could be required to transfer data between properties. The illustration below shows where communication between meters in different properties would be a desirable feature for Local Communications. It is a very simple depiction of meters forming a mesh network to reach a data concentrator in a substation. Whilst this is effectively the WAN Communications network, it utilises the Local Communications hardware in smart meters.


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Figure 16: Mesh Network to Concentrator

5.8 Wireless to Wired Options A standard/solution that includes a wired option for Local Communications as well as a wireless option could be beneficial to link to existing and new wired devices and networks. A number of appliances and networks will already exist in premises where smart meters are installed. Each of these systems will be operating using their own protocols and data formats, and not necessarily interoperating. There may also be network capable appliances that are not yet part of any network. Examples could include white goods capable of communicating using CECED standards, but no wireless hardware. It is not an ambition for smart meters to directly interact with all of these systems, as this would introduce complexity and cost into the meters themselves. Other ‘smart metering’ implementations do include wired Local Communications, typically in Northern Europe. Typically these use the M Bus protocol over a low voltage (less than 30v) wire within meter rooms for multi-unit buildings where the location of the gas, electricity, water and heat meters makes wired solutions far simpler to implement. As detailed in F.1 in section 7.2 below, there are localised regulations within the UK that appear to rule out this option for gas metering. However, it would be beneficial for a number of ‘non-utility’ systems to interact with smart meters:

• to receive pricing and tariff information • to respond to load control/demand management instructions • to display energy related information • to utilise the WAN connection of the meters to send or receive

information to and from remote parties


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Some customers may already own and use equipment theoretically capable of providing a bridge between wireless and wired communications media, and which could include the necessary software to make data and services interoperable between distinct networks and systems. The obvious example is a home PC, but broadband routers, set top boxes and games consoles already include most of the technology to provide a link between smart meters and existing wired and wireless networks. As previously stated, it is an absolute requirement for smart metering that it will not be subject to customer equipment and decisions in order to deliver the utility requirements of intra meter and energy information display processes. It would not be reasonable to assume that every home would be equipped with a BT Home Hub, Sky box, Xbox 360 or similar ‘bridge’ capable equipment, but for those that do then smart meters could form part of the overall connected home. Energy suppliers could choose to provide ‘bridge’ equipment to customers as part of an overall energy services package. An alternative approach would be to implement a Local Communications Solution using a protocol along the lines of 6LowPan, which extends IP addressing to every node in the network, dispensing with the need for HAN controllers and specific protocols for the Local Communications. However, 6LowPan remains an immature protocol and is not currently supported by the solution options considered below.

5.8.1 Wired/Wireless Protocol Development During the activity of the Local Communications Development workstream work has commenced on delivering a specification combining ZigBee and HomePlug. It is intended to deliver a technical solution to practical issues raised by the Victorian AMI initiative in Australia, where electricity meters in meter rooms are too remote from dwelling units in high rise blocks for low power radio to operate effectively. The proposed solution would allow either a wired (electricity mains cable) or wireless (IEEE 802.15.4 radio) physical layer for the ZigBee smart energy profile. The work is anticipated to deliver specifications in the second half of 2009.

5.9 British Housing Types One of the key challenges facing any wireless solution will be type of premises it will be used in. There is a comprehensive range of construction materials that will all have a direct bearing on the signal propagation properties of a Local Communications Solution. The issue is compounded by a variety of physical energy supply conditions that can be site or customer specific. There has been little standardisation of the exact positioning of where the meter is located. Meter location, which is usually an ‘out of sight, out of mind’ consideration, and could be anywhere


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within or outside premises (or another premises for multi-occupancy premises with meter rooms), will introduce a range of challenges for communications solutions. Metal meter cabinets could also adversely impact wireless signals – creating Faraday Cages - a situation that is apparent from ongoing technology trials by the energy Suppliers. Although not a core requirement of the SRSM project, it must also be noted that the installed base of water meters in Britain can also be in a tricky location for low power radio signals. A significant proportion of water meters are installed in boundary boxes at the edge of a customer’s land. Similarly the use of pits for water meters will have an effect on signal propagation. The figures presented below show that the particular challenges associated with flats, where the energy consumption could be significantly ‘remote’ from the energy meter, do not represent a minority concern.

5.9.1 Houses By Type The ‘types’ of houses are defined differently by the Government housing condition statistics in England, Scotland and Wales. English Data:

Dwelling Type 000’s % Small Terraced House 2,665 12 Medium/Large Terraced House

3,634 17

Semi-Detached House 5,897 27 Detached House 3,753 17 Bungalow 2,028 9 Converted Flat 716 3 Purpose Built Low Rise Flat3

2,783 13

Purpose Built High Rise Flat

305 1

Total 21,781 100 Table 3 Stock Profile - English House Condition Survey 2005

Scottish Data:

Dwelling Type 000’s % Detached 472 20 Semi-Detached 501 22 Terrace 522 23 Tenement 449 20 4-in-a-block 251 11 Tower/Slab 71 3 Flat in conversion 36 2 Total 2,301 100

3 Defined as: ‘a flat in a purpose built block less than 6 storeys high. Includes cases where there is only one flat with independent access in a building which is also used for non-domestic purposes’. High Rise therefore being blocks over 6 storeys high.


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Table 4 Type of Dwelling - Scottish House Condition Survey 2004/5

Welsh Data: Dwelling Type 000’s % Detached 264 23 Semi-Detached 387 33 Terrace 405 35 Flats 101 9 Total 1,157 100

Table 5 1998 Welsh House Condition Survey Assuming that flats are the dwelling types that could present signal propagation issues for wireless solutions, these are highlighted in blue in the tables above and collated to provide the overall ‘British’ position shown below.

Dwelling Type 000’s % Detached 4,489 18 Semi-Detached 6,785 27 Terrace 7,226 29 Bungalow 2,028 8 Flats 4,712 19 Total 25,240 100

Table 6 'Overall' British Housing Type Volumes [Add data for construction type if available?] [Add data for meter location if available? Interior/Exterior/Meter Cabinet]


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6 Principles & Assumptions

6.1 Local Communications Principles From the detail presented above, and from associated smart metering work, it is possible to infer a number of key principles that apply to Local Communications for smart metering: No Principle

P.1 Utility focus – the key requirement remains the communication between smart meters and energy information display devices. Support for other services and applications will be as a result of developing a practical solution to the utility requirement.

P.2 The utility focus should necessarily result in a low bandwidth platform – energy consumption and tariff data and control commands do not require high data throughput rates.

P.3 The smart Metering Systems themselves will be responsibility of the energy Supplier. The Home Area Network will be owned by the customer. This allows them to add or remove any Local Devices.

P.4 The Local Communications solution will be interoperable – supporting a range of metering products and local device applications.

P.5 The Local Communications solution will make use, wherever possible, of open standards and architecture.

P.6 The intention is to adopt (and potentially develop) an existing solution for Local Communications rather than develop a new one. This includes the protocol and data definition.

P.7 The Local Communications baseline solution will be the same in all smart meters – establishing a national standard.

P.8 The Local Communications solution will be energy efficient.

P.9 The Local Communications solution will be secure, as described in the requirements below. Additional security measures may be implemented by the Metering System and the application software. The Local Communications solution will be secure in the context of providing networked communications using low power radio (or similar) and ongoing technological developments in security.

P.10 The Local Communications solution will, as far as possible, be future flexible – supporting innovation at the same time as supporting legacy systems.

Table 7 Local Communications Principles

6.2 Local Communications Assumptions Based on the context discussions above, and on discussions within the group, the following assumptions apply to the requirements, solutions and evaluation presented below: No Assumption

A.1 The Local Communications Solution will be compliant with relevant legislation and regulations


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No Assumption

A.2 Smart meter functionality is broadly equivalent to the SRSM Smart Meter Specification.

A.3 SRSM Smart Meters are expected to have an asset life of 10-15 years or better.

A.4 The Local Communications Solution will be utility robust. This means that for the purposes of delivering utility services to a customer it will not be reliant upon, or affected by, devices owned by a customer or other 3rd party.

Table 8 Local Communications Assumptions


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7 Requirements The requirements shown below are the result of iterative development by the Local Communications Development Group. The starting requirements for the group were taken from the Supplier requirements published in the ERA Smart Metering Operational Framework Proposals and Options v1, dated August 2007. The requirements have been developed with the participation of parties other than energy retailers – meter manufacturers, network operators, meter operators and display and device manufacturers are all parties to the Local Communications Development Group. There are no specific requirements for any single group, as the Local Communications Solution should meet the overall requirements of those parties with an interest in the development of smart metering. Therefore there is no specific requirement to address a network operators specific use case of load and device control – this should be addressed by the general requirements below.

7.1 Requirements The requirements below are grouped by topic Ref Requirement Notes

General

GEN.1 The Local Communications Solution must provide for data exchange between smart meters and local devices

The maximum requirement is for intermittent communication between a Metering System and a Local Device at a configurable time granularity that can be measured in seconds.

GEN.2 The Local Communications Solution must be interoperable, allowing smart meters and local devices from a range of manufacturers to exchange data using a defined data standard.

GEN.3 The Local Communications Solution shall not critically affect the power consumption/battery life of a smart Metering System

GEN.4 The Local Communications Solution shall operate throughout the life of the installed smart Metering System – it will be capable of remote upgrade and those upgrades shall be backwards compatible

Communication

COM.1 The Local Communications Solution must be able to operate effectively in the majority of British domestic premises without the need for additional equipment

Note that domestic sized smart meters could be used in non-domestic premises. Note that there may be


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Ref Requirement Notes additional equipment for specific property types

COM.2 The Local Communications Solution shall have the ability to automatically adapt to communications interference through detection and analysis of environmental conditions (e.g. channel hopping, channel avoidance, signal to noise ratio)

COM.3 The Local Communications Solution shall provide an option to deliver WAN communication information during a site visit from a Meter Worker with a suitably secure Hand Held Unit. In this instance, if the WAN communications is not available, it will be possible to exchange information (meter readings, tariff settings etc.) through the use of a Hand Held Unit. This failsafe/fallback facility could include the exchange of information with Metering Systems using Local Communications during a site visit or also for a ‘drive by’ or ‘walk by’ activity.

Security

SEC.1 The Local Communications Solution must support data security measures to prevent unauthorised access to/use of smart metering data or functionality, and to prevent unauthorised access to/use of Local Device data or functionality.

Includes situations where nodes pass data but cannot access the content. An example would be where an electricity meter passes data to a display device from a gas meter – the electricity meter should not be able to access the content of the gas data

SEC.2 The Local Communications Solution shall support security measures that employ cryptographic operations and cryptographic keys

Data

DAT.1 The Local Communications Solution shall support a defined data definition standard or profile

Network

NET.1 The Local Communications Solution shall ensure that all Local Devices are required to join the network to access meter data and functionality

‘Joining’ the network should involve some process whereby permission is granted – either by the customer, the energy Supplier or automatically through the use of configurable security settings

NET.2 The Local Communications Solution


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Ref Requirement Notes shall be able to support multiple Local Devices within a Home Area Network

NET.3 The Local Communications Solution shall use the clock and timing information provided by smart Metering Systems to set the time on the network it administers

Or, Network Time Synchronisation

Installation & Maintenance

MOP.1 The Local Communication Solution must not add significant time to the installation of smart meters or local devices for network configuration or pairing activities

Customer Requirements

CUS.1 The Local Communications Solution shall not affect or cause interference to existing customer networks

CUS.2 The Local Communications Solution, where it requires customer activity, shall be simple to operate.

For example, where a customer wants to pair a new Local Device

CUS.3 The Local Communications solution(s) will place minimum requirements on customers for day to day operation.

For example, beyond confirming connection or removal of Local Devices, the customer will not be expected to take action to re-establish communications following any failure.

Table 9 Local Communications Requirements

7.2 Requirements Notes A number of factors relating to Local Communications Solution requirements are not explicit within the requirements shown above. These factors are presented below. These factors are relevant for the evaluation of solution options. Ref Factor

F.1 Power within Gas Meters There have been a number of questions about the possibility of avoiding battery issues within smart gas meters by using wired power. This would allow for consideration of a wider range of solutions for Local (and WAN) communications. A number of gas appliances already include gas and electricity components. Some European smart meter installations use low power (30v) wired connections to link gas, water, heat and electricity meters for communications purposes. There are key regulations and standards relating to gas meters and


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Ref Factor potential explosive atmospheres (ATEX). Products are available to introduce two way communications for gas meters that do not compromise the safety of the meters, or introduce battery life issues. The fundamental design of a gas meter as mechanical or electronic will also be a factor in how much power it consumes. Whilst possible (see standard below), gas meters that meet the safety requirements to support electrical connections are viewed as too expensive for consideration for mass market deployment. A particular issue for GB gas metering is the extensive use of meter boxes, which would require modification to meet ATEX requirements. The Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers, at the time of preparing this document, is consulting upon the 3rd Edition of its’ standard entitled ‘Electrical connections and hazardous area classification for gas metering equipment’.

F.2 Visiting Smart Meters A key benefit of smart meters will be a reduction in the number and therefore cost of field visits to read and maintain the meter. However, there is no requirement that smart meters should result in an end to all visits. It is assumed that the Local Communications solution will support ‘Over the Air’ upgrades that may be required for Local Devices, which could include the firmware within a gas meter, and not just for the solution itself. e.g. Customers who use debit functionality extensively (daily or more than daily) could require replacement batteries within the expected smart meter asset life. This would apply to above average usage of any functionality that would reduce battery life.

F.3 Battery Life Considerations The Local Communications Development Group has discussed at length the options for ensuring a reasonable balance is struck between battery life/cost/customer feedback. It is accepted that a gas meter cannot provide continuous communications without a large and expensive battery in order to meet the requirement for 10 years plus of operation. At the same time, the immediacy of feedback to a customer display device will be critical in assisting customers with managing their energy consumption. It is suggested that application software could manage the duty cycle in gas meters to optimise battery life:

- waking up to transmit/receive information for Xms every 5 minutes or 30 minutes (with suitable information about delays made available to customers)

- customer override option, allowing them to refresh the information display by pushing a button on the meter to ‘wake’ it up (similar to the debit ‘refresh’ discussed below)


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Ref Factor - waking up more frequently when credit levels (in debit mode) are

below a configurable threshold, to ensure that credit purchase messages are picked up quickly (or the customer could be prompted to press a button to receive a ‘refresh’ of balances)

- where the gas supply has been disabled, remain dormant until the customer pushes a button on the meter to reinstate gas supply (as required by the SRSM meter specification)

Table 10 Local Communications Requirements Notes

7.3 Potential Additional Requirements Requirements could also be derived to support the use of Local Communications hardware to deliver the ‘Last Mile’ link for WAN Communications. Specific requirements for the smart metering system may also arise from the Local Communications solution where a meter may be required to store data for onward periodic transmission. Examples could include services configured to transmit gas meter data on a daily basis via the electricity meter, or an annual boiler diagnostic report.


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8 Solution Options This section of the document presents a number of solution options for the hardware to be included as part of a smart metering system. It uses a standard template to capture detail relating to each of the options. This template is presented below with a description of the type of information to be captured. A number of solution options support more than one network protocol, or are offered by vendors at different frequencies. Therefore there is not always a one to one relationship between the silicon, the frequency, the protocol and the data set supported. In order to ensure that all potential considerations and aspects of a solution are included in this document, details are recorded for all candidate solutions in the market that it was possible to document. Solution Name Website

Description: A description of the solution

Hardware: A description of the physical hardware used by the solution – microcontroller, antenna etc.

Cost: Where available, a general view of the cost of the solution on a per meter basis

Data: Speed of data transfer, any limits on packet sizes

Power: Points relevant to the power usage of the solution when it is operating or dormant, and how this may effect the power consumption of the meter or local devices.

Frequencies: Which of the frequencies (if applicable) does the solution support

Protocols: Does the solution support a variety of protocols? Does it use a proprietary protocol, or place requirements/restrictions on the protocol?

Data Exchange Format:

Does the solution support a variety of data formats? Does it use a proprietary format, or place requirements/restrictions on the data format?

Use in other applications:

Is the solution used for other purposes, i.e. not for smart metering, but for building controls, telecare, entertainment etc.

Use in other markets:

Has the solution been used in a smart metering context in other markets? Can include where the solution is being considered by other smart metering initiatives.

Maturity: Is the solution available today? If not, when will it be available?

Support for ‘Last Mile’:

Capability of the solution to provide ‘last mile’ coverage for WAN Communications

For: Points supporting the solution in a smart metering context

Against: Issues associated with the solution in a smart metering context

Notes: Any other notes, web links to relevant materials etc.

Reference Date, Version and Provider of information used to populate the table


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Table 11 Solution Options Guide

8.1 Solution Options Descriptions Solutions are presented in alphabetical order. Solution Bluetooth low energy www.bluetooth.org

Description: Formerly known as Wibree and Bluetooth Ultra Low Power, this new solution option is primarily aimed at enabling small devices and sensors to communicate with a hub. The initial applications being considered include fitness and health, using a watch or mobile phone to act as a hub of a Body Area Network.

The standard is expected to be finalised and formally adopted by the Bluetooth SIG by Q2 2009.

Hardware: There will be standalone and dual mode Bluetooth low energy chipsets, operating the low energy protocol stack or low energy and classic stacks. Standalone will be type installed in small end nodes, such as watches and sensors.

Cost: <$1 for single mode chips, $1.50 for dual mode chips

Data: Approximately 200 kb/s

Power: Listens and transmits for 0.01% of time (compared to 1% listen cycle for Bluetooth classic) Advertises – 2ms Connect request – 1ms Send application data – 3ms

Frequencies: Operates at 2.4GHz using 40 channels (3 advertising, 37 data). 2 MHz channel spacing 0.5 modulation index GMSK (GFSK)

Protocols: Link Layer protocol manages connections and device discovery. L2CAP is a standard protocol for Bluetooth used as a multiplexor. Attribute Protocol used to transmit “attribute” values between devices.


Has a single protocol that features 2 profiles for use – a remote display profile and a sensor profile


‘Classic’ Bluetooth is ubiquitous in mobile telephony and portable computing – over 2.5 billion enabled devices sold. 1 billion devices a year and growing.


As an immature product, there are no uses of Bluetooth low energy in a smart metering context. Industrial automation using Bluetooth is a 15 million chip a year market today and growing fast.

Maturity: Understood to be still under development. Reuses existing protocol layers that have been proven interoperable and robust for over 8 years.


Due to the relatively short range, it is not anticipated that Bluetooth low energy be suitable for WAN Last Mile

For: Enables cellular phones to talk with meters, allowing direct billing and viewing of usage information from portable devices.

Against: No products available today


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Notes: ‘Classic’ Bluetooth radios, depending on the silicon provider, may already be in a position to support ‘Dual Mode’ operations. However, this will not be the case for all existing Bluetooth chips. Specifically designed to do point-to-point connections well – does not support mesh networking.

Reference: V0.6 by Robin Heydon from Cambridge Silicon Radio Table 12 Bluetooth low energy

Solution M Bus www.m-bus.com

Description: Solution developed in Germany to support domestic utility metering. Supports twisted pair and wireless. Used widely throughout mainland Europe and supported by all major meter manufacturers. Standard available as EN 13757

Hardware: Radio chipset, with embedded protocol stack

Cost: Same as other 868Mhz radios i.e., approx €3.5 (for bidirectional solution)

Data: Wireless M-Bus speed at 868MHz (66kBps/16kBps) Wired M-Bus data transmission speed is very low (2400/300 Bps)

Power: 5..10mW

Frequencies: 868MHz

Protocols: M-Bus protocol defines all 7 OSI layers


OBIS id. These do not fully cover all the electricity meter features but these are currently being defined in an ‘open protocol’ working group in Germany and therefore should be available for the implementation of smart metering


Designed specifically for metering applications


M-Bus forms part of the Dutch Smart Meter Specification4. Wireless M-Bus is designed to be used heat, water and gas metering as well as heat cost allocators. Proposed usage of wireless M-Bus in Germany and Austria.

Maturity: Over 80 companies have implemented M-Bus in their products. CEN standard since 2001


No, design suitable for “in home” communications

For: Well proven, widely deployed, 868Mhz good transmission frequency, efficient data coding

Against: Issues relating to the interoperability of the standard and elements from the overall architecture are not yet resolved.

Notes: Pending EN 13757-5 supports the use of repeaters/relays.

Reference: V1 Provided September 2008 by Uwe Pahl of Qvedis Table 13 M-Bus

4 Dutch Smart Meter Requirements v2.1 Final – February 2008 – page 6 of the P2 Companion Standard describes the use of Wired and Wireless M-Bus communications.


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Solution Wavenis www.wavenis-osa.org & www.coronis.com

Description: Wavenis is a wireless connectivity platform that features Ultra Low Power and Long Range coverage capabilities. Wavenis has been developed by Coronis (creation in 2000) to address the most critical applications where devices are located in hard-to-reach places with strong energy constraints for multi-years operation. Offers today one of the most attractive price-performances ratio. Dedicated to remote operation for both fixed and mobile Wireless Sensor Networks.

Hardware: 1 - OEM cards, OEM platforms and ready-for-branding modules (battery powered end points, autonomous range extenders, IP or GPRS gateways, remote monitoring software). Technology core is based on the Wavenis RF transceiver (second source CC1020 from TI) and separated MCU (MSP340 from TI) 2 - Next generation platform of Wavenis (Q1 2009) will be based on a very innovative Wavenis System On Chip (enhanced ultra low power Wavenis RF transceiver + ultra low power 32-bit MCU + memory + drivers)

Cost: Down to 5 EUR for fully mounted & tested OEM cards

Data: 19,6kb/sec typical (up to 100kb/sec max)

Power: - Ultra Low Power: 10µA average operating current with 1 sec Rx/Sby period (Rx duration of 500µs). Very sophisticated mechanisms have been implemented to save power in this scanning mode to avoid over-hearing phenomenon, filter false detections, etc … - Receiver peak current in “full run mode” is 18mA. - Transmitter peak current in “full run mode” in 45mA at 25mW.

Frequencies: - 868MHz (EU), 915MHz (US), 433MHz (Asia) - 50kHz bandwidth channels (fast FHSS over 16 to 50 channels)

Protocols: Because Wavenis is a wireless connectivity platform only, Wavenis API can handle most of proprietary or standard application protocols (KNX, io-homecontrol, Z-Wave, …). Wavenis OEM cards can also support M-Bus specifications.


Wavenis is capable to embed any kind of payload data (from 1 byte to hundreds of bytes per radio frame)


Home Automation (lighting control), Industrial Automation (valve monitoring, tank level control, vibration sensor, temperature sensor, digital sensors, …), Alarm & Security (home access control, home alarm systems), Medical (panic button, automatic fall detection) UHF RFID (container and people identification & tracking, temperature tracking)


1 - Water AMR/AMI (SAUR, Elster AMCO, VEOLIA, Sensus, …) 2 - Gas AMR/AMI (ChinaGas, GasNatural @ Spain, …) 3 – Electricity AMR/AMI (EDMI, …) 4 – Home Automation (Schneider @ Denmark, …)

Maturity: Milestone of 3,000,000 Wavenis enabled devices deployed worldwide to be reached by end of 2008


1 – Up to 25mW output power class Wavenis modules offer 1km Line of Sight (LOS) thanks to -113dBm sensitivity (50kHz bandwidth receiver) with -3dBi helicoidal antenna.


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2 – 500mW power class Wavenis modules offer 4km range. These modules are usually intended to range extenders for large scale networks. 3 – Wavenis supports Star, Tree and Mesh network topologies.

For: 1- Field proven technology with large scale deployment worldwide 2 - Hi-reliable technology thanks to implementation of fast Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) techniques combined with data interleaving and Forward Error Correction (BCH) mechanisms. Encryption is implemented in option upon customer request. 3 – With 17 other companies, Coronis launched (June 2008) the Wavenis Open Standard Alliance (www.wavenis-osa.org) which paves the way of the Wavenis standardization to play a major role worldwide in the “Short Range Wireless” markets.

Against:

Notes:

Reference: V1 provided March 2008 by Bev Adams of Elster V2 provided Sep 2008 by Christophe Dugas of Coronis, an Elster Group company & Wavenis-OSA

Table 14 Wavenis

Note – ZigBee, at the request of group members, is presented in two iterations to acknowledge the different functionality and performance of differing frequencies Solution ZigBee @

868MHz www.zigbee.org

Description: Silicon based protocol operating on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for physical layer and medium access control. Networks can contain 65536 nodes. Supports two types of devices:

- Full Function Device (FFD), which can co-ordinate or participate in a network

- Reduced Function Device (RFD), which can only participate in a network

Supports 128-bit encryption

Hardware: Radio chips available from Atmel

Cost:

Data: Between 20 and 40 kbit/s at 868MHz (improved by 2006 revision of IEEE 802.15.4 to 100 to 250 kbit/s?)

Power: Varies by individual chip – typical average is μ1A. ZigBee devices come in two flavours for power consumption – routers and end devices. Routers are expected to operate continuously to support and drive the mesh network and therefore require a constant source of power. End Devices are battery powered radios that only come to life when required to transmit or receive information. Usage profiles –


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frequency of transmission and the size of those transmissions - will determine the eventual battery requirements.

Frequencies: 868MHz

Protocols:


Specified in the ZigBee Smart Energy Profile which can be added to if required.


Total ZigBee node and chipset units – 5 million in 2006, 120 million in 20115 Home automation, telecoms (local)


Maturity: Smart Energy Profile due for release March 2008, ZigBee Pro Stack available January 2008


For:

Against:

Notes:

Reference: Collated by SRSM project team from group activities Table 15 ZigBee @ 868MHz

Solution ZigBee @

2.4GHz www.zigbee.org

Description: Open global standard developed by the ZigBee Alliance for low cost low power wireless mesh networking for monitoring and control. Supported by 300 member companies and with 22 certified vendors of stack/silicon combinations. Meter manufacturers Itron and Cellnet/Hunt are Promoter members. Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard MAC and PHY

Hardware: Typical ZigBee solutions are one of three types; - System on chip (SoC) single chip solutions with radio and microcontroller running ZigBee stack and application - Network coprocessor solution with SoC running the networking stack and the application running on a host microcontroller - Dual-chip solutions (older) with an RF transceiver and a separate microcontroller running the stack and application. Radio chips available from Ember, ST, TI, Freescale, Renesas, Jennic and others

Cost: ~$3-$4 for SoC devices in millions of units typical - ~$5 for SoC devices in low volume (1000-off) - Typical BOM cost ~$6-$10 depending on volume, antenna etc. - Modules available <$20 in low volume, <$10 in high volume. - Prices likely to drop over next 2-3 years due to market maturity, new technologies and growth.

Data: - Radios transmit at 250kbps, 128-byte (max) packets - With networking overhead, this typically results in real application

5 In-Stat Market Research “ZigBee 2007: What it Iz and What it Iz not”


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data throughput point to point of up to ~50kbps, which then varies depending on topology and configuration, e.g. how many hops, level of security, using retries etc. Worst case usually >10kbps effective throughput over many hops, with security, acknowledgements etc. - Not suitable for high volume data streaming applications such as voice or video, but reasonably high bandwidth allows for large networks for e.g. sensing and control.

Power: ZigBee includes mains powered ‘always on’ devices for routing messages and battery powered ‘end devices’ typically for sensor and switch type devices. - Typical SoC devices operate at 20-35mA when in receive or transmit, with the radio typically accounting for 2/3 of the power consumption in RX/TX. - e.g. in TX mode, EM250 operates at 35.5mA at +3dBm, 41mA at +5dBm - Typical SoC devices when in deep sleep, operate at <1uA.

Frequencies: 2400MHz – 2483.5MHz (2.4GHz)

Protocols: The ZigBee standard describes in detail the over the air protocol used, however there are a number of layers to consider when looking at ZigBee protocols; 1. MAC layer – uses standard IEEE 802.15.4 messaging for point to point communications in the mesh network 2. Network Layer (NWK) – ZigBee adds headers for networking in a multi-hop network (end to end device addressing etc.) and security3. Application Support Sublayer (APS) – Provides mechanisms for managing end to end messaging across multiple hops in a mesh network e.g. addressing endpoints in a device, triggering route discovery, managing end to end retries 4. ZigBee Cluster Library (ZCL) - ZigBee defines a library of interoperable message types called ‘clusters’ that cover a variety of device types. This library can be added to when creating support for new applications. 5. Application Profile – As ZigBee is targeted at a number of different markets and application types, it is appropriate to have an application profile definition which defines how each device and application will behave, which clusters (messages) are in use and how. Any given device may have multiple endpoints defined, each of which can support a different application profile, defined device and set of clusters. At present there are 4 Application Profiles completed in the standard; Home Automation, Commercial Building Automation, Smart Energy and Telecommunications Applications. Products may be certified to an application profile through independent test houses NTS and TUV. Non-interoperable products may also be certified as “Manufacturer Specific”, which means that they coexist with other ZigBee networks but do not interoperate. New application profiles are being defined continuously. For example there is currently considerable effort ongoing in task groups and member companies to standardise the use of IP in a ZigBee network.


Format is defined by the ZigBee specification, in the ZigBee Cluster Library and Application Profiles.


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Custom protocols / data formats are allowed, but would not be guaranteed interoperable.


Total ZigBee node and chipset units – 5 million in 2006, 120 million in 20116 Home automation, telecoms (local)


ZigBee has a wide appeal across multiple markets, and is currently in use in products in; - Smart Energy, for Local Communications e.g. Southern California Edison in the USA, Victoria in Australia, and last mile communications, e.g. City of Gothenburg - Home Automation, including lighting control (e.g. Control4), heating control (e.g. Kalirel), security (e.g. Alertme.com), roller blinds etc. - Commercial Building Automation, including lighting and heating control (e.g. TAC/Schneider, Siemens) and fire and safety. - Industrial control such as ball valve monitoring/control (Eltav) - Health monitoring products are in early stages of development. - Niche markets such as marine electronics (e.g. Ray marine) Geographically, ZigBee has products all around the world.

Maturity: The ZigBee Alliance was formed in 2002. ZigBee was first released as a standard in December 2004. Since then there have been 2 major releases of the standard, one in 2006 and the most recent, adding ZigBee PRO features in 2007. With a number of products now certifying for Home Automation, Manufacturer Specific and Smart Energy, ZigBee 2007 is regarded now as mature. A number of vendors of ZigBee silicon have had customers with products in the market for a number of years with earlier variants of ZigBee stacks. It is generally accepted that about 7 million ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 chips were sold worldwide for inclusion in products in 2007.


ZigBee is well suited to last mile communications because of many features; - Scalability of the mesh network allows for many hundreds or thousands of devices in a single network, communicating across multiple hops from source to destination. - Robust communications is provided through retry mechanisms. - Security can be added, even to the point of having individual application link keys between electricity meters and the concentrator. - A network that makes use of powered devices to provide a mesh while facilitating battery powered end devices is entirely suitable to metering systems for electricity, gas and water. - Excellent bandwidth available at 2.4GHz to provide not only for AMR and configuration data, but also perhaps other data in the future, such as alarms or health monitoring of elderly. - 16 channels at 2.4GHz provide scope for further increased availability of bandwidth as different networks in the same area can occupy different channels. - Excellent range can be achieved within regulations, up to 1Km line of sight has been shown.

6 In-Stat Market Research “ZigBee 2007: What it Iz and What it Iz not”


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There are a number of examples of the use of ZigBee in last mile communications for AMR already, the most notable in Europe being the City of Gothenburg project currently being installed for gas and electricity meters in Sweden. A number of meter manufacturers have already implemented AMR systems using ZigBee.

For: - Open Global Standard, supported by 300 companies and 22 stack/silicon solutions - A new technology that is mature and accepted by the smart energy community, yet future proof - Cost-effective technology that will become even more cost effective in the next 2-3 years - Suitable for Local Communications AND last mile communications, opening up the possibility of a single communications chip in smart meters covering both! - Robust, secure, scalable mesh networking - Good bandwidth availability for a monitoring and control network, some scope for future use - A number of working ZigBee Smart Energy products in the market and arriving into the market in 2008

Against: - Perception of issues with propagation in buildings, however building construction affects all wireless technologies and can be shown not to be an issue with ZigBee at 2.4GHz in most situations. When there are propagation issues these can usually be mitigated by use of the ZigBee mesh network. - Perception of interference issues with other 2.4GHz wireless technologies, in particular 802.11b/g/n. While there is some basis for concerns they have been satisfactorily addressed by the standard, and tested in independent studies (ref: “ZigBee / WiFi Coexistence Report” by Gilles Thonet and Patrick Allard-Jacquin, Schneider Electric, 29/01/2008)

Notes:

Reference Updated April 2008 – v2 – David Egan & John Cowburn Updated (minor) August 2008 – David Egan

Table 16 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Solution Z Wave www.z-wave.com

Description: • Wireless control mesh networking technology • Used by over 200 large companies with real products in the

market • Driven by the Z-Wave Alliance – i.e. by the largest industry

alliance in the area of home control open for any company to join under RAND terms

• Implemented in over 300 interoperable home control products that are on the market

• Best-in-Class level of interoperability Between multiple vendor’s products of the same

application Between multiple applications (e.g. lighting and HVAC) Between multiple generations of Z-Wave

• These products include the 2 key energy consuming applications, lighting and HVAC

• Key home control companies (lighting and HVAC) in the UK have adopted and launched Z-Wave products in the market


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• Proven ability to rapidly drive specifications in Z-Wave Alliance - e.g. typical process for new application class under 4 months (!)

• Fully backward product compatibility • Strong, reliable certification program in place • Lowest cost for certification in industry - $750 with test lab cost • Highly mature, proven technology • Achieved status as well-accepted de-facto industry standard

Hardware: • Available as low cost, low power system on chip (SoC) solution • 3rd generation of single chips in high volume production • 4th generation single chips out in Q4 of 2008 • SoC: RF transceiver, 8051 MCU, memory and rich set of

peripherals 64 kbyte OTP or 32 kbyte Flash – Plus up to 16 kbyte RAM Up to 30 GPIOs – ADC – Triac controller – PWM output On chip Full Speed USB 2.0 controller + transceiver (!)

• Enables true single chip product solutions as lowest cost Cost: • Lowest possible cost, thanks to

FSK technology with low complexity Compact protocol stack sizes

• From sub $2.00 to $3.00 in high volumes • New 4th generation SoC to be released Q4 2008 with even more

competitive pricing • From $3.00 to $4.00 for complete module (full Z-Wave function –

add this module to any product to make it a full Z-Wave product) in high volumes

• Modern single chip implementation in either 180nm or 130 nm CMOS

• Sustainable cost benefit due to much higher complexity of competitors

Data: • 40 kbit/s data communication rate is ideal compromise of throughput for control applications, range, and robustness

• Small packet size leads to much higher efficiency and lower errors than competing technologies

• 100 kbit/s available in 4th generation single chip Power: • Leader in low power consumption – System on chip with:

20 mA in receive mode (with MCU running) 20 mA in transmit mode (with MCU running; up to +

5dBm) 30-80 μA average power consumption in battery-to-

battery networks 1 μA in sleep mode (with POR, interrupts, and wakeup

timer running) • Only standard with support of battery-to-battery networks (!) • No risk of early power source depletion due to WiFi interference

etc. Frequencies: • Solution is designed from ground up for reliability against

interference • 868MHz (Europe) – 915 MHz (US) – Other sub-1-GHz (Asia) • Addition of 2.4 GHz support for regions without permitted sub-

1GHz bands in 4th generation chip. Sub-1GHz remains core business

• Countries such as Japan and China that today don’t permit the use of the 1GHz band are starting to open the 1GHz band because they recognise the value of 1GHz communication as


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well as the large issues on wireless low power control in the 2.4GHz space

• Only single chip with support of sub-1-GHz and 2.4 GHz in the market to address geographies that really don’t allow anything other than 2.4GHz

• Multi-channel operation with concurrent listening on all channels

• Viable strategy for use of license exempt bands in control applications

Suitable for long term product deployment and long-term battery use

Superior robustness against interference Mitigates the risk of increased support calls and product

returns Protocols: • Z-Wave protocol is highly mature mesh networking protocol

specifically designed for home control applications • Z-Wave protocol consists of PHY, MAC, NWK, and Device

class layers • Z-Wave device class layer defines command classes and

device classes creating interoperable products. The classes are a result of Z-Wave Alliance working groups.


• Very dense packet size leads to much higher efficiency and lower errors than competing technologies

• Commands can be extended without braking compatibility (!) • Z-Wave security is AES-128 based, either as the symmetric key

based Z-WaveSec Plug & Play or as the asymmetric key based Z-WaveIPTLS

Designed for interoperability also in setup / installation process

On-chip security support Use in other applications:

• Used in practically all home control applications (lighting control, HVAC, drapery and shade control, garage door openers, door locks, security systems, sensors (movement, door/window, humidity, temperature, smoke, CO, etc.), gateways

• Used control of AV / CE devices (e.g. in universal remote control)


• Focus on home control / Unified Home Control is the major strength

• Used in smart metering application by Modstroem in Denmark • Used in sub-metering and Energy Conservation applications by

DEST in Denmark along with many OEM partners Maturity: • Very high – Clear strength and factor of competitive

differentiation Used in over 300 products – available for more than six

years Proven for interoperability and backward compatibility 4th generation system-on-chip solutions and 5th

generation software Support for ‘Last Mile’:

• Z-Wave is not recommended by Zensys for last-mile usage (Zensys strongly believes that other short range radio technologies are not suited for last mile solutions). However Z-Wave integrates directly with TCP/IP based WAN technologies through the Z/IP architecture – converging Z-Wave and IP. Z/IP allows IP traffic to be transported on Z-Wave and to carry Z-


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Wave Commands in UDP packets. This architecture is a great option for the last mile. Further Zensys has a very strong bridging capability to other networks. This bridging capability is currently used by Horstmann and Trilliant to bridge the last mile technologies.

For: • 2.4GHz interference risk is non-existent • Lowest cost • Lowest power consumption • Full eco-system/cross-segment product portfolio available to

communicate to technically but also to build business propositions with from a business perspective

• Advanced Energy Control framework builds on top of current portfolio instead of starting from scratch

• Mesh networking and long range ensures minimum installation costs and ease of installation

• Well accepted industry standard enables integration with today’s and future in-home solutions

• Lowest risk for long-term, 10-20 year deployment Against: • Is portrayed as “proprietary standard”

But program for second source / licensing is in place and being executed upon

Notes:

Reference V1 provided April 2008 by Bernd Grohmann of Zensys V2 provided Aug 2008 by Niels Thybo Johansen of Zensys

Table 17 Z-Wave

8.2 Other Solution Options The table below lists a number of other candidate solutions for Local Communications. It gives a short description of the solution, website details where available, and an explanation of why it is not included in the main evaluation process. Solution ANT

Description Very low power – 10 year operation on a watch battery. Operates at 2.4GHz. Has 1 million nodes in operation. 43 member alliance.

Website www.thisisant.com

Reason for not including in evaluation

Is a proprietary solution, also quite new.

Solution BACnet

Description American developed protocol used mainly for HVAC applications in building automation.

Website www.bacnet.org


Specifically aimed at building control – no apparent smart metering utilisation

Solution Bluetooth


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Description Low power radio for personal area networks with up to seven nodes. Single chip radios are available from a wide variety of suppliers, at approx $5 per end, with hundreds of millions of units sold per annum. Very well established standard, particularly in the mobile telephony and PC markets. Operates at 2.4GHz, with average power consumption of 5000μA

Website www.bluetooth.com


Although there are a number of standards for Bluetooth, some of which may include greater signal propagation and more efficient power management, Bluetooth is viewed as too power-hungry and not capable of sufficient range to meet the SRSM requirements.

Solution EkaNET

Description Proprietary wireless solution, partnered with a number of meter manufacturers, Uses IPv6 standards.

Website www.ekasystems.com


Appears to be aimed specifically at SCADA deployments, or network based smart grid initiatives – also features WAN gateways and other head-end systems

Solution HomePlug

Description: An open standard for powerline communications developed by a consortium of companies. Command and Control is available from Renesas, or Ytran chipset plus line coupling devices. Cost of approx $8 per end. Three standards exist depending upon the application:

- AV High speed - Home Plug V1 for ethernet over mains applications - Command and Control running at speeds of 1-10 kBit/sec

depending on conditions. The Command and Control standard is probably most suited to metering due to its low cost. Used in homes to network Ethernet devices. HomePlug standard is reasonably mature. Command and Control is a recent development

Website www.homeplug.org


Is a wired solution only – hence not suitable for gas metering. Remains a potential option for electricity metering, or for inclusion in other RF capable components to provide links to Ethernet devices.

Solution Insteon

Description Established North American home control protocol. Typically used over wire, but also supports RF.

Website www.insteon.net

Reason for not including in

Emphasis on wired solutions does not match gas requirements,


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evaluation also does not currently support secure communications

Solution ISA100.11a

Description Provides a wireless industrial process automation network to address control, alerting, and monitoring applications plant wide. It focuses on battery-powered field devices with the ability to scale to large installations and addresses wireless infrastructure, interfaces to legacy host applications plus security, and network management requirements in a functionally scalable manner.

Website http://snipurl.com/isa100


Still under development

Solution KNX

Description Originally developed by Siemens and Merten, primarily aimed at home and building automation. Well established and promoted standard based out of Brussels. Documented by world and European standards – ISO/IEC 14543, EN50090, EN13321-1 Uses the same upper-layer protocol for different physical layers – twisted pair, power line, Ethernet and RF at 868MHz. Communicates data at 16384 bits/sec. Used the same modulation scheme as Wireless M-Bus in S2 mode.

Website www.knx.org


Has not been proposed for use in energy metering. Attempts to contact KNX alliance have not resulted in any interest in participating.

Solution OneNet

Description Open Source low power wireless standard - partners include Renesas, Freescale and Texas Instruments. Features include: • Low power wireless with 1000 foot range and 25 channels • Claims to be very low cost - $2 in high volume • Targeted at battery powered devices • Supports secure encrypted Communications • Star and peer to peer topology • 38 to 230 kbit/s • 868 MHz • Supports 2000 devices in a network • 3 to 5 year battery life with AAA cell

Website www.one-net.info


New standard, main focus appears to be battery operated devices.

Solution OpenTherm


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Description Communications protocol used to control heating applications. Appears to be wired and has been developed in Holland.

Website www.opentherm.eu


Specific application for heating

Solution PhyNet

Description IEEE 802.15.4 solution that uses IP. Looks to be a competitor to ZigBee, although it also looks more expensive and more suited to industrial application for sensor management, rather than in a metering/home context.

Website No website


Very New

Solution Sensinode

Description The IEEE 802.15.4 compliant radio modules from Radiocrafts combined with the 6LoWPAN compliant NanoStack from Sensinode offers integrators super compressed IPv6 over low power radios in a compact module solution. The use of end-to-end open source IP technology over a proven radio platform provides an excellent and scalable solution for IP-based monitoring and control systems like advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and wireless sensor networks (WSN). The Sensinode NanoStack meets the 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power WPAN) specifications released in 2007 and offers a scalable and robust architecture for a wireless mesh network where all nodes cooperate to transport information almost like the Internet. By using many small radio modems, a low-power wireless network can cover large geographical areas using the licence-free frequency band at 2,45 GHz. The self-configuring and self-healing properties of the 6LoWPAN network offer redundancy and low maintenance cost.

Website www.sensinode.com


Very new

Solution SimpliciTI

Description Proprietary network protocol supporting up to 100 nodes in a simple network – supports only 5 commands, uses very small amounts of memory and power. Offered in sub 1Ghz and 2.4GHz silicon

Website TI Website


Proprietary solution – targets smaller devices – no specific smart metering implementations


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Solution WiFi

Description Established high power standard, prevalent in many homes. Typically used for broadband internet connections and multimedia delivery. Works at 2.4GHz.

Website www.wi-fi.org


Power consumption is very high, with propagation issues for a significant proportion of GB home types. Also concerns over conflicts and interference with customers’ existing wireless networks. Low Power WiFi options are emerging, mainly driven by Intel – GainSpan have a prototype module that will run for 10 years on an AA cell. The Intel ‘Cliffside’ initiative is also working in this area.

Solution Wireless HART

Description 2.4GHz, Open Standard, MAC addressing, Mesh networking

Website www.hartcomm2.org


Aimed specifically at manufacturing processing applications, mainly in North America.


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9 Additional Considerations The Local Communications Development Group, and the wider SRSM project, has considered a number of topics related to Local Communications. These include addressing protocols, radio frequencies and data exchange formats. The information gathered and considered on these topics is presented for completeness below. It is acknowledged that a number of the solutions technologies evaluated by the group are strictly limited in terms of the protocols and frequencies, whilst others may be flexible in supporting a range of options. It is not the preference of the group to recommend a requirement for a truly flexible solution if it is not available on the market currently, or would add unnecessary cost to the deployment of smart metering. Therefore, if any solution cannot support IPv6, or operate at 433MHz, this has not counted against it in the evaluation process. Placeholder to document the potential protocols that could be used for Local Communications networks. A number of these may be specifically linked to the physical media solution.

9.1 Network & Addressing Protocols Protocol IPv6

Description: An internet layer protocol for packet-switched networks. It offers a greatly extended address space over the previous IPv4, allowing for more IP addresses. IPv6 also features enhanced security provisions

Used by/for: The majority of internet activity now uses IPv4 or IPv6.

For: IPv6 is likely to be the preferred protocol for WAN Communications. Potential to use a simple version of IP – STM.

Against: Headers and Footers for IP add significantly to the data packet size. It would take in excess of 50 ZigBee packets to transmit one IP packet (and this would result in 50 acks)

Notes:

Protocol 6LowPan

Description: Stands for IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks, a protocol designed to send and receive IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15 networks. A number of practical issues relating to packet sizes and addressing schemes remain to be addressed.

Used by/for: Still being developed


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For: Could deliver end to end protocol solution for Suppliers and Authorised Parties

Against: Protocol is still under development

Notes:


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9.2 Frequency Considerations The Local Communications Development Group considered the potential frequencies to be used for low power radio solutions. The details of these discussions are presented below for completeness. It is acknowledged that the solutions considered by the group are specifically tied to a single frequency – it would not be possible, today, to consider the opportunities to use Wavenis of M-Bus at 2.4GHz. Therefore the solution recommendation will determine the frequency, rather than the frequency determining the solution recommendation.

9.2.1 Frequency Information General principles with regard to frequency bands:

• Higher frequency means shorter wavelength • Antenna length is proportional to wavelength – higher frequencies use

shorter antenna • At a given power output, transmission distance is normally further for

large wavelengths (lower frequencies) than for shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies)

• Higher frequencies are normally allocated a larger bandwidth, enabling the transmission of data at higher rates.

Frequency 169MHz

Description: Licensed band

Used by/for: Paging band, delegated to AMR

Signal Propagation:

Power requirements:

Efficient power per distance

Longevity of frequency allocation:

Notes: No chipsets currently available for 2-way communications – it is used for 1-way communication only

Frequency 184MHz

Description: Licensed band

Used by/for:

Signal Propagation:

Power requirements:

Efficient power per distance


Notes: Can purchase bandwidth from Ofcom.


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Currently only using this band for 1-way push communications (e.g. water AMR), therefore would not meet 2-way communications requirements with existing products (new chip sets would need to be developed)

Frequency 433-434MHz

Description: Unlicensed ISM band

Used by/for: Well used frequency, typically used for car key fobs. Has been used for heat metering in Europe

Signal Propagation:

Good

Power requirements:

More battery efficient than higher frequency options


Notes: Support (by existing chips) for open standards is not evident Security may be an issue (e.g. for financial transactions)

Frequency 868-870MHz

Description: Unlicensed European ISM band (915MHz in North America)

Used by/for: Z-Wave, Wireless M Bus, ZigBee, Wavenis. Minimal usage in other applications.

Signal Propagation:

Good

Power requirements:

Has well defined maximum duty cycles and transmission powers (5mW to 25mW).


Unlicensed European band, unlikely to be revoked, but risk remains

Notes: Supports 3 channels. Current GB regulations prevent use of frequency for communications outside of a property – i.e. could not form a mesh of smart meters in a street to connect to a data concentrator. Transmit duty cycle limited to 1%, or works on ‘listen before transmit’ basis. Less attractive to higher bandwidth applications.

Frequency 2.45GHz

Description: Unlicensed worldwide ISM band

Used by/for: ZigBee, WiFi, Bluetooth, Microwave Ovens, Home Video repeaters

Signal Propagation:

Power Requirements:

Signal can be amplified to improve propagation


Unlicensed global band, unlikely to be revoked, but risk remains


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Notes: No limits on transmit duty cycle. Issues have been reported when attempting to use 2.4GHz for water metering applications as this frequency has particular problems with the resonating frequency of water.

9.2.2 Licensed or Unlicensed An ideal solution for smart metering would be to use a licensed band. This would guarantee the availability of interference-free bandwidth for many years. However, the current licensed band for metering in the UK, 184MHz, only supports one-way communications, operates at a frequency unique to this country, and has therefore not attracted solution providers in any significant numbers. Use of a licensed band for Local Communications could also restrict the number of devices within a home that would be capable of communicating with a meter. The unlicensed ISM bands do support two way communications, do have active and growing markets for radio transceivers, and these are the bands being selected for smart metering and AMI implementations in other markets. The volumes of silicon chips being sold for these bands make the unit cost much lower than those for licensed bands ($3 vs. £70)7. The use of unlicensed bands does come with the risk of interference from other devices as they establish themselves at particular frequencies. The 2.4GHz band already includes microwave ovens, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, TV signal repeaters and more. However, there are a number of techniques in use to allow devices to co-exist effectively within frequency bands. 9.3 Data Exchange Format Options A number of these may linked to the specific solution, whilst other solutions may support the use of a range of data exchange formats. A more detailed review of the convergence between GB smart metering data requirements and the existing format options would be recommended. Data Exchange Format

ANSI

Description: ANSI C12 is the collective prefix for a number of North American electricity metering standards: C12.18 – Protocol for 2 way communications using an optical port C12.19 – Data tables for use with C12.18 C12.21 – Update of C12.18 for use with a modem C12.22 – Interface to data communication networks Work has been done to map C12.19 to an XML Schema

7 Technical Architecture for UK Domestic Smart Meter Systems, Alistair Morfey, Cambridge Consultants 2007


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Used by/for: Most major meter manufacturers supply ANSI C12 compliant meters to the American market

For: Mature, metering specific standards. Have an existing XML Schema

Against: Levels of support for gas metering?

Notes:

Data Exchange Format

Obis DLMS/COSEM

Description: Definition of standardised metering objects (Electricity, Water, Heat, and Gas Metering covered)

Used by/for:

Commonly used in Electricity metering in Europe, gaining adoption elsewhere in metering

For: Standardised, EN13757-1 (Communication Systems for meters and remote reading of meters -Part 1:Data Exchange)

Against: Seen as over-specified and too complex for use within the Local Communications context

Notes: Parts of the standard are used in MBUS implementations.


XML

Description: Extensible Markup Language, a general purpose specification for creating custom markup languages – allowing GB smart metering to develop a bespoke and flexible data exchange format.

Used by/for: Global standard for data exchanges, used in an increasing number of applications.

For: Would allow for an exact fit with GB smart metering requirements and applications, would also remain future flexible to accommodate market innovation. XML can be compressed substantially, particularly if a known schema is available.

Against: Use of XML for Local Communications could place an unacceptably high overhead on the microcontroller itself. XML support could easily require more space than is typically available on low power radio microcontrollers. Implementation is feasible, but at the cost of adding memory and co-processors and decreasing battery life. A bespoke GB smart metering XML schema would require development and ongoing governance.

Notes:


ZigBee Smart Energy

Description: Specific ZigBee profile defining device descriptions, standard interfaces and practices for smart energy applications.


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Developed and maintained by the ZigBee Alliance.

Used by/for: Smart metering and AMI activities in other markets

For: Specific solution for smart metering using low power wireless technology

Against: Has been developed specifically to address Southern California Edison’s AMI requirements (and is currently being adapted to include requirements from Victoria in Australia).

Notes:


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10 Evaluation of Solution Options This section of the document details the evaluation process undertaken by the Local Communications Development Group. This evaluation exercise has necessarily been conducted as a desktop exercise. Wherever empirical evidence has been available, from similar evaluations or actual deployments, this has been considered. Throughout the process, it has been noted that the technology receiving the highest rating will not necessarily be recommended by the group. Note: In previous versions of this report, there was content covering data traffic modelling to assist with understanding the type and scale of data exchanges expected. Following discussions within the Development Group, it was concluded that any data modelling undertaken would be based almost entirely on assumptions about the types of activities and the file formats, and was therefore not practical to undertake at this time.

10.1 Evaluation Process Shown below is the process undertaken to evaluate the solution options: July 18 2008 Meeting • Group refined requirements • Group discussed and agreed high level plan for evaluation criteria and

process • Updated evaluation criteria issued for review September 2 2008 Meeting • Presentations and Q&A sessions for each of the solution options • Discuss and update evaluation criteria October 2 2008 Meeting • Review evaluation criteria, assess statements regarding each solution

option, agree a ‘traffic light rating’ recording any key gaps, issues or risks noted against a solution option

October 29 2008 Meeting • Finalise and agree recommendations Between meetings there has been correspondence between the SRSM project team and solutions providers to resolve queries and update the information presented below.

10.2 Evaluation Methodologies Each of the criteria shown below are weighted.

10.2.1 Evaluation Weighting Recognising that some criteria are closely linked to core requirements and principles, whilst others are peripheral, each of the criteria is weighted.


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The weighting, which assists the group with prioritising any gap analysis, is shown in the table below. ‘Must Have’ criteria carry a weighting of 4.

10.2.2 Evaluation Assessment All criteria are assessed in terms of red, yellow, green or blue on a gap analysis/risk assessment basis. A number of criteria have been assessed as Yellow where the claims of the solution options remain based on ‘desktop’ evidence only, where the group felt that evidence from testing would result in a clearer view of performance.

Green No gaps or issues

Yellow Some quantifiable gaps or levels of

risk

Red Significant gap or risk

Blue No information available

10.3 Evaluation Criteria Ref Criteria Relevance/Importance (Must

Have/Desirable) Weighting 8(Desirable only: 3 = Very 2 = Fairly 1 = Less)

Fit with Requirements (not specifically addressed by categories below) 1.1 Low level of energy customer

intervention/support required to maintain communications

Desirable 3

1.2 Ease of installation – i.e. discovery at meter installation

Must Have NA

1.3 Minimise number of site visits to address Local Communications issues – i.e. recovery or remote correction on failure/upgrade failure – will include MTBF and power consumption on meter battery as considerations

Desirable 3

1.4 Development tools to support smart metering and smart energy market

Desirable 1

1.5 Ease of integration into metering/home products –

Desirable 2

8 Must Have criteria carry a weighting of 4


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Ref Criteria Relevance/Importance (Must Have/Desirable)

Weighting 8(Desirable only: 3 = Very 2 = Fairly 1 = Less)

e.g. system on chip, antenna size9

1.6 Scope/receptiveness to accommodate specific GB smart metering requirements

Must Have NA

Interoperability 2.1 Status as an Open Standard

– accessibility, defined standards, range of participants, proven certification process

Must Have NA

2.2 Support for choice of data exchange format

Desirable 2

2.3 Genuine choice and competition between silicon vendors

Desirable 3

2.4 Interoperable chipsets Must Have NA 2.5 Effort required to update

standards to meet specific GB requirements (less effort = higher score)

Desirable 2

2.6 No. of nodes supported for each HAN, assuming minimum capability of 3.

Desirable 2

Power 3.1 Consumption/Peak

Current/Power Failure Management

Desirable 3

3.2 Support for battery powered nodes, but also for energy smart metering application (e.g. data refreshes in minutes rather than hours/days for end nodes)

Must Have NA

Data Performance 4.1 Transmission speed –

effective data throughput in kbps per channel

Desirable 2

4.2 Robustness (retry mechanisms, acknowledgements, minimised/nil message loss – i.e. latency and dropped packets)

Desirable 2

Radio Performance 5.1 Typical range (amplified or Desirable 3

9 It was acknowledged during group discussions that an excellent design would represent a poor substitute for commercial momentum


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non-amplified) 5.2 Suitability for GB meter

locations (consider internal/external, stone/concrete, metal meter cabinets, meter rooms etc.)

Desirable 3

5.3 Vulnerability to signal interference

Desirable 2

5.4 Ability to cope with signal interference

Desirable 3

5.5 Blocking Immunity in transceiver

Desirable 2

Security 6.1 Strength/resilience of

methods used Desirable 3

6.2 Ability to use rolling/successive keys

Desirable 2

6.3 Support for distinguishing public/private data, and for keeping gas/water/electricity data independently secure – i.e. supports 3 different suppliers for 3 utilities (and any other authorised party data secure)

Must Have NA

Future Resistance 7.1 Support for “over the air”

upgrades of ‘smart meter’ nodes – i.e. gas + electricity meters & in home display

Must Have NA

7.2 Support for security upgrades Desirable 2 7.3 Support for backwards

compatibility Must Have NA

7.4 Longevity of frequency Desirable 3 7.5 Longevity of solution

technology (minimum expected smart meter asset life of 10-15 years)

Must Have NA

Cost Considerations 8.1 Total cost per home – 1 x

electricity meter, 1 x gas meter with battery, 1 x home display unit = 3 chipsets + additional battery cost

Desirable 2

8.2 Mean Time Between Failures/Reliability

Desirable 3

Maturity 9.1 Use in equivalent smart

metering deployments Desirable 3


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9.2 Use in analogous applications

Desirable 2

9.3 Expectation of ongoing required upgrades – i.e. v2009, v2011 (fewer = higher score?)

Desirable 1

9.4 Capacity in vendors to meet smart metering demands (meters plus displays and other devices) – assume 5 year deployment to 25 million homes

Must Have NA

9.5 Availability of non-metering products that could be relevant to smart metering – e.g. thermostats, display devices

Desirable 2

Table 18 Evaluation Criteria

As a result of the evaluation process undertaken by the Local Communications Development Group, each of the criteria above necessarily fall into one or more of the following categories:

- those requiring a field test to assess performance - those that can be tested under laboratory conditions - those where a panel review process could determine the level of

compliance/risk - those that are not possible to test/evaluate to a certain conclusion

The assessment of the solutions against the criteria and within these categories is reflected in the recommendations of this report in section 11 below. It should also be noted that a number of categories appear to show no differentiation between solution options, this is to be expected as they have all been selected for evaluation on the premise that they offer a viable low power wireless option for smart metering.

10.4 Evaluation Scorecard Ref Criteria Bluetooth

Low Energy

M-Bus Wavenis ZigBee @

868MHz

ZigBee @

2.4GHz

Z-Wave

1.1 Low level of energy customer intervention/support required to maintain communications


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Ref Criteria Bluetooth Low

Energy


868MHz

ZigBee @

2.4GHz

Z-Wave


1.3 Minimise number of site visits to address Local Communications issues – i.e. recovery or remote correction on failure/upgrade failure – will include MTBF and power consumption on meter battery as considerations


1.5 Ease of integration into metering/home products – e.g. system on chip, antenna size


2.1 Status as an Open Standard – accessibility, defined standards, range of participants, proven certification process



2.4 Interoperable chipsets

2.5 Effort required to update standards to meet specific GB requirements (less effort = higher score)


3.1 Consumption/Peak Current/Power Failure Management


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Energy


868MHz

ZigBee @

2.4GHz

Z-Wave


4.1 Transmission speed – effective data throughput in kbps per channel


5.1 Typical range (amplified or non-amplified)

5.2 Suitability for GB meter locations (consider internal/external, stone/concrete, metal meter cabinets, meter rooms etc.)

5.3 Vulnerability to signal interference


5.5 Blocking Immunity in transceiver

6.1 Strength/resilience of methods used 10



7.1 Support for “over the air” upgrades of ‘smart

10 AES encryption is optional in Wavenis, but it is assumed that it would be enabled by default for all GB smart metering use


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Energy


868MHz

ZigBee @

2.4GHz

Z-Wave

meter’ nodes – i.e. gas + electricity meters & in home display

7.2 Support for security upgrades

7.3 Support for backwards compatibility

7.4 Longevity of frequency

7.5 Longevity of solution technology (minimum smart meter asset life 10-15 years or better)

8.1 Total cost per home – 1 x electricity meter, 1 x gas meter with battery, 1 x home display unit = 3 chipsets + additional battery cost


9.1 Use in equivalent smart metering deployments

9.2 Use in analogous applications

9.3 Expectation of ongoing required upgrades – i.e. v2009, v2011 (fewer = higher score?)

9.4 Capacity in vendors to meet smart metering demands (meters plus displays and other devices) – assume 5 year deployment to 25 million homes11


Table 19 Evaluation Scorecard

10.4.1 Evaluation Notes In order to provide a complete record of the evaluation process, any notes and explanatory text are shown in the table below.

11 It was noted by the group that any technologies operating as fabless providers may present a higher risk than Bluetooth or ZigBee @2.4


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Bluetooth low energy: throughout the assessment of the Bluetooth low energy solution option, it should be noted that at the time of preparing the assessment, this technology was not available for review. Therefore all ratings for Bluetooth low energy have been recorded as ‘Unknown’. However, where relevant, information relating to Bluetooth has been recorded in the notes table below. Wavenis ultra-low-power wireless technology: Information was provided by Coronis based on profiles and application optimisation for existing metering solutions that use Wavenis. Wireless M-Bus: the comments and views relating to Wireless M-Bus were not available for the group discussion on the 2nd October and were provided subsequently for inclusion in this report – a number of the entries are provided as scores out of 5 (1 being low compliance, 5 being complete compliance). However, there were a number of radio experts and meter manufacturers familiar with the solution, and their input has informed the ratings shown. ZigBee@868MHz: the information has been provided by Atmel, a semiconductor manufacturer, and accordingly does not address in any detail those criteria that relate to matters beyond the provision of the chip itself. [email protected]: A comprehensive paper was presented on behalf of ZigBee, as can be seen from the notes in the table below. The preamble for this document, which provides information on implementation options for GB smart metering, is included as an appendix to this report. Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation

e.g. Solution X

Green 800 million devices sold in 2007

1.1 Bluetooth low energy

Bluetooth requires no customer intervention

1.1 Wavenis

Wavenis offers specific installation methods for metering networks, with end-points using self-organizing services for their initial installation and configuration within the network, self-healing features to repair broken links subsequently. End-user customers should never have to deal with any aspects of wireless meter configuration.

1.1 Wireless M-Bus

- RF-Transmission interval is selectable for every meter, thus lifetime and battery size of meter is selectable

- For that reason a single coin adapter solution integrating e.g. existing Gas meters is possible

- High dynamic range allows connection of gateway with typically one hop. No additional Installation point in flat is necessary!

1.1 ZigBee @ 868MHz

similar to 2.4GHz ZigBee solutions


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation

1.1 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Connectivity: • Once installed and commissioned in the network,

ZigBee devices do not lose connectivity with the network, even after reset due to battery change or loss of power.

• Information about which devices talk to which other devices is held in non-volatile memory on each device, so this is not dependent on a central controller.

• ZigBee is a self-healing mesh network, where routes are repaired automatically, surrounding ‘neighbour’ devices are discovered automatically and

• Battery powered (end) devices can find new parents if they lose contact.

Robust messaging • ZigBee messaging is highly robust, with clear

channel assessment before sending a packet; • Retries at a MAC level and • Further retries if necessary at an APS

(Application Support) level, resulting in 12 attempts to send a message in a ~5 second period before a message actually fails.

Customer Intervention: • No customer intervention is required typically to

maintain communications. • Of course, if a device (e.g. In-Home-Display) is

broken and has to be replaced, then some re-commissioning is required, and this might be done by the energy customer (depending on procedures)

• As with any other radio technology, if the user changes the environment to directly block the radio signal between two devices and there is no other path, then some user intervention would be required to clear the blockage, move one of the devices (e.g. in-home-display) or introduce a routing device to allow the message to route around the blockage.

The best direct evidence of this is from current installations in UK homes, including companies like PRI, Alertme, and some of the EDRP trials currently underway.

1.1 Z Wave

After installation the Self-Healing, Self organizing, mesh protocol mechanisms and the optional Wireless firmware upgrade will perform the network support for the customer.


Bluetooth requires no configuration of radio at the meter at installation


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1.2 Wavenis

End-points are added to the network at the touch of a button on a handheld device (which launches a Service Discovery Protocol process in the end-point). At the same time, the end-point identifies the most power-efficient and reliable path to the nearest gateway. When battery-powered range extenders are used in a fixed network topology, their GPS coordinates are added to the network map for administration purposes.

1.2 Wireless M-Bus

Two types of Installation

- Installation using “press button” method (Gateway listens to all “new” meters)

- Installation by scanning RF-Channel and comparing with device list provided by AMR-Back office

1.2 ZigBee @ 868MHz

similar to 2.4GHz ZigBee solutions, however final system / meter not under control of Chip providers

1.2 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

If using the ZigBee Smart Energy application profile, this describes in detail the commissioning process for HAN / Local communications.

All ZigBee devices have a unique IEEE address called EUI64, sometimes referred to as a MAC address (though in the IT World, MAC addresses are usually 48 bits, not 64 bits like ZigBee). This globally unique MAC address can be used during installation to uniquely identify every device.

There are several types of discovery, including device discovery, route discovery and service discovery, all of which are encapsulated in the ZigBee standard and which make installation processes much easier.

1.2 Z Wave

Standard Z-Wave auto discovery and configuration functionalities allow easy installation. The Advanced Energy Control (AEC) framework using standard IP (Z/IP) remote management allows full control from utility supplier or installer.


Bluetooth self manages the local communications

1.3 Wavenis

Self-healing mechanisms are used by end-points in case of network path problems. A battery energy consumption counter is used to raise a spontaneous alert in case of low battery. Over-the-air programming and remote access (by the network administrator) obviate the need for any end-customer intervention.

1.3 Wireless M-Bus

Self healing? One Electricity meter and one Gas meter have a link to one Gateway.

A Meter may be remotely assigned to another


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation gateway, if needed. But reassignment is not made automatically for security reasons!

1.3 ZigBee @ 868MHz


1.3 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Site visits post installation should be unnecessary with ZigBee deployments, except for normal circumstances like device failure or if the user does something exceptional to create a problem (see above).

It should be possible to design battery powered devices like gas meters to last many years on a single battery. This will be largely dependent on the product design and requirements, e.g. type of battery, frequency of communications.

Device failures in the field should be minimal. ZigBee chips are designed on proven technologies and processes. MTBF and other statistics may differ from one chip to another, so difficult to provide specific statistics given the number of vendors. Silicon vendors will meet expectations of ERA / UK local Communications in this regard, and individual vendors can supply their individual statistics as part of a competitive tendering process.

1.3 Z Wave

The 868MHz operation efficiently removes the problematic WiFi interference and the associated support calls. Z-Wave Self-healing automatically repair minor network issues and the optional, wireless firmware upgrade can repair major issues without site visits.


Bluetooth development systems available from multiple manufacturers with over 8 years of shipping products

1.4 Wavenis

The Wavenis Open Standard Alliance promotes multi-sourcing of Wavenis platforms. Product Development Kits, testing tools and a complete developer API are readily available. Several market leading metering companies have used these tools to deploy hi-volumes of Wavenis water and gas metering solutions around the world. Electric metering with embedded Wavenis-based solutions are under development, including for the UK.

1.4 Wireless M-Bus

Ready to use RF-Solution from Amber-Wireless and Radio craft. Transmitter modules + EVA-Kits from Unitronics, Panasonic, Radiometrix etc. Development tools from Chipcon, Analog Devices and another SRD-Chip Manufacturer.

1.4 ZigBee @ 868MHz


1.4 ZigBee @

Competition among silicon vendors drives innovation, leading to strong development tools to


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation 2.4GHz support ZigBee Smart Energy. For example,

Ember’s AppBuilder tool will build ZSE compliant applications that can be immediately certified and are ready for integration with the customer application.

A number of companies have been developing products to support smart energy, including for example, Wavecom, who have a ZigBee virtual-IP implementation in their GSM gateway.

A number of independent commercial module manufacturers provide cost effective ZigBee modules using chips from a variety of silicon manufacturers; e.g. Telegesis (Ember), Digi (Ember, Freescale), Radiocrafts (TI), Panasonic (Freescale, Ember), Meshnetics (Atmel), Holley (Ember).

1.4 Z Wave

Z-Wave Alliance provides comprehensive development kits, sample implementation, test and certification tools


All Bluetooth systems are single chip these days, and integration sizes are shown by Bluetooth headsets such as the Apple headset

1.5 Wavenis

Wavenis RF boards (2-chip solutions) are small enough to be used by customers for door locks, call medallions/wristwatches, light switches, alarms, temperature control units and in-home displays for metering and HAN applications. Even smaller 12-chip solution is due in 2009, with enhanced power-saving features. Current platform is available in different forms, depending on integrator’s desired time-to-market (from ready-to-use modules to development platforms).

1.5 Wireless M-Bus

Chipcon solution CC1101 4x4mm Semtech SX1211 6x6mm Most applied metering µC MSP430 come next year for the first time with an integrated RF module. The first available integrated solution to support SRD-Radio (very suitable for wireless M-Bus, but not restricted to it)! Ready to use RF-Solution from Amber-Wireless and Radio craft. Antenna size is the same for all solutions and depends on Frequency only! Chip antennas available (but not always recommended).

1.5 ZigBee @ 868MHz

868 MHz requires larger antennas, PHY/MAC/NWK/APS layer similar to 2.4GHz implementations

1.5 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

There are three main models for ZigBee chips; a) System-on-chip (SoC) solutions (e.g. Ember

EM250, TI CC2430) which have an integrated IEEE 802.15.4 radio and microcontroller, allowing the entire ZigBee stack and application to reside on a single chip. These are particularly


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation important for small battery powered devices such as thermostats. Most silicon vendors are developing their solutions further down this path, providing more powerful microcontrollers and in some cases more flash and RAM space for application code to run. This is the solution likely to drive ZigBee costs down in the next few years.

b) Network Coprocessor solutions (e.g. Ember EM260, TI CC2480) are not very common at the moment among vendors, but nonetheless are proving popular in the smart energy space because of the ability to connect your favourite ZigBee chips and software stack to your preferred microcontroller. For instance, Ember EM260 has been used in designs with Atmel AVR, TI MSP430, Renesas H8, Microchip PIC, STR7 etc. etc. Using this model, the designer can continue to use the same micro as before in the application design, just add a little code to connect the ZigBee Coprocessor. This is not as cost effective as SoC, but if you already have a micro in your design (e.g. in a meter), it is a cheaper and more efficient way to add ZigBee.

c) Dual chip solutions (e.g. Ember EM2420 + Atmel AVR, Meshnetics Atmel AVR + Atmel radio, TI CC2520 + MSP430). This is the older model of operation, which is not quite as efficient as SoC, but nonetheless preferred by some developers.

A range of antennae is available for ZigBee as for other 2.4GHz radios, some are customised specifically for IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee. The most cost effective can be ceramic antennae, or even printed antennae. A range of options for the balun is also available, including designs with discreet components (most cost effective), ceramic balun and some vendors are integrating the balun in the chip.

Power Amplification (PA) designs are also available to boost power up to +10dBm (Europe) or +20dBm (US), including modular PA designs from e.g. TI and Skyworks.

A range of competitive ZigBee modules for the same chipsets and different ZigBee chipsets are available. These allow the designer to avoid the hardware design headache, rather to take a proven, tested and certified design to integrate into the product.

1.5 Z Wave

Industry smallest communication module (8mm x 8mm). Industries smallest single die 2.5mm x 2.5mm. Large set of chip communication options (USB, UART, SPI) provides glue less integration into


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation products


Work could start very quickly to fully accommodate your requirements.

1.6 Wavenis

Wavenis wireless technology respects European communication standards and thus is fully compliant for use in the UK. Metering application parameters (i.e. embedded in end-points), such as scheduling, automatic transmission, alert types, data content, etc. are completely adjustable to meet current and future utility needs. Such changes and optimisations, typically based on the existing core smart metering solution are made using the Wavenis development tools.

1.6 Wireless M-Bus

Is a released European Standard. But it will be worked on to fit Requirements of Smart metering as discussed in EU! This process has happened in Germany and in the Netherlands and could be applied in GB as well. Cooperation between countries is welcome and ongoing, and will lead to a revision of standard!

1.6 ZigBee @ 868MHz

no issues expected for HAN usage

1.6 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

The ZigBee Alliance has a Smart Energy Working Group, which is open to members of the ZigBee Alliance (membership is open). It is a relatively easy process to discuss and propose changes to the Smart Energy profile, OR propose a new profile. It probably can be done in 6 months or less, given that the standard is most likely already 80-90% suitable for GB.

This process is happening right now for the Australian requirements, which are being incorporated into the current ZSE spec, which was designed primarily by and for US utilities and metering manufacturers.

The ZigBee Alliance is actively engaging with European expert groups like the DLMS user association and ESMIG, to assist with the integration of European-specific protocols into the ZigBee standard. In the US, this process is also happening to bring HomePlug devices into the ZigBee Smart Energy family.

1.6 Z Wave

The Z-Wave Advanced Energy Control (AEC) framework is targeted to provide remote metering, sub-metering, end-user information displays, advanced load control though other Z-wave devices and extensive support for prepayment meters. The AEC framework supports any mix of meters (gas, electricity, water etc)


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Bluetooth is the definition of an open standard, with an open intellectual property policy, and a wide range or participants from computers / phones / industrial / automation / consumer electronic and other industries. Spec is available for $0 and can be delivered in an end product for $0 royalty to anybody.

2.1 Wavenis

The Wavenis Open Standard Alliance (OSA) has been launched, and is now open for membership. Key partners to include design houses, silicon vendors, meter manufacturers, utilities, software providers, wireless solution providers, and one or more independent certification bodies.

2.1 Wireless M-Bus

EN13757 is an open CEN -standard covering M-Bus and DLMS and related communications. The British Standardisation Institute is involved in the European standardisation process (and voted in favour of last adoptions of this standard). Several Companies in GB are members of Working Group 5 (Radio communication) to take care of the requirement of the British market.

2.1 ZigBee @ 868MHz

IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee are open standards

2.1 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

The ZigBee Alliance is responsible for the development and marketing of the ZigBee standards. The Alliance is an open group of approximately 300 companies which is open to new members, and currently includes silicon vendors, meter manufacturers, electronics companies of various sorts and customers such as utilities. - The ZigBee Alliance is guided by a board of

directors which consists of Promoter members of the Alliance, and includes some of the largest silicon manufacturers, meter manufacturers and OEMs. - The ZigBee Alliance has a small full-time staff, which includes the Chairman, Dr. Bob Heile, who has been involved with a number of IEEE 802 standards in the past. - Most of the work of the ZigBee Alliance is performed by staff from the member companies, in areas where these companies have particular interest. The working groups are always happy to accept new members and new member companies into the discussions.

The ZigBee Specification and ZigBee Application Profiles are all available for download by non-members from the ZigBee Alliance website.

Non members who wish to use the ZigBee standard for commercial gain must become members of the ZigBee Alliance before that product is launched, however if they wish to produce products or stacks


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation not for commercial gain (e.g. Universities) then they are free to use the Intellectual Property of the ZigBee Alliance without becoming members. There is no royalty or license fee for use of the ZigBee specifications or chipsets using the ZigBee specification.

The ZigBee Alliance is a global organisation, currently supported by 22 ZigBee Compliant platforms, which customers can choose from, a number of which are provided by global silicon vendors such as Ember, ST, Renesas, Freescale, TI and Microchip. This variety of implementations across many regions of the World allows for genuine competition between vendors both globally and regionally on the basis of price, performance and architecture.

2.1 Z Wave

The Z-Wave Alliance was established in spring 2005 and is open for any p00articipant. Today it has more than 170 members with more than 300 shipping products around the world. The Z-Wave Alliance governs the strict and yet low cost Z-wave certification programme to ensure full interoperability. The convergence between Z-Wave and IP (Z/IP) is a solid result of this effort.


Bluetooth supports basic cable replacement such as a serial cable replacement using an industry designed protocol, although best use of attribute protocol would enable best power consumption.

2.2 Wavenis

Payload data can be either defined for specific GB market needs or leverage existing Wavenis-based smart metering profiling (with millions of units deployed).

2.2 Wireless M-Bus

EN13757 is separated in parts describing Communication (wired and wireless communication) and Application protocols like M-Bus or DLMS. Other Protocols may also transport via communication modules. To be really interoperable, it is recommended to restrict number of supported protocols.

2.2 ZigBee @ 868MHz

ZigBee does not restrict data exchange format

2.2 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Like all standards, at a low level there is at least some fixed formatting of packets to ensure interoperability between different ZigBee radios. IEEE 802.15.4 specifies certain packet header information that must exist to enable packets to be received by the correct target node etc. Likewise, the Networking (NWK) and Application Support (APS) layers of the ZigBee stack adds header information to this protocol to support for example security, mesh routing and end to end acknowledgements. Above the APS layer, the


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation application is free to implement whatever data exchange formatting it requires.

The ZigBee standard defines application profiles, which include (but are not exclusively) definitions of the data exchange format for any given device in a given application or network. By defining the data exchange format in this way, interoperability between devices manufactured by different companies is enabled, and through certification by an independent third party, is guaranteed. The ZigBee Smart Energy (ZSE) profile is one such application profile which defines the data exchange format for a number of devices including meters, gateways, in-home-displays and thermostats. Other profiles include Home Automation (HA), Commercial Building Automation (CBA), Telecoms Applications (TA) and Personal Home Health Care (PHHC).

The use of these application profiles is not compulsory!

In fact, many of the 250 or so ZigBee products on the market today do not use any of the public application profiles, mainly because there is no requirement for interoperability with other vendors because they are sold as part of a “whole system”. These products can be certified as “Manufacturer Specific Profiles” however they cannot carry the ZigBee logo on the product to indicate interoperability.

So, any private application profile (or data exchange format) can be implemented at an application level on top of the ZigBee APS layer. In this way, any private (or new public) data exchange format can be accommodated in a ZigBee application. Indeed, if those who create this data exchange format wish to do so, this can be published as a public application profile after it has been through the normal process for discussing, approving and testing public profiles.

Also, some of the current public application profiles in ZigBee allow for ‘tunnelling’ of other data exchange formats. In this way, most of the application communications might use CBA messaging for instance, but some of it could use BACNET messaging. In the case of ZSE it is likely that there will be a tunnelling mechanism for DLMS.

2.2 Z Wave

The AEC framework allows a flexible and yet well defined command structure between devices.


There are many silicon vendors shipping Bluetooth chips in the hundred’s of millions territory.


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2.3 Wavenis

Wavenis uses the readily available TI CC1020, which is produced by several foundries (TSMS and AMS). A second source for the Wavenis transceiver is in progress (chip now undergoing testing) with System-on-Chip partner. Other clearly identified sourcing to come via Wavenis-OSA members.

2.3 Wireless M-Bus

Chip-Manufacturers are Atmel, Analog Devices, Chip con/TI, Infinion, Melexis, Nordic, Semtech and others; Technology is used in Home automation, Automotive industry, Metering and much more.

2.3 ZigBee @ 868MHz

other sub-1 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 IC solutions are expected soon on the market

2.3 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

As stated already, there are currently 22 separate ZigBee Compliant Platforms. Some of these are different software stacks using the same silicon, and some are more academic or regional in nature, and so are not as competitive globally as some of the others. There are a number of silicon vendors who have their own software stacks and tools (e.g. Ember, Freescale, Renesas, TI, Jennic, Microchip etc.), and others who partner with software or module companies to deliver a ZigBee solution (e.g. ST Micro, Atmel). There are certainly at least 5-7 highly competitive, global, ZigBee solutions on the market today based on different silicon.

2.3 Z Wave

True Pin compatible 2nd source in 2009


Bluetooth has been interoperable at the chipset level for over 8 years. RF testing is compulsory and done using certified equipment. MAC layer testing also done using certified equipment using an open testing process.12

2.4 Wavenis

Interoperability guaranteed through Wavenis-OSA compliance certification

2.4 Wireless M-Bus

Regulation of this open standard and neighbouring standards ensure interoperability of different chip solutions.

2.4 ZigBee @ 868MHz

open standards IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee ensure interoperability between different solutions

2.4 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

As already stated above, there are 22 ZigBee Compliant Platforms and at least 5-7 of these are genuinely highly competitive on a global scale. ALL compliant platforms go through interoperability testing to ensure that the ZigBee stacks and radios can interoperate at that level. All ZigBee radios must first pass IEEE 802.15.4 testing before they do ZigBee Platform Compliance.

At an application level, each product manufacturer

12 The group evaluation session were not comfortable with the Bluetooth statement as no low energy chips are currently available


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation must take the final application through interoperability testing with an independent test house before being certified and allowed to use the ZigBee logo on products. This is nothing to do with the chipsets per se, but it is essential for interoperable products.

2.4 Z Wave

Strong and proven history of backwards interoperable chips through the last 6 years: ZW0102, ZW0201, ZW0301 and ZW0401 can all be used in the same Z-Wave network


Effort required is to update specifications, guided by experienced members. You must provide feature requirements documents, and help review the specifications.

2.5 Wavenis

Current solution is 100% compatible with GB regulations, with customers integrating Wavenis into upcoming products for the UK. Changes to adapt to new requirements would typically be made at the application level, rather than the Wavenis wireless level itself.

2.5 Wireless M-Bus

EN13757 is a special Standard to handle meter communications only. Regarding new requirements, an extension of the standard is in discussion now. The general conditions for Meter management differ from country to country. Future requirements will be adopted either in user associations (like e.g. DLMS-UA) or by a standardisation working group. Application protocol changes like new OBIS-Code for a special data point may be introduced in 6 to 12 months.

2.5 ZigBee @ 868MHz

no need to update standard, IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee are specified to meet requirements

2.5 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

It is hard to say for certain, as the GB requirements are not yet so clear, however it seems that the requirements for GB ought not be so different from those for HAN communications in the US and Australia. I suggest that GB smart metering could decide to adopt 100% the ZigBee Smart Energy profile with a minimum of minor adjustments.

There are some requirements that may cause modifications to the ZSE profile, such as the use of DLMS for some parts of the network, or introduction of some new messaging protocol. In any case, all the mechanisms exist to allow for discussion, drafting, completion and testing of such changes within the structure of the ZigBee Alliance.

2.5 Z Wave

Very little - The AEC is developed with the GB requirements as part of the foundation. The flexible framework allows for fast changes if late GB requirement changes should occur.

2.6 Bluetooth low

Bluetooth low energy does not keep active connections for very long, therefore the maximum supported nodes is approximately 2 billion. Active


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation energy connections would be closer to a couple of

thousand. 2.6 Wavenis

The number of Wavenis nodes in a complete network is unlimited. (6-byte MAC address). Generally speaking, gateways (i.e. GPRS) connect from 2,000 - 4,000 meter end-points in actual deployment situations, which provides optimal battery life as well as network robustness.

2.6 Wireless M-Bus

There is no limitation (Address range is 8 Byte)

2.6 ZigBee @ 868MHz

no of maximum supportable (addressable) IEEE802.15.4 / ZigBee nodes much higher than minimum requirement

2.6 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

ZigBee supports up to 65,000 nodes in a network, however the practical limits of such networks are usually dictated by traffic and application model. Certainly many ZigBee networks exist today with several hundred nodes per network and thousands of nodes should be easily achievable.

Most home automation vendors consider the possibility of about 200 nodes in a home, and when you consider every power outlet, every light and light switch, every shutter/blind, every closure in a security application, you can see how it could be possible to have that number of nodes in a single network. ZigBee can easily handle that number, in fact the more nodes in a network the more robust the ZigBee mesh network becomes.

2.6 Z Wave

Z-Wave supports 232 nodes within one Z-wave segment (HomeID). More nodes can easily be supported by using segments through the Z/IP Gateway.


Bluetooth chips in their 5th or 6th generation are quoting peak instantaneous current draw when transmitting of approximately 20mA, however duty cycle guarantees can lower this down to 12 mA as required by button cell batteries. Power failure is not an issue as connections are as required not permanent.

3.1 Wavenis

- 10µA average operating current with 1s period time - 18mA full run Rx and 5mW class Tx - 45mA full run for 25mW class Tx - 500mA full run for 500mW class Tx - Low-battery detection and permanent energy counter tracking

Every 1s (typical value for metering), Wavenis devices wake-up from sleep mode (1µA) to Rx RSSI detection mode. If no energy is detected on the channel, the Wavenis device goes back to sleep mode. This only takes about 500µs. If energy is detected, Wavenis Rx full run is activated to detect signal coherence. If the signal is incoherent, the Wavenis device goes back to sleep mode. This only


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation takes 1. 6ms.

But when talking about power consumption, we also have to consider the behaviour of the entire network. This is why several FHSS algorithms have been implemented to avoid the over-hearing phenomenon and provide efficient mesh network services. - A relaxed synchronization beacon is transmitted

every 90mn throughout the network to align clocks and wake-up timings for all devices. A hopping table is calculated based on a pseudo-random sequence. - Periodic receive-standby mode is set to ~1s for metering. This gives a 1s latency time at worst for a direct link or 4s at worst in case of 3 relays. Each device calculates its own pseudo-random hopping table based on its own MAC address. - Lastly, transmission implements a fast FHSS with pseudo-random frequency hops every 2 bytes

3.1 Wireless

M-Bus

Ultra low power (e.g. 10 years 1Ah). There is no requirement other than the application itself sending data. Therefore the power consumption will be controlled by the meter itself. For a battery powered meter, the battery size is normally restricted by price. However a long lifetime may be ensured by the selection of transmission power and data rate. Example: A meter sends 2 Telegrams per hour with a higher power e.g. 12 dBm (using 60 mA) and slow data rate (S-mode). It needs 0.1Ah for Transmission power over 10 Years. Another meter using a faster data rate (T-mode) with 5 dBm (using 30 mA) may transmit 10 times faster using same energy. Because there is no synchronisation required, a Power fail of a mains supplied unit will not affect the system (excluded time of power fail).

3.1 ZigBee @ 868MHz

3.1 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Power consumption will differ from different silicon vendors, and this is one area where competition is strong. Typically, power consumption is a trade off against RF performance, so a chip that uses 25mA transmitting at 0dBm might not be as desirable as one which uses 35mA transmitting at +3dBm. It is also necessary to consider whether an external PA will be used, and in many Smart Energy situations it would probably be advisable to use a PA to +10dBm. It is also fair to say that much innovation in the area of power consumption is under way as part of this competition between vendors and there is an expectation that it will improve in the next couple of


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation years. There are two main models to look at: routing devices (which have a constant source of power) and sleepy end devices (which are battery powered). Routing devices must have the radio on in receive mode at all times, in order to be able to receive a message from another device, either for itself or to be routed on in the network. Typical power consumption in receive mode is between 25mA and 35mA today, and I would expect that to go down to between 15mA and 25mA in the next 3-4 years. In transmit mode, which occurs rarely compared to receive mode, devices differ greatly in both power consumed and transmit power achieved, typically between about 25mA to transmit at 0dBm to about 40mA to transmit at +5dBm. Power amplifiers to bring transmit power up to +10dBm could bring total power consumption during TX to as much as 100mA, but again this is improving all the time. Sleepy End Devices spend most of the time in a sleep mode, either on a timer or waiting for some external interrupt (a line brought high/low, button push etc.). While asleep, the best ZigBee devices can draw as little as 600-700nA, and most will consume a small number of uA (microAmp). When awake and transmitting, the figures for transmit power above will apply, though usually only for a very small percentage of the total time. Most Sleepy End Devices have a duty cycle less than 1%, and many are less than 0.1%. Most devices have some sort of internal or external brownout detection and the range of voltages supported differs from chip to chip, but many can survive down to about 2.1V. Reset management will depend on the implementation of the stack, but the best implementations allow a node to simply reload network parameters from non-volatile memory and re-associate with the network after a power reset.

3.1 Z Wave

Z-Wave is one of the leaders in low power consumption – System on chip with: • 20 mA in receive mode (with MCU running) • 20 mA in transmit mode (with MCU running; up

to + 5dBm) • Low battery alerts


Routing is a profile issue, and while not in the core standard, can be added within the profile as required. Concepts of gateways, routers and relay nodes are in the specification, as are the concepts of publish and subscribe – the only low power way of


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation getting data from a device.

3.2 Wavenis

Since 2000, Wavenis development has focused on achieving the optimal compromise of ultra-low power consumption and long wireless range. Application level metering solutions for (and by) customers also play an important role in efficient end-point and power management. Programmable data logging and periodic transmission, plus smart sleep cycles, network synchronization and protection against “overhearing” in the wireless network contribute to optimising performance with respect to loads, distance and reliability. All Wavenis nodes in the network can act as repeaters for more remote nodes. 3.2 Wireless

M-Bus

The Meter data are transmitted periodically. Data may used from every reception unit (e.g. Flat display), which own an encryption key. The transmission interval is scalable from minutes to one hour. In the case of radio link extension proprietary network solutions or standardised repeater can be applied.

3.2 ZigBee @ 868MHz

3.2 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

I believe we discussed this in the forum and decided that the requirement was NOT for battery powered devices to be able to relay messages in a mesh network, rather to allow for some battery powered devices to be part of the network and participate occasionally, with long battery life (e.g. Gas Meters). To that end, Sleepy End Devices in ZigBee are a fully supported part of the specification and are routinely used in applications for light switches, thermostats, gas meters, etc. Such devices routinely achieve 10+ years of battery life, though of course this depends on the application requirements, how often the device communicates etc. For what it is worth, the ZigBee Alliance currently has a working group investigating low power routing (the ability to run an entire mesh network entirely on battery powered devices). We expect this to be added into the spec in the 2010 time frame at the earliest. However, it should be noted that it is not possible to achieve the same battery life with a low power router as it is with a sleepy end device because of the mechanism required to maintain a mesh network while also sleeping all devices. I can expand on this if necessary.

3.2 Z Wave

• 1 μA in sleep mode (with POR, interrupts, and wakeup timer running)

• Only standard with support of battery-to-battery networks

• 30-80 μA average power consumption in battery-


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation to-battery networks

• No risk of early power source depletion due to WiFi interference


Bluetooth low energy can support 200 kbps, although doing that is not power efficient. We can transmit very short packets very quickly at a raw physical layer rate of 1 Mbps

4.1 Wavenis

In smart metering, data throughput itself is not a real issue. It may be when you start adding other home devices, but high data traffic requirements are at the opposite end of the spectrum from metering solutions, which only transmit packets occasionally (especially for water and gas). With mains power (electric metering) transmission speed can be bumped up. Assuming the requirements include long battery life and long range (or robustness over short range), then high-throughput is not necessary. Typically, Wavenis is used from 4.8 – 38.4 kbps, with 1/3 data redundancy.

Based on 1s periodic time (Rx-Sby), Wavenis offers 1s latency at worst. In case of 3 hops, latency is 4s max

4.1 Wireless M-Bus

66kbs (T) or 16 kbps (S)

4.1 ZigBee @ 868MHz

PSDU data rate BPSK 20 kb/s OQPSK 100 kb/s

4.1 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Raw data rate between ZigBee 2.4GHz radios is 250kbps. Point to point with ZigBee messaging this works out at about 50kbps real data throughput. In a ZigBee network with messages travelling multiple hops, using security and end to end acknowledgements I would expect 15-20kbps real data throughput. For local communications in the UK, most of the networks will be relatively small, and most communications will be 1-2 hops. In this scenario I would expect real data throughput in excess of 25-30kbps.

4.1 Z Wave

Z-Wave supports a mix of 9.6kbps, 40kbps and 100kbps communication in the same network. This allows manufacturers to trade longer range for less throughput as the range decreases significantly as data rate increases. The effective data rate is up to 60% of the raw data rate due to very low frame overhead.


Immediate acknowledge (power optimized), Active frequency hopping, immediate retransmission,


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation 24bit CRC on every packet, 32 bit message integrity check on encrypted packets.

4.2 Wavenis

Wavenis includes mechanisms to successfully establish data connection on the first attempt, thus protecting battery life while reducing the need for retries. An alert is raised to the application layer after 3 unsuccessful automatic retries. Packets are acknowledged, and fast FHSS, data interleaving, data scrambling, Forward Error Correction with BCH (21, 31) coding and CSMA-CA make it possible to maximize data reliability and drastically reduce channel interference.

4.2 Wireless M-Bus

Latency between 1 to 60 minutes for RF

4.2 ZigBee @ 868MHz

retry mechanisms are well defined by IEEE802.15.4

4.2 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

At an IEEE 802.15.4 MAC level, there is a clear channel assessment before sending a message, and there is a MAC acknowledgement and retry mechanism that allows for 4 attempts if the message does not get through. At an Application Support Sublayer (APS) level, a ZigBee application may use end-to-end acknowledgements and 3 attempts. In total this means that for any message sent that fails to get through, the ZigBee stack has tried 12 times to get this through over a period of up to about 4.5 seconds typically. Even with high levels of interference, this usually means there is no message loss, with a possible impact on latency (by design). In most implementations the application will get a callback to indicate success or failure of the message, whether using MAC acknowledgements only, or APS acknowledgements. Typical latency of a message one hop in a clear ZigBee network is <10ms (typical is more like 4ms). Timeout mechanisms allow for up to 50ms per hop before it is assumed a message has failed.

4.2 Z Wave

The Z-Wave protocol implements standard collision avoidance and random back-off algorithms. Every message is governed both by a node-2-node acknowledgement and an end-2-end acknowledgement. Additionally the routing protocol automatically tries alternative routes should parts of the network be ‘off-line’


300m typical for good RF design. More in expensive PA’s are used

5.1 Wavenis

-113dBm sensitivity +14dBm output

127dB link budget


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation Helicoidal antennas of -3dBi in metering devices. For small footprint casing in HAN devices (such as a CR2032 battery-powered light switch), a piece of wire is generally used. In addition, 868MHz band features 9dB less LOS attenuation vs. 2.4GHz. Also, 868MHz offers better propagation through walls and flooring materials. - 1mW: 80m indoor (industrial lighting control products) - 25mW: 30-300m in real world metering scenarios (underground, home, flat, building, commercial, industrial) - 500mW: few km for large area coverage with cost effective battery powered range extenders

5.1 Wireless M-Bus

Range typically 25 m in Building

-106 dBm sensitivity +14 dBm output power (non amplified) => 120 dBm link budget

To use a small battery a meter typically applies +8..10 dBm chip output power. This will reduce current consumption from more than 70mA to less than 20 mA. Higher pulse current will significantly increase the price of the battery. Small antennas and bad installation conditions may reduce power on air by 3 to 10 dB. However this will cover typically two or three floor levels (depending on building), assumed that data rate is slow enough to support a sensitive receiver.

868 MHz reduces link lost by reflection, has less Free space attenuation than 2,4GHz (9dB) and less wall loss In very critical buildings it may better (cheaper) to use a wired or hybrid (wired/wireless) solution.

PS: We are talking about indoor communication so I don’t attach a LOS-calculation!

5.1 ZigBee @ 868MHz

typ. range is factor 2.8 higher than 2.4 GHz, about 4.4 km for OQPSK and further increased for BPSK modulation, refer to ZigBee 868 MHz presentation

5.1 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

This will differ between ZigBee vendors, as it depends on the receive sensitivity of the receiving radio and the transmit power of the sending radio. The best ZigBee chips have a receive sensitivity of -99dBm to -100dBm and a transmit power of +3dBm to +5dBm, which leads to a best-case unamplified dynamic link budget of about 104dBm. Theoretically this should deliver about 1Km line of sight in free space, however in reality this usually translates to between 400m-700m. Amplifying output to +10dBm, which equates to


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation 10mW, the limit in Europe, this should increase the dynamic range to perhaps as much as 110dBm, and in reality delivers LOS range between 600m to 1Km.

5.1 Z Wave

When not amplified Z-Wave chips support up to 100+ dB RF system budget at sub-1GHz (depending on data rate). This translates in to typical 60m-100m outdoor / 30m-40m indoor. Additional range can be obtained through the mesh network or through external amplifiers.


As long as there is a small gap, Bluetooth will get signals through. This could be a keyhole, or window. Multipath is allowed, and encouraged in Bluetooth, enabling a much more robust link than static or wide signals.

5.2 Wavenis

With a point-to-point range of hundreds of meters (line of sight), Wavenis has proven itself in harsh environments in large-scale metering networks deployed and operated by utilities around the world. This includes both devices with an external RF module, and those with Wavenis integrated “under glass”, used in dense urban areas (lots of apartments) and sprawling rural areas. FHSS techniques feature more robustness in case of multipath or signal fading, and FH spread spectrum ensures recovery of desired signals. Also, the 868MHz band is more efficient in term of propagation when compared to 2.4GHz. In case of short range requirements only, this lead to reduced output power, thus the ability to use smaller batteries, which leads to even more competitive pricing.

5.2 Wireless M-Bus

Internal/external installation is a question of the meter housing and of the link budget. Building structure and installation environment generate an uncertainty of Link attenuation. This can only be solved by suitable Link budget. Ranking is comparable with Ref. 5.1.

5.2 ZigBee @ 868MHz

868 MHz operation is much more robust compared to 2.4 GHz operation

5.2 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Typical range within UK homes is about 15-20m point to point. When powered nodes are available (like with smartplug-type devices which always have power) this allows any communication to be routed over multiple hops. Anecdotally, Alertme noted that 80% of homes did not require a repeater/router of any sort (all Communications point to point), with their coordinator node operating unamplified at +5dBm and their sensor nodes operating unamplified at +3dBm, both types of nodes using a suboptimal antenna.


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5.2 Z Wave

High RF system budget along with long range due to sub-1GHz communication. Strong Mesh extends the range through multiple hops. Successful 2500 trial electricity and gas installations in UK without ‘location issues’.


Very low – narrow band signals can push through wide band interferers. A narrow band interferer would be frequency hopped around. AFH allows for characterisation and mapping out bad frequencies.

5.3 Wavenis

Very strong robustness against signal interference due to fast FHSS (every 2 bytes), FEC, data scrambling, data interleaving and automatic retries. Use of 868MHz means using the very low duty cycle imposed by ETS300-220. No risk of 2.4GHz jammers.

5.3 Wireless M-Bus

Radio traffic is regulated in the 868 MHz-Band by CEPT. Due to the small Bandwidth and small duty cycle, the collision rate is low. If a collision happens telegram can be requested again (Retry).

5.3 ZigBee @ 868MHz

handled by modulation scheme DSSS and supported by retry mechanisms

5.3 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

While 2.4GHz is very popular for WiFi (IEEE 802.11.b/g/n), Bluetooth and other communications technologies, ZigBee coexists very well even when sharing the same channel with those other technologies. The best treatment of this subject available is the report already known to the ERA from Schneider Electric, and it concludes that ZigBee survives well even in very adverse (and very untypical) conditions. Some characteristics will differ from chipset to chipset, so can be assessed between competitors.

5.3 Z Wave

Z-Wave uses the well regulated 868MHz 1% duty cycle band in Europe. No interference from WiFi and other high power 2.4Ghz ‘jammers’


AFH is the best solution for this problem. Signal interference in the 2.4 GHz band comes from other devices like microwave ovens, street lighting, alarm systems and wireless communication systems. Bluetooth can deal with all of these. Bluetooth also has power control, allowing for robustness against a rising noise floor.

5.4 Wavenis

Transparent recovery of lost packets. Increased probability of TX success on first attempt. This is also a significant contributor to power savings contributor.

5.4 Wireless M-Bus

Consumption data are transmitted periodically. This protects temporary interference in channel. High transmission power, Modulation index and limited receiver bandwidth reduces effect of interference. In case of strong interference data has to be


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation retransmitted at later time.

5.4 ZigBee @ 868MHz

specified by IEEE802.15.4 in view of typical interference scenarios, higher robustness compared to 2.4 GHz operation

5.4 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Subject to 5.3, IF a ZigBee network suffers from interference, there is a standard mechanism for moving the network to one of the other 15 IEEE 802.15.4 channels available at 2.4GHz.

5.4 Z Wave

Advanced Frequency agility on a frame per frame basis without frame loss. Every Z-Wave node concurrently listens on two channels. The transmitter always selects the optimal channel for each message based on RSSI and adaptive mechanisms. This allows parts of the network to operate simultaneously at different channels thereby maximizing the communication success in even highly congested scenarios.


We work in a small device next to a 1W transmitter a few kHz away. Mobile phones with GSM transmitters. Not a problem.

5.5 Wavenis

Operation in 868MHz band with channel bandwidth of 50kHz @ 9,6kbps:

- Blocking: 75dBc @ 10MHz

- ACP (Adjacent Power Rejection): -37dBm @ 50kHz (in compliance with ETS300-220)

- ACR (Adjacent Channel Rejection) : 16dB @ 50kHz & 30dB@ 100kHz (in compliance with ETS300-220)

5.5 Wireless M-Bus

Different Receiver classes are defined in EN13757-4. Class HR requires a blocking rejection of at least 40 dB to the adjacent channel.

5.5 ZigBee @ 868MHz

covered by IEEE802.15.4 specification and further MAC retry mechanisms

5.5 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

This will differ from chipset to chipset, but all IEEE 802.15.4 radios have basic blocking immunity built in. For example, Ember EM250 has adjacent channel rejection at -82dB of 35dB and 2nd channel rejection of 43dB, with channel rejection for all other channels at 40dB, along with 802.11g rejection centred at +12MHz or -13MHz of 40dB. I do not have figures for other ZigBee chipsets.

5.5 Z Wave

All Z-Wave nodes are equipped with a SAW filter –efficiently shielding for signals outside the band (such as GSM phones). Additionally the Z-Wave receivers have a high blocking performance due to narrow band 2FSK/4FSK modulation


Secure Simple Pairing is the most advanced ad hoc authentication scheme around. Standard in v2.1 devices. Uses elliptic curve cryptography, the FIPS P192 curve, and peer reviewed security algorithms.


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation Low energy uses AES 128 with a 32 bit Message Authentication Code, using counter mode as approved by NIST.

6.1 Wavenis

Data sent over the air via Wavenis is secured in multiple ways, making it totally impossible for an unwanted device to simulate a reader or capture data in an unwanted manner.

Data encryption can be implemented as an option, using AES-128, DES, 3-DES

More importantly, when requested by the application, all data exchange between devices in any given network is highly secured natively using a key exchange mechanism based on public, private, network and random keys. The result is exactly like a rolling key solution. Data is ONLY readable by products that are designed to be compatible, and products from competitors or nearby networks could NEVER interoperate unless by design. Even if data were “sniffed”, it would be totally useless (scrambled AND encrypted!). A random key is generated for every exchange, thus establishing the key to be used in the next exchange. These random keys can only be decrypted by devices using the right network-wide key. A product must have a compatible key to be installed into the network, or to read data from devices in that network. This, plus DES and/or AES security yields a highly secure solution.

6.1 Wireless M-Bus

AES128 is defined by OMS for transfer of Data via RF-Link as mandatory.

6.1 ZigBee @ 868MHz

AES-128 (e.g. CCM*) as specified by IEEE 802.15.4 for the MAC and ZigBee for the network layer

6.1 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

There are a number of layers of security in ZigBee. a) First, ZigBee encrypts all packets sent at a

network level using AES-128 bit encryption and a 128-bit Network Key. This is a very robust encryption mechanism for this type of networking. This network key is established by the trust centre when the network is being formed, and is rolled over periodically.

b) ZigBee also specifies a Trust Centre Link Key, which is used to encrypt communications with the trust centre. This is different from the network key.

c) Any two nodes in a ZigBee network may request from the trust centre an APS Link Key, which they can then use to encrypt packets at an application level. Using this mechanism, two nodes can send encrypted data through the mesh network without intermediate nodes being able to read the payload.

d) ZigBee Smart Energy application profile specifies


Page 100 of 127 27-Oct-08

Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation the use of ECC (Elliptical Curve Cryptography) to establish link keys between devices. This is a best in class mechanism for establishing keys and includes the use of digital certificates assigned to the unique IEEE (MAC) address of each device in the network.

Items (a) and (b) above would be used in any ZigBee application. (c) and (d) above could be used by GB smart metering and would be highly recommended. ZigBee supports using an alternative key establishment mechanism as (d) instead of ECC. I think it is clear that ZigBee provides the most secure mechanisms available for wireless mesh networks.

6.1 Z Wave

Z-Wave provides a two tier security solution both based on AES128. The Z-WaveSec provides a plug & play functionality with in-band key exchange. This solution can be used for secure non-personal data exchange. The Z-WaveIPTLS is based on the well known IP TLS technology (used in all internet payment systems today). This solution should be used for secure personal data exchange


Every connection generates a new session key. Session Key is derived using inputs from both devices. Authentication is done against an encryption root that is 128 bits long.

6.2 Wavenis

Wavenis implements a rolling key mechanism based on network, private and random keys. “Checked” random keys (to eliminate obvious and “easy keys”) are issued at each data exchange, and modified to determine the key for the next exchange. Please see answer for 6.1.

6.2 Wireless M-Bus

Yes, on request

6.2 ZigBee @ 868MHz

(symmetric) key establishment, maintenance, and transport are specified by ZigBee network layer, Key generation may be further controlled by APS layer

6.2 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

As stated in 6.1 above, rolling network keys are supported and used by ZigBee.

6.2 Z Wave

Key renewal is a part of the Z-WaveIPTLS solution


As recommended, this should be done at the application layer, not at the physical layer.

6.3 Wavenis

With protection for each network installation (via specific installation keys), as well as every exchange between devices, data is utterly indistinguishable


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation without the right keys. Unwanted data is ignored.

6.3 Wireless M-Bus

Every transmission of data via RF is encrypted.

Consumption data are transmitted periodically to the Gateway (MUC). Access to MUC-Data points needs special access rights. Other data requested direct to meter needs Authorisation for the command. For exchange of Commands, asymmetric ECC should be applied to sign a command. It is intended also to sign transmitted consumption values by ECC to support offline tariffs.

6.3 ZigBee @ 868MHz

security architecture supports use of link keys to secure individual links, already specified by ZigBee

6.3 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Using 6.1 (c) above in conjunction perhaps with (d), every node in the ZigBee network could be assigned a different link key to talk to the devices it needs to talk to. This link key is not known to other devices in the network and so cannot be used to decrypt data except by the destination node for messages. In addition, if full ECC is used, each device would have its own unique digital certificate which can be used to further secure the communication and identify the device uniquely to its target network. So, separating 3 different suppliers in one home is easy.

6.3 Z Wave

The Z-Wave AEC allows for any mix of secure and non-secure communication. This allows for very cost effective implementations. The AEC framework furthermore uses separate security material (keys and certificates) for individual utility suppliers (also in the event that a product is hosting/displays two different utility supplier data)


Yes. This will increase the costs, but a lot of devices use Flash memory for storing program code with upgrades possible. Note: what security scheme do you need for this? Bluetooth chips typically use 1024 bit RSA hashes to ensure the authenticity of the new code before running.

7.1 Wavenis

Over-the-air upgrades can depend on the finished radio board. The upcoming SoC supports high-volume (automated) field upgrades.

Maintenance upgrades can be conducted on-site by a person using a PDA (which switches the end-point to low-range mode, and increases it to fast transmission mode (up to 100 kbps) in order to keep battery consumption to the minimum.

In the SoC, a hardware area is reserved for the boot loader. The stack handles reception of new firmware, verifies it, and informs boot loader to replace old firmware with new.

7.1 Wireless M-Bus

Software update is critical regarding the approval of meter software. If the communication module runs on another µC it may be easily possible. But typically


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation the metering application and communication runs on the same stack. It has to be certified that a software update will not affect metrological software. However it is intended to support the change of part of the software in the meter together with authority in the next step.

7.1 ZigBee @ 868MHz

yes, over air update is supported

7.1 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Not all ZigBee vendors support over the air upgrades for firmware on the ZigBee node, but the leading vendors all do. In most cases there are options for upgrading the stack and the application and in many cases these bootloads can be done remotely and via multiple hops. Note that this usually requires a second program to run on the ZigBee node, to act as a bootloader. Some other technologies that run on very small microcontrollers do not have enough code space to have a separate bootloader program included.

7.1 Z Wave

Standardized Z-Wave firmware upload is available


As recommended, the security algorithms should be specified at the application level, and therefore this would be possible.

7.2 Wavenis

Security algorithms usually depend on application requirements. Security is generally addressed on 3 levels: PHY + MAC layer (Wavenis combines FHSS, FEC, data interleaving and scrambling) + authentication mechanisms + data encryption algorithms.

Most sensitive applications require authentication with sophisticated random rolling codes (combination of rolling public & private keys) with encryption coding such as DES, 3-DES or AES, or other.

Both enhanced authentication mechanisms and encryption algorithms can be upgraded via over the air programming services as described in 7.1.

7.2 Wireless M-Bus

See Ref. 7.1

7.2 ZigBee @ 868MHz

security architecture is specified by ZigBee spec., any upgrade is subject to ZigBee specification

7.2 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Some ZigBee devices (such as Ember EM250, TI CC2430) include a hardware encryption engine, which may or may not be used by the firmware, however in any case, all encryption is done at the network layer or above, so is done in software, so if you wanted to change the encryption mechanism


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation you could do so by replacing the application firmware. All other modifications to security in the ZigBee stack or application could of course be made via an over-the-air upgrade.

7.2 Z Wave

Same as item 7.1

7.3 Bluetooth low energy13

Bluetooth devices shipped today still work with devices shipped 8 years ago.

7.3 Wavenis

The most recent Wavenis devices with enhanced features (synchronized network) are backward compatible with the 1st generation Wavenis with non-synchronized network shipped in 2000.

7.3 Wireless M-Bus14

M-Bus is carried since 1997. There are active Working groups continuing work on this standard. RF-Solution was released in 2005. The Open Metering Working Group selected S-Mode and T-Mode only (S1m are excluded). The long preamble sequence of S-Mode allows alternating scanning of both channels in time. For a reception unit, both Modes should be supported.

7.3 ZigBee @ 868MHz

yes, ensured if required, refer to IEEE802.15.4 and ZigBee by defining appropriate control bits, e.g. “ZigBee Protocol Version”

7.3 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Subject to a significant change to something like security (per 7.2), and any application level changes which are totally under the control of the developer, ZigBee ensures backward compatibility in its networking stack and application profiles. Sometimes criticism is levelled at ZigBee for not being backward compatible, and certainly between ZigBee 2004 and ZigBee 2006 there were some one-off changes made that broke backward compatibility. However, this decision was not taken lightly, and at that time there were no commercial products that had been certified to ZigBee 2004, so it was OK to make such changes without impacting any products in the field. In general, at the point at which some product is certified to a particular ZigBee standard or application profile, all future work on that type of device or that profile, must be backwards compatible.

13 Whilst the proven principles of the Bluetooth SIG support backwards compatibility, the introduction of low energy will break this – i.e. existing devices will not interoperate with ‘low energy only’ devices 14 The group expressed concerns that there are compatibility issues within the M-Bus standard – ‘S’ and ‘T’ types do not interoperate


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7.3 Z Wave

All Z-Wave products to date are backward compliant. This has been proved through 4 software and ASIC generations.


2.4 GHz will be around for a long time. It is of no use for long range communications due to the problems with propagation through water (clouds, mist, fog). Bluetooth is robust against all the interferers within this band, including non-standards based solutions like X10 video transmitters

7.4 Wavenis

Wavenis uses 868 MHz in Europe. Will adapt to extension of this band (as being suggested by European standardisation bodies) as required (extension is 863-873MHz)

7.4 Wireless M-Bus

868MHz band is carried by many industries, which take care about this Band. Frequency Management Working group continues maintenance of this band.

7.4 ZigBee @ 868MHz

868 MHz band dedicated to ISM usage, potential to be expanded

7.4 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

It is difficult to comment on this, as it is always an unknown. However, 2.4GHz has established itself with a number of technologies and so should be available as an unlicensed band into the future. Given the support for ZigBee 2.4GHz by silicon vendors, major electronics manufacturers etc., it would appear that the frequency is here to stay. If anything, as WiFi moves up to 5GHz, the frequency may prove more popular for wireless sensor networks over time.

7.4 Z Wave

The 868MHz band has been adopted by all CEPT countries


Bluetooth has shipped 2.5 billion devices, and is still growing its volume. A market that requires this many chips will not disappear overnight. No other technology will take its place in phones, as the number of radios in a phone is constrained, and Bluetooth is already in there.

7.5 Wavenis

Latest generation of Wavenis-based battery-operated metering solutions features 20 years autonomy with legal commitment. The Wavenis-OSA creates all the conditions to ensure longevity of the technology itself.

7.5 Wireless M-Bus

Single Transceiver applied (no special chipset required). Technology is available as long as Frequency band will be available.

7.5 ZigBee @ 868MHz

Yes

7.5 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Again, given the support for ZigBee by silicon vendors, meter manufacturers and others, it is clear that ZigBee is around for the long haul. The ability to upgrade over the air means that it would be possible to add new features to applications and maybe even to the stack if necessary, and so keep the devices in


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation the field up to date with the latest innovations (if that was desirable, depends on upgrade strategy). ZigBee offers very strong security, and more bandwidth than is needed for smart metering, so it can survive future requirements. Even if ZigBee were to disappear (and that is most unlikely), or if another more suitable IEEE 802.15.4-based technology were to emerge in future years (also unlikely), all of the ZigBee chipsets are IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, and most can be upgraded over-the-air, so it would be possible to upgrade from ZigBee to some other wireless networking stack at that point.

7.5 Z Wave


Electricity meter: <$2 Gas / Water: <$1 Display unit: $0 (it comes for free with mobile phone!!!) Display Unit: <$2. Costs of batteries not considered.

8.1 Wavenis

It is important to consider the finished solution, not just the chipset price. For example, per unit sales price for a Wavenis metering end-point: PCB + CPU/RF/memory, mounted and tested + battery + antenna + sensor connection : <€10 for 100k units Home display Unit : around €30

8.1 Wireless M-Bus

RF-Chip 1,40 $ (@10k today) RF-Module 2,00 $ (w/o battery + µC) Battery (RF-only) 0,5Ah Battery (Gas meter incl. valve) 2,5 Ah= ca. 3,00 € (@10k today)

8.1 ZigBee @ 868MHz

price competitive to ZigBee 2.4GHz and also other 868 MHz implementations

8.1 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

This is difficult for a vendor to answer, as the cost to the utility includes much more than just some ZigBee chips, there is a lot of value add by module manufacturers, meter manufacturers etc. However if we look only at chip costs, then across the multiple vendors; a) For 1 million of units, ZigBee chipsets today cost

typically between about $2.50 and $3.00. b) ZigBee modules including PA to +10dBm, with

FCC and CE approval, in million unit quantities can be obtained for between $7-$10.

We expect the chip prices to come down to about $1.50-$2.00 by 2012, and module prices by then to be <$5.


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8.1 Z Wave

• $2.00-3.00 for SoC in high volumes • $3.00-4.00 for complete module in high volumes • Lowest cost in the market, thanks to

Compact FSK technology Compact protocol stack sizes

• Modern single chip implementation in either 180nm or 130 nm CMOS

• Sustainable cost benefit due to much higher complexity of competitors


No known failures of Bluetooth devices in the field due to Bluetooth chip recorded in last 8 years.

8.2 Wavenis

Of the 2.5 million units deployed at this time, only 0.02% of finished products have been returned for post-sales service. No separate figure on chipset failure is available.

8.2 Wireless M-Bus

Depending on chip solution. Our experience of Chip error rate is <0,005% per year.

8.2 ZigBee @ 868MHz

depends on final system solution which is not under control of Chip providers, Radio/MCU IC’s are proven for MTBF >>10 years

8.2 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

This is another metric that needs to be assessed on a vendor by vendor basis, however most ZigBee chipsets should be up to the requirements. Most chips are on well proven processes and manufactured in reputable fabrication plants such as TSMC in Taiwan, probably use mostly the same flash and RAM components, so for the most part they will deliver similar levels of reliability. MTBF and other calculations of this nature are done using HTOL testing on samples of devices over 1000’s of hours at higher temperatures (usually 125 degrees C) than the devices are normally used, to simulate longer term usage. Using this technique, even recently released chipsets can have a very high calculated MTBF from relatively short test periods, and the confidence level for that value increases as more testing is done over time. For example based on this type of testing, EM2420/CC2420 has a minimum expected life of 10 years at 58 degrees C.

8.2 Z Wave

Chip < 90FIT


9.1 Wavenis

Wavenis was first deployed as a wireless solution for walk-by metering, and has been used in smart metering systems (with remote 2-way access, programmable bubble-up, alerts, etc.) for the past several years in places such as China (China Gas) France (Les Sables d’Olonnes, Paris) Spain,


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation Slovenia, and North America (CA). Some of these networks also include wireless in-home displays for consumers.

9.1 Wireless M-Bus

Applied since 2004 for several million meters.

9.1 ZigBee @ 868MHz

yes, IEEE802.15.4 / ZigBee are developed to be used e.g. in metering applications, application profiles are especially designed for meter applications

9.1 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

ZigBee has been selected for use in smart metering deployments in Texas, California, Virginia and Detroit in the US, Victoria in Australia, and Gothenburg, Sweden. It has also been used in successful trials in Spain, as well as being included in the recent EDRP trials in the UK by some of the ERA members. Gothenburg has now got about 60,000 meters live, expecting to complete roll-out to 270,000 meters by the end of 2008. Other large trials and deployments in the US have already been documented in this forum (see my presentation of 2nd Sept). In the UK, PRI already uses ZigBee in its prepayment meters.

9.1 Z Wave

• 2500 home trial in UK. • Installed in 1000+ smart metering application by

Modstroem in Denmark. • Used in sub-metering and Energy Conservation

applications by DEST in Denmark along with many OEM partners


Industrial automation markets are very similar in requirements (environmental / robustness / security / range)

9.2 Wavenis

Over 2 million Wavenis smart metering solutions are up and running today. Other applications include home Automation (door lock, alarm, lighting, temp control), Industrial Automation, environment, medical, Track & trace (active long range UHF RFID) and in-home displays.

9.2 Wireless M-Bus

Same RF-Interface applied in Home automation (Konnex)

9.2 ZigBee @ 868MHz

yes, IEEE802.15.4 / ZigBee are developed to be used e.g. in metering applications, application profiles are especially designed for meter applications

9.2 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

ZigBee is used in a wide variety of applications including some that are very similar to the sort of networking needed for smart metering; some examples of the variety of applications include; marine safety (see http://www.raymarine.co.uk/products/lifetag/), industrial ball valve control (see www.eltav.com), home security (see www.alertme.com), energy


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Ref Solution Rating Notes/Explanation monitoring / management (see www.plugwise.com), home automation (see www.control4.com), commercial building automation (see www.tac.com) and fire and safety (see www.byterg.ru). Some of these applications are similar to GB smart metering requirements, but even where they are not, the sort of networking involved is fairly typical of networks in UK homes or in AMR/AMM solutions.

9.2 Z Wave

Focus on home control / Unified Home Control is a major strength


Bluetooth is stable – new specification release in 2009 that covers low energy requirements.

9.3 Wavenis

New revisions offer a superset of previous versions, thus providing backward compatibility over time. Latest major revision (2008) now being deployed in Europe.

9.3 Wireless M-Bus

Revision next 2 years! Thereafter stable for next 5 years

9.3 ZigBee @ 868MHz

IEEE802.15.4 / ZigBee specification are permanent under control and development, e.g. specific application profiles to optimize to customers needs, refer to ZigBee Alliance

9.3 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

There are no planned upgrades to the ZigBee networking standard in the next 2 years, and beyond that, none that GB smart metering would require out of necessity. The ZigBee Smart Energy Application Profile will be updated later this year to include feedback from field deployments in the US and new requirements from Australia. It is anticipated that GB smart metering would also have some amendments and would make sure that the ZigBee Smart Energy spec is sufficient for needs before deploying, so therefore no requirement for upgrades for ZigBee specification reasons after that, unless the UK specifies them.

9.3 Z Wave

Very high maturity of chip and protocol Used in over 300 products – Available for

more than six years Proven for interoperability and backward

compatibility 4th generation system-on-chip solutions

and 5th generation software 9.4 Bluetooth

low energy

Bluetooth market is 1 billion a year in 2008. Adding another ten’s of millions to this will be easy to achieve.

9.4 Wavenis

Multiple chip vendors, multiple providers (manufacturers/integrators) of metering solutions.

9.4 Wireless M-Bus

Many manufacturers have basic solution now. They have to adapt new features (e.g. Replace DES by AES)


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9.4 ZigBee @ 868MHz

final system / meter not under control of Chip providers

9.4 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Most of the ZigBee vendors are seasoned silicon manufacturers, and already producing chip volumes well in excess of those required for the UK smart metering rollout. Others are fab-less and use very large and reputable fabs like TSMC and IBM, where capacity is certainly not an issue. It is anticipated that each individual ZigBee vendor would have to satisfy this requirement as part of any tendering process.

9.4 Z Wave

Zensys is direct partner with TSMC and ASE allowing for very high volumes 2nd source silicon in 2009


Phones are the remote control – pushing information from meters to phones is essential to get people to see their usage on a daily, hourly or instantaneous basis. Televisions already have Bluetooth in, as do computers and similar consumer electronic devices. Anything that has a display will probably also have Bluetooth, and will want to display this information.

9.5 Wavenis

Home display devices, thermostats, lighting control systems already on the market.

9.5 Wireless M-Bus

Wireless M-Bus is part of Konnex (Home automation). Home display, thermostats etc. available in Konnex.

9.5 ZigBee @ 868MHz

other services (thermostats, displays, controls, etc.) are simple to integrate into a ZigBee network

9.5 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz

Many ZigBee Smart Energy products and ZigBee (non-SE) products on the market today to satisfy the requirements of ZigBee deployments in the UK; Meters: e.g. Itron/Actaris, Elster, Landis+Gyr, PRI, GE/Nuri etc. In-home displays: e.g. PRI, Tendril, Control4, many others coming Thermostats: e.g. Comverge, Computime, Golden Power (RiteTemp). Smartplugs: e.g. Plugwise, Alertme, Tendril, others coming…

9.5 Z Wave

Very strong - Z-Wave Alliance with more than170 members and 300 products

Table 20 Evaluation Notes


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10.5 Evaluation Scenarios As part of the Local Communications Development activity, it has been suggested that further evaluation of the solution technologies could be undertaken using ‘Use Case Scenarios’ for initial field testing. Each of the solutions could be tested against a small number of ‘real world’ scenarios for performance when delivering typical smart metering activities:

- smart meter to smart meter data exchange - smart meter to in home display data exchange - smart meter to Local Device (e.g. smart thermostat, microgeneration

unit) data exchange When considering interference, this would be the existing level of wireless activity – average could constitute WiFi + DECT + 2 Cellular Phones, harsh could include proximity to a TETRA radio pad. An example of this approach is shown below Premise Size: 3 Bedroom, 3 Reception, Domestic Semi-Detached House, 100sqm

Level Wall Type Meter Locations Interference

One Brick External, adjacent Average

Two Foil Insulated External, remote Average

Three Internal, adjacent Average

Four High

Five Harsh Table 21 Evaluation Scenario Suggestions


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11 Recommendations [Note: this is an initial draft and it is anticipated that the meeting on the 29th October will result in a number of updates] Primarily, it should be noted that all participants in the group and the preparation of this report have been positive about the contribution the process has made to their understanding of the subject, requirements and options. The ERA and the SRSM project team are grateful to all participants for their contributions and the spirit of co-operation throughout the process. The solution ‘providers’ within the group certainly understand more about the particular requirements of potential customers in energy metering and related devices, and those customers are equally more aware of the options and opportunities these solutions present. The process has moved all participants forward to a point where the requirements and solutions are converging. It is clear from the work of the group that it is possible for the requirements for Local Communications for smart metering to be met by technologies available today. Although necessarily a ‘desktop’ exercise, progress has been made in identifying and agreeing principles and requirements, potential solutions and related considerations. This should provide a solid foundation for any subsequent work in this area, and it is particularly evident that every one of the solution options, as an interoperable low power radio, could be capable of delivering a Local Communications standard for smart metering in Britain. The group recommends that its’ work be continued in a timely manner, under whatever framework is determined to deliver smart metering, in order to make use of the wealth of information contained within this report. Given suitable authority and resources, a solution for Local Communications should be chosen as soon as can be done with the correct level of confidence. Participants in the potential smart metering and smart energy markets are waiting for a definitive answer to support the development of new products. A great deal of the supporting information required to support the selection of a solution is contained in this report. Chief amongst the recommendations would be to continue the evaluation process by undertaking the test and review process detailed in section 11.1 below. The desktop evaluation exercise has gathered a great deal of valuable information that should form a solid foundation to refine the evaluation criteria to allow the key differences between solutions to be identified and assessed. The process has been successful in creating a network of interested stakeholders, and has, by being a public exercise, attracted a wider audience, including international participants. The group would recommend that any further work be similarly ‘open’ in conducting proceedings, with suitable


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arrangements for ‘blind’ testing and recognising the sensitivities associated with the suggested panel review process. It has been evident that more work is required to understand and document detailed user requirements for Local Communications for smart metering. This will be a challenging activity, as this is a new area for energy retailers and meter manufacturers, particularly within an ‘interoperable’ environment as required for smart metering. This does not need to be a very detailed piece of work, but clarifying some of the potentially ambiguous areas would be beneficial: • Local Communications operating as a proxy/link for WAN Communications

activities – for the Last Mile or for a Meter Operator HHU • Duty cycles for gas meters for display information. Understanding how

often a battery based device is required to transmit data will assist with understanding the potential battery costs

When commencing this exercise in January 2008, it was envisaged that some guidance on the market model for smart metering in GB would have been forthcoming, which could have clarified the possibility of low power radios being utilised as part of the WAN Communications infrastructure for smart metering. Throughout, this ‘Last Mile’ potential has therefore been kept slightly separated from the Local Communications Group activity looking at supporting interactions within a home, as it could have been rendered redundant under particular market models. At the time of preparing this recommendation, the market model discussions continue. Therefore, the materials that have been prepared for Last Mile consideration have been moved to an appendix of this document, with a recommendation that they be considered in the event of a market model decision that could accommodate the use of a single radio in smart meters to talk to the home, and to remote parties. Finally, any subsequent evaluation exercise on this subject needs to recognise the publication date of this report and the fast pace of development in this area. The longer this report sits on the shelf, the greater risk that things could have moved forwards significantly. The solutions themselves, or the evaluation criteria could change materially, for example the potential to use Local Communications solutions for Last Mile.

11.1 Testing & Evaluating Criteria The table below shows how the Local Communications Development Group recommends evaluation and testing of the individual criteria. Three ‘broad’ types of evaluation are considered: • Field test; use of the Local Communications solutions in a metering context

in typical metering environments, preferably using actual metering products. The tests should be designed by experts familiar with both radio communications issues and metering, and should take the form of ‘real world’ tests


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• Laboratory test; formal scientific testing under laboratory conditions to be undertaken by an independent body.

• Panel review; a number of criteria are linked to strategic developments, commercial arrangements and other parameters that cannot be effectively measured using field or laboratory testing. In these instances it is recommended that a representative panel be formed from interested stakeholders who are not necessarily radio communications experts, who would conduct a series of one-to-one reviews with representatives of the Local Communications solutions.

In all cases these activities should be undertaken by participants independent from the solutions being evaluated. The group has discussed the potential to engage with academic institutions to support the field and laboratory testing. These tests are not, as shown, intended to be necessarily exclusive – criteria could be the subject of field testing and a panel review Wherever relevant, additional information from the group has been added as footnotes to this table. Ref Criteria Field

Test Lab Test Panel

Review Not

tested 1.1 Low level of energy customer


Y


Y

1.3 Minimise number of site visits to address local communications issues – i.e. recovery or remote correction on failure/upgrade failure – will include MTBF and power consumption on meter battery as considerations

Y Y


Y


Y


Y


Y


Y


2.4 Interoperable chipsets Y Y 2.5 Effort required to update

standards to meet specific GB requirements (less effort = higher

Y


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Ref Criteria Field Test

Lab Test Panel Review

Not tested

score) 2.6 No. of nodes supported for each

HAN, assuming minimum capability of 3.

Y Y

3.1 Consumption/Peak Current/Power Failure Management15

Y Y


Y Y

4.1 Transmission speed – effective data throughput in kbps per channel16

Y Y


Y Y

5.1 Typical range (amplified or non-amplified)17

Y Y


Y Y

5.3 Vulnerability to signal interference18

Y Y


Y Y

5.5 Blocking Immunity in transceiver19

Y

6.1 Strength/resilience of methods used

Y Y

15 Will need to understand the power consumption in sleep mode for lab testing, or, alternatively - milliwatt for range achieved 16 Notes on testing 4.1:

- faster isn’t necessarily better, throughput/”speed” depends on usage/range

- throughput will vary by network configuration, testing should be comparative (point to point) using a standard 1kbit package over a fixed range (30, 50, 100m)

17 Range will depend on power used/specific chipsets, antenna design etc. Could test for penetration rather than, or as well as, range? Standard tests could include Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Packet Error Rate (PER) 18 the ‘interfering’ devices should be defined 19 Will be very much silicon vendor specific, lab test/field test should include increasingly common problem causing equipment, such as RFID readers


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Ref Criteria Field Test

Lab Test Panel Review

Not tested


Y Y


Y Y Y

7.1 Support for “over the air” upgrades of ‘smart meter’ nodes – i.e. gas + electricity meters & in home display

Y Y

7.2 Support for security upgrades Y Y 7.3 Support for backwards

compatibility Y Y

7.4 Longevity of frequency Y 7.5 Longevity of solution technology

(minimum expected smart meter asset life of 10-15 years)

Y


Y


Y Y

9.1 Use in equivalent smart metering deployments

Y

9.2 Use in analogous applications Y 9.3 Expectation of ongoing required

upgrades – i.e. v2009, v2011 (fewer = higher score?)

Y


Y


Y

Table 22 Evaluation Testing Recommendations

11.2 Solution Summary Statements As part of the development of this report and these recommendations, it was felt that it would be beneficial to provide an independent view from the SRSM project team on each of the Local Communications solutions under consideration.


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These statements are intended to reflect a general view of each of the solutions, with particular regard for the current suitability for consideration for use in the potential GB smart metering market. In no way do these statements constitute recommendations or statements of intent by the group or ERA members.

11.2.1 Bluetooth low energy Bluetooth low energy has been a different consideration for the group from the other solutions. Bluetooth is obviously a global success and the opportunity to include smart metering in such an extensive and established eco-system of interoperable devices is very intriguing. However, it has appeared that Bluetooth low energy is still some way from being available to test – Q1 2009 has yet to be confirmed. Further doubts have been raised by a number of participants in the group as to the actual performance characteristics and power consumption, and therefore suitability for consideration for smart metering. These doubts can only be addressed by testing actual products.

11.2.2 Wavenis Wavenis is a successful solution for metering already, particularly for the Last Mile, with a strong evidence base of installed European utility meters. From the desktop exercise and the group meetings, it looks to be a very technically accomplished radio solution, offering range and security at low power. The newly established Wavenis OSA is also a positive move towards open standards and interoperability, but this is quite a recent development. It is also the case that Wavenis does not currently have a smart meter specific ‘profile’ similar to ZigBee Smart Energy, preferring to let customers develop specific applications using the Wavenis radio. This is not a ‘good fit’ with the principles for GB smart metering, where adoption is preferred to development. Further, it has not been apparent that there is an established market of peripheral Local Devices, such as a range of home display units or thermostats, as you can find with some of the other technologies.

11.2.3 Wireless MBus The MBus solution offers a number of key positives;

- it is the preferred solution in a number of large European markets - it is also closely tied to key European solutions, such as DLMS, KNX

etc. - it is an international standard, and there are metering and related

products available now from EU meter manufacturers However, there are a number of points to consider;

- it is not well understood by the majority GB energy participants with an interest in smart metering

- the interoperability with KNX devices is not clear, as this may prove to be a significant positive if an existing European market of potential Local Devices would be available for use in Great Britain


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- it is going through a key development cycle, and the objective/potential outcome of this activity is also unclear

Each of these points can, and should be addressed in order to ensure that MBus is considered equitably with the other solutions.

11.2.4 ZigBee @ 868MHz ZigBee @868MHz appears to offer the potential for the ‘best of both worlds’ – operating at what has generally been perceived to be the quieter and more ‘meter-appropriate’ ISM frequency, whilst also benefitting from the extensive work of the ZigBee Alliance to develop smart metering products. However, getting representation for this option has been challenging, and there does not appear to be support across a number of semi conductor manufacturers. Whilst products are now starting to appear, these are not generally tied directly to smart metering, and do not currently offer the ZigBee Smart Energy profile, which is of key interest to the group.

11.2.5 ZigBee @ 2.4GHz ZigBee @2.4GHz has been in a strong position throughout – it offers context specific products, has an established interoperability regime and existing metering solutions. The ZigBee Alliance is also developing the product in key areas of interest to smart metering; the work with HomePlug and DLMS are good examples of strategic activities that can only be viewed as positive. Adoption by major utilities in North America and Australia is also very encouraging. ZigBee @2.4GHz, however, must be successful in field trials and testing, as challenges relating to range/power consumption and interference at the 2.4GHz frequency continue to be raised. It is also the case that whilst it has been successful in other territories, there has been no significant adoption for utility metering in Europe.

11.2.6 Z Wave The progress by the Z Wave Alliance towards a realistic smart metering/energy offering, even during the group activities to produce this report, has been impressive. Further, the development of the Active Energy Control profiles, the work on Z/IP and the solid foundation in home automation are all very positive. However, concerns remain over a couple of key points. Z Wave is subject to a single source of silicon and, as yet, there is no large international implementation of smart metering using Z Wave.

12 Issues The table below provides an ongoing record of issues for consideration and potential actions to resolve. No Issue Description Resolution Options

I.1 End to End Services The initial group workshop discussed the ability of a meter to support the replication of ‘WAN’ functionality locally, typically by a meter operator when WAN communications has failed.

This may be challenging if Local Communications supports a restricted set of functionality with regard to data and commands.

Recommend further work in this area to understand the relationship with Last Mile and the actual requirements

I.2 Data Ownership & Privacy Use of mesh networks outside premises could raise data ownership and data transfer questions – i.e. Supplier X receives data from Meter A via Meter B, which is supplied by Supplier Z

To an extent is contingent upon Government decisions and regulatory guidance on data ownership. A number of current solutions use the term ‘tunneling’ to explain how data is kept private within a mesh.

I.3 Additional Network Requirement? Is there a need to define that the smart meter is expected to be the master of the HAN network? In most cases the meter could be expected to administer the energy aspects of a network, but could also be a node to an existing HAN, acting as a source of data for other nodes. Also, how do you consider the fact that for the majority of homes there will be two smart meters? Which one would be the master, particularly if the fuels are provided by different suppliers?

To be discussed by the Group

I.4 Potential Wired Solution for Electricity Only Premises A suggestion arising from ongoing discussions would be how to introduce an interoperable solution to cover a wired ‘HAN’ where there is no requirement for wireless from a gas meter. This could limit some of the applications for nodes within a network – e.g. any display designed to be used as a wireless option, but if the physical medium made use of electrical wiring within a home, then it also offers advantages that a wireless solution does not.

For consideration by any subsequent development activity

Table 23 Issues


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13 References Shown below are references to relevant materials and resources. The SRSM project maintains an online reference table of global interoperability initiatives (OpenHAN, CECED, TAHI etc.) at: http://snipurl.com/srsmint Reference Description Link

Itron case studies on meter data collection

As requested at first meeting of Local Communications Development Group

snipurl.com/lcdgitron

EN 62053-61 Standard entitled – Electricity Metering Equipment – Particular Requirements – Part 61 – Power Consumption and Voltage Requirements

IEC Page for standard: http://tinyurl.com/5n8389

Wireless Network Report

Detailed report on wireless networks, including a technical comparison of ZigBee and ANT networks

http://tinyurl.com/5jumeu

ZigBee & WiFi Coexistence Report

Report by Schneider Electric investigating the potential interference issues where ZigBee and WiFi networks co-exist

snipurl.com/zigbeewifi

OpenHAN 2008 Home Area Network System Requirements Specification v1 Release Candidate

US specification of the requirements for AMI/Smart Grid operations using smart meters as a gateway to devices within a home

Direct link to download MS Word document: snipurl.com/openhan

Daintree Networks paper on Building and Operating Robust and Reliable ZigBee Networks

Paper covering a range of topics relevant to the Local Communications Development Group activities, including; design, interference, security etc.

snipurl.com/lcdgdaintree

Table 24 References


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Appendix A: Referential Integrity Check In order to ensure that the evaluation criteria used by the group provides sufficient coverage of the Principles, Assumptions and Requirements, the table below was created. It shows which of the Principles, Assumptions and Requirements are addressed by each of the criteria. Of the evaluation criteria ‘8.1 – Cost’ and ‘9.4 – Capacity of Silicon Vendors’ do not have matching references in the Principles, Assumptions and Requirements, as these are purely commercial considerations. Of the Principles ‘P.3 – Ownership of the Network’ is not evaluated as this will not be something the Local Communications Solution can affect. Similarly ‘P.7 – National Standard’ is a product of the process rather than anything an individual solution can establish. Of the Assumptions ‘A.1 – Legal’ does not need to be evaluated, ‘A.2 – SRSM Functionality’ is implied in the requirements and ‘A.4 – Utility Robust’ is addressed by the requirements and evaluation criteria, but not explicitly. Of the Requirements ‘NET.3 – Network Time Synchronisation’ is purely functional, ‘COM.3 – Hand Held as a WAN Proxy’ is an area covered by a recommendation for further development work to understand the requirement and ‘CUS.1 – Effect on Customer Networks’ has not been evaluated as part of this desktop investigation, but is recommended for inclusion in any subsequent field testing Ref Criteria Principles Assumpt’s Req’s 1.1 Low level of energy customer


CUS.1.2.3


MOP.1 CUS.3

1.3 Minimise number of site visits to address local communications issues – i.e. recovery or remote correction on failure/upgrade failure – will include MTBF and power consumption on meter battery as considerations

P.1 GEN.3 COM.1.3 MOP.1 CUS.2


P.10 GEN.2


P.10 CUS.2


P.1 A.1 GEN.1 COM.1 DAT.1


P.4.5.6.10 GEN.2 DAT.1


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Ref Criteria Principles Assumpt’s Req’s 2.2 Support for choice of data exchange

format P.4 GEN.1.2

DAT.1 2.3 Genuine choice and competition

between silicon vendors P.4 GEN.2

2.4 Interoperable chipsets P.4 GEN.2 2.5 Effort required to update standards to

meet specific GB requirements (less effort = higher score)

P.1 P.4.5.6.10

GEN.1.2 DAT.1


NET.2

3.1 Consumption/Peak Current/Power Failure Management

P.2.8 GEN.3


P.1.2.8 GEN.3 COM.1

4.1 Transmission speed – effective data throughput in kbps per channel

P.2


P.1

5.1 Typical range (amplified or non-amplified)

P.2.8 COM.1


P.1 COM.1 MOP.1

5.3 Vulnerability to signal interference A.4 COM.2 CUS.1

5.4 Ability to cope with signal interference A.4 COM.2 5.5 Blocking Immunity in transceiver COM.2 6.1 Strength/resilience of methods used P.1.9 SEC.1 6.2 Ability to use rolling/successive keys P.9 SEC.1.2 6.3 Support for distinguishing public/private

data, and for keeping gas/water/electricity data independently secure – i.e. supports 3 different suppliers for 3 utilities (and any other authorised party data secure)

P.9 COM.3 SEC.1 NET.1

7.1 Support for “over the air” upgrades of ‘smart meter’ nodes – i.e. gas + electricity meters & in home display

P.9 GEN.4

7.2 Support for security upgrades P.9.10 7.3 Support for backwards compatibility P.10 GEN.4 7.4 Longevity of frequency A.3 7.5 Longevity of solution technology

(minimum expected smart meter asset life of 10-15 years)

P.10 A.3



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Ref Criteria Principles Assumpt’s Req’s 8.2 Mean Time Between Failures/Reliability MOP.1 9.1 Use in equivalent smart metering

deployments P.1.2.4.6 COM.1.3

9.2 Use in analogous applications P.2.4.6 9.3 Expectation of ongoing required

upgrades – i.e. v2009, v2011 (fewer = higher score?)

P.6.10



P.4.6.10 CUS.2

Table 25 Referential Integrity

Appendix B: Last Mile Evaluation Whilst not part of the core considerations and requirements for the Local Communications Development Group, the potential role that low power radio technology could play in supporting WAN communications could be an important consideration for the overall smart metering project. This will be contingent upon the outcome of Government discussions on market models for smart metering, and the work of the group in developing criteria for this area is recorded in this appendix to support any subsequent work.

Last Mile Criteria Ref Criteria LM1 Support for Last Mile (Y/N/possibly) Performance LM2 Nodes per concentrator LM3 Typical Signal Propagation – average (urban/suburban/rural) Cost LM4 Cost of data concentrator equipment Maturity LM5 Use in other smart metering deployments for last mile connectivity LM6 Range of ‘upstream’ WAN physical media supported by data

concentrators Architecture LM7 Ability to allow a smart meter to simultaneously be a member of two

separate isolated networks – i.e. the Local Communications network within a home, and the WAN network to a home. One network cannot corrupt the other. Security keys and permissions are separate for the two networks.

Table 26 Last Mile Evaluation Criteria It has also been suggested that any Last Mile evaluation include field and laboratory testing. A particular example raised would be to test the ‘house to house’ performance to give an indication of the appropriateness of the solution for different types of neighbourhood.


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Appendix C: Initial Field Test In March 2008, OnStream, E.On UK and Renesas, all members of the ERA SRSM Local Communications Development Group, undertook an exercise to evaluate the signal propagation properties of ZigBee RF solutions at 868MHz and 2.4GHz. The test used the following equipment:

- Four printed circuit boards (two transmitters and two receivers) powered by battery. Two boards were prepared with 868MHz radio, and two with 2.4GHz radio. In order to make the test as objective as possible the transmitter output power on all four boards was set to the prescribed 0dBm, and the radio chips were sourced from the same company, where the chips were manufactured using the same processes.

- Within the time and cost constraints of the project, the boards were as closely matched as was possible.

- Each board had an LCD display to indicate a numerical interpretation of the received signal strength.

The test that was performed: - One board of each pair was set to transmit an encoded data word to its

counterpart. The receiving board would display a quality/signal strength number if and only if the signal was detected and the word decoded correctly.

- A perfect signal would display a quality number 255, and the poorest decoded signal would display 1. Although automatic gain controls (AGC’s) were employed in both chips, the number was a linear representation of the size of signal reaching the receiver board.

The test was carried out at the following locations, representing a cross section of GB housing stock:

1 Stone cottage built in 1860 which was constructed with stone and had lathe and plaster walls.

2 Semi-detached 1960’s three bedroom with no modifications. 3 Detached Bungalow circa 1950. 4 Detached modern two story house with no modifications. 5 Detached two story house with two story extension added. 6 First floor flat where the meter was in the flat not the basement.

Within each location the electricity meter was identified and the ZigBee transmitter was switched on and placed beside the meter. The corresponding receiver was activated and placed at the following locations within the dwelling:

1 Kitchen window sill. 2 Lounge occasional table. 3 Lounge fireplace mantelpiece. 4 Hallway table. 5 Master bedroom.

The results of the test are set out in the table below. A figure of 255 denotes full reception, whilst 0 denotes no reception. There is no reference to the


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distances or barriers to hinder the signal, as this test aimed to measure relative performance for the two frequencies. Location Kitchen Lounge 1 Lounge 2 Hallway Bedroom

2.4 868 2.4 868 2.4 868 2.4 868 2.4 868Stone Cottage

35 125 85 155 70 150 50 140 50 140

Semi-Detached

85 110 16 110 80 110 90 200 25 150

Detached Bungalow

0 75 40 170 55 115 115 190 35 160

Detached 2 Storey

0 20 0 50 0 50 0 30 15 80

Detached 2 Storey with Extension

0 45 0 60 0 50 0 60 0 25

First Floor Flat

25 150 35 155 45 115 35 135 35 135

Table 27 Field Test Results

The writers of the test report observed that: 1 As anticipated, the signal penetration of the 868MHz was superior to

the 2.4GHz by a factor of 2.5 on average. 2 Operating in the low power constraints of the ZigBee specification, two

of the six sites failed to receive the 2.4GHz signal with the receiver placed in a preferred and typical position. Both of these sites had either a long transmission path or multiple barriers between transmitter and receiver.

3 All sites demonstrated a signal reduction on 2.4GHz when the transmission path was blocked by a person. No similar signal reduction was encountered on the 868MHz.

4 2 further sites failed to receive at 2.4GHz when the signal path was blocked by a person. Both sites demonstrated a relatively weak signal response prior to this.

5 In locations where both frequencies were working satisfactorily, the signals appeared to be unaffected by existing I.S.M. appliances such as Wi-Fi, Microwave ovens, and video senders, although, in 2 locations.

6 Operation of the video sender did severely disrupt the Wi-Fi Router, in two locations.

7 In locations where both frequencies were working satisfactorily, the signals did not affect other I.S.M. appliances such as Wi-Fi or video senders.

8 It is possible to add a power amp to the 2.4GHz radio and increase its output power to 10mW. This would increase the range of 2.4GHz radio to about the same as the 868MHz radio, but would use more energy, affect battery life, and may cause interference.

The report conclusions were:

1 Given that smart metering must be available to all consumers, only 868MHz could be considered at this time.

2 ZigBee data rates and available channels are less at 868MHz than at 2.4GHz, so it should be established if the available data transfer capability of 868MHz is acceptable for ‘UK Smart’


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3 An analysis of the ‘ZigBee Smart Protocol’ (pro feature set) should be made to see if it meets the ERA requirements

4 An analysis of the ‘ZigBee Smart Protocol’ should be made to see if it meets the ERA Wide Area Network (WAN) requirements as a common protocol for both WAN and LAN. This would vastly simplify and accelerate smart metering rollout in the UK.

A number of group participants responded to the paper in support of 2.4GHz, with attendant power amplification to improve range. The full report and responses from group members can be viewed online at: http://snipurl.com/lcdfieldtest

Appendix D: [email protected] Evaluation Introduction Taken from a ZigBee paper submitted to support the group evaluation process.

Preamble – On using ZigBee for UK Smart Metering Local Communications Unlike some alternative options available for Local Communications in the UK, ZigBee 2.4GHz offers a lot of flexibility in the final solution. Some technologies are defined only at a radio (MAC & PHY) level, which means that they require someone to do a lot of work to get effective, robust, secure and interoperable communications working well. Some technologies are more than that, but do not go as far as to define the application level messages and protocols, network formation mechanisms, key establishment protocols etc. The choice of ZigBee at 2.4GHz would in fact offer the whole spectrum of options for UK Smart metering and ensure that any requirements could be implemented successfully; Option A: Adopt ZigBee Smart Energy as currently defined. ZSE is an application profile that defines the entire application including all messaging, secure transport of network keys and link keys, network formation and discovery etc. If the UK, like many US utilities and Victoria in Australia, was to specify ZSE, in its entirety, as a requirement for their smart metering Local Communications, this could be easily communicated and understood as a requirement to manufacturers as there is already a certification process in place to ensure that products conform to the standard and are interoperable. Option B: Modify ZigBee Smart Energy for UK purposes Inevitably, ZSE has not been developed with the UK market specifically in mind and the majority of manufacturers, utilities etc. involved in defining the spec were focussed on requirements for California and Texas, so it is likely


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that there are some modifications that the UK would want to the standard. For example, UK smart metering might decide that the Certicom ECC key exchange mechanisms are not required and may want an alternative mechanism included in the spec for use in the UK. The mechanism for proposing and completing modifications to the standard within the ZigBee Alliance are well defined and tested, and it should be quite easy once requirements are known, to make modifications, which might be generic or specific to the UK market. Option C: Combine ZigBee Smart Energy with other protocols For instance, some work is beginning to allow DLMS messages to be transported across ZigBee networks. This has been done in ZigBee before with BACNET (in building automation market). It is possible to use ZigBee Smart Energy and some other protocol in different ‘endpoints’ in the same ZigBee device, so it should be possible to include for example a ZSE simple meter endpoint as well as a DLMS meter endpoint in a ZigBee meter application.

Figure 17 ZigBee & DLMS Illustration

Option D: Create a totally proprietary profile on top of ZigBee Networking It would be an unusual and unlikely move, but UK smart metering could decide to define an entirely new application profile which is unique to the UK and either totally proprietary or proposed as a new public application profile. Standard ZigBee networking offers all of the discovery, network formation, routing, message clusters etc. in any case, and any new profile could take advantage of that. More likely, some proprietary operation could be implemented in individual products alongside and as well as the ZSE application profile (on a different endpoint within the device), to provide innovation and differentiation as well as standardisation and interoperability in a single product.


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Summary So, in summary, ZigBee at 2.4GHz is not just a simple take-it-or-leave-it option for the ERA and UK smart metering. The standard itself has built in flexibility allowing standardised applications to run alongside proprietary applications even in the same device, and the ZigBee Alliance is an open organisation with open access to membership and open access to the committees that define and shape the standard and the various application profiles.

Documents

SRSM Local Communications Development 0_4