Census of India 2011

ANDHRA PRADESH

SERIES-29 PART XII-B

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

SRI POTTI SRIRAMULU NELLORE

VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE

PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA)

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS ANDHRA PRADESH

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CENSUS OF INDIA 2011

ANDHRA PRADESH

SERIES-29 PART XII - B

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

SRI POTTI SRIRAMULU NELLORE

VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA)

Directorate of Census Operations ANDHRA PRADESH

MOTIF

Pulicat Birds Sanctuary

Pulicat Birds Sanctuary is located in Nellore district.Nellore district has great potential for tourism with its temples, beach resorts, lakes and birds sanctuaries. Pulicat lake is the second largest backish water lagoon in India which is spread over Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states with a length of 70 Kms. And width varying from one kilometre to 20 kilometres. The minimum and maximum depth of this lake is 0.2 metres to 4 metres respectively. Pulicat lake is sitated adjacent to the Bay of Bengal formed with back waters of the sea. The lake has 16 island villages inside and about 30 villages adjacent to the lake. The people of these villages depend on this lake for their livelihood.

This lake is historical one and large number of migratory birds like Flamingos, Painted Storks, Egnats, Grey Herons, Pelicans, Spot-billed Ducks etc., visit during wintrs. On an average 1200 metric tonnes of fish is harvested annually from this lake.

This famous birds sanctuary can be reached from National Highway No.5 at five places viz. Tada, Bheemulavaripalem, Arambakkam, Ramapuram and Sullurpet. The Government of Andhra Pradesh provided facilities to visitors of this lake with an environmental education centre at Atakanithippa to educate them about this unique sanctuary and the need to conserve the nature.

Pages

1 1

2 3

3 5

4 7

5 9

6 26

7 27

8 29

9

(i) 32

(ii) 37

(iii) 63

(iv) 103

(v) 123

(vi) 143

(vii) 427

10 Section II Tables based on Households Amenities and Assets (Rural/Urban) at District and Sub-District level.

(i) Table -1: Households by Ownership status and by Number of Dwellingrooms occupied in the District, 2011 443

Contents

Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Tribes (ST)

Administrative Setup

Important Statistics

District Highlights - 2011 Census

Brief History of the District

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgement

History and Scope of the District Census Handbook

Urban PCA-Town wise Primary Census Abstract

Section - I Primary Census Abstract (PCA)

Brief note on Primary Census Abstract

District Primary Census Abstract

Appendix to District Primary Census Abstract Total, Scheduled Castes andScheduled Tribes Population - Urban Block wise

Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Castes (SC)

Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract

(ii) Table -2: Percentage distribution of Households living in Permanent,Semi permanent and Temporary houses, 2011 444

(iii) Table -3: Number and Percentage of Households by main source ofDrinking water, 2011 448

(iv) Table -4: Number and Percentage of Households by main source ofLighting, 2011 454

(v) Table -5: Number and Percentage of Households by type of Latrinefacility, 2011 460

(vi) Table -6: Number and Percentage of Households by type of Drainageconnectivity for waste water outlet, 2011 466

(vii) Table -7: Number and Percentage of Households by availability ofKitchen facility, 2011 469

(viii) Table -8: Number and Percentage of Households by type of fuel used forCooking, 2011 472

(ix) Table -9:Number and Percentage of Households availing Bankingservices and number of Households having each of thespecified Assets, 2011

478

1

FOREWORD The District Census Handbook (DCHB) is an important publication of the Census Organization since 1951. It contains both Census and non Census data of urban and rural areas for each District. The Census data provide information on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of population at the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each Village and Town and ward of the District. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) part of this publication contains Census data including data on household amenities collected during 1st.phase of the Census i.e. House Listing and Housing Census. The non Census data presented in the DCHB is in the form of Village Directory and Town Directory contain information on various infrastructure facilities available in the village and town viz; education, medical, drinking water, communication and transport, post and telegraph, electricity, banking, and other miscellaneous facilities. Later on, the Telegraph Services were closed by the Government of India on 15th. July, 2013. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at the grass-root level. 2. In the 1961 Census, DCHB provided a descriptive account of the District, administrative statistics, Census tables and Village and Town Directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to Village and Town Directory, Part-B to Village and Town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, District Census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of Villages. The 1981 Census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained Village and Town Directory and Part-B the PCA of Village and Town including the SCs and STs PCA up to Tahsil/Town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of Village and Town Directory were added. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent Village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. 3. The pattern of 1981 Census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 Census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of Village Directory and PCA data instead of the traditional Tahsil/Taluk/PS level presentation. 4. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity manufactured in a Village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier Censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of notified slums. 5. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. These newly

2

added amenities are: Pre-Primary School, Engineering College, Medical College, Management Institute, Polytechnic, Non-formal Training Centre, Special School for Disabled, Community Health Centre, Veterinary Hospital, Mobile Health Clinic, Medical Practitioner with MBBS Degree, Medical Practitioner with no degree, Traditional Practitioner and faith Healer, Medicine Shop, Community Toilet, Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet in the Village, Community Bio- gas, Sub Post Office, Village Pin Code, Public Call Office, Mobile Phone Coverage, Internet Cafes/ Common Service Centre, Private Courier Facility, Auto/Modified Autos, Taxis and Vans, Tractors, Cycle-pulled Rickshaws, Carts driven by Animals, Village connected to National Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, and Other District Road, Availability of Water Bounded Macadam Roads in Village, ATM, Self-Help Group, Public Distribution System(PDS) Shop, Mandis/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutritional Centers (ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist), Sports Field, Public Library, Public Reading Room, Assembly Polling station, Birth & Death Registration Office. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each Town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of Towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Census.

6. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-Acontains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

7. The Village and Town level amenities data have been collected, compiled andcomputerized under the supervision of Smt Y.V Anuradha, IAS., Director of Census Operation, Andhra Pradesh. The task of Planning, Designing and Co-ordination of this publication was carried out by Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) under the guidance & supervision of Dr. R.C.Sethi, Ex-Addl. RGI and Shri Deepak Rastogi present Addl.RGI. Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General, (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of maps. Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S.Thapa, Addl. Director (EDP) provided full cooperation in preparation of record structure for digitization and validity checking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the generation of Village Directory and Town Directory including various analytical inset tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). The work of preparation of DCHB, 2011 Census has been monitored in the Social Studies Division. I am thankful to all of them and others who have contributed to bring out this publication in time.

(C.Chandramouli) Registrar General &

Census Commissioner, India New Delhi. Dated:- 16-06-2014

3

Preface

The District Census handbooks (DCHBs) is brought out in each decennial census

since 1951 containing Village and Town Directory, Village & Town wise Primary

Census Abstract (PCA) and data on amenities for each village and town in the

district. The objective of publishing the DCHB is to place the data collected at

census along with the data on amenities at Village and Town level, collected from

Tahsildars/Municipal Commissioners. The amenities data is validated by comparing

with secondary data obtained from Heads of the Departments. For example,

information on schools was compared with data available with the Commissioner,

School Education and information on post offices was compared with data obtained

from the Chief Post Master General and so on. Validation of data in the above

manner was by no means an easy exercise. Scores of officials had put in grueling

efforts for months together.

Generally, the District Census Hand Book contains two parts i.e., Part A & Part B.

Part A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains data on Village and

Town Primary Census Abstract along with Housing amenities. This time both Part-A

and Part-B volumes will be published separately for each district.

The present volume deals with the Part-B of the DCHB and comprises broadly:

History and scope of the DCHB, Brief History of the district, Administrative setup,

District highlights, Important Statistics of the District, Brief note of Primary Census

Abstract, Appendix to District Primary Census Abstract i.e., Urban block wise

figures of Total, SC & ST Population, Rural PCA, Urban PCA, Housing Amenities

etc., of 2011 Census of India.

The District Census Handbook is further enriched with a district and Sub-district

(Mandal) maps depicting villages/towns with population size and also amenities

such as educational Institutions, Hospitals, Telegraph and Telephone facilities,

Banks etc.

I am grateful to the Chief Secretary, Principal Secretaries, Secretaries, District

Collectors, Municipal Commissioners, Tahsildars and senior officials of the

4

Government of Andhra Pradesh for their co-operation and assistance throughout

the Census Operations and in the process of collection of the Secondary data.

I am very privileged to be associated with the national task of Census of India 2011

in the capacity of Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. I

express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. C. Chandramouli, IAS, Registrar General &

Census Commissioner, India, for the inspiring guidance all along. I sincerely

express my profound thanks to Dr. R.C. Sethi, ISS, Additional Registrar General,

India, Dr. Deepak Rastogi, Deputy Director General, Shri. A.K. Singh, Deputy

Registrar General (Census) for help, guidance and constant support accorded in all

matters. Thanks are also due to Dr. A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General (Map) for

his support and guidance in generating digital maps. I also acknowledge the

continuous support of Dr. Prathibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (S.S) and

other Officers of the Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi.

I sincerely express my gratitude to Shri M.S. Thapa, Additional Director (EDP) and

his team for their technical guidance and also in generating various tables in

bringing out this volume.

The credit for preparation of DCHB goes to a team of devoted officers and staff of

this Directorate under the guidance of Shri. R.V.V. Durga Prasad, Joint Director

along with the methodical direct supervision of Shri. S. Daya Sagar, Assistant

Director for their active involvement and painstaking efforts in bringing out this

publication. The names of individuals associated with this project are shown in

Acknowledgements. I am grateful to all of them.

I hope that the data users will find this publication very useful.

Date: 30.06.2014 Y.V. Anuradha, I.A.S. Hyderabad Director

5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Officers Designation

Shri. D. Hanumantharaya Joint Director Shri. R.V.V. Durga Prasad Joint Director Shri. G. Bapuji Joint Director Shri. Jagannath Majhi Deputy Director Shri. S. Daya Sagar Assistant Director Shri. V.Sreekanth Assistant Director

Drafting

Dr. P. John Samuel Senior Geographer

Collection, Compilation, Comparison and Finalization

Shri. Pradip Dev Statistical Investigator Grade-I Smt. P. Vijaya Statistical Investigator Grade-I Shri .B. Nadavaiah Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt. T. Balatripura Sundari Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt. M. Indra Bhavani Statistical Investigator Grade-II Shri. G. Venkateswara Rao Statistical Investigator Grade-II Shri. L. Sudish Mitra Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt.Deepthi Divakaran Statistical Investigator Grade-II Shri. P.L.N. Sharma Senior Compiler Smt. P.S. Veena Compiler Smt. Alin Barkha Tigga Compiler Smt. C.K. Karthika Compiler Kum. Minakshi Sahu Compiler Smt. N.V. Satyavathi Devi Assistant Compiler Smt. T. Manorama Assistant Compiler Smt. T. Sujatha Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. K. Rama Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. D. Kali Prasanna Data Entry Operator Grade B Shri. K. Nagaiah Assistant Director [G] {on Contract} Shri. M. Sree Ramulu Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. S. Ramakrishna Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. D. Ramulu Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. D. Somanna Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Smt. B. Kusuma Kumari Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. L.K. Murthy Data Entry Operator Grade B {on Contract} Shri. B.S. Hanumantha Reddy Data Entry Operator Grade B {on Contract}

6

Data Entry Shri.K.S.K.Chakravarthy Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt.S.Anuradha Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. C. Lakshmi Data Entry Operator Grade B Shri. N. Mahesh Mohan Rao Data Entry Operator Grade B Shri. D. Venkata Ramana Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. T. Sujatha Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. K. Rama Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. D. Kali Prasanna Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. V.Adilakshmi Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. B. Shobha Rani Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. Deepthi Divakaran Statistical Investigator Grade-II Sri. Indrapal Yadav Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt. P.S. Veena Compiler Smt. Alin Barkha Tigga Compiler Smt. C.K. Karthika Compiler Kum. Minakshi Sahu Compiler

Supervision of Mapping Work Smt G.V. Chandrakala Assistant Director Smt M.B. Rama Devi Senior Geographer

Preparation of Computerised Maps Shri G. Mariyanna Senior Drawing Assistant Shri D. Chiranjeevi Raju Senior Draughtsman Shri M.A Quadeer Senior Draughtsman Shri T. Trinadh Senior Draughtsman Smt R.R.S.N Subba Lakshmi Senior Draughtsman Shri Gulam Hasan Mohinuddin Senior Draughtsman Shri P. Babji Senior Draughtsman

ORGI- Data Processing Division

Shri Jaspal Singh Lamba

Ms. Usha

Shri Anurag Gupta

Deputy Director

Assistant Director

DPA Grade A

Shri Mukesh K.Mahawar

Ms. Shagufta Nasreen Bhat

Ms. Kiran Bala Saxena

DPA Grade A

DPA Grade A

Sr. Supervisor

7

HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THE DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

The need of data at the grass root level for the administrative and planning purposes at sub micro level as well as academic studies prompted the innovation of District Census Handbook. District Census Handbook is a unique publication from the Census organization which provides most authentic details of census and non-census information from village and town level to district level. The District Census Handbook was firstly introduced during the 1951 Census. It contains both census and non census data of urban as well as rural areas for each district. The census data contain several demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each village and town and ward of the district. The non census data comprise of data on availability of various civic amenities and infrastructural facilities etc. at the town and village level which constitute Village Directory and Town Directory part of the DCHB. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at grass-root level.

In 1961 census DCHB provided a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census tables and village and town directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of villages. The 1981 census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained village and town directory and Part-B the PCA of village and town including the SCs and STs PCA up to tahsil/town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of village and town directory were added into it. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. The pattern of 1981 census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of village directory and PCA data instead of the traditional tahsil/taluk/PS level presentation.

As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity

8

manufactured in a village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of notified slums.

The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each town have been presented viz.; (i) Status and Growth History of towns, (ii) Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii) Civic and other Amenities, (iv) Medical Facilities, (v) Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi) Industry & Banking, and (vii) Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 census as presented in earlier census. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

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9

Brief history of the District

Nothing certain is known of the history of SPS Nellore before the times of the Cholas. However, geologists assert that the early and middle palaeolithians flourished in the coastal area stretching from Odisha to South Arcot particularly in the YSR, Guntur and Nellore districts. This area is rich in a particular kind of flint called quartzite out of which prehistoric man made his weapons and implements. As these have been discovered in soils which were formed in the earliest stages of the earths evolution, it has been concluded that the men who made them were the earliest inhabitants of India. The Neolithic age in Nellore is more obscure than the palaeolithic age. It is not clear to what extent this district was occupied by the pre-Dravidians and the Dravidians. The geographical situation of the district and the completely Dravidian character of its vernacular seem to indicate that the district came under Dravidian occupations early as other parts of the peninsula. These Dravidians must have come across the Yanadis, the chenchus, the Yerukulas and the Dommaras who are still in great number in the district. This Dravidian colony must have existed some thousands of years before the Aryan emigration to the South. It is difficult to say to what extent this Dravidian colony was influenced by the Aryans. The Aryan conquest is pictured in the great Epic, the Ramayana. Nellore was (it is supposed) included in the Dandakaranya forest into which the Aryans first penetrated as adventurous sages and civilizers. With the rise of the Mauryan Empire, Nellore also seems to have come under its influence and was part of the Asokan Empire in the third century B.C. The district was next included in the Pallava dominion between the fourth and sixth centuries A.D. With the dawn of the seventh century, the political centre of gravity of the Pallavas shifted to the south and weakened their power in the north. Pulakesin who founded the Chalukyan Empire of the Deccan invaded the Pallava territories of Mahendravarman. One section of his army moved directly against the central Pallava country in the south and another attacked the northern section comprising Nellore and North Arcot district. Pulakesion-I captured Conjeevaram but eventually was beaten by Mahendravarman and compelled to evacuate it. The Chalukyas however, proved more successful in the north and had taken the whole of Vengi under their control. This newly won territory was placed under Pulakesins younger brotherKubja Vishnuvardhana, who thus became the founder of the Eastern Chalukyan dynasty which was in power over the eastern coast of the Deccan for more than five centuries, before it was finally over run by the Cholas and annexed to their empire. Nellore district thus came under the Eastern Chalukyans on their rise into power, though Mahendravarman and his successors continually disputed

10

their power and engaged themselves in constant raids on it. The district was therefore a bone of contention in the seventh century between Pallavas and Chalukyas. In the eighth century, the Pallavas again gained supremacy over the district. The growing weakness of the Pallavas in the succeeding years gave rise to the rival activities of the Pandyas and the Cholas for gaining imperial supremacy. After struggling for half a century, the Cholas became supreme in this part of the country. By 907 A.D., when the Parantaka-I succeeded to the Chola throne, the Pallavas had been completely supplanted by the Cholas in Tondamandalam. About 950 A.D., the Rashtrakuta King, Krishna-III killed Rajaditya (Parantakas son) in the battle of Takkolam , near Arkonam and won back Tondamandalam and became the master for 12 years. Later i.e, in 985 A.D., Rajaraja the great (985-1013) A.D., ascended the Chola throne and began a fresh era of struggle between the Eastern and Western Chalukyas and the Cholas.

Rajaraja the Great, having annexed the territories of the Gangas and Nolambavadi (the region round Bellary and Coorg) kept the Western Chalukyas in check and was able to advance against the Eastern Chalukyas in Nellore. The conquest of the Eastern Chalukya Kingdom of Vengi was an easy matter. Rajaraja appointed Saktivarman as his Viceroy and gave his daughter Kundavai, in marriage to Vimaladitya (brother of Saktivarman) and thus brought about the union of Chola and Eastern Chalukya dynasties. This Vimaladitya, surnamed Vishnuvardhana, ruled over Vengi from 1015 to 1022 A.D., and was succeeded by one of his sons, Rajaraja Narendra, who married the daughter of Rajarajas son and successor Rajendra (1014-53 A.D.)Narendra is generally regarded as a national hero of the Andhras and was a patron of the Telugu poet Nannayya Bhattu.

The Chola dynasty ruled long on account of which numerous Telugu Chola lines came into existence in Nellore and its neighbourhood about the middle of the 12th century. They inaugurated an era of intensive Telugu literary activity and under them Nellore came to be more a Telugu than a Tamil district. Men of letters were handsomely patronized. Politically the immediate result of the establishment of these numerous Telugu feudal houses was the beginning of the decline of the Chola power. This is obvious from the survey of the events which took place in the time of Vikrama Chola. Till 1118 A.D., he had been the Viceroy over Vengi and later on crowned as Emperor. By 1123-34 A.D., Vikrama Chola appears to have driven out the Chalukyan forces once again and then YSR and SPS Nellore were ruled by the Telugu Chola brothers Sidda and Beta-I, who acknowledged the supremacy of Vikrama Chola. A certain Bhima rose at Kolanu (Kandukuru) and he had to be subdued. Vikrama Chola seems to have partitioned the Andhra country from SPS Nellore to Simhachalam among a number of Telugu feudal nobles, chief of whom is

11

believed to be the Velanadu dynasty of Pithapuram . Malla-I of this dynasty is said to have been a friend of Trinetra Pallava and to have conquered the Aruvela (6,000) country which included the territory from North Nellore to the Krishna.

From the time of Rajaraja-II (1146-71 A.D.) the Chola decline in its hold over the Andhra country started. The Hoyasalas were in constant war with the Cholas for imperial supremacy and the Pandyas were simultaneously attempting to overthrow the Chola dynasty. Tikka-I, the son of Manumasiddhi Rajendra claims to have successfully opposed the Hoyasalas. From the Nirvachanottara Ramayanam, we learn that Tikka also warred with the North Velanadu line, then in its last days, just before the Kakatiya conquest.

In the reign of Rajendra Chola-III (1246-67 A.D.) the Chola power came to an end. He tried to resist the supremacy of the Hoyasalas, but being vanquished, lost forever the Kongu Province. The breach between the Chola and Hoyasalas, was availed of by Jatavarman Sundara Pandya (1257-64 A.D) the greatest of the Pandyan line. He is said to have occupied Nellore and celebrated his Vijayabhishekham there.

The district next came under the political sway of the Kakatiyas until 1323 A.D. The Mohammadan conquest that started in the last quarter of 13th century created great confusions but they were soon ended with the rise of the Vijayanagar Empire. The Vijayanagar Empire included the Nellore district from the very beginning, Udayagiri being one of its viceregal centres and even as early as the thirties of 14th century the capital of Kampana-I, one of the five sons of Sangama-I, who took part in the foundation of that Empire. In 1336 A.D the very year of the foundation of Vijayanagar Empire, Harihara-I, made a grant of a village in Gudur taluk.

Ever since,Udayagiri was regarded as a very important Rajya or Provincial division. It included almost the whole of the Nellore district as well as part of YSR . One interesting fact to be noticed in regard to this period is that almost all the important taluk headquarters of the present day were headquarters of Seemas then. For instance, Atmakur formed a part of Pranganadu Seema, and Kanigiri , Rapur and Udayagiri were other Seemas figuring in inscriptions . The Governor of Udayagiri Rajya was given the title of the Lord of the Eastern Ocean. The province was considered so important that only princes related to the royal family or only very trustworthy generals or nobles were appointed to administer it. The Udayagiri Rajya was bounded on the north by Kondavidu Rajya, on the south by Chandragiri Rajya, and on the west by penukonda Rajya. A small part of Nellore belonged to Kondavidu and Chandragiri Provinces, while the main portion of it belonged to Udayagiri. Several records of Bukka-I are found in this district. In 1377 A.D Harihara-II , son of Bukka-I ,

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figures in Kanigiri taluk. In 1382 Harihara-II had for his representative in Udayagiri province his own son, the later Devaraya-I. In 1386 A.D.the same monarch built at Udayagiri the temple of Siddheswara, besides excavating a holy tank which resembled the Manasa Lake for men to bathe in.

From 1390 A.D onwards the province came under the reign of Prince Devaraya I, the son and successor of Harihara II. Apparently Devaraya was in charge of this province for atleast 12 years before he ascended the imperial throne at Vijayanagar, Devaraya-I ruled over the country from 1406 to 1422 A.D. and he was succeeded by Ramachandra and Vijaya Bukka. Devaraya II who, succeeded his Vijaya Bukka, reigned the country from 1422 to 1446 A.D.

The chief feature in the reign of Devaraya was the control he came to exercise over the celebrated lines of Reddi chiefs, who ruled over the different parts of the Vijayanagar in the east. The Reddi clans first came into prominence in the age of the Kakatiyas. The Bhimeswarapuranam, a Telugu Kavya (poetry) dedicated to a chief a Reddi ruler of Rajahmundry of the 15th century says that the earliest Reddi chiefs rose to power in the villages of Simhavikrama (Nellore), Duvvur and Gandavaram. Getting themselves first appointed as soldiers and generals under the Kakatiyas, the Reddis carved out for themselves small feudal principalities during the troublous times which followed the withdrawal of the Mohammadans after their invasions in the first quarter of the 14th century and after. After the death of Prataparudra-II in 1323, the local Nayaks or Chiefs in the Krishna, Guntur and Nellore districts carved out kingdoms for themselves in this manner. The Reddis were the most prominent of the chiefs. According to one account, they succeeded the Niyogi Brahmins in the Governance of the country. It is clear from the inscriptions that the Reddi family which first rose to power belonged to the Pantakula of pakanadu. The panta Reddis still form an important class of the landed gentry of the district and pakanadu is the land between Nellore and ongole. When the Reddis became rulers, genealogies characteristic of the Kshatriya dynasties were framed for them. They all traced their political greatness to a common progenitor,prolaya.

The earliest centre of the Reddi activity was Addanki, 21 miles (33.80 kms.) to the north-west of Ongole. Vema Reddi, the son of prola, established his hold over the strong strategic forts of Addanki, Kondavidu, Kondapalle and Dharanikota.Vema is generally climed to have constructed the flights of steps to the otherwise inaccessible temples of Ahobilam and Srisailam. Vema Reddi ruled from 1340 to about 1369,A.D the period when the Vijayanagar dynasty established itself in the Nellore district; but Vema Reddi did not recognize the Vijayanagar authority. The control over the Kondavidu Rajya therefore became

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slender. In the time of Vemas son and successor Anapota, the capital was shifted northwardly from Addanki to Kondavidu, 13 miles (20.92 Kms.)to the south-west of Guntur. The Reddis were great patrons of Telugu literature and culture and of Brahmins and temples. Several of them were themselves eminent scholars and poets. Venkatagiri Zamindars were important feudals in this period. One of the early chiefs of Venkatagiri distinguished himself in the court of kakatiya King. Ganapathi, and was a man of great influence during reign of Rudrama Devi. During the reign of Krishna Devaraya the family lived at Velugodu and thus came to use the title of Velugotivaru.

In the later part of the fifteenth century, the control of Vijayanagar over the district slackened as a sequal to the weakness of the emperors Mallikarjuna and Virupaksha. In the north, Kondavidu Reddis declined from the time of Komati Vema onwards on account of aggression of their cousins Kataya Vema and others of Rajahmundry. Taking advantage of these circumstances King Kapileswara Gajapathi of Orissa, who inaugurated a new era of imperial greatness for his Kingdom, marched southward, subdued the Reddis and pushed his forces into the Nellore district. Kapileswara seems to have advanced far in the south. Udayagiri and Kondavidu became Vice royalties under the Oriya King Kapileswara and his successor Purushothama. The Saluva general, Narasimha tried to drive the Gajapathis out and in 1474-75 A.D actually reconquered the whole province upto Rajahmundry. Later on the district came once again under Kapileswara, Purushothama and prataparudra. Throughout the period when Vijayanagar was under the four Narasimhas, i.e. the two Saluvas and the first two Tuluvas, Nellore district was temporarily lost to Vijayanagar. A new epoch dawned with the accession of the great Krishnadevaraya in 1509. The greatest of his conquests was the recovery of the Nellore or Udayagiri and Kondavidu Rajyas from the Orissa ruler Prataparudra, whose daughter he subsequently married. Krishnadevaraya as a prince was first employed in Kondavidu province. The whole of the Nellore district was under the control of Krishnadevaraya throughout his reign and also of his successors Achutaraya (1530-42 A.D.) and Sadasivaraya (1543-70). With the disaster at the great battle of Tallikota in 1565 and the transfer of the capital to penukonda the Moslems advanced into Bellary, Kurnool and Anantapur districts and asserted supremacy over the local chiefs who had hitherto been the vassals of the Vijayanagar empire. The provincial chiefs tried to assert independence and Nellore was not behind other northern districts in this respect. Tirumala-I, who succeeded Sadasivaraya in 1571 A.D had great trouble with the Moslems and his control over the northern parts of the Vijayanagar empire including Nellore became naturally weak, The growing pressure of the Musalmans arms enabled provincial Governors to act like independent princess. Channappa Nayudu, one of the generals of Sadasivaraya. Otherwise known as Jagadevaraya, repulsed two invasions by

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the Moslems. A third invasion in 1573 A.D by both Adil Shah and Qutub Shah was more disastrous. The latter swept the country from Peddapuram to the Krishna River, crossed that river and captured Kondavidu, while the rest of the Bijapur troops advanced towards the Nellore district. Prince sri Ranga who was later known as Sri Ranga-I who was incharge of this part of the country checked the Moslems activities. Many parts of the Nellore district were, however, still subject to frequent Moslem invasions.

Sri Ranga-I (1572-85A.D) succeeded Tirumala and continued in possession of the Nellore district throughout his reign. His accession to the throne was apparently followed by a desparate fight with the Moslems in the country bordering on Nellore. His successor Venkata-II (1585-1614 A.D) was in possession of this entire district.Venkata-II died in October , 1614 and from that time till 1616 A.D. there was a great war of succession , in which almost all the important feudatory king and chiefs of the different provinces took part. Prince Ramadevaraya and Jaggaraya were the rival candidates. Yachamanayaka of Venkatagiri and Ragunathanayaka of Tanjore championed the claims of Ramadevaraya while Gobburi Jagadevaraya , Veerappa Nayaka of Madura, the Nayaka of Gingee, and the chief of Karvetinagar supported Jaggaraya. Yachamanayaka rescued Ramadevaraya from the fort of Vellore, where all his brothers had been imprisoned and killed by the orders of Jaggaraya. The decisive battle of the war was fought on the banks of Cauvery near the Grand Anicut where Jaggadeva and his supporters were completely routed, the leader himself being killed. The young prince Ramadevaraya was then proclaimed emperor by the party of Yachamanayaka and he ruled from 1617 to 1630 A.D. This led to the permanent occupation of the town of Venkatagiri by Yachamanayaka and his successors. It was previously in the possession of the chiefs of karvetinagar relatives of Jaggadevaraya. The reign of Ramadevaraya-IV (1617-30 A.D) was one of disasters so far as his control over Nellore district was concerned. The Sultan of Golconda imposed his yoke on the former feudatories of penukonda and Chandragiri , and the venkatagiri and Kalahasti Chiefs became subordinates to Muslims. Sultan Abdulla Badshah who ruled for a very long period of fifty years from 1623 to 1672 A.D became the virtual ruler of the district. The decline of the rule of Vijayanagar and the rise of the Muslims synchronized with the advent of the British power in this part of India. In the reign of Venkata-II, European Nations had begun to appear on the coromandel coast and the eastern waters. In 1595 A.D. the Dutch first rounded the cape and within the next thirty years established settlements all along the sea coast from Africa to Japan. In 1609 A.D they appeared at Chandragiri and obtained Venkatapathis permission to erect a settlement at Pulicat, the great port which with its extensive backwater afforded a safe shelter for their shipping and by 1615 A.D they had made themselves masters of coastal trade of Ceylon and Coromandel seas. The English were not so

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successful at first. Till 1611 A.D they had for their objective the East Indies and not the main land of India. Only in 1611 A.D., they attempted to effect a trade settlement in India and touched at the several posts occupied by the Dutch. The Dutch scented a new danger, and immediately set intrigue afoot against the English who sought their fortunes in the Deccan and the East Indies in the reign of Venkata-II. During the time of Ramadevaraya-IV (1617-30 A.D) the European natives made further progress, but the Dutch, who had over thrown the English at Java in 1617 A.D. and built the city of Batavia, made a truce with the English in 1621 A.D. and allowed them to establish a settlement at Pulicat. They also established a factory at Masulipatnam. The fierce rivalry between the Dutch and the English soon revived and the English turned their attention to the mainland of India, particularly the Coromandel coast and desired to make Masulipatnam as the starting place for their progress. But there were serious difficulties in their way as the local Governor of Golconda was unfriendly and there was no protecting Firman from the Sultan. They therefore, looked for a more southern place which, while offering the same facilities as Masulipatnam would be more free from political and other troubles. They therefore, choose Dugarajupatnam, 40 miles (64.37 kms) north of pulicat lake and 9 miles (12.87 kms) from the mouth of Swarnamukhi. The spot was situated within the Estate of Venkatagiri and was under the influence of a local karnam Armuga Mudaliar, who was instrumental in seeking it for the English. The place therefore, came to be called Armagaon after him. Armagaon was fortified by the East India Company presumably with the permission of the Rajah of Venkatagiri. It was the first instance of a fertified. Possession of the East India Company in India and was considered so secure that in 1628 A.D Musulipatnam was abandoned in its favour. In 1632 A.D however, the British obtained a Firman from the Sultan of Golconda and reopened the factory at Masulipatnam, but Armagaon was not finally abandoned till 1641 A.D. when Chennakuppam, the present Madras, took its place. Its abandonement was not due to any refusal on the part of the Rajah of Venkatagiri to give permission for its fortification but to the fact that by that time Madras was considered the most promising site for the Companys headquarters Venkatapathi-III (1630-42 A.D) seems to have made some attempts to recover the southern part of the district. But the sovereignty of Venkatapathi-III was only temporary, owing to Golconda troubles from the Moghals. Sri Ranga succeeded Venkatapathi and it was with his formal permission that Damerla Venkatadri Naidu of Kalahasti gave Chennakuppam to Francis Day in 1639 A.D. From 1640 A.D onwards Sri Ranga ceased to have any control over Nellore. The Nayakas of South viz., Tirumala Nayak of Madura, Krishnappa Nayak of Gingee and Vijaya Raghava Nayak of Tanjore rebelled against Vijayanagar and led to a great war in South Arcot district. The confederates sought the assistance of the Muslims and made Sri Ranga who was at first successful, to abandon his ancestral throne and

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take refuge in Mysore where he died. The result of the suicidal call for Muslim help by the Hindu Estates of the South was that both Bijapur and Golconda united in despoiling them, and agreed, after a successful campaign to partition south India into two spheres of influence, Mysore, Tanjore, Gingee and Madhura being subject to the supremacy of Bijapur and Nellore, Chingleput and North Arcot to that of Golconda.

The sovereignty of the Sultans of the Golconda over this district lasted from 1640 to 1687 A.D. When the dynasty was overthrown by the Moghals. Thus for the first time, this part of India became subject to all the benefits and evils of the Muslim rule. Mosques and tombs were erected in a number of places and the inscriptions regarding them were engraved Persian and Arabic, not only in purely Muslim buildings but also on the walls and pillars of Hindu temples. Sometimes temples were destroyed and the materials were used for the building of Muslim edifices. Forts were constructed and the Muslim officers were appointed to them. As against these, there were some agreeable features, and there are instances of Musilm Kings making grants to Hindu temples, An inscription at pallavolu in Udayagiri taluk shows that Syed Abdullah Sahib gave certain rent free lands to the local Avulemma temple. Donations for the preservation of tanks, canals and other utilitarian works were common. Till 1678 A.D. Golconda held uncontrolled possession of this portion of the Carnatic. Then came Sivajis invasion and led to the assertion of Mahratta supremacy over the southern portion of Golconda territory. Nellore, however, does not seem to have been touched by this raid. In 1687, Moghal conquest took place and annexed the Golconda and its possessions in the Moghal empire. In 1689 A.D. the Mahratta king Sambhaji was captured and his successor Rajaram fled to Gingee which was besieged for eight years by the Moghal troops. During this siege, their general Zulfikar Khan, led his troops to the southern most extremity of the peninsula, and reduced all the southern kingdom to Moghal supremacy and the whole of the Carnatic then felt into the hands of the heads of Moghals and was organized into the province of Arcot which roughly extended from the Krishna to the Coleroon.

In 1701 A.D. Zulfikar khan was succeeded by Daud khan as the Nawab by which title the military commandant of the Carnatic came from this time to be known. The Nawab of Arcot was constitutionally subordinate to the Nizam of Deccan (who became independent of the Moghal emperor in 1724 A.D). In 1710 A.D Daud khan was succeeded by Saadut-ulla-khan who governed the province till his death in 1732 A.D. His nephew Dost Ali assumed the Governorship of carnatic in 1732 A.D without the orders of the Nizam and much to his resentment. The Nizam would have marched south to assert his power had not serious Moghal affairs called him to the north. On his return to the south, he quietly allowed the Nawab of Carnatic to be subdued by the

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Mahrattas under Raghoji Bhonsle in 1741 A.D . Raghoji killed Dost Ali in battle and entered into terms with Safdar Ali, from whom he levied a tribute. He besieged Trichinopoly and took chanda sahib as prisoner in 1742 A.D. Safdar Ali was killed by his brother-in-law Murtuza Ali for power but safdar Alis minor was ultimately proclaimed as the Nawab. In 1743 A.D the Nizam came from Hyderabad to enquire into that matter. The Nizam set aside the claims of Murtuza Ali and Chanda Sahib and appointed Anwar-ud-din as the guardian of the minor of Safdar Ali whom he accepted as the Nawab of Carnatic. The young Nawab, however, was assassinated soon after and Anwar-ud-din succeeded him.

After the death of Nizam-ul-mulk in 1748 A.D. his second son Nazar Jung and his grandson Muzaffar Jung strove for the succession of the Subedarship of the Deccan. In Carnatic Anwar-ud-din was opposed by Chanda Sahib. At this time the English and the French were contending for supremacy in the East and each of the claimants secured the support of one of these powers Nazar Jung and Anwar-ud-din were supported by the English while Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib were supported by the French. In this struggle Muzaffar Jung fell prisoner and Nazar Jung became the ruler. But in 1750 A.D when Nazar Jung was assassinated, Muzaffar Jung was proclaimed as the Viceroy of the Deccan by the French in consequence of which he recognized Dupleix, the French Governor as the titular sovereign over the whole of South India from Krishna to cape comorin and Chanda Sahib as the Nawabs of Arcot, Muzaffar Jung proceeded on his return march to Hyderabad from the south. The Nawabs of Cuddapah, Kurnool and Savanur who supported him were dissatisfied with the rewards bestowed on them by Muzaffar Jung. So, they killed him after a few weeks march in the territory now falling within the confines of Cuddapah district. The French then selected Salabat Jung, the third son of Nizam-ul-mulk as the successor. The French influence had this grown to prominence both in Hyderabad and in the Carnatic and had therefore, become paramount in Nellore also as elsewhere. The only place in the hands of Muhammed Ali and the English in the Carnatic was the fort of Trichinopoly. In the succeeding months of 1751-52 A.D the fortunes of the French and their ally Chanda Sahib waned as the result of a series of reverses before the walls of Trichinopoly and in other battles. By the end of 1753 A.D the English gained a gradual hold over the carnatic proper and became its masters while the French continued to be supreme in the Deccan and Northern Circars. M. Bussy had to his credit not merely the reputation of an eminently skillful administrator, but the real triumph of acquiring from the Nizam the assignment of the Northern Circars for the payment of his troops. In 1753 A.D Nazibullah, brother of Muhammed Ali the Nawab of Arcot, was appointed as the Governor of Nellore,the northernmost part of the Carnatic. Due to the increasing Influence of the English in the Carnatic, Dupleix felt that his plan for a French Empire

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was but a dream and he opened negotiations with the English authorities at Madras in 1754 A.D. As a result of this conference, 14th October, 1754 A.D., a suspension of hostilities by the English and the French was proclaimed but this lasted for only eighteenmonths. During this period, the English were engaged in organizing the Administration of the territories of the Nawab of Arcot and in reducing the refractory poligars of Madura and Tinnevelly and to break the siege of Trichinopoly by the Mysoreans. The result of the achievements was that by August, Muhammed Ali was secure in his possession of the Carnatic. Things having settled down at Arcot, Muhammed Ali set to work to reduce Nellore. He dispatched his forces together with an English detachment to collect tributes from the poligars. Bangaru Yachama the poligar of Venkatagiri (1747-76 A.D) agreed to pay Rs. 1,40,000 and Damerla Venkatapathi, Poligar of Kalahasti agreed to pay Rs.1,00,000 and to acknowledge Muhammed Ali as the Nawab.

But the establishment of Muhammed Ali at Arcot did not bring him immediate peace. One of his brothers Mafuz khan who was administering the southern provinces rebelled. The same spirit of hostility was displayed by Nazibullah, his another brother and the Governor of Nellore. The Nawab required him to pay a subsidy of Rs. 1,00,000 above the usual tribute , on the ground that Nellore had suffered little in the recent wars Nazibullah though apologetic, evaded payment. The Nawab therefore, deputed Iklas khan, the brother of the Nawabs General to collect the tribute. His talks with Nazibullah were not successful and while he was returning with his escort he was ambushed at dark and one of his men was murdered. The Nawab then applied to the English for aid. The English accordingly dispatched a force under the command of Lt.col. Forde which joined the Nawabs army and the troops of the poligars of Venkatagiri and Kalahasti at Sarvepalle and on 27th April, 1757 they encamped before Nellore. The force was commanded by Abdul Wahab, the brother of the Nawab. Nazibullah on the approach of Abdul Wahab had retired with a small contingent leaving the town to be defended by the garrison. The English pitched their camp along the river bank and those of the Nawab and poligars were encamped at a distance higher up.The attack was commenced on 29th April, 1757 and lasted for five days. The attack was abortive and many were wounded. The assault culminated in an unseemly retreat from the foot of the fort wall. Col. Forde did not renew the attack on Nellore. Abdul Wahab urged him to cross thepennar in pursuit of Nazibullah who was reported to be in the neighbourhood. On 13th May, 1757 the army crossed the pennar and proceeded further and reached Sangam, 18 miles (29 kms) northwest of Nellore on 15th May, but Nazibullah had quitted it sometime before to join the French at Kondavidu. Col. Forde therefore returned next day to Sarvepalle where he received express orders to come back with utmost expedition to

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Madras where the affairs became serious in view of the renewed French activities.

In June, 1757 Nazibullah, the rebel Governor, returned from Masulipatnam accompanied by eighty French soldiers . On the departure of the troops of the Nawab to Arcot and those of the poligars to Venkatagiri and Kalahasti, he opened a new campaign of incursions into the open country of the poligars, and in the middle of August marched suddenly to Tirupati to seize the temple collections. He only reached the fort of Kadawa, 12 miles (19 Kms.) from Tirupati and there he deemed it wise to return to Nellore, as a force had been sent against him from Madras under Captain polier. He however, continued his control over the district, as the English troops were again recalled by disturbances in the South. In 1758 the matters became complicated by the invasion of the Mahrattas under Balvant Rao, who claimed to act in the Name of the Nawab. He pretended to be angry with Nazibullah on the score that Nazibullah was about to march against the Nawab with a large body of French troops sent by Bussy. He subjugated Cuddapah district in 1757 A.D, advanced eastward into Nellore district. Dividing his troops into three sections, he sent one of his sections of his troops against the poligar of Bomraj and another against Venkatagiri. He himself appeared at the Head of the third section at Nellore. Nazibullah being unable to resist hastened to buy him off and at the same time cleverly persuaded the Mahratta general to intercede with the Nawab on his behalf. Meanwhile the other detachments plundered Venkatagiri and Kalahasti and exacted agreements from the poligars for the payment of oppressive tributes. Matters might have become positively unpleasant for the Nawab but for the summons of Balavant Rao to poona by the peshwa Balaji Baji Rao.

In August, 1758 Lally ordered M. Bussy to leave Hyderabad and to join the famous attack upon Madras. This order was fatal for the fortunes of the French in the Deccan, fortunes which had been kept intact for years by Bussys masterful personality, diplomatic skill and loyality to Salabat Jung against the machinations of his brother Nizam Ali and Basalat Jung. With great unwillingness but with characteristic regard for discipline Bussy left for the south by way of Nellore district. Reaching Nellore through Ongole he received a warm reception from Nazibullah. Leaving M. Moracin at Nellore to establish, with Nazibullahs aid, the supremacy of French arms in the district, Bussy proceeded south and joined Lally in the siege of Fort St.George. The siege lasted for two months and ended in French discomfiture and retreat on 16th February, 1759. This sealed the fate of the French for ever in the Carnatic. During this period Nazibullah had been friendly with the French, and had helped the establishment of French power over the poligars of Venkatagiri and Tirupati, he even accompanied Moracin to pandicherry. But when he heard

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that the siege of Madras was given up and that the besiegers had retreated, he declared entirely for the English and most treacherously put to death all the Franchmen who were with him except their officer St.Denys. He even offered to pay a tribute of 30,000 pagodas a year in case they persuaded the Nawab to acknowledge him as his Governor of Nellore. The Nawab and the English advisers saw that this was the best arrangement under the circumstances and not only recognized him as the Governor but Abdul Wahab was rewarded with the confirmation of the districts of Chandragiri and Chittoor and the three poligars of Venkatagiri, Kalahasti and Bomraj were ordered to guard their own hills and assist the administration of Chandragiri and Chittoor, if attacked. By the close of 1759 the district once again came entirely under British influence. An expedition from Bengal into the Northern circars had just resulted in the expulsion of the French from the Northern Circars.

In the middle of 1760 A.D Basalat Jung, brother of Salabat Jung, the Subedar of the Deccan threatened the district. Crossing the Krishna he sent threatening letters to Nazibullah at Nellore, to the three great poligars as well as to all lesser ones along pennar, and demanded an account of their arrears of tribute due to the Subah of Deccan. The tone of his letters and the approach of his forces deterred Nazibullah and the poligars from helping the English in the recovery of Tirupati which had been seized by the Mahrattas. Taking advantage of this weakness, Basalat continued his march and passing through Ongole attacked the fort of pellur. In great alarm Nazibullah and the poligars pressed Madras for immediate assistance. The English could not go to their rescue as they were collecting their forces to march upon Wandewash. Basalat Jung, meanwhile advanced from pellur against Nellore; but when he came near the Pennar, he quitted the southern road and turning to west encamped on the plains of Sangam on the north bank of the river. Here he summoned Nazibullah and the three great poligars to offer their personal obeisance and allegiance.

Nazibullah by making exaggerated reports of his forces as well as the reinforcements expected from Madras, engaged in civil communications with him. Basalat took strong steps against the three great poligars who fearing to offend the English Government had avoided the visit by various excuses. Sending his horse over the river to forage in the arable lands, and to seize the cattle and grain for the army , Basalat Jung subsequently crossed the pennar with his whole force and on October, 1st, 1759, encamped at Saidapuram expecting the arrival of Bussy. Against him the English dispatched feom Conjeevaram a strong contingent under the command of Captain Moore. The arreangement was that these troops were to be joined by six companies of sepoys from Tirupati and the army of Nazibullah and then to follow and harass Basalat Jungs troops in order to prevent them from effecting a meeting with

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Bussy. On the 15th October, 1759 the Madras troops and the sepoys from Tirupati reached Kalahasti, but the Nellore contingent failed to appear. The arrival of the British was very timely for the Zamindars of Venkatagiri and Kalahasti terrified by the cavalry of Basalat Jung within their borders and doubtful of the distant protection of the English troops, had temporized, visited Basalat Jung in his camp, accompanied by Sampati Rao formerly the Diwan of the Nawab Muhammad Ali, and agreed to make each a present of Rs. 40,000. The appearance of the English at this stage at Kalahasti and the nonarrival of Bussys troops, caused Basalat Jung to resolve upon retreat. He accordingly re-crossed the pennar and marched towards YSR. In February, 1763 by the Treaty of paris the French in return for the restoration of Pondicherry recognized Muhammad Ali as Nawab and Salabat as Subedar. In 1763 A.D Muhammad Ali ceded to the English the Jagir districts yielding an annual revenue of 4 1/2 lakhs of pagodas as indemnity for the recent war expenses. Nizam Ali Khan, the fourth son of Nizam-ul-mulk obtained the support of the English on the promise of dismissing the French from his service. Salabat Jung was dethroned in 1761 A.D and Nizam Ali khan was proclaimed ruler. After Nizam Ali succeeded Salabat Jung as the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Northern circars were ceded to the British in 1766 A.D on the condition that the Nizam was to be furnished with a subsidiary force in times of war and should receive six lakhs of rupees annually when no troops were required and the Nizam on his part to assist the British with his troops.

In 1767 A.D the first war between Haidar Ali and the English broke out and ended in 1769 with the Treaty of Madras on the basis of the mutual restitution of conquests. The Nawab, who had transferred all his military power to the English, was subsequently engaged in diplomatic overtures with the Mahrattas against Haidar Ali, the despoilment of Tanjore, and the arrangement for the lease of Basalat Jungs Jagir of Guntur, which offended both Haidar Ali and Nizam Ali who laid claims to it.In july, 1780 A.D. Haidar Ali invaded the Carnatic and during the subsequent operations the forces from Madras to Guntur and from Bengal to Madras passed through the Nellore District. As a result of these operations the Government at Fort St.George had to bear the whole burden of military defence and applied for financial aid to the Nawab of Carnatic. The latter however, appealed in 1781 A.D. to the Bengal Government, and succeeded in concluding a treaty, by which he was exempted from all pecuniary demands beyond the expense of ten battalions of troops, was recognized as hereditary sovereign of the Carnatic, and received also promises of restoration of Tanjore and the restitution of certain districts occupied by Haidar Ali. The Madras Government remonstrated against this agreement and after many negotiations it was agreed on 2nd December, 1781 that the revenue of the Carnatic should be transferred to the British Government for five years, the Nawab receiving one sixth for his private expenses. The Nawab did not

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allow to continue this arrangement for long. Taking advantage of the misunderstandings between the Supreme Government at Bengal and the Government of Madras he succeeded in obtaining in January, 1783 orders for the restoration of his revenues. The Madras Government did not implement these orders as the agreement of the 2nd December, 1781 had in the meantime been approved by the Court of Directors. The Board of Countrol which had just been created, took the management of the Carnatic affairs out of the hands of the Court of Directors, and ordered the restoration of the revenue to the Nawab, and the assignment by him of 12 lakhs of pagodas a year for the payment of the debts to the company and to private creditors. By this preliminary treaty of 1785 A.D the Nawab had to pay 12 lakhs of pagodas a year towards debts besides meeting current charges, territorial security being assured in return for punctual payment. It was subsequently realized that no conditions could be enforced through the officers of the Nawab. It was therefore, resolved to undertake the direct management of the country during the war-a decision which was carried out with great delicacy. The Nawab however, did not see its necessity for the preservation of his country or interests and boldly circulated instructions to his Amins practically directing them not to co-operate with the English Government. Consequently Lt. Boisdaun, commanding at Nellore complained that the Nawabs managers seemed rather enemies than friends of his detachment and that His Highnesss Fouzdar and Amildar at Nellore absolutely refused to submit to the Companys authority.

In 1790 A.D the Government in order to discharge the new financial responsibilities which had fallen on their shoulders, appointed Collectors in the various districts of the Carnatic, each being armed with full powers to reduce the poligars and other dependent authorities to complete subjection and to evolve a sound and regular system of financial administration in place of chaos which had reigned under the Nawabs regime. In accordance with this plan, Nellore with its dependencies was placed under Mr. Dighton while Ongole and planed were placed under Mr. Erskine. Mr. Dighton assumed charge as first Collector of Nellore in July, 1790 . He was instructed by the Board of Revenue to make enquiries regarding the State of affairs of the district and to endeavour by every means in his power to impress all ranks of people with confidence in Companys Justice, to assure them of protection in all their just rights, and to encourage the ryots in the cultivation of the country. He was also asked to be careful to conciliate the attachment of the poligars of the frontier and assure them that Government will notice in the most favourable manner such exertions as they shall make against common enemy.

The Carnatic remained under British management for two years. In 1792 A.D the above temporary arrangement came to an end, and as the parties were

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dissatisfied with the treaty of 1787 A.D, a new one was concluded on the 12th July, 1792 by which it was stipulated that the British Government should maintain a force, for the payment of which the Nawab should contribute 9 lakhs of pagodas annually and that the country should be garrisoned by British troops. In the event of war the British Government should take the management of the entire country, paying to the Nawab one fifth of the revenues. The British Government should also collect tribute from the poligars in the Nawabs name and give him credit for it in his contribution and in case of failure of payment the British Government should assume the management of certain specified districts. If the Nawab required additional troops, he has to pay separately for it and he should renounce intercourse with other States as he should be included in all treaties relating to the Carnatic. By the end of August, 1792 this district had been retransferred to the Nawabs officers.

Muhammad Ali died in October, 1795 and was succeeded by his son Oomdat-ul-Oomrah. The experience of the previous three years had shown that the treaty of 1792 A.D had most injurious and oppressive effects. Though the subsidy had been paid regularly the Nawab had contracted heavy loans to meet his liabilities and to liquidate them.He assigned the revenues of his country to the creditors, a system which resulted in cruel and grinding oppression. Sevaral attempts were made to remedy this state of things but without success. On the fall of Srirangapatnam treacherous correspondence was discovered which had been begun by Muhammad Ali with Tippu Sultan shortly after the conclusion of 1792 treaty and even Oomdat-ul-Oomrah was concerned in it. As this treachery was a direct violation of the treaty obligations of 1792 A.D, the British Government declared itself released there form, and announced its intention of assuming the Government of the Carnatic making a provision for the family of the Nawab Oomdat-ul-Oomrah who died on 15th July, 1801 before the conclusion of the proposed arrangements. The terms framed on the above basis were offered to his reputed son Ali Hussain who had been nominated by Oomdat-ul-Oomrah has his successor; but he rejected them.Negotiations were then opened with Azim-u-Dowla, a nephew of the Nawab Oomdat-ul-Oomrah, and on 31st July, 1801 a settlement was arrived at by which he renounced the civil and military Government of Carnatic and received a stipendiary provision with the title of prince of Arcot. The Nawabship of Carnatic thus ceased to exist and the British administration of the district commenced.

Since its acquisition by the British Government in 1801 the district has tasted the blessings of settled peace, the only event of any political importance being the sequestration in 1838 of the Jagir of Udayagiri, owing to its title holders participation in a conspiracy, engineered by the Nawab of Kurnool against the ruling power.

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After the district came under the British administration the jurisdiction of the district did not undergo any major changes but for the transfer of Ongole taluk in 1904 to Guntur district when it was newly constituted. The former Zamindaries in the district viz.,(1)Venkatagiri, (2) Pamur (part of the former Kalahasti Estate) (3) Chundi and alienated villages and (4) Mutyalampadu covering nearly an extent of 3,538 sq. miles (9,163 sq.km) were taken over by the Government during 1949 and 1950 under the Madras Estates (Abolition and conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948 and the Madras Estates Land (Reduction of Rent) Act of 1948. During the decade 1941-51 there was a transfer of few border villages between this district and Chingleput district. During the decade 1951-61 three villages viz., Krishnapuram, peddauyyalawada and Chinnauyyalawada of Ongole taluk of Guntur district were transferred to Darsi taluk of this district and kotikalapudi village of Darsi taluk was transferred to Ongole taluk of the then Guntur district.

After the attainment of Independence on 15th August, 1947 the district formed part of the composite Madras State till 1st October, 1953. When Andhra State was formed on 1st October, 1953 the district, along with the other ten predominantly Telugu speaking districts of the composite Madras State, was transferred to the Andhra State. On 1st November, 1956 when the States were reorganized on linguistic basis this district came under Andhra Pradesh State.

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Administrative set-up a) Region of the state where the district is located:

This District is located in the South of Andhra Region in the State bordering Bay of Bengal on the East, North by Prakasam, South by Chittoor Districts and Chengalpattu District of Tamilnadu State and West by Veligonda Hills which separate it from Y.S.R. district.

b) Number of Revenue Divisions and Mandals:

In 1985, the then existing 15 taluks were re-organised into 46 Mandals. Corresponding to all the Revenue Mandals, Mandal Praja Parishads, were also formed which were co-terminus with Revenue Mandals, with the exceptions that the statutory towns were not included in the jurisdiction of the Mandal Praja Parishads.

During 2011 Census no new Mandal was formed and all these 46 Mandals have been grouped under 3 Revenue divisions as follows:

1: Kavali Division: (18 Mandals): Seetharamapuram, Udayagiri, Varikuntapadu, Duttalur, Marripadu, Vinjamur, Kaligir, Kondapuram, Kavali, Jaladanki, Bogole, Kovur , Vidavalur , Dagadarthi, Allur , Buchireddi Palem, Kodavalur and Sangam.

2: Nellore Division: (13 Mandals): Atmakur, Anumasamudrampeta, Ananthasagaram, Indukurpet, Thotapallegudur, Nellore, Venkatachalam, Muthukur, Podalakur, Chejerla, Kaluvoya, Rapur and Sydapuram.

3: Gudur Division: (15 Mandals): Gudur , Manubolu, Chillakur, Vakadu, Kota, Chittamur, Doravarisatram, Pellakur, Ojili, Sullurpet, Naidupet, Tada, Venkatagiri, Balayapalle and Dakkili.

c) Total number of Towns/Villages:

When compared the list of villages at 2001 Census with that of 1991 Census, there was an increase of 13 villages due to following changes. One village Cherlapalli sprung up after 1991 Census in Kovur Mandal. Four Census Towns namely; Kovur, Naidupet, Sullurpet and shar project were declassified and 14 villages which were fully included in them attained rural status and added to the list of villages. Two villages were deleted from the list of villages which were fully included in Nellore (M), in addition to the 3 fully included villages in 1991 Census. Thus the district had 1192 villages as per 2001 Census 3 Statutory Towns i.e., Nellore, Kavali and Gudur and two Census Towns i.e., Kovurpalle and Venkatagiri.

d) Changes in Administrative Units during 2011 Census:

During 2011 Census, One Village Kovurpalle is added due to declassification of Kovurpalle (CT). 6 Villages namely; Buja Buja Nellore, Vinnamala, L.A. Sagaram, Yerrabalem, Sulluru (Sullurupeta) and Tada Khandrika are upgraded as 6 New Census towns. Kallurpalle, Visavaviletipadu, Nellore bit-I are the 3 Villages Classified as fully outgrowths for Nellore (UA). Guduru (East) and Guduru (West) fully included in Gudur (UA). 6 Villages viz;, Bangarupeta, Boppapuram, Kummaragunta, Ammavaripeta, Chevireddipalle (R) and Periyavaram are included in Venkatagiri (M). This Venkatagiri (M) is upgraded from Venkatagiri (CT).

However, there are 1177 Villages in 2011 Census of which (84 Un inhabited & 1093 habited), 46 Mandals, 3 Revenue Divisions, 10 Towns (4 Statutory[One M.Corp and 3 Municipalities] & 6 New Census towns) and 4 Urban Agglomeration (One Venkatagiri New UA).

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Statement Showing Urban Agglomerations along with its Constituent Units Sl. No. Name of U.A Constituent Units

1 Kavali U.A Kavali (M), Maddurupadu and Musunuru villages as partly OGs.

2 Nellore U.A

Nellore (M. Crop), Buja Buja Nellore (New CT), Nellore Bit-I) Kallurupalle, Visavaviletipadu (full OGs) and Allipuram, Chintareddipalem and Gundapalem are Partly OGs.

3 Gudur U.A Gudur (M), Guduru (East), Guduru (west) fully New OGs, Chennuru-II, Chillakur and Nellatur are Partly New OGs.

4 Venkatagiri U.A Venkatagiri (M), Somasarigunta partly New OG.

Statement Showing Administrative units at various Censuses Nellore

Sl. No. Administrative Unit Census Years

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

1 Revenue Divisions 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 Mandals (Sub-districts / Taluks) 13 (T) 9 (T) 15 (T) 46 46 46

3

Villages 1742 1099 1182 1179 1192 1177 a. Inhabitedvillages 1626 1050 1110 1100 1110 1093

b. Un-inhabited villages 116 49 72 79 82 84 c. Villages fully included in towns 16 13 21 21 12 11 d. Villages partly included in towns 10 - 7 - 10 9

4 Towns 9 7 8 9 5 10

5

Statutory towns 2 3 3 3 3 4 a. Municipal Corporations - - - - - 1 b. Municipalities 2* 3 3 3 3 3 c. NagarPanchayats - - - - - -

6 Census Towns 7 4 5 6 2 6 7 Urban Agglomerations - - - - 3 4

*In 1961 Census, Municipalities were divided into C.M (City Municipalities) and T.M(Town Municipalities).

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District Highlights - 2011 Census S.P.S. Nellore district stands 10th position in terms of area with 13,076 Sq. Kms, and

ranks 17th in terms of population with 29,63,557 persons in the State.

S.P.S. Nellore district stands 17th in terms of urban area with 232.06 Sq. Kms and ranks 13th in terms of urban population with 8,57,630 persons in the State while it stands 10th in terms of rural area with 12,843.94 Sq. Kms and ranks 17th in terms of rural population with 21,05,927 persons in the State.

The district ranks 16th in terms of households with 7,76,854 as against 6,40,942

households in 2001.

The district ranks 10th in terms of total number of villages with 1,177 as against 1,192 in 2001.

The district ranks 1` 7th position in the State in terms of Sex-ratio with 985 as

against 984 in 2001.

The district ranks 17th in terms of density with 227 persons per Sq. Kms., as against 204 in 2001.

The district ranks 16th in terms of literacy with 18,32,189 literates as against

15,22,866 in 2001.

The district is with 13,14,561 workers and 16,48,996 non-workers as against 12,11,702 workers and 14,56,862 non-workers in 2001.

Mandal [Sub-District]:

Rapur Mandal is having the largest area of 491.46 Sq. Kms., while Kovur Mandal is having the least area of 79.45 Sq. Kms.

Nellore Mandal is having the largest urban area of 100.33 Sq. Kms while Sullurpeta Mandal is having the least urban area of 5.92 Sq. Kms.

Rapur Mandal is having the largest rural area of 491.46 Sq. Kms while Kovur Mandal is having the least rural area of 79.45 Sq. Kms.

Nellore Mandal is having the highest population of 6,31,791 persons, while the

least population of 22,785 persons is found in Seetharamapuram Mandal.

The highest urban population of 5,58,548 persons in Nellore Mandal, while the least urban population of 687 is found in Chillakur and Vinjamur Mandals.

The highest rural population of 78,470 persons is found in Buchireddipalem Mandal, while the least rural population of 22,785 persons is found in Seetharamapuram.

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Highest Sex-ratio of 1,035 is found in Kodavalur Mandal and the least sex-ratio of941 is found in Chillakur Mandal.

Nellore Mandal is having highest density of 1,744, while Rapur Mandal is havingthe least density of 93 persons per Sq. Km.

Highest No. of 4,63,205 literates are in Nellore Mandal and least no. of 12,940literates are found in Seetharamapuram Mandal.

Nellore Mandal is having highest no. of workers 2,15,936 and non-workers41,58,55 while Seetharamapuram Mandal is having the least no. of workers 9,826and non-workers of 12,959 respectively.

Village:

Shar project village of Sullurpeta Mandal is having the largest area of 10,012hectares, while Adhvanna Punarayanakattubadi village of Sydapuram Mandal ishaving the least area of three hectares.

Vavveru village of Buchireddipalem Mandal is having the highest no. of 8,903households, highest population of 33,803 and 0-6 years population of 3,213,while the least no. of 1 (one) household, least population of one and 0-6 years nilpopulation is found in Kaligiri konduru village of Sangam Mandal and Settiguntavillage of Pellakur Mandal.

Highest Sex-ratio [2 Males & 5 Females] is found in Kavetipalem village ofBuchireddipalem Mandal and least sex-ratio of nil is found in Kaligiri konduruvillage of Sangam Mandal.

Highest no. of 22,633 literates are found in Vavveru village of BuchireddipalemMandal and least no. of nil literates are found in Kaligiri konduru village ofSangam Mandal, while highest no. of 11,170 illiterates are found in Vavveruvillage of Buchireddipalem Mandal and least no. of nil illiterates are Settiguntavillage of Pellakur Mandal.

Vavveru village of Buchireddipalem Mandal is having the highest workers of13,236 and Settigunta village of Pellakurur Mandal and Kaligiri konduru village ofSangam Mandal is having the least workers of one while Vavveru village ofBuchireddipalem Mandal tops with 20,567 non-workers and Settigunta village ofPellakur Mandal and Kaligiri konduru village of Sangam Mandal has the least no.nil persons non-workers.

Number of Villages Total 27,800 1,177 Inhabited 26,286 1,093 Uninhabited 1,514 84

Number of Towns Statutory 125 4 Census 228 6 Total 353 10

Number of Households Normal 20,927,188 773,722 Institutional 52,588 1,656 Houseless 42,812 1,476

Population Total Persons 84,580,777 2,963,557 Males 42,442,146 1,492,974 Females 42,138,631 1,470,583

Rural Persons 56,361,702 2,105,927 Males 28,243,241 1,060,810 Females 28,118,461 1,045,117

Urban Persons 28,219,075 857,630 Males 14,198,905 432,164 Females 14,020,170 425,466

Percentage Urban Population 33.36 28.94

Number Percentage Number Percentage

Persons 8,370,770 10.98 294,993 11.05

Males 3,914,733 10.16 148,039 11.01

Females 4,456,037 11.83 146,954 11.10

Area (in sq Km.) 275045 13076.00

308 227

Sex Ratio Total 993 985 (Number of females per 1000 males) Rural 996 985

Urban 987 985

District

Important Statistics

Decadal Population Growth 2001-2011

Density of Population (Persons per sq Km.)

State

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Important Statistics

Number Percentage Number Percentage

Literates Persons 50,556,760 67.02 1,832,189 68.90Males 28,251,243 74.88 1,011,922 75.74Females 22,305,517 59.15 820,267 61.99

Scheduled Castes Persons 13,878,078 16.41 666,588 22.49Males 6,913,047 16.29 332,673 22.28Females 6,965,031 16.53 333,915 22.71

Scheduled Tribes Persons 5,918,073 7 285,997 9.65Males 2,969,362 7 145,168 9.72Females 2,948,711 7 140,829 9.58

Workers and Non-WorkersPersons 39,422,906 46.61 1,314,561 44.36Males 24,185,595 56.98 859,880 57.60Females 15,237,311 36.16 454,681 30.92

(i) Main Workers Persons 33,037,378 39.06 1,076,544 36.33Males 21,460,081 50.56 761,278 50.99Females 11,577,297 27.47 315,266 21.44

(ii) Marginal Workers Persons 6,385,528 7.55 238,017 8.03Males 2,725,514 6.42 98,602 6.60Females 3,660,014 8.69 139,415 9.48

Non-Workers Persons 45,157,871 53.39 1,648,996 55.64Males 18,256,551 43.02 633,094 42.40Females 26,901,320 63.84 1,015,902 69.08

(i) Cultivators Persons 6,491,522 16.47 165,513 12.59Males 4,357,304 18.02 136,027 15.82Females 2,134,218 14.01 29,486 6.48

(ii)Agricultural Labourers Persons 16,967,754 43.04 625,262 47.56Males 8,130,022 33.62 317,619 36.94Females 8,837,732 58 307,643 67.66

Persons 1,439,137 3.65 35,403 2.69Males 643,092 2.66 19,852 2.31Females 796,045 5.22 15,551 3.42

(iv) Other Workers Persons 14,524,493 36.84 488,383 37.15Males 11,055,177 45.71 386,382 44.93Females 3,469,316 22.77 102,001 22.43

Total Workers (Main and Marginal)

Category of Workers (Main & Marginal)

(iii)Workers in household industry

State District

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Section - I

Primary Census Abstract (PCA)

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Brief Note on Primary Census Abstract

Introduction:

The Indian Census has the reputation of being one of the best in the world. The first Census in India was conducted in the year 1872. This was conducted at different points of time in different parts of the country. In 1881 a Census was taken for the entire country simultaneously. Since then, Census has been conducted every ten years, without a break. Thus, the Census of India 2011 was the fifteenth in this unbroken series since 1872, the seventh after independence and the second census of the third millennium and twenty first century. The census has been uninterruptedly continued despite of several adversities like wars, epidemics, natural calamities, political unrest, etc.

The Census of India is conducted under the provisions of the Census Act 1948 and the Census Rules, 1990. In Censuses until 1931, a synchronous de-facto method was adopted wherein the Census was conducted throughout the country on a single night. This being a very costly affair and involved the deployment of very large force at one point of time was given up in 1941. Since then the same methodology has been followed in all the Censuses. It is a gigantic operation and considered to be the single largest, complex, peace time administrative exercise in the world.

The Census Operation in India is carried out in two distinct but inter connected phases - the House listing and Housing Census followed by the Population Enumeration. During the first phase of Census 2011 i.e., House listing and Housing Census, the buildings, census houses and households were identified and systematically listed in the House Listing and Housing Census Schedule during the period April to September, 2010 in different States/Union Territories. Apart from listing of houses, some useful data on the amenities available to the households was also collected for assessing condition of human settlements, housing deficits etc.

Censuses prior to Census 2001 had the system of collecting the information through Individual Slip which was a key schedule for every individual. The information collected through slip was then compiled for a household. Some information was also collected in addition to this for the household. During 2001 Census a comprehensive Household Schedule was adopted replacing the individual slip concept. In 2011 Census also similar household schedule was used for canvassing. The scope of demographic, socio-economic parameters has been widened in every census.

2. Population Enumeration - Census 2011:

The field work of the second phase i.e. Population Enumeration was carried out during February-March, 2011. One of the essential features of Population Enumeration in the second phase was that each person was enumerated and her/his individual particulars were collected at a well-defined point of time.

The Census moment and the reference date for the Census of India 2011 was 00:00 hours of 1st March, 2011. The enumeration was conducted from 9th February to 28th February, 2011 along with a revisional round from 1st March, 2011 to 5th

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March, 2011 synchronously all over the country except for few specific areas of the Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states that remain snowbound in February. In these locations the population enumeration was done from 11th September, 2010 to 30th September, 2010 along with a revisional round from 1st October, 2010 to 5th October, 2010. The reference date for the census in snow bound non-synchronous areas of these states was 00.00 hours of the first day of October, 2010. In addition to the coverage during House listing & Housing Census, the enumeration of the Houseless population was carried out on the night of 28th February, 2011, as has been the usual practice. For the purpose of Census, certain areas where the access of the civilian enumerators was not permissible due to security reasons termed as Special Charges such as the Defence and strictly Military/Para-Military areas, including operational areas were also covered. Such areas were not covered during the House listing & Housing Census. In addition to the defence/para-military areas, Special Charges also included certain factory areas, certain colonies, sensitive areas, scientific establishments, etc. These also formed Special Charges as these were not accessible by the usual census enumerator.

3. Quality Assurance:A Task Force for Quality Assurance (TFQA) functioned under the

chairmanship of the RG & CCI. Experienced officers of the different divisions of the organization i.e. Heads and senior officers of the Census Division, Data Processing Division, Map Division, Demography Division and Social Studies Division comprised the TFQA. The Directors of Census Operations were co-opted as members whenever the TFQA discussed the data for their States/Union territories. The main objective of constituting the TFQA was to subject the data to stringent validation checks and ensure its quality before release as it was expedient to be satisfied itself about the quality of data before putting the same in public domain.

The Directors and their senior officers were involved at all levels with respect to the quality and the coverage of their states/Uts. The TFQA intensively scrutinized coverage and content parameters including edit and imputation logic. The most important aspect of the data quality was to ensure complete coverage of all geographical areas especially for the population enumeration phase where the data is disseminated right up to the village level in the rural areas and the ward level in