Sree harigeeathapureshan e book 2015 haripad temple legends

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SREE HARIGEETHAPURESHAN Page 2 of 124

{io lcn-Ko-X-]p-tc-i³ e-BOOK [email protected]

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{io l-cn-KoX]ptc-i³ lcn-̧ mSv {io kp{_-ÒWy kzman almt£{Xw

sFXn-lyhpw IoÀ -̄\-§fpw Cþ]-pkvXIw

{KÙ-IÀ¯mhv : {io. Un. kp{_-ÒWy iÀ½. D.SUBRAHMANYA SARMA.(B.E.) Kochumadom, Near Haripad Temple, Mannarasala.P.O. Haripad – 690 550 Alappuzha (Dist.). Kerala. E-Mail: [email protected] {]km[-I : ]n.im´, sIm¨p-aTw, a®m-d-ime .]n.H; lcn-¸mSvþ690 550. BZy-]-Xn¸v : G{]nÂ 2000. (1st Edition) {]nânwKv : kmKm, lcn-̧ mSv. tIm¸nIÄ : 1000 F®w.

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1. A\p{Kl¡pdn v̧ 09 2. AhXmcnI 11 3. BZy-]-Xn¸nsâ BapJw 14 4. cmw]-Xn¸nsâ BapJw 16 5. I¯pIÄ 17 6. t£{X sFXnlyw 19 7. Aán-_m[ 23 8. t£{X-L-S-\bpw inev]-th-e-Ifpw 24 9. _en-]o-T-§Ä 31

10. Iq -̄¼ew 31 11. t£{X-kt¦Xw 36 12. {][m\tZh³, D]-tZ-h-·mÀ ([ym\hpw, a{´hpw) 41 13. ZÀi-\-{Iaw 45 14. \nXy-]q-P-IÄ 45 15. ]qPm-L-«-§Ä 47 16. amk-hn-ti-j-§Äþ (ImÀ¯n-I, jjvTn) 49 17. B«-hn-ti-j-§Ä (kw{Iaw, Xr¡mÀ¯nI, ssX¸qbw,

{]Xn-jvTm-kvamcIZn\w, \ndbpw ]p -̄cnbpw) 50 18. DÕ-h-§Ä (Nn¯nc DÕ-hwþBh-Wn- DÕhw-þ 55 amÀIgn DÕhw) 19. t£{X-̄ nse Imcm× Ah-Im-in-I-fmb IpSpw-_-§Ä 62

20. jjvTn-{hXw þ sFXnlyw, {hX-\n-jvT-IÄ 65 21. ImhSn A`n-tjIw (Imh-Sn-bpsS DÛhw, {hX-co-Xn-IÄ) 67 22. U½m\w Imf 70 23. kzman-bmÀ aTw 70 24. Dcp-fn¨ 70 25. hgntaÂ]d 71 26. abq-c-k-tµ-i-hpw t£{X-̄ nse -a-bn-ep-Ifpw 71 27. Hcp AÛpX IY 72 28. Hcp bmZr-Ñn-I-kw-̀ hw 72 29. Icp-\m«p tXhÀ 73 30. IogvXr-t¡m-hnÂ t£{Xw 73



kp{_-Ò-Wy-IoÀ -̄\-§Ä

1. Ipam-c-kqàw (EtKz-Z-a{´w) 81 2. ]{´v kp{_Ò-Wy-[ym-\-§Ä 81

3. {io kp{_Ò-Wy- Kmb{Xn 82 4. kp{_Ò-Wy- AjvSI§Ä 82 5. {io kp{_Ò-Wy- `pPw-K-{]-bmX kvtXm{Xw ({io i-¦cm-Nm-cy kzman-IÄ) 85

6. {io l-cn-KoX]pcm-e-b-Zo]w ({io kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mÄ) 89 7. lcn-Ko-X-]p-tci kp{]-̀ mXw 89 8. Kncn-kp-Xm-ßPw `mhtb Kplw 91 9. kp{_Ò-Wy- tjmUi \ma-§Ä (kvImµ-]p-cmWw) 92 10. j¬ap-Jm-jvSIw 92 11.lcnKoXmeb kvXpXn (tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-btIm-bn-X-¼p-cm³) 93 12. lcn-Ko-X-]p-tci ]mZm-Zn-tI-i-hÀ®\ 95 13. lcn-Ko-X-]p-tci tIim-Zn-]m-Z-hÀ®\ 96 14. kp{_-Ò-Wy-IoÀ -̄\-§Ä 97 15. lcnKoX]pcm[oi Atãm¯ciXw 98 16. kp{_ÒWykp{]`mXw 99 17. kp{_ÒWysâ AjvSmhnwimXn \matkvXm{Xw 103 18. lcn]mZKoXw 103 19. ]qPm-Km-\-§-Ä 103 20. Xncp-hm-Xn-c-]m-«p-IÄ 104 21. A£-c-ame kvtXm{Xw 106 22. aq¶v kp{_-Ò-Wy-Ko-X-§Ä 107

31. t£{X-̄ nse {][m\ hgn-]m-Sp-IÄ (Xpem-¸m-bkw, DÕ-h-_en) 73

32. tKmkm-bn-amÀ 77 33. kvImµalm-]p-cmWw 77 34. t£{X-a-Wn-IÄ 78 35. t£{X Bcm-[-\bnÂ {i²n-t¡--Im-cy-§Ä 78



A\p_Ôw

1. HARIPAD SREE SUBRAHMANYA SWAMY TEMPLE 112

2. tIcf¯nse t£{X Iq¯¼e§Ä 114 3. AjvS_Ôw 115 4. ASHTABANDHAM 116 5. {KÙ kqNnI 123 6. ABOUT THE AUTHOR AND THE BOOK 124

23. aq¶v lcn¸mSv kp{_ÒWykzman kvXpXnIÄ 109 24. {io kp-{_-ÒWy awK-fm-jvSIw 110



kvItµm c£Xp

“{ioImÀ¯n-tIb lcn-KoX ]pcm-[n-\mY {io]mÀÆXo{]nb kptX-izc iàn]mtW {ioh-Ãn-\mY ap\n-tk-hnX Znhy-aqÀt¯, {io _mlp-teb icWw aa-Zo-\-_tÔm.”

ae-bm-f-\m-«nse almt£{X§-fnÂ al-Xz-tadnb-Xm-Wv lcn-¸mSv {io kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzman t£{Xw. AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Imew apXÂ Xs¶ lcn-¸m-Snsâ {]m[m-\y-̄ n-\p-Im-cWw \½psS t£{X-amWv. ChnsS Aò-jvS-h-c-Z-\mbn hmW-cp-fp¶ kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzman Gh-cp-tSbpw B{i-b-am-Wv.

“{io lcn-Ko-X-]p-tc-i³” F¶ {KÙ-̄ n-eqsS Cu alm-t£-{X-̄ nsâ sFXnly-hpw, amk-B-«-hn-ti-j-§-fpw, DÕ-h-§fpw, t£{X-̄ nse Aaq-ey-§-fmb inev]-th-e-Ifpw `à-P\ ka£w khn-kvXcw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. jjvTn, ImhSn {hX-¡mÀ Adn-ªn-cnt¡Xpw A\pjvTnt¡-Xpamb Imcy-§fpw; {KÙm-h-km-\-̄ nÂ DÄs¡m-Ån-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ kp{_-Ò-Wy-IoÀ¯-\-§fpw {it²-b-amWv! ka-Im-en-IÀ¡pw hcpw Xe-ap-dIÄ¡pw CXv Hcp apXÂ¡q-«mWv.

Cu {KÙ-c-N-\bv¡v F¶mÂ hnc-Nn-X-amb {KÙhpw klm-b-I-ambn F¶-XnÂ kt´m-jw Dv! t£{X-Im-cm× Ah-Iminbpw IqSn-bmb ]pcm-X\amb Ipän-th-enÂ CÃs¯ Cfw -ap-d-¡m-c\mb {io. Un.-F-kv. iÀ½ cNn¨ Cu {KÙw t£{X-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb `à-P-\-§Ä¡v XnI¨pw lrZyhpw D]-Im-c-{]-Z-hp-am-Wv. Cu kwcw-̀ -̄ n\v FÃm`mhp-I-§fpw t\cp-¶-tXm-sSm¸w kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzm-an-bpsS A\p-{Klw Dm-Is« F¶v {]mÀ°n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

“hÃo-k-taXw inJn-hm-l-\Øw alm-aXnw Ip¦p-a-c-à-hÀ®w alm-{]`pw tim`n-X-i-àn-]mWnw htµ kZmlw lcn-Ko-X-\mYw”

lcn-̧ mSv, X{ń Ingt¡ ]pÃmw-hgn CÃ¯v, 01þ03-þ2000. {_Ò-{io.-Fw. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn.

A\p{Kl¡pdn¸v



“temImX¦m]lmcn ap-\nP\ lrZbmw-------- – t`mP atZv[yhnlmcn

hÃoIÃymWImco KncniKncnPtbmÀ – PvP\va kmêyImcn

t£mWo£oWm]lmcoZnXnkpX\n[ -– t\m\m{in Xm\µ-Imcn

ÌvXm\mw apIvXnImco hnXcXp Ipiew–

ta ƒ\niw XmcImco.”

lcn-̧ mSv sIm¨p-a-T-̄ nÂ (Ipän-th-enÂ CÃw) {io Un.-F-kv. iÀ½- c-Nn¨ “{io l-cn-KoX]ptc-i³” F¶ Cu ]pkvXIw lcn-̧ mSv {io kp-{_-Ò-Wy-kzman t£{X-̄ nsâ Ncn-{X-t¯bpw, Chn-Sps¯ hnti-j-§-tf-bpw, BNmc A\p-jvTm-\-§-tfbpw ka-{K-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ H¶m-Wv. Cu t£-{X-̄ nÂ F¯n-t¨cp¶ `à-P-\-§Ä¡v F´p-sImpw hne-s¸« Hcp apXÂ¡q-«m-Im-hp¶ Cu ]pkvXIw `à-P\ ka-£¯nÂ kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶tXm-sSm¸w, C{Xbpw al-̄ -c-amb Hcp ]pkvXI cN-\bv¡v Xp\nª {io. iÀ½sb `K-hm³ them-bp[ kzman A\p-{K-ln-¡s« F¶p {]mÀ°n-̈ p-sIm-Åp-¶p.

lcn-̧ mSv, X{ń {_Ò-{io. tZh³ hmkp-tZ-h³ \¼q-Xn-cn. 03þ03-þ2000. ]Snªmtd]pÃmw-hgn CÃw.

A\p-{K-l-¡p-dn¸v



Fsâ Pohn-X-̄ nsâ BZy-mÀ²m-À² `mKw Hcp ]Xn-\mdp hÀjw (1936þ52) Ign-̈ p-Iq-«n-bXv

lcn-̧ mSv kp{_-Ò-Wy-t£{Xmćo£¯nÂ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ap¯-Ñ\pw AÑ³ kmln-Xy-̀ q-j-W³ ]n.-F-kv. hmkp-tZh iÀ½bpw Xd-hm-«nse asä-Ãm-t]cpw Pohn-̈ Xpw A§n-s\-X-s¶-bm-bncp-¶p. Fsâ Xd-hmSv t£{X-̄ n\p sXm«vIn-g¡v ]p¯n-bnÂ CÃw BWv. F¶mÂ Ahn-tSbv¡p Xmakw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap³]v a®m-d-imebv¡p Ipd¨p ]Sn-ªmdp hS-¡pÅ hey¯v `h-\-̄ n-em-bn-cp-¶p IpSpw_w ØnXnsN-bvXn-cp-¶Xv. Xncp-hnXmwIqÀ alm-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp¶ amÀ¯mhÀ½ Xncp-a-\-ÊpsImv A¼-e-̧ pg tZiw thWm-Sn-t\mSv tNÀ¡p-Ibpw cmPy-Im-cy-§Ä hyh-Ø-s -̧Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sNbvX-Iq-«-̄ n-emWv (1746 ASp-¸n¨v ) lcn-̧ mSv t£{X-̄ nse kÀÆ-Im-cy-§-fnepw Npa-X-e-s -̧«n-cp¶ hey¯v aq¯-Xns\ t£{X-\-S-bnÂ Xs¶ Xma-kn-¡-W-sa-¶v Iev]n¨v ]p¯n-bnÂ CÃ-s¯ hen-b-\m-ep-sI«pw ]pcbpw ]Wn-bn-̈ psIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw amän Xma-kn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXv. A¡m-ew-ap-XÂ t£{X-̄ nse B -́cþ _mly-Im-cy§-fnÂ ]p¯n-bnÂ aq¯-Xn\v IqSp-XÂ `mK-̀ m-KnXzw h¶p-tNÀ¶p. Fsâ AÑ³hsc apXÂ]nSn tPmenbpÄ¸sS ]e D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-§fpw hln-̈ p-t]m-¶n-cp-¶p. ]ns¶ Fsâ IpSpw-_-̀ m-K-̄ n-\p-tijw FÃm-Im-cy-§Ä¡pw Hcp amäw h¶p. Rm³ Xd-hm-«nÂ\n¶p Xma-kw-am-äm\pw CS-bmbn. 1952þ 2000 ImewþGXmv 48 hÀjw Ignªp F¦nepw AXn-\p-ap³]n-es¯ Ime-L-«-̄ nsâ a[p-c-kvarXn Fsâ a\-ÊnÂ kPo-h-am-bp-v. lcn-̧ mSv almt£{X-̄ nse Bcm-[-\-IÄ, NS-§p-IÄ, DÕ-h-§Ä, Du«p-]p-c-bnse {_mÒ-W-t`mP-\w, s]mXpth lcn-¸m«v \ne-\n¶ kzmXzn-Ihpw Iem-]-chpw ssZhn-I-hp-amb A -́co£w þ CsXÃmw Ct¸mÄ Ab-hn-d-¡m-\pÅ kwK-Xn-IÄ am{X-ambn Ahtijn¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Krlm-Xp-cXzw Df-hm-¡p¶ kvarXn am[p-cy-§Ä am{X-am-W-h-sbÃmw.

lcn-̧ m«p t£{X-s¯¡pdn¨v At\Iw kwK-Xn-IÄ Adn-bm\pw hmbn-¡m\pw F\n¡p km[n-̈ n-«p-s-¦nepw t£{X-̄ nsâ Ncn-{X-]-chpw Iem-]-chpw \nXy-\n-Zm-\m-Zn-hn-jb]c-hp-amb Hcp {KÙw CXp-hsc Dm-bn-«p-Å-Xmbn Adn-hn-Ã. A§-s\-sbmcp {KÙw cNn-¡-W-sa¶v Rm³ B{K-ln-¡p-I-bpw Hs«ms¡ ]cn-{i-an-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶psh¦nepw ]c-Im-cy-hy-{K-X-bnÂ s]«vImew IS-¶p-t]m-b-X-ÃmsX FgpXn X¿m-dm-¡mt\m {]kn²o-I-cn-¡mt\m km[n-̈ n-Ã. AXnÂ Aev]w taml-̀ wKw Xs¶-bpv. F¶mÂ AXn-s\m-cp-]-cn-lmctam Bizm-ktam Bbn CXm Ct¸mÄ Hcp eLp {KÙw kÖ-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. lcn-̧ m«p t£{XImcy§-fnÂ KmV-amb _Ô-apÅ Imcn-¡-a-Tw, sIm¨p-aTw (Ipänth-enÂ CÃw) F¶o cp inh-ZznP `h-\-§-fnÂ sIm¨p-a-T-̄ nse AwKhpw Fsâ _Ôp-hp-amb {io.-Un.-Fkv.iÀ½ t£{X-Im-cy-§-fnÂ DÄs]«pw ]e hnh-c-§fpw tiJ-cn¨pw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amb Hcp eLp-{KÙw \ap¡p k½m-\n-̈ n-cn¡p¶p. CXv XnI¨pw A`n-\µ-\o-b-am-Wv.

lcn¸m«p t£{X-̄ nse Bcm-[\maqÀ¯nbmb {io kp{_ÒWykzm-an-bpsS hn{Klw ]©-]mWvUh-·mÀ Bcm-[n-̈ n-cp-¶Xpw - hob]p-c¯v BänÂ \n¶pe-̀ n-̈ n-«p-Å-Xp-am-sW¶v Hcp

Ah-Xm-cnI



sFXn-lyhpw Dv. ]mWvU-h-·msc A\p-kva-cn-¡p¶ ‘hocy’i_vZ-̄ nÂ \n¶p-mb “hocy-]pcw” “hob-]pcw” Bb-XmWv F¶p Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. BänÂ XmWp-In-S¶ inem-hn-{Klw s]m¡n-sb-Sp¯v t£{X-̄ n-te¡ B\-bn-̈ -Xnsâ kvamc-I-am-bn«mWv ]mbn-̧ mSv HmWw Pe atlm-Õ-hhpw hÅw-I-fnbpw Xncp-thm-W-w\m-fnse tLmj-bm-{X-bpsaÃmw Ct¸mgpw \S-̄ n-h-cp-¶Xv. tIc-f-̄ nse kp{_-Ò-Wy-t£-{X-§-fnÂ aqs¶-®-amWv {][m\wþ Ipam-c-tIm-hnÂ, lcn-̧ m-Sv, ]¿-¶qÀ. Ch-bnÂ Ipam-c-tIm-hnÂ Xan-gv\m-Snsâ `mK-am-b-tXmsS sX¡³tI-c-f-̄ n-ep-Å-hÀ¡v apJy-am-bp-ÅXv lcn-̧ mSv kp{_ÒWy t£{Xw Xs¶-bmbn `hn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.

lcn-̧ mSv t£{Xw tI{µo-I-cn¨v aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp PohnXw Gsd-¡mew \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ {]tZ-is¯ hnc-en-se-®m-hp¶ alm-t£-{X-§-fn-sem-¶mbn CXv AwKo-I-cn-¡-s]-«n-«p-v. tIc-f-hÀ½h-en-b-tIm-bn-X-¼p-cmsâ Kpcp-hm-bn-cp¶ ]WvUn-X-Ihn Ce-̄ qÀ cma-kzm-an imkv{Xn-IÄ, alm-Ihn DÅqÀ XpS§n \nc-h[n t]À lcn-̧ mSv kp{_-ÒWy kzmansb hmgv̄ n Ihn-Xtbm tÇmItam cNn-̈ n-«p-v. {io kzmXn-Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv Xncp-aÊv DÄs¸sS ]ecpw Km\-§fpw aäpw cNn-̈ p. bi:ico-c-\mb ]Sn-ªmsd ]pÃm-w hgn X{ń tZh-\m-cm-b-W³ \¼q-Xncn (At±lw A´-cn-̈ n«v Ac-\q-äm-mbn) bpw taÂim-́ n-amcpw kzman-bmÀamcpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pm-¡-·mcpw t£{X-̄ nse Bßo-b-Im-cy-§Ä tem]w hcmsX \ne-\nÂ¡m³ B{K-ln-̈ p -{]-hÀ¯n-̈ n-cp-¶p. Ime-K-Xn-bnÂ aäp t£{X-§Ä¡p-mb ]cn-Wm-a-§Ä Chn-sSbpw Ct¸mÄ kw`-hn-̈ n-«p-mhmw. F¦nepw ÌvXP\-§Ä hÀ²n-̈ p-sIm-t-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-am-Wv.

lcn-̧ m«p t£{Xhf¸n-epÅ Iq¯-¼ew tIc-fob kwkvIrX \mS-I-]m-c-¼cys¯ kw_-Ôn-t¨St¯mfw KW-\o-b-amb Hcp cwK-th-Zn-bm-Wv. ]g-b-Im-es¯ kwkvIrX \mSIm`n-\-btam, Iqt¯m H¶pw Ct¸m-gn-Ã. DÅXp \ma-am{Xw. DÕ-h-Im-e-§-fnÂ \mZ-kzc taf-̄ n-\v cmP-c-Xv\s¯ t]mse-bpÅ t{ijvT-·mÀ, kwKo-X-¡t¨cn¡v Pn.-F³.-_n. tbt¸m-ep-Å-hÀ, IY-I-fnbv¡v {]ikvX \S-·m-scÃmwþC-§s\ t\m¡n-bmÂ t£{Xw FÃm-hn[¯nepw Hcp DÕh tI{µ-ambn Hcp amk-tam AXn-e-[n-I-tam hncm-Pn-̈ n-cp¶p. t£{X-hm-kvXp-in-ev]-I-e-bp-sS at\m-l-c-am-b Hcp cq]-amWv lcn-̧ mSv kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzman t£{Xw F¶Xpw FSp-̄ p-]-dtb Imcy-amWv. kp{_-Ò-Wy-hm-l-\-amb abnÂ abqc ktµ-i-̄ n\p cN-\m-\n-Zm-\-ambn `hn-̈ Xv Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb Hcp kmlnXy kw`-h-am-Wv.

C§s\ \nc-h-[n-Im-cy-§Ä ]cm-aÀin-¡m-\p-s-¦nepw Cu Ipdn¸v C\n ZoÀLn-̧ n-¡p-¶n-Ã. {KÙ-Im-csâ ]cn-{iaw t£{Xs¯-¡p-dn¨v ]e Adn-hpIfpw kmam-\y-P-\-§Ä¡v ]I-cp-¶-Xn-\mWv. t£{X-̄ nsâ kzcq]w , sFXn-ly-§Ä, {Inb-IÄ, DÕ-h-§Ä, {hXm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä, XpS§n hnhn[ hnj-b-§sf ap¸-Xp-J-WvU§fnembn hnh-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. t£{X-hn-izmkw, t£{X-Im-cy-§-fnÂ ]e-cq-]-¯nÂ t\Snb Adnhv, {KÙc-N-\m-]-c-amb Xmev]cyw F¶o aq¶v Awi-§fpw {]kv]-jvS-am-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv Cu ]pkvX-I-̄ nse ]qÀÆ-̀ mK hnj-b-kw-hn-[m\w. D¯-c-̀ m-K-̄ nÂ `K-hÂ ]cm-aÀi-Iamb Ihn-X-IÄ, Km\-§Ä, kvXpXn-IÄ F¶nh ]eXpw tXSn-¸n-Sn¨v kam-l-cn-¡m\pw {ian-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. tIc-f-hÀ½ henb-tIm-bn-X-¼p-cmsâ Kpcphpw ]WvUn-X-I-hn-bp-am-bn-cp¶ tKmaXn Zmk³ Ce-̄ qÀ cma-kzm-an-im-kv{Xn-IÄ (1823þ 87) “ImÀ¯n-tI-bm-jvSIw”F¶ kvtXm{Xw lcn-̧ mSv kp{_-Ò-Wys\ ]än-bmWv cNn-̈ n-«p-ÅXv F¶v Ah-km\ tÇmIw C§s\ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

“lcn-Ko-X-]p-co-Z-co-ibw ]cn-̀ q-Xm-a-c-ssh-cn-hm-cWw ap\n-am-\kIm\t\ Ncw Ietb l´ jUm-\\w lcnw.”

CXp-t]mse bXv\n-̈ mÂ C\nbpw ]eXpw e`n-t¨¡mw. ]pkvX-I-̄ n\v Hcp cmw-]-Xn¸v DmIp-t¼mÄ {KÙw IqSp-XÂ ka-{K-am¡m³ km[n-¡p-sa¶v Bin¡mw.

kKp-tWm-]m-k-IÀ¡v Cuiz-c-̀ -àn -{]-I-Sam-¡m³ H³]Xp amÀ¤-§fmWv {ioaZv `mK-hX]pcm-Ww \nÀt±-in-̈ n-«p-Å-Xv þ AÀ¨\w, hµ\w, kvac-Ww, Zmkyw, kJyw, IoÀ¯-\w, {ih-Ww, ]mZ-tk-h-\w, Bß-\n-th-Z-\w F¶n§s\. t£{Xw Bß-\n-th-Z-\-̄ n-\pÅ tI{µ-am-Wv. AhnsS {iotIm-hn-enÂ



\mw ZÀin¡p¶ {]Xn-jvTm-aqÀ¯n GXp tZh-\m-bmepw tZhn-bm-bmepw AssZz-X-amb Cuizc k¦-ev]-¯nsâ {]Xn-cq-]-am-Wv. GXp amÀK¯nÂ¡q-Snbpw B Bß kzcq-]s¯ \ap¡v {]mÀ°n¡mw, Bcm-[n-¡mw, Bß-\n-th-Z\w \S¯mw. {io]mZ k]vX-i-Xn-bnÂ taev]¯qÀ \mcm-bW `«-Xncn cNn¨ (tÇmIw þ26) Hcp {]mÀ°-\-bmWv Chn-tSbpw D²-cn-¡m-\p-Å-Xvþ

“ZzntXz\ØnXtbm kvXz-Zo-b-]-Z-tbmÀ ssZzXw \nc-ky-kv^pSw ssIh-Ãy{]Xn]mZt\ Ip-i-eXm PmtXXn tImbw {Ia: Inw hm bpàn-̀ n-c{X apàn-I-c-Xm-hy-ssà-h-tX-]mZ-tbmÀ apàm Ghln hnkv^p-cń hna-emkvXXvkwKnt\mao\Jm:”

`K-hÂ]m-ZmZn-tIi kvXpXnbv¡v t£{Xw DNn-X-Øm-\-amWv. AXv `àn-ap-àn-Zm-b-I-hp-am-Wv, AXn-\p-]-I-cn-¡p¶ Hcp {KÙ-c-N-\bv¡v DZy-an¨ {io. Un.-F-kv. iÀ½sb A`n-\-µn-̈ psImpw `à-·m-cpsS {i²m-hn-j-b-am-It«sb¶v Biw-kn-̈ p-sImpw kk-t´mjw Cu eLp{KÙw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

Kpcp-hm-bqÀ, tUm. hn. Fkv.-iÀ½. 18.03.2000.

[cWoKÀ` kw`qXw hnZypXv Imń ka{]`w Ipamcw iàn lkvXw N awKfw {]Wamaylw.



BZy-]-Xn¸nsâ BapJw

“Hmw \tam `K-htX kp{_-Ò-Wymb”

`mc-X-̄ nÂ {]mNo-\-Imew apXÂ hnhn-[ -tZ-ho-tZ-h-·m-cpsS Bcm-[-\-bv¡m-bn t£{X§Ä \ne-\n-¶p-h-cp-¶p. CXn\p ZrjvSm-́ -amWv cma-mb-W-̄ nÂ {iocm-asâ cmta-iz-c-\mY {]Xn-jvT, {ioa-Zv`mKhX¯nÂ cpÜn-Wo-kz-bw-h-cw, kp`-{Zm-l-cWw XpS-§nb kµÀ`§-fnÂ hnh-cn-¡p¶ t£{X-ZÀi\w, kvImµ-a-lm-]p-cm-W-̄ nÂ `mc-X-̄ nse t£{X-§fpsSamlmßy-hÀ®\ XpS-§n-b-h. hn{K-lm-c-m[-\bpw t£{X-§fpw Ime-̄ nsâ Hgp-¡ns\ AXnPohn-̈ v C¶pw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p. t£{X-§-fpsS LS-\-bpw, kwhn-[m-\hpw, Bcm-[\m-{I-a§fpw Nn«-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bXv D]m-k-\m-]-c-amb XXz-§sf ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bm-Wv. t£{X-mcm-[\m]-c-amb FÃm-Im-cy-§-tfbpw ka-{K-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ X{´-im-kv{Xw Xs¶ cq]-s -̧«n-«p-v. tIc-f-̄ nepw {]tXy-I-X-I-tfmsS km[-\m-hy-h-Ø-IÄ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. \½psS t£{X-§Ä {]mÀ°\m-e-b-§Ä am{XaÃ, `à-·m-cpsS Øqekq£va tZl-§-fnÂ B²ym-ßnI ssNX\yw DÄsImÅm\pÅ kt¦-X-§-fmWv .

tIc-f-̄ nse t£{X-§-fpsS LS-\-bnepw NS-§p-I-fnepw ]e sshin-jvSy-§fpw Dv. `mc-X-¯nse kp{_ÒWyt£-{X-§-fnÂ kÀÆ-{]-[m-\-amWv lcn-¸mSv {io kp{_-ÒWykzm-an t£{Xw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tZhkzw t_mÀUnsâ `c-W-̄ n³ Iogn-epÅ Cu alm-t£{Xw \qäm-p-IÄ ]g-¡-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. CXv sImÃ-̄ n\pw Be-̧ p-gbv¡pw CSbv¡v tZio-b-]mX þ 47 Â (32þmw ssaen-\p kao]w) \n¶v 50 aoäÀ hS-¡p-amdn ImÀ¯n-I-̧ Ån Xmeq-¡nsâ BØm-\-amb lcn-¸m«v ØnXn-sN-¿p¶p. a®m-d-ime \mK-cm-P-t£{Xw DÄs¸sS hepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb At\Iw t£{X-§Ä Cu alm-t£-{X-̄ n\p kao-]-ambn Dv. lcn-¸mSv Hcp t£{X-\-K-c-am-Wv. Cu alm-t£-{Xs¯ kw_-Ôn¨v Ncn-{X-]-chpw, ]ucm-Wn-I-hp-amb ]e IY-Ifpw, sFXn-ly-§fpw Dv . t£{X-\nÀ½m-W-s¯-]än hyà-amb tcJ-Isfm¶pw e`n-¨n-«n-Ã. t£{Xw X{ń Ing-t¡-]pÃmw hgn {io. Fw. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn kao-]-Im-e¯v `mjm-]-Zy-¯nÂ Fgp-Xnb Hcp t£{X-am-lmßyw e`y-am-Wv.

Fsâ ]nXm-aln biÈcoc-bmb \§¿ A´ÀÖ\w (1901-þ1993) \evInb t{]c-W-bmWv Cu eLp-{KÙ cN-\bv¡m[mcw. CXv Hcp Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jW {KÙw AÃ! sFXnlyw, tZhk-¦Â]w, t£{X¯nse inev]-th-e-IÄ, DÕ-hm-tLm-j-§Ä, {][m\ hgn-]mSpIÄ XpS-§nb Imcy-§Ä {KÙ-§tfbpw Kpcp-P-\-§-tfbpw B{i-bn-̈ mWv Chn-sS {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. {io. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mÄ, tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-X-¼p-cm³ XpS-§nb alm-cY·mcmÂ hnc-Nn-X-§-fmb Nne kvtXm{X-§fpw ]ucm-WnI IoÀ¯-\-§fpw CXnÂ DÄs¡m-Ån-̈ n-«pv.

Cu {KÙ-c-N-\-bnÂ Bh-iy-amb D]-tZi \nÀt±-i-§Ä \ÂIn A\p-{Kln¨ t£{Xw X{ń-am-cmb Ingt¡ ]pÃmwhgn {_Ò{io. Fw. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn, ]Sn-ªmsd ]pÃm-whgn {_Ò-{io. tZh³ hmkp-tZ-h³ \¼q-Xncn; Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ klm-bn¨ t£{X `mc-hm-ln-IÄ, t£{Xm-h-Imin Ip-Spw-_mw-K-§Ä aäp _Ôp-P-\-§Ä F¶n-hsc FÃmw IrX-Ú-Xm-]qÀÆw



kvacn¡p-¶p. Cu IrXn ]cn-tim-[n¨v s{]uVamb Hcp Ah-Xm-cnI FgpXn-X¶p t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n¨ tUm. hn.-F-kv. iÀ½ AhÀI-tfm-SpÅ Fsâ IrXÚX tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-s¡m-Åp-¶p. Fsâ AÚ-X -aqew kw`-hn-̈ n-cn-¡m-\n-S-bpÅ sXäp-Ip-ä-§Ä `à-P-\-§Ä kZbw £an-¡p-sa¶ {]Xo£bnÂ Cu eLp-IrXn `K-hXv Xr¸m-Z-§-fnÂ kaÀ¸n-̈ p-sIm-Åp-¶p.

lcn-̧ mSv, Un.-F-kv. iÀ½. 19-þ03-þ2000.

DSS



-

cmw]-Xn¸nsâ BapJw “thembp[kzmantb icWw”

hn{K-lm-c-m[-\bptSbpw t£{X-§-fptSbpw DdhnShpw, AXnsâ ka{KhfÀ¨bpw `mc-X-

¯nemW-v Dmbn«pÅXv. taml³PZmtcmhntebpw lmçbntebpw ]T\¯neqsS Ncn-{XImc·mÀ CXv icnh¨n-«p-v. AhnsS kqcytZht\bpw inh`K-hmt\bpw Bcm-[n¨ncp¶Xmbn AhÀ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. bpK§Ä ]n¶n«n«pw C¶pw t£{X-§-Ä \½psS kaql¯nÂ \nÀ®mbI

Øm\w hln¡p¶p. “tIhew PvRmt\\nh ssIhey{]m]vXn” (tam£{]m]vXn Úm\ k¼mZ\¯neqsS km[yamIq!) F¶mWv BZni-¦cm-Nm-cykzmanIfpsS `mjyw. ]t£ km[mcW¡mcmb \½fnÂ F{Xt]À¡v Cu amÀKvK¯neqsS tam£{]m]vXn km[yamIpw! B[p\nI imkv{X¯ntâtbm F³Pn\obdn§ntâtbm ]cnioe\w H«pw Xs¶ CÃm¯ Hcp km[mcW a\pjy\v shdpw Hcp kznäÀ¯pIam{Xw sNbvXv sshZypXn hnf¡p sXfn¡phm\pw, sSenhnj³ Iv ckn¡phm\pw, t^mWneqsS kwhZn¡phm\pw Ignbp¶Xpt]mse \½nte¡v B²ymßn-IssNX\yw DÄsImffm\pw ]Sn]Snbmbn Cuizckm£mXvImcw t\Sphm\pambn BhnjvIcn¨n«pff al¯mb ]²XnbmWv t£{X-§-Ä F¶mWv ]ÞnXcpsS A`n{]mbw. Ah shdpw {]mÀXvY\meb§Ä am{XaÃ.

tIc-f-̄ nse almt£{X-§-fnÂ BImc¯nepw, BNmc§fpsS sshhn[y¯nepw ap¶nÂ Xs¶bmWv lcn-¸mSv kp{_-ÒWykzm-an almt£{Xw. tIc-f-̄ nse t£{XsImSnac¯nÂ Dbc¯nÂ H¶mw kvYm\¯mWv ChnSps¯ kzÀ®s¡m-Sn-acw. t£{X-¡p-f-̄ nsâ hnkvXr-Xn-bnepw ChnSps¯ s]cpw-Ipf¯nsâ Øm\-w ap³]ńbnÂ -Xs¶. inev]-th-e-IÄ sImv {]kn-²-amWv ChnSps¯ Iq¯-¼ehpw, aq¶v B\s¡m-«n-ep-Ifpw.

Cu t£{X¯nse ]te NS§-pIÄ¡pw t£{XssIØm-\n IpSpw-_-mwKsa¶\nebnÂ `mK-̀ m-¡mIphm³ km[n¨Xv them-bp[kzmanbpsS Iy] H¶psImp am{XamWv. {KÙmhkm\¯nÂ DÄsImÅn¨ncn¡p¶ tZhIoÀ¯\§fnÂ hmsamgnbmbn e`n¨ NneXnÂ Dmtb¡mhp¶ ]nghpIÄ a\]qÀÆaÃ! cmw-]-Xn¸nÂ (Digital Copy) t£{Xkw_Ônbmbn \ham[ya§fnÂ h¶ hÀ® Nn{X§fpw DÄs¡mffn¨ncn¡p¶p. Cu ]pkvX-I-̄ nsâ BZy-]-Xn¸v kt´mj]qÀÆ-w kzoIcn¨ kÖ\§tfmSv \µn {]Imin¸n-̈ p sImv cmw-]-Xn¸pw (Digital Copy) Nne sNdnb Iq«nIpdbv¡epItfmsS `K-hXv Xr¸m-Z-§-fnÂ kaÀ¸n¡-p-¶p.

“lcltcm lclc!” lcn-̧ mSv, 23-þ10-þ2015. Un.-F-kv. iÀ½.

DSS



Thiruvanathapuram, Kaudiur Palace,

04.07.2000. Dear Sri Subrahmanya Sarma, Thank you for the gift of your valuable book on the Haripad Sree

Subrahmanya Swamy Temple of name and fame. It is only those fortunate few

who are able to write on God and temple and to experience the joy derived

from it. You have done an exhaustive work and I congratulate you on it. May it

be possible to write more and more.

God bless you!

Sincerely,

GAURI LAKSHMI BAYI



C. P. NAIR. I.A.S. (Retd.) PHONE DEVASWOM COMMISSIONER Office: 314288 TRAVANCORE DEVASWOM BOARD Residence: 325826

Thiruvananthapuram Pin: 695 003

Date: 21.10.2000.

{]nb kplrt¯,

kZbw Ab¨ ‘{io lcnKoX ]ptci³’ F¶ ]pkvXIw In«n. cp Znhkw sImp Xs¶ ]pkvXIw apgph³ hmbn¨p XoÀ¯p. `à-P-\-§Ä¡v AXy´w hnÚm\-{]Zamb Hcp hninjvS{KÙ-amWnXv F¶p ]dbphm³ F\n¡v henb k-t´mjapv. AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb lcn-¸mSv alm-t£-{X-s¯ Ipdn¨pÅ sFXnly-§Ä, \nÀ½mW-]chpw inev] -]chpamb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ, DÕ-h§Ä XpS-§n {]kIvX§fmb FÃm hnhc§fpw DÄsImÅp¶ Hcp hnÚm\tImiw Xs¶bmWv Cu eLp {KÙw. {io `K-hms\¡pdn¨pÅ [ym\§fpw kvtXm{X-§fpw IoÀ¯-\-§fpw aäpw A\p_Ô§fmbn tNÀ¯-n«pÅXv Gähpw DNnXhpw `à-P-\-§Ä¡v D]Imc{]ZhpamWv. hfsc Ivtfiw kln¨v Cu {KÙw X¿mdm¡n {]Imin¸n¨ Xm¦Ä, `à-P-\-§psS IrXÚX XoÀ¨bmbpw AÀln¡p¶p. {io `K-hm³ A\p-{K-ln-¡s«.

kvt\-l]qÀÆw,

(C.P.NAIR)



tIc-f¯nse AXn-{]-ikvXamb alm-t£-{X-§-fnÂ H¶mWv lcn-̧ mSv {iokp{_-Ò-Wy-kzman t£{Xw. \ntXy\ [mcmfw `à-P-\-§Ä ZÀi-\-̄ n\v F¯n-t¨-cp¶ Cu ]pWy-k-t¦Xw Ien-bp-Km-cw-̀ -¯n\v ap³]v Xs¶ Øm]n-X-am-b-Xmbn hniz-kn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. kl-{km-_vZ-§Ä¡v ap³]v sshjvWhmhX-mc-amb {io ]c-ip-cm-a-\mÂ ]qPn-¡-s¸« NXpÀ_mlp kp{_-Ò-Wy- hn{K-l-amWv Chn-Sps¯ {]Xn-jvTm-aqÀ¯n. kvIµs¸-cp-am-fns\ IqSmsX Ggp D]-tZh {]Xn-jvT-Ifpw Dv. t£t{XmÂ¸-̄ n-tb-¸än ]e sFXn-ly-§fpw \ne-hn-ep-v. Ch-bnÂ H¶v kvImµalm-]p-cmW IY-bp-ambpw asäm¶v ]mbn-̧ mSv Ptem-Õ-h-hpambpw _Ô-s -̧«-Xm-Wv.

{_Ò-tZ-hsâ hcwsImv aZm-Ô-cmb Xmc-I-þ-iqc]ßm-kpc·msc h[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]pXnsbmc-h-Xmcw DmtbXocq F¶p h¶p. Ggp \mfn-e-[nIw {]mb-am-Im¯ Hcp inip-hn-\mÂ am{Xta h[n-¡-s¸Sp F¶ hcw t\Snb Xmc-Isâ \n{Klw ]c-a-in-h-]p-{X\v am{Xta km²y-am-Iq. kXo-tZhn Z£-bm-K-th-f-bnÂ tZlw shSn-ª-t¸mÄ, lnam-e-b-̄ nÂ X]-Êp-sN-¿m³t]mb inhs\ kz`À¯m-hmbn e`n-¡m³ lna-hÂ]p-{Xn-bmb ]mÀÆXn X]-Êp-sN-bvXp. B Znhy Z¼-Xn-I-fpsS ]p{X-\mWv, ]c-h-i-cmb tZh-·m-cpsS tk\m-\m-b-I-\mbn Akp-c-\n-{K-l-̄ n-\mbn t]mbXv. {XnaqÀ¯n-I-fmepw aäp-tZ-h·m-cmepw \evIs¸« Znhymbp[-§-fmÂ A\p-{K-lo-X-\mbmWv ImÀ¯n-tI-b-³ t]mbsX¦nepw; Ip-am-csâ c£-sb-sNmÃn amXm-hmb ]mÀÆXotZhn DÂI-WvTm-Ip-e-bmbn. _me-\mb aI³ i{Xp \n{Klw Ignªp Xncn¨v hcp-¶-Xp-hsc jjvTn-{hXw A\pjvTn¨v kz]p-{Xs\ B]-̄ p-I-fnÂ \n¶v c£n-¡m-\mbn {]mÀ°n-̈ p sImn-cp-¶p. Cu kabw kvIµ-aqÀ¯n kIe Akpc ssk\y--t¯bpw \in-̧ n¨v Xmc-Im-kp-cs\ Xsâ Znhym-bp-[-amb iàn-thÂ sImv \n{K-ln-¨p. hnPb{ioemfn-X-\mbn jjvTn-Zn-hkw (Idp-̄ -hm-hnsâ Bdmw Znhkw) Xncn¨v amXr-k-¶n-[n-bn-te¡v Fgp-¶-Ånb abqc hml\s\ {iol-cn-bpsS (alm-hn-jvWp-hnsâ) t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ tZh-·mÀ KoX-§Ä (]m«pIÄ) ]mSn Pbm-c-hw -ap-g¡n kzoI-cn-̈ p. A§s\ {iolcn KoX-§Ä ]mSn-b-Xn-\mÂ Cu \mSv lcn-Ko-X-]p-chpw AÃ {iol-cn-bp-tSbpw aäv tZh-·m-cp-tS-bpw ]mZ-§Ä ]Xn-ª-Xn-\mÂ lcn-]m-Z-]p-chpw Bbn. CXv ]n¶oSv tem]n¨v lcn-̧ mSv (Acn-̧ mSvþ ae-bm-f -XÂ`hwþCXc `mjbnÂ \n¶v kz`mjbnte¡v D¨mcW¯nepw cq]¯nepw th amÁ§Ä sNbvXv FSp¯n«pff ]Zw --) Bbn cq]m-ćs¸«p. s\Â¸mS§Ä (Acn-̧ mS§Ä) \ndª Cu {]tZi¯n\v Acn-̧ mSv F¶ t]cp h¶p F¶p ]dbp¶hcpw Dv. t£{X-̄ nsâ Ingt¡ tKm]p-c-hm-Xn-en\p Xmsg ImW-s¸-Sp¶ ImÂ]m-Sp-IÄ, jjvTn{hX¯n-\pÅ {]tXyI {]m[m-\yhpw taÂ¸-dª IY-bp-ambn _Ô-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

{XnaqÀ¯n-I-fp-tSbpw aäp tZh-K-W-§-fp-tSbpw alÂkm-¶n²yw Cu t£{Xkt¦-X-̄ nÂ Ft¸m-gp-w Dv; AXn-\mÂ \nXy-hp-apÅ aq¶m-as¯ ]qP-bmb ]ó-cSn¸qP IqSp-XÂ ka-b-sa-Sp¯v k]-cn-hmc ]qP-bm-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. CXnÂ FÃm tZh-X-I-tfbpw ]qPn-¡p-¶p. AXn-{]-m[m-\yt¯msS \S-̄ p¶ Cu ]qPbv¡v {]tXyI \nth-Zy§fpw, hmZy-§fpw (a±fw, CS-bv¡, hoW) Hs¡-]-Xn-hmWv! DÕ-hmZn hnti-j-Zn-h-k-§-fnÂ cmhnse B\-¸p-d¯v {io_enFgp-¶-Ån v̧ hfsc t\cw \op-\nÂ¡pw F¶-Xn-\mÂ {][m-\-s¸« ]qP-bmb ]ó-c-Sn-¸qP B Znh-k-§-fnÂ ]Xn-hnÂ \n¶p hyXykvXambn {io_-en-F-gp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v ap³]v \S-̄ p¶p. FÃm-hÀjhpw IÀ¡Samk-̄ nÂ ‘\nd-]p-̄ -cn’ ]ó-c-Sn-]q-P-bv¡mWv (aäp-t£-{X-§-fnÂ D¨-̧ q-P-bv¡mWv ]Xnhv ). 10 Znhkw hoXw \op-\nÂ¡p¶ aq¶v DÕ-h-§fpw {XnaqÀ¯n-IÄ¡v Hmtcm-cp-̄ À¡pw {]m[m-\y-w \ÂIn sImm-S-s -̧Sp-¶p.

iànthÂ, ]hn, h{Pw, F¶o Bbp-[-§Ä [cn¨v , Xsâ iàn temI-k-a£w Xmc-I-\n-{K-l-̄ n-eqsS t_m²y-s -̧Sp-̄ nb kvIµ-aqÀ¯nsb them-bp-[-kzman F¶-t]-cnÂ `àÀ kvXpXn-¡p-¶p. ImÀ¯n-tIb kzman-bpsS ]Ån-sIm-ÅÂ sImv Cu {]tZi-̄ n\v ‘ImÀ¯n-tI-b-]Ån’ F¶-t]cv kn²n-̈ p. Imbw-Ipfw, lcn-̧ mSv XpS-§nb HmWm-«p-Ic {]tZ-i-§Ä DÄs¸« Cu hnime Xmeq¡v

C¶v ImÀ¯n-tI-b-]Ån tem]n¨v ‘ImÀ¯n-I-̧ Ån’ F¶-t]-cn-e-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]c-ip-cm-a³ krjvSn¨ tIc-f-̄ nse 64 {Kma-§-fnÂ {][m-\-{Kmaw IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p ImÀ¯n-I-̧ -Ån.

t£{X sFXnlyw



A¿m-bn-c-̄ nÂ ]cw hÀjw ]g-¡-ap-Å-Xmbn hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Cu alm-t£-{X-̄ n-\p-ap-¼p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv sX¡p-In-g-¡p-h-i-̄ pÅ IogvXrt¡m-hnÂ t£{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ccp-I-c-§-fpÅ kvIµ-Ip-amc {]XnjvT-am{Xta Cu ]g-b-t£-{X-̄ nÂ ImW-s -̧Sp-¶p-Åp. A¶v Cu Øew ‘Ipam-c-]pcw’ F¶-t]-cn-e-dn-b-s -̧«n-cp¶p; C¶pw lcn-̧ m-Snsâ Ipsd-̀ m-K-§Ä Cu t]cnÂ Xs¶ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. A¡m-e¯v sN§m-d-̧ Ån, XgqÀ, Ingn-I-pfw F¶o {_mÒWDucm× IpSpw-_-¡m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nepw Ccp]tXmfw Imcm×m IpSpw_¡m-cpsS taÂt\m-«-̄ n-ep-amWv t£{X-Im-cy-§Ä \S-̄ -s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv. A§s\ Ccns¡ ]pXn-b-Xmbn henb Hcp tZhm-ebw \nÀ½n-¡m³ Ah-Im-in-Øm-\n-I-fmb IpSpw-_-¡m-cpw \m«p-Imcpw Btem-Nn-̈ p-d¨p. ]©-{]-mkm-Z-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp henb t£{X-̄ nsâ \nÀ½m-Whpw XpS§n! Imcn¨mÂ B¼-¡m«pIp-Spw-_-¡mÀ t£{X-{io-tIm-hnÂ \nÀ½n¨p \ÂIn. A§s\ t£{X-\nÀ½mWw ]ptcm-K-anbvs¡ t£{XDu-cm-×-¡m-cnÂ NneÀ¡v hn{Klw kw_-Ôn¨v kz]v\ZÀi-\ap-mbn! klym-{Zn-km-\p-¡-fnÂ {io ]c-ip-cm-a³ ]qPn-̈ n-cp¶ \mep-ssI-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb kp{_-ÒWy hn{Klw Pe-k-am-[n-bnÂ tKmhn-µ-ap«w (Imbw-Ipfw) Imb-enÂ Ds-¶m-bn-cp¶p kz]v\w. hn{Klw Is-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn X{ń-amÀ, Ducm×¡mÀ, Imcm-×-¡mÀ F¶o Ah-Im-in-Øm-\n-IÄ _Ôs¸«I-c-¡m-cp-sam¯v ]Ån-tbm-S-§-fnÂ (hÅ-̄ nÂ) Imbw-Ipfw Imb-ense¯n. kz]v\ ZÀi-\w-t]mse Pe-̄ nÂ Hcn-S¯v \oÀ¨p-gnbpw ]pjv]-§fpw ImW-s¸«p. Imb-enÂ\n¶v ap§n Is-Sp¯ NXpÀ_mlp kvIµ-hn-{Klw Pe-tLm-j-bm-{X-bmbn hS-t¡m«v Xncn¨v ]mbn-̧ m«v BänÂ F¯n-tNÀ¶p. hn{Klw Is-Sp¯ Øew ‘I-\-ÃqÀ’ F¶dnb-s -̧«n-cp¶Xv C¶v ‘I-ÃqÀ’ Bbn ! ]mbn-¸m-«p-\n¶v hn{K-l-tLm-j-bm{X At\Iw hÅ-§-fpsS AI-¼-Sn-tbmsS Ing-¡pÅ tZi-[m\y Ie-h-d-bmb s\Â¸p-cI-S-hnse¯n, AhnsS hn{Klw Cd¡n Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw h¨p. AXn-\mÂ Cu IShv ‘Ac-\m-gnI IShv’ F¶v- ]n-¶o-Sv Adnbs¸-Sm³ XpS-§n (t£{X-̄ nÂ\n¶pw Ac-\m-gnI Zqsc-Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xn-\mepw C§s\ ]d-bp-¶p.) Cu hn{Kl tLmj-bm-{Xsb A\p-kva-cn¨v \S-̄ p-¶-XmWv Nn§-am-k-̄ nse {]kn-²-amb ]mbn-¸mSv Ptem-Õhw. Nn§-am-k-̄ nÂ XncpthmWw, Ahn«w, NXbw -\m-fpIfnÂ ]mbn-̧ m«v BänÂ \S¡p-¶ PetLmj-bm-{Xbpw hÅwIfnbpw ae-bm-f¡cbnse PetafIfn-Â ap³]-́ n-bnÂ \nÂ-¡p-¶XmWv. XncpthmW-\m-fnÂ ]mbn-̧ m«v BänÂ \n¶v hÅ§fnÂ s\Â¸p-cI-S-hnse¯p¶ Xpg¡mÀ h©n -̧ m«pw, tZhIoÀ¯\§fpw ]mSn t£{XZÀi\w \S¯n {]kmZhpw hm§-nt]mIp¶ ]pcmX-\am-b NS§v Ct¸mgpw XpScp¶p. Ac-\m-gnI IS-hnÂ hn{Klw Cd-¡n-sh-̈ n-S¯v BÂa-chpw BÂ¯-dbpw Dm-bn-cp-¶Xv Ime-{I-taW \in-̈ p t]msb-¦nepw 1983þÂ AhnsS Hcp t£{Xw ]WnXv kp{_-ÒWy {]XnjvT \S-̄ -p-I-bp-mbn. s\Â¸pc -I-S-hnÂ\n¶v NXpÀ_m-lp-hn-{Klw cY-̄ nÂ hmZyta-f-§-fpsS AI-¼SntbmsS BtLm-j-ambn ]pXp-Xmbn ]WnX s]cpwXrt¡m-hn-enÂ sImph¶v aI-c-amkw ]qbw \mfnÂ kpap-lqÀ¯¯nÂ bYm-hn[n {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¶pw aI-c-am-k-̄ nse ]qbw (ssX¸q-bw) \mfnÂ s]cpwXrt¡m-hn-e-¸\v, `àn-tbmsS {hXw A\p-jvTn¨v A`n-tjI Imh-Sn-sb-Sp¯v `à-P-\-§Ä sImm-Sp-¶p.

Imem-Im-e-§fnÂ \mSp-hm-gn-I-fmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Cu t£{X-̄ nsâ D¶-a-\-̄ n\v _²-{i-²-cm-bn-cp-¶p. ChcnÂ {][m-\n-IÄ HmS-\m«p cmP-hwiw (HmWm-«p-Ic -cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ cma³ BZn-Ny³, chn-tI-f³) BWv F¶v t£{X-̄ nse inem-en-Jn-X-§Ä shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p! Ch-cpsS `c-W-Im-e¯v t£{Xw AXn-{]-i-kvXn-bn-te¡v DbÀ¶p XpSÀ¶v \mSp-hm-gn-IÄ t£{X-̄ nsâ `c-W-¯nepw ]¦m-fn-I-fmbn. hocamÀ¯mWvUhÀ½-bpsS Ime¯v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ hnkvXrXn hÀ²n-̧ n¨ thf-bnÂ 1734-þÂ Imbw-Ipfw cmPyhpw 1746þÂ sN¼-ItÈcncm-Pyhpw ]nSn-̈ -S-¡n-b-Xn-\p-tijw Cu t£{X-̄ nsâ `cWw Ducm-×-¡m-cpsS A[n-Im-cw -Ip-d¨v Xncp-hnXmwIqÀ cmPmhnsâ \nb-{ -́W-¯nÂsImph-¶p. amÀ¯mWvU-hÀ½bv¡v tijw h¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmPm-¡-·m-cpw Cu t£{X-̄ nsâ \S-̄ n-̧ nÂ _²-{i-²-cm-bn. kwKo-X-k-{am-«vIq-Sn-bmb {io kzmXn-Xn-cp-¶mÄ almcmPmhv lcnKoX-]p-cm-[o-i-\mb them-bp-[-kzm-ansb kvXpXn¨psImv ‘lcn-Ko-X-]p-cm-eb Zo]w’ F¶ {]kn-²-amb IoÀ¯-\hpw cNn-̈ n-«pv. sImÃ-hÀjw 1088 taSw 29þse -hn-fw-_-c-̄ n-eqsS t£{X`-cWw ]qÀ®-ambpw XncphnXmw-IqÀ cmP-̀ -c-W-̄ n³ Io-gn-em¡n. 1912þÂ tZhkzw ]Sn-̄ -c-§Ä ]cn-jvI-cn-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. 1917þÂ tZhkzw ]Sn-̄ -c-§Ä hn]pe-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn-̈ p. sImÃ-hÀjw 1093 - aIcw 1 apXÂ \S¸nÂ h¶ ]cn-jvI-cn-̈ ]Sn-̄ -c{]Imcw tZhkzw Nnehv \nehnepÅ 11,193 cq] 27N{Iw 10 Imiv Â \n¶v 17,710 cq] 4 N{Iw 12 Imiv B¡n \nÝbn¨p. (ap³ Bdp





]mbn-¸mSv Ptem-Õhw



hÀj¡mes¯ Nnehv 22,836cq] 8N{Iw 2Imiv ]cnKWn¨mWv A¶s¯ Xncp-hnXmwIqÀ kÀ¡mÀ No^vsk{I«dn A.J.hobdm (Vieyra) tZhkzw Nnehv \nÝbn¨v D¯chnd¡nbXv ).

sImÃ-hÀjw 1096þÂ (AD-1921) t£{X-hn-izm-kn-Isf BsI Xocm-Zpx-J-̄ n-emgv¯n ae-bmf

\m«nse aq¶v {][m-\-t£-{X-§-fmb lcn-̧ mSv {io kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzman t£{Xw, Xr¸q-Wn-̄ pd {io ]qÀ®{Xboi t£{Xw, A¼-e-̧ pg -t£{Xw F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ Aán-_m-[-bp-mbn! A¼-e-̧ p-g-bn-ep-mb Aán-_m-[-bnÂ kmc-amb \jvSw H¶pw kw`-hn-̈ nÃ F¦nepw aäp cn-S-§-fnepw t£{X {io-tIm-hnepw, \me-¼-ehpw DÄs¸sS ]e `mK-§fpw ]qÀ®ambn \jvS-s]«p F¦nepw {]XnjvTm hn{K-l-§Ä AÛp-X-I-c-ambn c£-s]-Sp-̄ p-hm³I-gn-ªp. Xr¸qWn-̄ p-d-bnÂ 1096 Xpemw 5\pw, lcn-̧ m«v 1096 hrÝnIw 22\pw BWv Aán-_m-[-bp-m-b-Xv. t£{X-̄ nÂ hS-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn cm{Xn 10 aWntbmsS Aán-_m[ Zriy-ambn, hfscthKw Bfn-̧ -SÀ¶ Aán- aäp-̀ m-K-§-fn-te¡v hym]n-̈ p. AXym-lnXw Adnªv HmSn-Iq-Snb B_m-e-hr²w P\§fpw XosI-Sp-̄ p-hm³ A{im-́ -]-cn-{iaw \-S-¯n. \nÀ`m-Ky-h-imÂ Aán -\n-b-{´-Wm-Xo-X-am-IpIbmWpm-b-Xv. XpSÀ¶v tZh hn{Klsa¦nepw Aán-bnÂ \n¶v c£n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n¨v; X{ń-am-cp-tSbpw taÂim-́ n--bptSbpw aäpw-t\-Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ AXn-\pÅ ]cn-{iaw \S¯n. AjvS-_Ôw C«v Dd-̧ n¨ hn{Klw Cf-¡m³km-[n-¡msX h¶-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v t£{XwX{ńbpw aäp-Å-hcpw a\-Êp-cpIn {]mÀ°n-̈ -Xn·®w Dd-̈ n-cp¶ hn{Klw \njv{]-bm-kw ]oT¯nÂ \n¶v Cf-In-h-cp-Ibpw; XoPzm-e-IÄ¡n-S-bn-eqsS Cf-¡n-sb-Sp¯ kp{_-ÒWy hn{Klw £Xw H¶pw kw`hn-¡msX kao-]t£{Xamb (aqe-Øm-\w-Iq-Sn-bmb) IogvXr-t¡m-hnÂ t£{X-a-WvU-]-̄ nÂsIm-p-h¶p shbv¡p-I-bpw sNbvXp. AhnsS \n¶v hn{Klw ASp¯ Znhkw Xs¶ t£{X-̄ n\v hS-¡p-h-i-̄ pÅ sIm¨v Du«p-]p-c-bnÂ {]XnjvTn¨v \nXy-]q-P-Ifpw DÕhm-Zn-N-S-§pIfpw \S-̄ n. 1067 CS-h-̄ nÂ {]Xn-jvTn¨ kzÀ®-sIm-Sn-acw Aán-_m-[-bnÂ \n¶v c£n-¡m³

Aán_m[



apdn-̈ p-am-än. D]-tZ-h-me-b-§Ä, Iq¯-¼ew, B\sIm-«n-ep-IÄ F¶n-hn-S-§fnÂ Aán ]S-cmsX kq£n-̈ p.

A¶v, Xncp-hnXmwIqÀ `cWw \S-̄ n-bn-cp¶ {ioaqew Xncp-\mÄ cmahÀaa alm-cm-Pmhv Aán-_m-[-bnÂ \jvS-amb t£{Xw bYm-hn[n ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡m³ D¯-chp \Â-Ip-Ibpw; {]kn-²-

\mb ‘CS-h-¦mSv’(Edavankaadan) inev]n-bp-sS t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ t£{X-\nÀ½mWw Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. \me-¼ew, aWvU]w, {iotIm-hnÂ, KÀ`-Krlw F¶nh `wKn-bnÂ inev]-th-e-I-tfm-sSbpw X{´hn-[n-{]-Im-chpw \nÀ½n-̈ p. FXmv 5 hÀj-̄ n-\p-tijw C¶p-Im-Wp¶ ]pXp-¡n-]-WnX t£{X-̄ nÂ 1101 GS-h-amkw 14 A\ngw \mfnÂ ip` aplqÀ¯¯nÂ bYm-hn[n {]Xn-jvTm-IÀ½hpw \S¯n! A¶v, Xncp-hnXmwIqÀ `cWw \S-̄ n-bn-cp¶Xv tkXpe£van`mbnbmWv. FÃm-hÀjhpw FS-h-amkw A\n-gw-\mÄ {]Xn-jvTm-kvam-c-I-Zn-\-ambn BtLm-j-]qÀÆw sImm-S-s -̧Sp-¶p. 1106þÂ t£{X-¡p-fw hn]p-e-amb coXn-bnÂ ]p\À\nÀ½n-̈ p. sImÃ-hÀjw 1127 ao\w 13 -\v kzÀ®-[zPw ]p\-{]-Xn-jvTn-̈ p.

cmP-̀ -c-WIm-e¯v ‘B\-hmÄ’ ({ioImcyw) F¶-t]-cn-epÅ DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp-¶p t£{X-

`-cWw \S-̄ n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. At±-l-s¯- k-lm-bn-¡m³ AsX dm¦n-epÅ ‘N{µw’ (‘apX-ep-]nSn’ ]p¯nbnÂ aq¯Xv ) F¶ DtZymKØ\pw IqSmsX cp ‘kw{]Xn’ (A¡u-âv) Ifpw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. ChscIqSmsX Øm\ IW-¡p-Im-c\pw, N{µ IW-¡p-Im-c\pw, Ie-h-d-¡m-c-\pw, t£{X-̄ nse

\n-XyImcy-§Ä t\c-\o¡w hcmsX \S-̄ n-¡m³ ‘AI-t¡m-bvabpw’ Dm-bn-cp-¶p. s]mXphnÂ

Poh\¡msc‘FIvkvÁm-_njvsaâv’(Establishment), ‘InsP³kn’ (Contingency-t£{XPoh\¡mÀ) F¶v cmbn Xncn¨ncp¶p. apIfnÂ ]dª B\-hmÄ apXÂ AI-t¡m-bva hsc DÅhsc FIvkvÁm-_njvsaâv hn`mK¯nepw X{ń DÄs¸sS FÃm Imcm×¡mscbpw aÁpÅhtcbpw InsP³kn hn`mK¯nepamWv DÄs¸Sp¯nbncp¶Xv. Cu t£{X-̄ n\p kao]w DÅ 26 Hmfw t£{X-§-fpsS `c-Whpw sImÃw-þUnhnj³, ImÀ¯n-I-̧ ÅnþXmeq¡v, lcn-̧ mSvþ]IpXn, lcn-̧ mSv tZh-kz-̄ nÂ\n¶v \S-̄ n-h-¶n-cp-¶p. (1917þse tZhkzw ]Xnhv ]pkvXIwþIntroduction Page no-iii). kzmX{ým-\-ćw \ne-hnÂ h¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tZhkzw t_mÀUnsâ Iogn-epÅ Cu t£{X-¯nsâ `cWw C¶p \S-̄ p-¶Xv AÊn-Ìâv I½o-jvW-Àdm-¦n-epÅ AUvan-\nkvt{Säohv Bô-k-dmWv. IqSmsX \mev]-tXmfw t£{X-Po-h-\-¡mcpw Dv.

tIc-f-̄ nse alm-t£-{X-§-fpsS BIr-Xnbv¡v sFI-cq]yw ImWm-hp-¶-XmWv. {]mImcw AsÃ-¦nÂ acymZ (]pdw-a-XnÂ), _mlylmc ({io_-en-̧ pc), a²y-lmc (hnf-¡p-amSw), A´-Àlmc

(\me¼ew), A´Àa-WvUew (AI-s¯-_-en-h«w) F¶o ]©-{]-mIm-c-§Ä tZhsâ kvYqe ico-c-t¯bpw, AXn-\p-ÅnÂ hncmPn-¡p¶ {iotIm-hnepw jU-m[mc tZh-{]-Xn-jvTbpw tZhsâ kq£va icoct¯bpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-p. KÀ`-Krlw inc-Êmbpw AIs¯ {]Z£n-Whgn apJambpw, thZ a{´tLmjw \-S-̄ p¶ aWvU]w Kf-ambpw (Igp-̄ mbpw), \me-¼ew ssII-fpsS Øm\-ambpw, ]pds¯ {]Z-£nW hgn Ip£n (hbÀ) Øm\-ambpw, ]pdw-a-XnÂ ap«p-Ifpw IW-¦m-ep-Ifpambpw,

tKm]pcw tZh-]m-Z-§-fmbpw ‘hniz-IÀ½yw’ F¶ t£{Xinev] {KÙ-̄ nÂ hÀ®n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.

t£{X-a-XnÂsI«v GI-tZiw 5 G¡dnÂ A[nIw hnkvXm-c-ap-Å-XmWv. Ing-¡p-\n-¶mWv apJy-{]-th-i\ Zzmcw. Ing-¡v, sX¡v, ]SnªmdpZn-¡p-I-fnÂ tKm]p-c-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Ihm-S-§fpw, hS¡v cv {]thi-\hm-Xn-ep-I-fp-amWv DÅ-Xv. Ing-t¡-tKm-]p-c-t¯m-Sp-tNÀ¶v ]pd¯vImW-s¸-Sp¶ henb B\sIm«n-en-emWv DÕ-h-Im-e-§-fnÂ thebv¡pw tkhbv¡pw aäp-ambn tZhs\ B\-¸p-d¯v Fgp-¶-Ån¨v \nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. inev]-th-e-IÄ sNbvX henb 20 Icn-¦Â XqWp-IÄ DÅ Cu B\s¡m-«n-en\mWv t£{X-̄ nse aäp-cv B\-s¡m-«n-ep-I-sf-¡mÄ hnkvXm-c-ap-ÅXv. Cu B\-s¡m-«n-epw tKm]p-c-hm-Xnepw IS-¶p-sN-Ãp-t¼mÄ Imtcm-SnÂ\nÀ½n¨ aq¶vhenb Zo]-kvXw-̀ -§Ä(Iw_hnf¡pIÄ)

t£{X-L-S-\bpw inev]-th-e-Ifpw



inem-]o-T-§-fnÂ Dd-¸n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw. Zo]-kvXw-`-§-fp-sS Xmsg-bpÅ IqÀa- cq]w, Ba Ahbh-§sf DÅn-tem«v hen¨v Bß c£-sN-¿p-¶-Xp-t]mse \mw C{µn-b-§sf AS-¡n-\nÀ¯Ww F¶

Ing-t¡-tKm-]p-c-hmXnÂ



XXz-amWv kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. Zo]-kvXw-̀ -̄ n\v Hmtcm-¶n\pw apI-fn-embn `K-hZv hml-\-amb abnÂcq-]hpw Dv. t£{X¯nsâ \mep`mK¯pambn C¯cw 7 Zo]-kvXw-̀ -§Ä Dv, Ch Xncp-hnXmwIqdnse \mbÀ ]«mfw X§fpsS bp²hnPb¯n\v D]Nmcambn \nÀ½n¨v s]cpwXrt¡m-hn-e-̧ \v hg-n]m-Smbn \ÂIn-b-XmWv.

Zo]-kvXw-̀ -§Ä IS-¶p-sN-¶mÂ hopw sNdnb Hcp B\-s¡m-«nÂImWmw. Cu B\-s¡m-«n-en\p Ing-¡mbn t£{X-̄ nse henb aWn LSn-̧ n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Imtcm-SnÂ \nÀ½n¨ Cu henb aWn Zo]m-cm-[\ kabw, DÕh sImSn-tbäv kabw XpS-§nb {]tXyI kµÀ`§fnte apg-¡m-dp-Åp. Cu aWnbv¡v Xmsg-bmbn Hcp BÂhn-f¡v Dv. B\-s¡m-«nÂ Zmcpinev]§-fmÂ Aew-Ir-X-am-Wv. CXnsâ Ingt¡ apJ-̧ nÂ Akp-c-\n-{Klw \S¯n XmWvUh \r¯w BSp¶ 16 lkvX-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb iàn-tZ-hn-tbbpw {XnaqÀ¯n-I-tfbpw, ImÀ¯n-tI-b-t\bpw aäp tZh-X-I-tfbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. B\-s¡m-«n-ensâ DÅnÂ apIÄ`m-K¯v sX¡p]Sn-ªmdv Bcw`n¨v \mep-̀ m-K-̄ p-ambn 30 henb inev]-§-fnembn kvIµ-]p-cmW IY-IÄ Bte-J-\w sN-¿-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. inh-]mÀÆXn hnhmlw, kp{_-Ò-Wym-h-Xm-cw, _me-eoe-IÄ, tZh-ssk-\ym-[n-]-\m-bpÅ A`n-tjIw , KP-ap-J-cq-]-\mb Xmc-Im-kp-csâ \n{K-lw, hr£cq]w ]q iqc-]-ßm-kp-cs\ cm-bn-]n-fÀ¶ kp{_-Ò-Wy³ hr£-̄ nsâ Hcp `mKw abn-embn amdn-b-t¸mÄ hml-\-am-bn-kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv, atä-̀ mKw ]qh³tImgn (Ip¡pSw) bmbn amdn-b-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v sImSn AS-bm-f-ambn kzoI-cn-¡p-¶X,v apXemb kvImµ-]p-cmW IY-IÄ inev]-§-fnÂ hyàambnImWmw. CXp-Ip-SmsX hS¡v `mK¯v cp henb inev]-§-fn-embn KtP-{µ-tam£w IY-bpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu B\-s¡m-«n-enemWv {io_-enbv¡pw, 9þmw DÕ-h-Zn-h-k¯nepw aäp-hn-tij-Zn-h-k§fnepw hen-b-Im-Wn-¡bv¡pw tZhs\ Fgp-¶-Ån¨v \nÀ¯pI.

ASp-̄ Xv t£{X-̄ n\v Npäp-ambn Icn-¦Â hncn¨ hoXn-bpÅ {]Z£n-W-h-gn-bm-Wv. Cu {]Z-£nW hgn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån v̧ XpS-§n ]te Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ p-Ifpw k©-cn-¡p-¶Xpw, t£{X{]Z-£nWw \S-t¯--Xpw. {]Z-£nW hgnbv¡pw \me-¼-e-̄ n\pw CSbv¡pÅ aWÂ hncn¨ Øe-amWv Xncp-apäw. ChnsS F«p-Zn-¡p-I-fnepw _en-Xq-Ip-hm-\pÅ _en- ]oT§Ä sh¨n-cn-¡p-¶p (H³]Xv `K-hÂ ]mÀj-Z·mÀ¡mWv _en XqIp-¶-Xv ). DÕ-h-Im-e-§-fnÂ ChnsS Zn¡p-sIm-Sn-IÄ DbÀ¯pw.

{]Z-£nW hgn-bnÂ\n¶pw AI-t¯-bv¡p- I-S-¡p¶ hgn-bnemWv t£{X-sIm-Sn-acw \nÂ¡p¶ [zP-a-WvU]w ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. tIc-f-¯nÂ DÅ t£{XsImSna-c-§-fnÂ Dbcw sImv {]Y-a-Øm-\¯-m-Wv 28 tImÂ 18 AwKpew Db-c-apÅ- Cu kzÀ®s¡m-Sn-acw. tX¡n³ XSn-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ sImSn-a-c-̄ n\v 27 henb kzÀ® ]d-Ifpw apI-fn-embn aq¶v sNdnb ]d-Ifpw(shIÄ) Dv. inem-]o-T-̄ nÂ Dd-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ sImSn-a-c-̄ nsâ Gähpw apI-fnÂ ]oT-̄ nÂ (aWvUn- -̧e-I-bnÂ) kzÀ®-a-bnepw Dv. Xmsg -[zP aWvU-]-̄ nÂ Zzmc-]m-e-Icpw, [zP-kvXw-̀ -̄ nÂ ]ß-̄ nÂ F«v ZnIv ]me-I-hn-{K-l-§fpw {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-v. [zP-a-WvU]w Ign-ªmÂ ASp-̄ -Xmbn _en-¡Â]p-c-bm-Wv. [zP-a-WvU-]-̄ n\v sX¡p-̀ m-K-̄ p-IqsS _en-¡Â]pcbv¡v DÅn-te¡v {]th-in-¡m\pw, hS-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ p-IqsS ]pd-t¯bv¡v Cd-§p-hm\pw {]tXyIw hgn-IÄ Dv. _en-¡Â]p-c-bpsS ap³t]m-«pÅ apJ-̧ nÂ At\Iw hÀ®-in-ev]-§fpw kvXw`-§fpw Dv -CXnÂ Gähpw {][m\w abnen³]pd-̄ n-cp-¶p-sImv cphi-̄ p-\n¶pw hÃo tZhtk\amsc ssI ]nSn¨v Ib-äp¶ NXpÀ_mlp kp{_-ÒWyinev]-am-Wv. _en-¡Â]p-c-bpsS Bdv Icn-¦ÂXq-Wp-Ifpw inev]-§Ä sImv Aew-Ir-X-am-Wv. XqWp-I-fpsS apI-fn-embn KP-̄ nsâ Xp¼n-ssI-¿nÂ Npän-]nSn¨ hymfn-I-sfbpw ImWmw. _en-¡Â]p-cbv¡v \Sp-hn-embn tZhm-e-b¯nse hen-b-_-en-¡Ãv Øm]n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. _en-¡Â]p-c-bnÂ [mcmfw Xq¡phn--f¡pIÄ Xq¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. _en-¡Â]p-c-bnÂ\n¶v hmXnÂI-S-¶mÂ \me-¼-e-̄ n-\-I¯v {]th-in¡mw.

\me-¼-e-̄ nsâ ]pdw Nph-cn\v Npäpw shfn-bn-embn hnf-¡p-amSw AsÃ-¦nÂ hnf-¡gn (Zo]-ime) Dv. hnf-¡-gn-bnÂ F«v hcn-I-fn-Â \mep-h-i-¯p-ambn A¿m-bn-c-̄ nÂ]cw hnf-¡p-IÄ Dv. Ingt¡ \me-¼ew amfn-I-bmbn \nÀ½n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p, apI-fn-epÅ apdn hmZy-D-]-I-c-W-§Ä kq£n-¡p-¶Xn\vv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Ing-t¡-\m-e-¼-e-̄ nsâ apI-fnÂ \mev kzÀ®-Xm-gn-I-¡p-S-§Ä Dv! \m-e-¼-e-̄ nsâ Ing-t¡-ap-J-¸nÂ ]ß-]o-T-̄ nÂ Ccn-¡p¶, ]©-h-Z-\-t¯mSpw Zi-l-kvX-t¯mSpw IqSnb,



-hnf¡gn



- [zP-w



{io]-c-ta-izc Zmcp-in-ev]-apv; hS-t¡-ap-J-̧ nÂ lnc-WyIin]phns\ aSn-bnÂh¨v h[n-¡p¶ {io\-c-knwlaqÀ¯ntbbpw, ‘Hmw \tam hmkp-tZ-hmb’ \maw Dcp-hn-«p-sImv ssI Iq-̧ n-\nÂ¡p¶ {]lvfmZ Ipam-c-t\bpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ingt¡\m-e-¼-e-̄ nsâ sXt¡-ap-J-¸nÂ 16 lkvX-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb `{Z-Imfn Akp-c-\n-{Klw \S-̄ p¶ inev]hpw Dv. CXp-Iq-SmsX \me-¼e-̄ nsâ (hnf-¡p-am-S-̄ nsâ ) FÃm-aq-e-I-fnepw a²y¯pw DÅ apJ¸pI-fnÂ, Ing¡vsXt¡-ap-J-¸nÂ XpS§n Ing¡v hS¡v apJ¸v hsc {ioa-Zv`m-K-h-X-̄ nse Zi-a-kvI-Ô-I-Y-IÄ Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ing¡v sXt¡-aq-ebv¡v Ing-t¡m-«pÅ apJ-¸nÂ inip-hmb {ioIr-jvW³ ]qX-\bv¡v tam£w-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw, sXt¡m-«pÅ apJ-̧ nÂ Npg-en-¡m-äm-bn-h-cp¶ XrWm-hÀ¯³ F¶ Akpcs\ h[n-¡p-¶Xpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. sX¡v a²y-̀ m-K-̄ pÅ apJ-̧ nÂ, sIm¡nsâ cq]w [cns¨¯nb _Im-kp-cs\ IrjvW³ h[n-¡p-¶Xpw sX¡p-]-Sn-ªmsd aqe-bnÂ sXt¡m-«pÅ apJ-̧ nÂ Imfn-bs\ aÀ±n-¡p¶ {ioIr--jvW-s\bpw, ]Snªm«pÅ apJ-¸nÂ Imfo-b-̂ -W-̄ nÂ \n¶v \r¯w sN¿p¶ {ioIr-jvW-t\-bpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Sn-ªmdv a²y-ap-J-̧ nÂ {ioIr-jvW³ apc-fn-hm-bn-̈ p-sImv tKm¡sf tabv-¡p¶ at\m-lc cwKw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. hS¡p]-Sn-ªmsd aqe-bnÂ ]Sn-ªm«pÅ apJ¸nÂ IrjvW-Ip-tN-e (kpZmam-hv) kam-K-ahpw hS-s¡- ap-J¸nÂ Iwk kao-]-t¯bv¡v ]pd-s -̧Sp¶Xn\p-ap³]v btimZm amXm-hn-t\mSv bm{X tNmZn-¡p¶ {ioIr-jvW-s\bpw Nn{XoI-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. hS¡v a²y-̄ pÅ apJ-¸nÂ IrjvW-þ-_-e-cm-a-·mÀ aÃ-·mcp-ambn Zzµz-bp²w \S-̄ p-¶Xpw; hS¡v Ing¡v hS-t¡m-«pÅapJ-̧ nÂ Iwk-cm-P-[m-\n-bnÂ h-enb KtP-{µ-\p-ambn IrjvW-þ-_-e-cm-a-·mÀ Fäp-ap-«p-¶Xpw, Ing-t¡m-«pÅ apJ-¸nÂ {ioIr-jvW³ Iwks\ h[n-¡p-¶Xpw Nn{XoI-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu ap-J-̧ p-IÄ¡v apI-fn-embn FÃm-bn-S¯pw Hmtcm sN¼pXmgn-I-¡p-Sw hoXw BsI Ggv Xmgn-I-¡p-S-§Ä Dv. \me-¼-e-̄ n-tebv¡v Ing-¡p-\n-¶pÅ {][m\ {]th-i\ IhmSw IqSmsX aäv aq¶phi-¯p-ambn Hmtcm Ihm-S-§Ä hoXw Dv, C-XnÂ ]Sn-ªmsd hmXnÂ Xpd¡m-dnÃ! \me-¼-e-̄ nsâ sXt¡m-«pÅ hmXn-ensâ ]pd¯v apI-fn-embn D®n-K-W-]Xnbpw kp{_-ÒWyIpam-c\pw IqsS-bpÅ _me-eo-eIÄ aq¶v JWvU§-fnembn Zmcp-in-ev]-§-fnÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p. CtX-t]mse ]Sn-ªm-td-hm-Xn-ensâ apI-fnÂ aq¶v JWvU-§-fn-embn Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv kvIµ-hÃo]-cn-Wbw BWv. thSsâ hfÀ¯p-]p-{Xn-bmb eh-en-Isb (kpµ-c-h-Ãnsb) hnhm-lw- sN-¿m-\mbn kvIµ³ hÃn-bpsS kao-]-sa¯n hnhcw [cn-̧ n-¡pw-t¼mÄ s]s«¶v AhnsS F¯p¶ thSsâ I®nÂs]-Sm-Xn-cn-¡m³ `K-hm³ kp{_-Ò-Wy³ th§-a-c-̄ nsâ cq]w [-cn¡p¶p; ]n¶oSv hr²{_mÒWthjw ]qs-¯p¶ kvIµsâ hnhmlm-̀ yÀ°\ \nc-kn¨v hÃn Ahn-sS-\n¶v ]em-b\w sN¿m³ {ian-¡p¶p, F¶mÂ kvIµsâ B{K-l-{]-Imcw A{K-P-\mb hnLvt\-izc³ aZ-bm-\-bmbn AhnsS F¯n hÃn-bpsS hgn XS-bp-¶p. `b¶v {]m-W-c-£mÀ°w hÃo-tZhn hr²sâ (kvIµsâ) Nc-W-§-fnÂ A`bw {]m]n¡p¶p. \me-¼-e-̄ nsâ hS-t¡-hm-Xn-ensâ ]pd¯v apI-fnÂ aq¶v JWvU-§-fn-embn hmZy-taf§tfmsS C{µ-]p-{Xn-bmb tZh-tk-\-bptSbpw (Aar-X-h-Ãn) kp{_-Ò-Wy-tâbpw hnhmlcwKhpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.

_en-¡Â¸p-c-bnÂ \n¶v \me¼-e-̄ nsâ Ings¡ IhmSw IS¶v CS\mgnbn-eqsS (]mZ-kq-{X-̄ n-eqsS) sN¶n-d-§p¶Xv {][m\ A¦W-̄ nÂ BIp-¶p. \me-¼-e-̄ n-\p-Npäpw DbÀ¶-Xmb `mK-amWv hen-b-¼ew. A¦-W-̄ n\p sX¡p-̀ m-K-¯mbn Ie-h-d-̧ pc, \nthZyw X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ XnS-̧ Ån (]mN-I-im-e), \h-I-I-e-i-§Ä \nd¨v ]qP-sN-¿p-¶-Xn\v \h-I-¸pc, Hcp-¡p-]pc, Nµ-\-̧ pc (Nµ\w Ac¨pX-¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn\v), \a-kv¡m-c-̧ pc F¶nh -ØnXn-sN¿p¶p. hS-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn Hcp XnS-̧ Ån IqSn-bpv. km[m-cW cmhnse \nthZyw X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn\v sXt¡-Xn-S-̧ -Ånbpw sshIp-wt¶cw hS-t¡-Xn-S- -̧Ånbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. hS-t¡-Xn-S-̧ -Ån-bpsS kao-]-ambn apf-bd (DÕ-h-Im-e-§-fnÂ apf-bnSoepw, apf-]q-Pbpw \S-̄ p-¶-Xn\v ), XncpB`-cWwapdn F¶n-hbpw ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p.

hen-b-¼-e-̄ n\pw {iotIm-hn-en\pw a²y-̄ n-embn ka-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ \a-kvImc aWvU]w ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p. inev]-th-e-IÄ sNbvX 16 Icn-¦Â XqWp-IÄ DÅ \a-kvImcaWvU-]-¯nsâ taÂ¡qc ka-N-Xp-c-kvXq-]n-Im-Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wv, IqSmsX apI-fn-embn kzÀ® XmgnI¡pS-hpw Dv. aWvU-]-̄ n-\p-Ånembn apI-fnÂ At\Iw ]pcm-W-I-Y-IÄ inev]-§-fn-eqsS Ate-J\w sN¿s¸«n«pv. sX¡v Ingt¡-aq-ebv¡p XpS§n Ccp-]-s¯-t«mfw hen-b-Zmcpinev]-§-fn-embn ‘Z£-bmKw’ IY AÛp-Xm-h-l-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. CXnÂ ]Sn-ªmdp `mK-̄ mbn kXo-tZ-hn-bpsS Aán-{]-th-ihpw, XpSÀ¶v inh-tIm-]hpw aäpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ inev]-§Ä H¶n-s\m¶v sa¨-s -̧«-XmWv. Chbv¡papIfnembn alm-hn-jvWp-hnsâ Zim-h-Xm-c-§tfbpw, {XnaqÀ¯nItfbpw,



inh-]p-{X-·-mtcbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. aWvU-]-¯n\v apIfnÂ a²y-̄ nÂ H³]Xv JWvU-§-fn-embn {_Òm-hn-tâbpw AjvS-Zn-Iv]m-e-I-cp-tSbpw inev]-§-fp-v. CXnÂ Ing¡v a²y-J-WvU-̄ nÂ h{Pm-bp-[hpw, Xma-c-̧ qhpw [cn¨, kÀÆm-e-¦m-c-̀ q-jn-X-\mbn sFcm-h-X-̄ nsâ ]pd-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶ -Zn-Iv]meI-t{ijvT\mb C{µsâ NXpÀ_m-l-pin-ev]-amWv. sX¡v Ings¡ JWvU-̄ nÂ tXP-Êp-sImv Pzen-¡p-¶-h-\pw ssII-fnÂ {kphhpw Pqlhpw [cn-̈ -h\pw cà-hÀ®-amb hkv{Xw, ame, Ipdn, IncoSw F¶nhtbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw BSnsâ ]pd¯ncn-¡p¶h\p-amb Aán-tZ-hsâ NXpÀ_mlp inev]-am-Wv. ssII-fnÂ ZWvUpw, ]mihpw [cn-̈ -h\pw, Idp¯ \nd-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw, `b-¦c Zwjv{S-§-tfm-Sp-IqSnb apJ-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw, t]m¯nsâ ]pd¯v Ccn-¡p-¶-h-\p-amb ba-tZ-hsâ NXpÀ_mlp inev]w sX¡v a²yJWvU-¯nÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Sn-ªmdp sXt¡ JWvU-̄ nÂ hmfpw, ]cn-N-bpw [cn-̈ -h\pw, cu{Z\pw, kI-em-̀ -c-W-§ÄsImpw Ae-¦-cn-¡-s¸-«-h\pw IpXn-c-hm-l-\-̄ nÂ Ccn-¡p-¶-h-\p-amb \ncy-Xn-bpsS NXp-À-_mlpinev]amWv. ]Sn-ªmdv a²y-J-WvU-̄ nÂ ]mihpw, agphpw [cn-̈ -h\pw, Ic-WvUw-t]mse Ccn-¡p¶ aIp-S-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw, apX-e-¸p-d-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶-h-\p-amb hcpW tZhsâ NXpÀ_mlp inev]-am-Wv. hS-¡p-]-Sn-ªmsdJWvU-̄ nÂ am³hml-\-̄ nÂ, hfsc thK-ap-Å-h\pw, cv -ssI-I-fnepw henb sh¬Nm-a-c§Ä [cn-̈ -h-\p-amb hmbp-̀ -K-hmsâ NXpÀ_mlp inev]w Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. hS¡v a²yJWvU-¯nÂ a\p-jy³ Npa-¡p¶ hml-\-̄ nÂ Ccn-¡p-¶-h\pw, hc-Zhpw KZbpw [cn-̈ -h\pw, \n[n-]-Xnbpw Bb ssh{i-hWsâ NXpÀ_mlp inev]w Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ing¡v hS¡v JWvU-̄ nÂ agp, am³ F¶nh cp-ssI-I-fnÂ [cn¨v, kÀ¸ D¯-cobw C«v , PSm-̀ m-c-̄ nÂ N{µ-¡-e-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw, Ej` hml-\-̄ nÂ Ccn-¡p-¶-h-\p-amb Cuim-\sâ NXpÀ_mlp inev]w. a²yJWvU-̄ nÂ Ia-WvU-e-hp-w, A£-am-ebpw [cn¨v NXpÀap-J-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn lwk-hm-l-\-̄ nÂ Ccn-¡p¶ NXpÀ_mlp {_Ò-tZ-h-inev]w. Ch IqSmsX At\Iw ]q¡fpw, eX-Ifpw, ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Ifpw at\m-l-c-ambn aWvU-]-̄ nsâ FÃm-̀ m-K¯pw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-v. aWvU-]-̄ n\v DÅnÂ ]Sn-ªmdv a²y`m-K-̄ mbn apI-fnÂ t£{X-\nÀ½m-W-̄ n\pw Aaq-ey-§-fmb Cu inev]-th-e-IÄ¡pw t\XrXzw hln¨ ‘CS-h-¦mSv’ inev]n Xsâ \maw at\m-l-c-ambn Ce-IÄ¡nS-bnÂ sIm¯n-h-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw. hnti-j-Zn-h-k-§-fnÂ Ie-i-]q-Pbpw, sImSn-tbäv Znh-k-§-fnÂ sImSn-¡qd ]qPbpw \S-̄ m-dv Cu aWvU]-̄ nÂsh-̈ m-Wv. aWvU-]-̄ n\v Npäpw Xq¡p-hn-f-¡p-I-fmÂ AewIrXhpw Bbn-cp-¶p. aWvU-]-̄ n\p hS-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn t£{X-̄ nse XoÀ°-¡n-WÀ (aWn-¡n-WÀ) ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p. ka-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bnÂ Icn-¦-Ãp-sImv \nÀ½n¨ CXnse Pew H-cn-¡epw häm-dn-Ã.

aWvU]w Ign-ªmÂ ASp-̄ pÅ sI«nSamWv tZhm-e-b-̄ nsâ Gähpw hnin-jvS-amb {iotIm-hnÂ. {iotIm-hn-ensâ {][m-\-I-hm-S-̄ n\p ap³]nÂ Ccp-h-ihpw s]m§n-Im-Wp¶ ]Sn-bmWv tkm]m-\w. (aWvU-]w- I-gn-ªpÅ A¦-W-̄ nÂ \n¶v {iotIm-hn-en-te¡v Ib-dp-hm-\pÅ ]Sn-s¡-«mWv tkm]m-\w.) tkm]m-\-̄ nsâ Ccp-h-ihpw ]ß-þ]o-T-̄ nÂ Bbp-[-[m-cn-I-fmb Hmtcm-Zzm-c-]m-e-IÀ (ZzmkvX-·mÀþ h{P-l-kvX³ , iàn-]m-W³) Dv. h«-{io-tIm-hn-en\v Ing-t¡m-«pÅ {][m-\-I-hm-Sw - Iq-SmsX \mephi-̄ p-ambn A©v hmXn-ep-IÄ IqsS-bpv. Ihm-S-§-sfÃmw XSn-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨v ]n¨f s]mXn-ª-Xm-Wv. hr¯-kvXq-]n-Im-Ir-Xn-bnepÅ {iotIm-hn-ensâ taÂ¡qc¡v apI-fnÂ aq¶v X«p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb kzÀ®-̄ m-gn-¡p-Shpw, Npäp-apÅ `n¯n-bnse inev]th-e-Ifpw {iotIm-hn-ensâ `wKn hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Npän-ep-ambn Igp-t¡m-enÂ at\m-l-c-amb A¼-̄ n-c-tmfw Xma-c-ap-Ip-f-§ÄIm-Wmw. {iotIm-hn-ensâ ]pdw aXn-en-\p-f-fnÂ hr¯m-Im-c-amb Hcp CS-\mgn (Xpchv) Dv. {iotIm-hn-enÂ sXt¡-\-S-bnÂ sXt¡m«p ZÀi-\-ambn NXpÀ_mlp {io alm-K-W-]Xn {]XnjvTbpw AXn\v CS-̄ p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n {]Xn-jvTbpw Dv. CXn-\p-k-ao-]-ambn \nXyhpw {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\pw aäpw Fgp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶Xpw shÅn-bnÂ \nÀ½n-̈ -Xp-amb NXpÀ_mlp kp{_-ÒWy hn{K-lhpw Dv. {iotIm-hn-ensâ hS-¡p-̀ m-K¯v tKmap-Jhpw (Hmhv ) Dv. {iotIm-hn-en\p-Npäpw Xq¡p-hn-f-¡p-I-fmÂ AewIrX-hp-am-Wv.

{iotIm-hn-en-\p-ÅnÂ hopw Hcp NpaÀ Dv, Cu Npa-cn-\-I-amWv KÀ`-Kr-lw. ka-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ KÀ`-Kr-l-̄ nsâ a²y-̄ n-embn NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ henb ]oT-̄ nÂ {][m\ tZh-\mb kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzm-an-bpsS IrjvW-inem NXpÀ_mlp hn{Klw {]Xn-jvTn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]pd-Inse he-̄ p-ssI-¿nÂ ]hn (cv Aähpw IqÀ¯ Ip´-ap\ t]mse DÅ Hcp Bbp[w) F¶ Bbp-[hpw CS-s¯- ssI¿nÂ h{Pw (Z[oNn alÀjn-bpsS AkvXn-sImv \nÀ½n¨v C{µ-\mÂ \ÂI-s¸« Hcp Bbp[w.) F¶ Bbp-[hpw [cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. ap³]nÂ he-̄ v-Icw hc-Z-ap-{Z-tbmSpIqSn Ccn¡p¶



Cu Ic¯n-t\mSv tNÀ¯v kzÀ®-h-Sn-thepw (iàn) hbv¡p-¶p. CS-̄ p-Icw Ac-s¡-«nÂ tNÀ¯v ]ß-]o-T-̄ nÂ \nÂ¡p¶ {]k-¶-h-Z-\-\mb ImÀ¯n-tIb kzman-bpsS hn{Klw AÛp-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. tIc-f-̄ nse t£{X-§-fnse hn{K-l-§fnÂ hen- -̧̄ nÂ ap³]-́ n-bnÂ \nÂ¡p-¶-XmWv Cu hn{K-lw. KÀ`Kr-l-̄ nsâ Xd Hä-I-ÃnÂ \nÀ½n¨v I®mSnbv¡v kam-\-ambn an\p-k-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. KÀ`-Kr-l-̄ n\v Ing-t¡m«v Hcp IhmSw am{Xta HÅp. KÀ`-Kr-l-̄ nsâ ]pdw `n¯n-ap-gp-h\pw ‘ime-Iq-SmZn’ Ae-¦m-c-§Ä- Dv. AjvS-_-Ô-an«v Dd-¸n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶- Ir-jvWinemhn-{K-l-̄ n\v (aqe hn{K-l-̄ n\v) kao-]-ambn ]©-teml \nÀ½n-X-amb NXpÀ_mlp kp{_-Ò-Wy-hn-{K-lhpw(AÀ¨\m _nw_w) h¨n-«pv. Cu hn{Klw Bdm-«n\pw, ]Ån-th-«-bv¡pw, {io`q-X-_-enbv¡pw DÅ Fgp-¶-Ån-¸pIÄ¡v FSp-¡p-¶p.

{iotIm-hn-en\p Npäp-am-bn- Zn-Iv]m-e-IÀ¡pw k]vX-am-Xr-¡Ä¡pw aäpw _en-Xq-Ip-¶-Xn-\m-bpÅ _en]oT-§-fpv. CXnÂ \nÀ½m-ey-[m-cnbpw tZh-hm-l-\hpw HgnsI FÃm-t£-{X-§-fnepw Htc-{I-a-̄ n-emWv _en-]o-T-§Ä {]Xn-jvTn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. CXp-Iq-SmsX \me-¼-e-̄ n-\p-]p-d¯v Xncp-ap-ä¯v Npän-ep-ambn ]mÀj-Z-·m-cpsS H³]Xv _en-]o-T-§fpw Dv. hS-¡p-In-g-¡mbn t£{X-]m-e\v _en-Xq-Ip-hm-\pÅ _en-]o-T-hpw Dv. \me-¼-e-̄ n-\p-ÅnÂ {iotIm-hn-en\p hS¡v Ing-¡mbn inh-enw-Km-Ir-Xn-bnÂ ImWp-¶-XmWv \nÀ½m-ey-[m-cnþ[qÀ¯-tk-\³. {][m-\-tZ-h³ hnjvWp-hm-sW-¦nÂ hnjz-Ivtk-\\pw, inh-\m-sW-¦nÂ NWvtU-iz-c\pw, ZpÀ¤-bm-sW-¦nÂ apWvUn-\n-bp-amWv \nÀ½mey[m-cn. tZh\v \nth-Zn-̈ -tijw AXv \nÀ½m-ey-[m-cnbv¡v kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶p. CXp-t]mse tZhsâ ame-Ifpw ]q¡fpw FÃmw \nÀ½m-ey-[m-cn-bv¡m-Wv. \nÀ½meyw, \nÀ½m-ey-ZÀi\w Ch \nÀ½m-ey-[m-cn-bp-ambn _Ô-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p. \nÀ½m-ey-[m-cnbv¡p kam-\-amb Hcp-Øm-\-amWv ]pds¯ _en-h-«-̄ nÂ t£{X-]m-e-\p-ÅXv. _en-bpsS Ah-km\w ]m-{X-t¯msS t£{X-]m-e\v \nth-Zn-bv¡p-sa-¦nÂ, tZhsâ GsXmcp \nth-Zyhpw \nÀ½m-ey-[m-cnbv¡v kaÀ¸n¨v \nÀ½m-ey-am-¡n-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. t£{X-̄ nÂ ZÀi\w \S-̄ p-t¼mÄ Cu _en-]o-T-§-fnÂ Fs´-¦nepw \nt£-]n-¡p-¶Xpw IÀ¸qcw I¯n-¡p-¶Xpw icn-b-Ã. Ch _en-Xq-Ip-hm³ am{X-ap-Å-Xm-Wv.

\me-¼-e-̄ n\p ]Sn-ªmdpw hS¡pw sX¡p-apÅ Ihm-S-§Ä¡p t\sc {]-Z-£nWhgnbv¡v ]pd¯v Hmtcm Zo]-kvXw-̀ -§Ä hoXw Dv. _en-¡Â ]pc-bpsS sX¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn hnf-¡-gn-tbmSv tNÀ¶v Hcp KW-]-Xn-{]-Xn-jvT-bp-v. t£{X \me-¼-e-̄ n-\p-]p-d¯v sX¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn tKmim-e-Ir-jvW-tâbpw {io[À½-im-kvXm-hn-tâ-bpw D]tZ-hm-e-b-§Ä ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p. t£{X-a-XnÂsI-«n-t\mSv tNÀ¶v ]Sn-ªm-dp-̀ m-K-̄ mbn s\Ã-dbpw, CXn\p hS-¡mbn s\Ãp-Ip--̄ p-]p-cbpw Dv. ]Sn-ªmsd tKm]p-c-̄ n\p hS-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn hnimeamb t`mP-\-ime (Du«p-]p-c amfnI)bpv. IqSmsX, hS¡v `mK¯v Ing¡v ]Snªm-dmbn asämcp Du«p-]p-cbpw hnim-e-amb InWdpw IqSn Dv. ]g-b-Im-e¯v amk-hn-ti-j-§Ä¡pw DÕ-h-§Ä¡pw henb kZy-Ifpw aäpw \S-̄ pI ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-a-Xn-en-\p-ÅnÂ hS-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn `WvUm-chpw (kvtSmMvdpw) CXn\p Ing-¡mbn Hcp sNdnb Du«p-]-pcbpw Dv. (CXnÂ C¶v abn-ep-Isf ]mÀ¸n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.). t£{X-̄ n\v DÅnÂ ap¶nÂ CSXp `mK-̄ mbn tZhkzw AUvan-\n-kvt{S-äohv Hmôkv ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p.

t£{X-I-e-I-fnÂ {]Ya Øm\amWv IqSn-bm-«-̄ n\pw Iq¯n\pw. \qäm-p-IÄ¡v ap³]v

Xs¶ `mc-X-̄ nÂ Cu Ie {]N-cn-̈ n-cp-¶p. kwkvIrX \mSIm`n-\-b-amWv IqSn-bm-«w. ]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bpÅ kwkvIrX {]_-Ô-§-fmWv kmam-\y-am-bn Iq¯p-]-d-bp-hm³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]m{Kq-]-̄ n-epÅ kmln-Xy-I-e-bmWv CXv; IqSmsX kv{Xo IYm]m{X§sf kv{XoIÄ Xs¶ AhXcn¸n¡p¶p F¶ {]tXzIXbpw Dv. `cXap\nbpsS \mSyimkv{X¯nÂ hnhcn¡p¶ ]ucmWnI A`n\b k{¼Zmb§Ä AtX]Sn C¶pw XpSÀ¶phcp¶ Hcp Iemcq]amWv CXv. C¶v

_en-¡-Ãp-IÄ (_en-]o-T-§Ä)

Iq -̄¼ew



IqSn-bm-«-̄ n\pw Iq¯n\pw UNESCO kwc£n¡s¸tS ]gb IeIfpsS KW¯nÂs¸Sp¯n {]tXzI ]cnKW\ \ÂInhcp¶p. tIc-f-̄ nse t£{X-§-fnÂ Ch Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶ ]Xnhv C¶pw XpS-cp-¶p. t£{X-a-XneI¯v {]mkm-Z-t¯m-sSm¸w {]tXyI Øm\¯v (tZhsâ ap³h-i¯v he-̄ p-`m-K-̄ mbn) \nÀ½n¨ Iq¯-¼e¯nÂ (\mSy-a-Þ-]-̄ nÂ) BWv km[m-cW Iq¯pw IqSn-bm-«hpw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡m-dv. Iq¯-¼ew CÃm¯ t£{X-§-fnÂ \me-¼-e-̄ n-emWv Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡m-dv. Nne t£{X-§-fnÂ {]tXyI \njvTItfmsS A\p-jvTm-\-ambn Iq¯v Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. DZm:þs]cp-h\w alm-tZ-h-t£-{Xw, \§ymÀIq¯v ]Xn-hpÅ Xr¸qWnXpd {io]qÀ®-{X-boi t£{Xw. k´m-\e-_vZn-¡mbn Xr{]-bm-À {iocma t£{X-̄ nÂ ‘AwKp-eo-bmwKw’ Iq¯pw, s]cp-h-\w almtZh t£{X-̄ nÂ ‘a¯-hn-emkw’ Iq¯pw hgn-]m-Smbn \S-̄ m-dpv. tIc-f-̄ nÂ Iq¯-¼e§Ä 14 t£{X-§-fnÂ am{Xta Ct¸mÄ HÅp. XriqÀ hS-¡pw-\mY t£{X-̄ nse Iq¯-¼-e-amWv hnkvXr-Xn-bnÂ H¶mw Øm\¯v, cmw-Øm\w Ccn-§me¡pS IqSÂam-Wn-Iy t£{X¯ntebpw, aq¶mw Øm\w lcn-̧ mSv t£{X-̄ n-tebpw Iq¯-¼e-§Ä¡m-Wv (15.5mx11m). hen-̧ -̄ nepw inev]theI-fnepw ap¶nÂ \nÂ¡p-¶-Xv lcn-̧ mSv t£{X-̄ nse kÀÆe£W kwbp-à-amb Iq¯-¼-e-am-Wv. X{ -́k-ap-̈ b (inev]-̀ m-Kw) ¯nÂ FSp-̄ p-]-d-bp¶ A]qÀÆ- co-Xn-bnÂ \nÀ½n-̈ -Xm-Wv Cu Iq¯-¼-e-w.

t£{X-̄ n-\p-ap-¼nÂ AIs¯ B\-s¡m-«n-en-\v (\S¸pcbv¡v) sX¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn ØnXn-sN¿p¶ lcn-̧ ms« Iq¯-¼-e-w ZoÀL-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-emWv. Iq¯-¼-e-̄ nsâ A[n-jvTm-\-̄ nsâ Ing-¡p-̀ m-K¯pw hS¡v `mK¯v hmX-ensâ ASp-¯p-h-tcbpw hne-s¸« Nne inem-en-Jn-X-§Ä ImWmw. CXv a§n-Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ChnsS Dm-bn-cp¶ Iq¯-¼ew Aán-_m-[-bnÂ \jvS-am-b-Xn\p tijw sImÃ-hÀjw 944 (A.D.1769) ao\-amkw shÅn-bmgvN ]pWÀXw \mfnÂ (8þmw Xob-Xn) ]p\À\nÀ½mWw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-b-XmWv F¶v Kth-j-IÀ tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p. 944--þÂ Ipam-c³ X¼n-b-P-am-\³, sIm¨-̧ ³]nÅ bP-am-\³ F¶n-h-cpsS c£m-[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ \nÀ½n¨v s]cpwXrt¡m-hn-e-̧ \v hg-n]m-Smbn \ÂIn-b-XmWv Ct¸m-gpÅ Iq¯-¼-e-w. sImÃ-hÀjw 1096þÂ (A.D.1921) t£{Xw Aán-¡n-c-bm-sb-¦nepw Iq¯-¼-e-̄ n\v Xo ]n-Sn-¡msX kwc-£n-̈ p.

ZoÀL-N-X-pcm-IrXnbn-epÅ ChnSps¯- Iq¯-¼-e-w apgp-h-\pw at\m-lc Zmcp-in-ev]-§-fmÂ Aew-Ir-X-am-Wv. Iq¯-¼-e-̄ n\v Ing-¡p-tNÀ¶v AWn-bd apdn-bpw, AXn\v ap¼nÂ DÅ DbÀ¶ aÞ]w Ac-§pw BWv. AWn-b-d-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§n-te¡v cp-hm-Xn-ep-IÄDÅXv IqSmsX sX¡p-̀ m-K¯v Hcp IhmSw IqsS-bp-v. Ac-§nÂ (cwK-a-Þ-]-̄ nÂ) BWv Iq¯pw ,Iq-Sn-bm-«hpw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ac-§nÂ AWn-b-d-tbmSv tNÀ¶v ‘angmhv’F¶ hmZyw sh¨n-cn-¡pw. Ac-§nsâ ]n¶nse

angmhv sh¨n-cn-¡p¶ Øe¯n\v ‘IpX`Øm\w’ F¶p ]dbp¶p. angmhv C«v h¨v hmbn¡m³

(sIm«m³) Dff IqSmWv ‘angmhW’. angmhn\v ‘apPc’ F¶pw t]cp-v. {_Ò-mhv tZ-h·mÀ¡v \nÀ½n¨v sImSp¯ Hcp hmZyamWv angmhv Fs¶mcp sFXn-ly-w Dv. Xfn¸d¼n\Sp¯v Hcp

Ip¶n\v angmhnsâ BIyXnbmWpffXv. Cu Ip¶n\v ‘angm¡p¶v’ F¶mWv t]À. angm¡p¶nsâ cq]¯nemWv Cu hmZyw BZyIme¯v a®nÂ \nÀ½n¡mdv. AXn\mÂ angmhnsâ DXv`hw tIc-f-¯nemWv F¶p ]dbp¶p. ]nÂIme¯v sN¼p sImpw \nÀ½n¨pXpS§nb angmhnsâ hmbv¯ebnÂ IrjvWarK¯nsâ tXmepsImv sI«p¶p. hnIrjvSw, NXpcp{iw, {Xr{iw F¶n§s\ aq¶v hyXykvXcq] ¯nepff angmhv \nehnepv. Ggp hyXykvX Xmf§fnÂ angmhv hmbn¡mdpv. tXmÂ C«ncn-¡p-¶ angmhv t£{X¯nÂ tZhs\ {_Ò-Nmcnsbt¸mse HmwImc\mZt¯msS (sIm«pwt¼mÄ Dbcp¶ \mZw) `Pn-¡p-¶p! angmhn\v tjmUi {InbIÄ ]Xnhpv. tISph¶ angmhv t£{X¯nÂ {]tXzI kvYe¯v X{´-k-ap-̈ b¯nÂ -]-d-bp¶ {]Imcw kwkvIcn-¡p-¶p. \qämp-IÄ ]g-¡-apÅ cp- h-enb (sN¼v) angm-hp-IÄ C¶pw Chn-sS-bp-v.

Ac-§nse sIm¯p-]-Wn-IÄ sNbvX \mev Ir-jvW-inem kvXw-̀ -§Ä (XqWpIÄ) at\m-l-c-§-fm-Wv. Ac-§nsâ taÂIqSv XSn-bnÂ \nÀ½n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. taÂIq-Sn-\p-ÅnÂ ]Sn-ªmdv sXt¡-aq-e-bnÂ XpS§n {ioaZv `mK-hX IY-IÄ Bte-J\w sNbvXncn-¡p-¶p. tKmam-Xm-hnsâ cq]w [cn¨ `qan-tZ-hnbpw aäp-tZ-h-·mcpw sshIp-WvT-̄ nÂ A\-´-imbn Bbn ]Ån-sIm-Åp¶ alm-hn-jvWp-hnsâ ap³]nÂ F¯n k¦Sw DWÀ¯n-¡p¶ cwKhpw, Zim-h-Xm-c-§fpw, `mK-hXw Zi-a-kvI-Ô-̄ nse {ioIrjvW Ah-Xmcw, _me-eo-e-IÄ, Iwk-\n-{Klw F¶n-h-bpw hnkvX-cn¨v Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.



Iq¯-¼-e-w



Iq¯-¼-e-w



Ch-bv¡p-ap-I-fn-embn ]Sn-ªmdv sXt¡- aq-e-bnÂ XpS§n 16 henb Zmcp-in-ev]-§-fn-embn

‘`K-hZ-Öp-Iobw’ (2000 hÀjw ap³]v t_m[mb\³ FgpXnb kwkvIrX \mSIw) F¶ {]kn-²-amb IqSn-bm-«-IY Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. CXnse ]e-in-ev]-§-fptSbpw Inco-Shpw, thj-hn-[m-\-§fpw IqSn-bm« IYm]m-{X-§Ä¡v kam-\-am-Wv. CXnÂ BZy-inev]w; kzman-bmÀ tbmK-Z-WvUv, Ia-WvUep, Hme-¡pS Ch ]nSn¨p\nÂ¡p-¶XmWv. cmw inev]w kzman-bm-cpsS injy³ (imy-ey³) ZWvUnÂ `mWvUhpw, IpSbpw aäpw ]nSn¨p\nÂ¡p-¶-XmWv. ap¶mw inev]w hk- -́tk-\bpw tXmgnbpw Xmfw-]n-Sn¨v Km\w Be-]n-¡p¶Xpw. \memw inev]w ba-In-¦-c³ Hcp ssI¿nÂ ]mihpw atä-ssI-¿nÂ KZ-bp-ambn hcp-¶Xpw , A©mw inev]w ac-̄ nÂ Nmcn-\nÂ¡p¶ hk-́ -tk-\sb ba-In-¦-csâ kÀ¸w ISn-¡p-¶Xpw. Bdmwinev]w hk-́ -tk\ hnjw Xon acn¨hn-hcw injy³ kzman-bmsc Adn-bn-¡p-¶Xpw, Ggmw inev]w injysâ k¦Sw tI« kzmanbmÀ {]Xn-hn[n Nnń-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv. At±-l-̄ nsâ Ccp]pdhpw iwJp-ap-g-¡p¶ (Cc-« iwJp) ]cn-hm-chpw Dv. F«mw inev]¯nÂ hnjw-Xo-nb hk-́ -tk-\sb ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-\mbn Hcp sshZy³ hcp-¶p. H³]Xmw inev]w sshZysâ ]cn-{iaw hnê-am-Ip-¶Xpw, ]¯mw inev]w ]c-Imb {]th-i-̄ n-eqsS (Xsâ Poh³ asämcm-fpsS ico-c-̄ n-te¡v amäp¶ {]{Inb.) kzman-bmÀ acn¨ hk-́ -tk-\sb Pohn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xpw. ]Xn-s\m-¶mw inev]w kzman-bm-cpsS injy³ CXp-Iv AÛp-X-s -̧Sp-¶Xpw. ]{´mw inev]w hk-́ -tk-\sb ba-tem-I-t¯-bv¡v sImpt]m-Im-³ baZqX³ {ian¡p¶Xpw. ]Xn-ap¶mw inev]w ba-Zq-X³ X\n¡v A_²w]än F¶p-I-cpXn hk- -́tk-\-bpsS Poh³ kzman-bm-cpsS ico-c-̄ nÂ {]th-in-̧ n-¡p-¶p, B kzman-bmÀ tXmgn-bp-ambn can-¡p-¶p. ]Xn-\memw inev]w kzman-bmÀ ]qÀÆ ØnXn-bnÂþtbm-K-k-am-[n-bnÂ. ]Xn-\©mw inev]w hk-´-tk-\bpw ]qÀÆ-Øn-Xn-bnÂ, tXmgn-tbm-sSm¸w can-¡p-¶p. ]Xn-\mdmwinev]w ba-Zq-X³ Xsâ {iaw Dt]-£n¨v t]mIp-¶p. Ac-§nsâ DÅnÂ a²y¯v H³]Xv JWvU§fnÂ AjvS-Zn-Iv]m-e-I-cp-tSbpw {_lv-a-tZ-h-tâbpw inev]§fp-v. Ch IqSmsX Ac-§nsâ apI-fnÂ XqWp-IÄ¡v CS-bn-embn Ej-̀ -hm-l-\-\mb ]c-a-in-h³, IpXn-c-¸p-d¯v IÂ¡n, \c-knw-l-aqÀ¯n, abn-ensâ ]pd-̄ n-cn-¡p¶ kvIµ-tZ-h³, Kcp-U-hm-l-\-̄ n-en-cn-¡p¶ alm-hn-jvWp, Akp-c-\n-{Klw \S-̄ p¶ alm-tZ-h³ XpS§nb Zmcp-in-ev]-§Ä Dv. Ch IqSmsX At\Iw ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-tfbpw ]pjv] eX-I-tfbpw at\m-l-c-ambn Bte-J-\w -sN-bvXn-cn-¡p-¶p.

Ac-§n\v aq¶p-h-i-hp-am-bpÅ Øew t{]£-IÀ¡v Ccn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-Wv. ChnsS Xmsg-Xp-S§n taÂ¡q-c-bn-te¡v h®w-Ip-d-ªp-h-cp¶ NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ F«v IÂXq-Wp-IÄ Dv. ChsbÃmw [mcmfw sIm¯p-]-Wn-IÄ sNbvXv at\m-l-c-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Snªmdv hSs¡ XqWnÂ cmk-{Io-Ubpw Ing-t¡-Xq-WnÂ IncmXw IYbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Sn-ªmdv sXt¡-Xq-WnÂ b£n-bpsS (hmÂ¡-®m-Sn-cq-]w) {]Xn-jvT-bpv; CXv XSn-b-gn-IÄsImv Npä-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. b-£n-bpsS {]Xn-jvT-Iq-sS-bpÅ Iq¯-¼-e-am-b-Xn-\mÂ CXn\v DÅnÂ Ib-dp-t¼mÄ \me-¼-e-̄ nÂ {]th-in-¡p-t¼mÄ ]men-¡p¶ Nn«-IÄ _m[-I-am-Wv. taÂ¡q-c-bnÂ Ac-ao-ä-tdmfw hoXn-bpÅ Igp-t¡m-ep-IÄ {]tXyI coXn-bnÂ _Ôn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. taÂ¡q-c-bpsS ]Wn-IÄ ]pcm-X\ X¨p-imkv{X \n]p-WX hnfn-t¨m-Xp-¶-Xm-Wv. taÂ¡q-c-bpsS FÃm-̀ m-Khpw ]q¡fpw aäp-in-ev]-§fpw sImv Aew-Ir-X-am-Wv. hoXn-bpÅ D¯-c-̄ nÂ sX¡p-̀ m-K¯v {ioIr-jvW-_m-e-eoe-I-fpw, ]Sn-ªmdv kp{_-Ò-Wy³, KW-]-Xn, ]mÀÆ-Xo-]-c-ta-iz-c-·mÀ F¶n-h-tcbpw hS¡v abnÂ, sFcm-h-Xw, Kcp-U³, IpXnc F¶n-h-tbbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. taÂ¡q-c¡pffnÂ ]e hen¸¯nepff at\mlc§fmb Xm-gn-I-¡p-S-§Ä Xncn¨ph¨coXnbnÂ 83 Zmcp¡Ä ImWmw. XSn-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ Agn-I-tfmSp IqSnb ]pdw-Np-h-cnÂ \mep-̀ m-K-̄ p-ambn 24 Icn-¦Â Xq-WpIfpw Dv. Cu XqWp-I-fpsS ]pd¯v ‘hnf-t¡-ńb h\n-Xbpw’ Dv. Hmtcm aqe-I-fn-ep-apÅ XqWp-I-fnÂ cv hi¯pw CtX-t]mse hnf-t¡-ńb kv{Xoin-ev]-§-fp-v. Iq¯-¼-e-̄ n-te-¡pÅ {][m\ {]th-i\ Zzmc-§Ä hS-¡p-`m-K¯pw ]Sn-ªmdv`mK¯pamWv. Ch IqSmsX sX¡p-̀ m-K¯v cv Ihm-S-§-fpÄ¸sS BsI 4 hmXn-ep-I-fpapv Iq¯-¼-e-̄ n\v. ]Sn-ªmsd hmXn-en\v hS-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn Hcp apg-t¡mÂ (73 sk.-ao. \ofw) Icn-¦ÃnÂ ]Wn-Xp-sh-̈ n-«p-v. ]pd¯v A[n-jvTm-\-̄ nsâ (X-d-bpsS) \mep hi¯pw [mcmfw inev]-§-fp-v. i_vZ-_m[ Dm-ImsX {ihn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw hmbq-k-©mcw kpK-a-am-¡p¶



Xc-̄ n-ep-amWv {i²-tbmsS Iq¯-¼ew \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. sNdnb HmSpsImv taª taÂ¡qc Ncnª coXn-bn-em-Wv. apI-fnÂ aq¶v sN¼v XmgnI-¡p-S-§fpw Dv.

tIc-f-I-em-a-WvU-e-̄ nsâ \nÀ½m-W -Im-e¯v alm-Ihn hÅ-t¯mÄ Cu Iq¯-¼ew ]e-{]mhiyw kµÀin-̈ n-«p-v. \yqtbmÀ¡nse tdm¨ÌÀ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnse Cý³ IeIfpsS s{]m^-kdpw Ub-d-IvS-dp-amb Ata-cn-¡-¡m-c-\mb kn. BÀ. tPm¬k³ 1967 Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ Iq¯-¼-eþ \nÀ½m-W- ]-T-\hpw KthjWhpw \S-̄ n-b-Im-e¯v Cu Iq¯-¼ew Iv AÛp-X-s¸-«-Xmbn ]d-bp-¶p. C¶pw \qdp-I-W-¡n\v X¨p-imkv{X hnZKv[cpw, Kth-j-Icpw Chn-Sps¯ Iq¯-¼-e-¯nÂ h¶v \nco-£-W-§fpw ]T-\-§fpw \S-̄ p-¶p.

tIm«bw s]mXn-bnÂ NmIy-m·mÀ¡pw \§ym·mÀ¡pamWv lcn-̧ mSv t£{X¯nÂ Iq¯v \S-̄ m-\pÅ Ah-Im-iw. Ch-cpsS Hcp imJ t£{X-̄ n\p ]Sn-ªm-dp-hiw Ct¸mgpw Xma-kn-¡p-¶pv Ch-sc- Iq-SmsX tIc-f-¡-c-bnse ]e {]apJ NmIy-m·mcpw ChnsS X§fpsS Ignhv {]ZÀin¸n-̈ n-«pv. ]g-b-Im-e¯v aq¶v DÕ-h-§Ä¡pw XpSÀ¨m-bmbn F«v Znh-khpw; IqSmsX IÀ¡n-S-am-k-̄ nÂ apgp-h³ Znh-khpw Iq¯v ]Xn-hpmbncp-¶-Xmbn ]g-bt£{Xw tcJ-I-fnÂIm-Wmw. Ct¸mÄ \h-cm-{Xnbv¡v kc-kzXn ]qP \S-̄ p-¶Xpw k]vXm-l-§Ä \S-̄ p-¶Xpw Chn-sS-bm-Wv.

t£{X-a-Xn-en-\p-]p-d-̄ pÅ {]tZ-i-§Ä IqsS DÄs¸-«-XmWv t£{X-k-t¦Xw. t£{X-a-XnÂ¡v ]pd¯v he-̄ p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn \Zn-bv¡p-k-am-\-amb hnim-e-amb t£{X-¡pfw (Bdm-«p-Ipfw) ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p. tIc-f-̄ nse t£{X-¡p-f-§-fnÂ, hnkvXr-Xn-bnÂ H¶mw Øm\-̄ p -

\nÂ¡p¶XmWv Cu Ipfw. AXpsImp-Xs¶ ‘s]cpw-Ipfw’ (hen-b-Ipfw) F¶-t]-cnÂ {]i-kvX-am-Wv. Bdp-Ip-f-¸p-c-IÄ DÄ¸sS ]Xn-t\-gp-I-S-hpIÄ \mep-h-i-̄ p-ambn Dv. sImÃ-hÀjw 1106------ --þÂ t£{X-Ipfhp-w Ipf-̧ p-c-Ifpw hn]p-e-ambn ]p\À\nÀ½mWw \S¯n. hen-b th\Â¡m-e¯pw Cu Ipf-̄ nÂ kpe-̀ -ambn Pew-ImWpw. A©v G¡-tdmfw hnkvXr-Xn-bpÅ CuIp-f-̄ n-emWv [\p-am-k-¯nse amÀI-gn- D-Õ-h¯nsâ Bdm«v. Cu Ipf-¯nsâ Ing¡v sX¡v aqe-bnÂ ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ \qäm-p-IÄ ]g-¡-apÅ BÂa-c-̄ nsâ Nph-«nse Xd-bnÂ D]-tZ-h-·m-cmb Ipcp-Xn-Im-a-t\bpw ]©-an-tbbpw {]Xn-jvvTn¨ncn¡p-¶p. Cu BÂ¯-d-bv¡p -In-g-¡mbn Hcp Icn¦Â aÞ]w Dv. CXnse XqWp-Ifpw inev]-th-e-I-fmÂ Aew-Ir-X-am-Wv.

hS-¡p-h-i-̄ pÅ s]cpw-Ipfw IqSmsX t£{X-̄ n\p ap³h-i¯v he-̄ p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn asäm-cp-Ipfw IqsS-bp-v. CXv the-¡pfw F¶-t]-cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. the-¡pf-̄ n\v ]Sn-ªm-dp-̀ m-K¯v t£{X¯nse aq¶m-as¯ B\-s¡m-«nepw Dv . DÕ-h-Im-e-§-fnÂ Ipf-̄ nÂ the-Ifn \S-¯p-¶Xv Chn-sS-bm-Wv. the-¡pf-̄ nsâ hS-¡p-]-Snªmdmbn \nd-I-XnÀ BÂ¯d Dv. Cu BÂ acwIq-SmsX t£{X-̄ nsâ ap³h-i¯v thtdbpw \mev Bep-IÄ Dv t£{X-̄ n-\p-]-Sn-ªmdv \qdv hmc AIse ]Ånth« Bepw Dv. t£{X-̄ n\pap³h-i¯v Gähpw Ing¡v \nÂ¡p¶ kt¦X Ben\v ]Sn-ªm-dp-h-i-̄ mbn IÂh©n (Ic-n¦-ÃnÂ \nÀ½n¨ ImWn¡ h©n) a®v aqSn-In-S-¸pv. B[p-\nI-co-Xn-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ Hcp ImWn¡ aWvU]w henb B\-s¡m«nensâ Ing-¡p-̀ m-K-¯mbn Dv. t£{X-̄ n\p sX¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn tZiob-]m-X-þ47 t\m-Sv tNÀ¶v 1986þse tImSn-bÀ¨\kvamc-I-ambn \nÀ½n¨ Hcp Ae-¦mc tKm]p-chpw, Ingt¡ \-SbnÂ 2005 þse -̀ m-KhX k{X-̄ nsâ kvamc-I-ambn \nÀ½n¨ Hcp Ae-¦mc tKm]p-chpw ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p. the-¡pf-̄ n\v ]Sn-ªm-dp-̀ m-K¯v B[p-\nI-co-Xn-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ Hcp HmUntÁmdnbhpw Dv. ]gbIme¯v \mSphmgnIfmb cmPm¡·mÀ t£{X ZÀi\¯n\pwaÁpw F¯ntNcpwt¼mÄ X§nbncp¶ Hcp sIm«mcw s]cpw-Ipfw¯n\v Ing¡p`mK¯mbn ØnXnsN¿p¶p.

t£{Xk-t¦Xw



s]cpw-Ipfw (-t£{XIpfw)

-Ingt¡\S



the¡pfw



Ae¦mctKm]pcw

]Sn-ªmtdtKm-]p-c-w



t£{XLS\



{io kp{_-ÒWykzman kp{_-ÒWykzmanbmWv {][m\ tZh³ IrjvW-in-e-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ NXpÀ_mlp hn{Kl

{]XnjvT(aqe-_nw-_w) IqSmsX ]©-tem-l-̄ nepw (AÀ¨-\m-_nw_w), shÅn-bn-epw ({io_en_nw_w þbm{Xm_nw_w) \nÀ½n¨ NXpÀ_mlp kp{_-ÒWy hn{Kl§-fpapv . \ntXy\ X¦-\nÀ½n-X-amb Xncp-hm-̀ -c-W-§fpw, hntijZnh-k-§-fnÂ cXv\-§Ä ]Xn¨ hnti-jm-̀ -c-W-§fpw NmÀ¯p-¶p. kpc-£m-Im-c-W§fmÂ C¶v \nXyhpw Xncphm`-c-W-§Ä NmÀ¯p¶ ]Xn-hnÃ!

[ym\w “kv^pc·IpS]{X IpWvUe hn`qjnXw N¼Iþ

{kPm IenX IÔcw IcbptK\ iànw ]hnw Z[m\aYhm ISoIenX hmalkvtXjvSZw

Kplw LpkyW`mkpcw kvacXp ]oXhmtkmhkw.” tim`n¨ncnbv¡p¶ aIpS§sfs¡mpw, ]{XIpÞe§sfs¡mpw `qjnX\pw,

sN¼IamesImp Ae¦cnbv¡s¸« Igpt¯mSpIqSnbh\pw hes¯ I¿nÂ iàntbbpw, FSs¯ I¿nÂ ]hntbbpw, AsÃ¦nÂ hes¯ I¿nÂ hct¯bpw, FSs¯ I¿v ISn{]tZi¯v [cnbv¡p¶h\pw, aª¸«pSp¯h\pw, knµqchÀ®wt]mse tim`nbv¡p¶h\pamb (Ip¦paw NmÀ¯nbh\pamb) kp{_-ÒWys\ kvacnbv¡Ww.

{]mÀ°\m a{´w “jUm\\w Ip¦pacà hÀ®w almaXnw Znhy abqc hml\w cq{Zky kq\pw kpcssk\y\mYw

Kplw kZmlw icWw {]]tZy.”

D]-tZ-h-·mÀ :þ alm-K-W]Xn, Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n, tKmim-e-Ir-jvW³, {io[À½-im-kvXm-hv, b£n, Ipcp-Xn-Im-a³, ]©-an.

1. alm-K-W-]Xn (hnLvt\-iz-c³) {][m\ {iotIm-hn-enÂ sXt¡-\-S-bnÂ NXpÀ_mlp KW-]Xn hn{Kl {]XnjvT. \ntXy\

cmhnse A`n-tj-Ihpw, \nth-Zyhpw,]qPbpw \S-̄ p-¶p. [ym\w

“knµq-cm`w {Xnt\{Xw ]rYp-X-c-P-Tcw lkvX-]-ZvssaÀ±-[m\w Z´w ]mim-¦p-ti-jvSm-\ypcp-I-c-hnekÂ _oP ]qcm-̀ n-cmaw _mte-µp-tZym-X-sauenw KP-]-Xn-h-Z\w Zm\-]qcmÀ{Z KWvUw t`mKo-{µm-_-²-̀ qjw `PX KW-]Xnw cà-h-kv{Xmw-K-cm-Kw.”

knµqc hÀ®\pw, ap¡-®-\pw, hen-b-h-b-dp-Å-h\pw sIm¼v,Ibdv, tXm«n, \mc§ F¶n-hsb \mep-ssI-I-fnÂ [cn-̈ -h\pw, inc-ÊnÂ N{µ-¡-e-sImv Ae-¦-cn-¡-s¸-«-h\pw B\-bpsS apJw DÅ-h\pw, Nph¶hkv{X-§-sf-s¡m-pw Ipdn-¡q-«p-I-sf-s¡mpw tim`n-¡p-¶--h-\p-amb KW]Xn `K-hms\ `Pn-¡p-¶p.

{]mÀ°\m a{´w “GI-Z´w alm-Imbw X]vX-Im-©\ k¶n`w

ewt_m-Zcw hnim-em£w htµƒlw KW-\m-bIw.” KW]-Xnbv¡v {][m-\-h-gn-]m-SpIÄ þ Idp-I-ame, {Xna-[pcw, \mfo-tIcw, ]mbkw, A¸w \nthZyw; apgp-¡m-̧ v, F® A`n-tj-Iw.

{][m\ tZh³, D]-tZ-h-·mÀ



2. Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n ({ioa-lm-tZ-h³) {iotIm-hn-enÂ sXt¡-\-S-bn-emWv Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n-bpsS (inh-enw-K) {]XnjvT. {][m\ inh-t£-{X-§Ä DÄs¸sS ]te t£{X§-fnepw Zn¡p-IÄ Im«p¶ b{ -́s¯-t¸mse Z£nWmaqÀ¯n {]Xn-jvT sX¡p-̀ m-K¯p- Im-Wm-hp-¶-XmWv. \ntXy\ A`n-tj-Ihpw, \nth-Zyhpw ]qP-Ifpw Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯nbv¡pw \S¯p¶p.

[ym\w “{iossI-emtk ipIm-ssZy-Èn-h-X-c-h-S-aqte

\njt®m \ntjhyx IrtXzm-scu hma]mZw Ink-e-b-ar-Zpew

Z£ntW Z£-sshcnx _n{`mtWm tZmÀ`n-c-£-{kPaarX LSw

]pkvXIw Úm\-ap{Zmw `qbmXv `qssXy N apssày aa cP-X\nt`m

Z£nWm aqÀ¯n iw`qx”

ssIem-k-̄ nÂ awK-e-amb hS-hr-£-̄ nsâ Nph-«nÂ Ccn-¡p-¶h\pw, ipIm-Zn-I-fmb alÀjn-am-cmÂ tkhn--bv¡-s¸Sp¶h\pw, CS-s¯-]mZw hes¯ XpS-taÂ sh¨n-cn-bv¡p-¶-h\pw, Z£s\ \n{Kln¨-h\pw, ssII-fnÂ A£-ame, Aar-X-Ipw`w, ]pkvXIw, Úm\-ap{Z F¶nh [cn-bv¡p¶h\pw; shÅn-bpsS \ndapf-f-h\pw Bb Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n-bmb iw`p sFiz-cyhpw tam£hpw \ÂI-s«.

{]mÀ°\m a{´w “\a-Èn-hmb im´mb ip²mb ]c-am-ßt\

\nÀ½-emb {]k-¶mb Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯tb \a:” ]pdw-hn-f¡v, Iqh-f-̄ n³ame, IZ-fn-]-gw, ]mbkw \nth-Zyw, `kvaw NmÀ¯v F¶nh {][m\

hgn-]m-Sp-IÄ BWv.

3. tKmim-e-Ir-jvW³ \me-¼-e-̄ n-\p-]p-d¯v sX¡v Ing¡v `mK¯v ]Sn-ªm«p ZÀi-\-ambn tKmim-e-Ir-jvWsâ

Ccp-I-c-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb hn{Kl {]Xn-jvT-bpÅ Xncph¼mSn. Imen-t¡m-ep-ambn \nÂ¡p¶ tKm]m-e-_me hn{Klw IrjvWin-e-bn-emWv \nÀ½n¨ncn-¡p-¶-Xv.- \n-tXz\ cmhnse A`n-tj-Iw, -ssh-Ip-t¶cw Zo]m-c-m[\, cp-t\cw \nth-Zyw, ]qP-IÄ F¶nh \S-̄ p-¶p.- Nn-§-am-k-̄ nse AjvS-an-tcm-ln-Wn-\mÄ hnti-jmÂ ]qP, cm{Xn-bnÂ \h-Im-̀ n-tj-Iw,- {io-̀ q-X-_en F¶n-h-bpw, taS-am-k-̄ nÂ hnjp Ignªv A©mw Znhkw sImSn Ibdn Bdv Znhkw \np-\nÂ¡p¶ DÕ-hhpw Dv. Nn¯nc DÕh¯nsâ 10-þmw Znhkw tKmim-e-Ir-jvW\pw {][m\ tZh-\mb kp{_-ÒWy kzman-tbm-sSm¸w Bdm«p \S-̄ p-¶p. Nn-§-am-k-̄ nse XncpthmW\mfpw hntijambn sImmSnbncp¶p. ]qame, F® A`n-tjIw, ]mÂ A`nt-jIw, apgp-¡m¸v, ]mÂ¸m-b-kw, {Xna-[pcw, AhnÂ \nthZyw F¶nh {][m\ hgn-]m-Sp-IÄ BWv.

[ym\w “IrjvtWm \x inJn-]n-©vOkwbpX-ItNm

_mem-IrXnx IÀ®tbmþ cpZy-XvIp-WvUe `qjn-tXm-e-Ip-SIw lkvtX hl³ Z£n-tW.

tZmÀÆmaw kZcw IsSu hn\n-Z[þ Ãw _m{K-aÀt²mcpIw _n{` ±o]vXhn`q-jWw apc-fntXm

ct£Zv ØntXm tKm{htP.”



D]tZhmeb§Ä



abnÂ¸oen AWnª Xncp-ap-Sn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw _me-kz-cq-]nbpw ImXp-I-fnÂ Xnf-§p¶ IpWvU-e-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw he-̄ p-ssI-¿nÂ Imen-t¡mÂ [cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-h\pw CSw-ssI¿v Ac-sI-«nÂ tNÀ¯v h¨n-cn-¡p¶-h\pw AÀt²m-cpIw (XpS-bpsS ]Ip-Xnhsc ad-̈ p-Sp-¡p¶ hkv{Xw) DSp-̄ n-«p-Å-h\pw tim`n-¡p¶ B`-c-W-§Ä [cn-¡p-¶-h\pw tKmIp-e-̄ nÂ ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-h\pw Bb IrjvW³ R§sf c£n-t¡-W-sa.

{]mÀ°\m a{´w “IrjvWmb hmkp-tZ-hmb lctb ]c-am-ßt\

{]WX-t¢-i-\mimb tKmhn-µmb \tam\a-x”

4. {io[À½-im-kvXmhv \me-¼-e-̄ n-\p-]p-d¯v ]Sn-ªmdv sX¡v `mK-̄ mbn Ing-t¡m«p ZÀi-\-ambn {io[À½-im-

kvXm-{]-XnjvT . \ntXy\ A`n-tj-Ihpw, \nth-Zyhpw ]qPbpw sshIp-t¶cw Zo]m-cm-[-\bpw \S-̄ p-¶p. s\¿v A`n-tjIw, \oem-RvP-\w, apgp-¡m¸v , FÅv, ]mb-kw \nthZyw F¶nh {][m\ hgn-]m-Sp-IÄ BWv. Nn¯nc DÕ-h-̄ n\v {][m\ tZh-\mb kp{_-ÒWy kzman-tbm-sSm¸w {io [À½-im-kvXm-hn-t\bpw Fgp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ sImSn-tbäpw Bdm«pw H¶pw ]Xn-hnÃ. ae Imehpw aIchnf¡pw hn]peambn sImmSp¶p.

[ym\w “[ymtb-̈ mcp PSm-\n-_² aIpSw Znhymw-_cw Úm\-apþ t{ZmZy±£Icw {]k¶ hZ\w Pm\p-Ø-l-kvtX-Xcw taL-iym-af tImafw kpc\pXw {iotbmK ]«mw-_cw hnÚm\ {]Za {]tab kpjaw {io`q-X-\mYw hn`pw.”



`wKnbpÅ PSm-Pq-S-̄ nt·Â [-cn¨ Inco-S-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw, Znhy-hkv{Xw [cn-̈ -h\pw he-t¯ I-¿nÂ Úm\ap{ZtbmSp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw {]k-¶-ap-J\pw, atä ssI ImÂap«n-t·Â h¨n-cn-¡p¶h\pw taLw-t]mse Idp¯p an\p-̄ -h\pw tZh-·m-cmÂ kvXpXn¡-s -̧Sp¶-h-\pw, tbmK-]-«-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw hnZysb {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶-h\pw kÀÆ-hym-]n-bp-amb `qX-\m-Ys\ [ym\n-bv¡-Ww.

{]mÀ°\m a{´w “`qX-\m-Y, kZm-\-µ, kÀÆ-̀ q-X-Z-bm-]c!

c£- c£ alm_mtlm, imkvt{X-Xp`yw \tam \a-x”

5. b£n t£{X-̄ n\p ap³]nÂ DÅ Iq¯-¼-e-̄ n-emWv b£n {]XnjvT. hmÂI-®m-Sn-bpsS BIr-

Xn-bn-epÅ {]XnjvTbv¡v \nXyhpw A`n-tj-Ihpw \nth-Zyhpw \S-̄ p-¶p. iÀ¡c ]mb-k \nthZyamWv {][m\ hgn-]mSv.

[ym\w “kvatcÂ N¼-I-Im-´msc cXv\-knw-lmks\ ØnXmw kphÀ®{]`mw cXv\-̀ q-jm`ncmamw P]m-]pjv] kÑmb þ hmtkm-bp-KmVymw IpN-̀ -c-\-X-a²yw Ip¦p-am-Zym-\p-te]mw

\aX cXnIcowXmw b£nWoanjvSknss²y.”

6. Ipcp-Xn-Im-a\pw ]©-anbpw t£{X-a-XnÂ¡v ]p-d¯v hS-¡p-In-g¡v s]cpw-Ip-f-t¯mSv tNÀ¶v BÂ¯-d-bnÂ

IpcpXnIma-t\bpw (]oT-{]-XnjvT), ]©-an-tbbpw {]Xn-jvTn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ch cpw imtàb tZh-X-IfmWv.

7. KW-]Xn t£{X-\m-e-¼-e-̄ n\p ]pd¯v _en-¡-̧ p-c-bpsS sX¡v -̀ m-K-̄ mbn hnf¡pamSt¯mSv

tNÀ¶v Hcp KW-]Xn {]Xn-jvT-IqsS Dv. ChnSps¯ ]qPm-Zn-IÀ½-§fpw ASn-b-ń-c-§fpw lcn-̧ mSv Xangv {_mÒW kaq-l-a-T-̄ nÂ\n¶v \S¯p¶p. tZh-kz-̄ nÂ \n¶v {]tXyI Nne-sh-gp-s¯m-¶p-an-Ã. \ntXy\ cp-t\-chpw ]qPIÄ \S-¡p¶ Chn-Sps¯ {][m-\-h-gn-]mSv apgp-¡m¸v, tamZ-Iw \nthZyw, Idp-I-ame, F¶n-h-bm-Wv. hn\m-bI NXpÀ°nbpw aäpw BtLm-j-]qÀÆw sImm-Sp-¶p.

t£{X-̄ nsâ aqe-Øm-\-amb IogvXr-t¡m-hnenÂ kvIµs\ ZÀin¨v s]cpwXrt¡m-hn-enÂ

{]th-in¨v [zPwþ hml\w, hnLvt\iz-c³, b£n, tKm-imeIrjvW³, {io[À½-imkvXmhv F¶n-hsc hµn¨v {]Z-£n-W-ambn h¶v _en-¡-̧ p-c- IS¶v kp{_Ò-Wy-kzm-ansb hµn¨v, sXt¡-\-S-bnse KW-]-Xn, Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n F¶n-hsc hµn¨v {]Z£n-W-ambn h¶v hopw kvIµ-tZ-hs\ hµn-¡p-I. (Ipcp-Xn-Im-a-t\bpw ]©-an-tbbpw bYm-hn[n hµn-¡p-I.)

shfp¸n\v 4.00\v ]Ån-D-WÀ¯Â 4.30\v Xncp\S-Xp-d-¡Â \nÀ½meyZÀi\w

hn[n-{]-Im-c-apÅ ZÀi-\-{Iaw

\nXy-]qP-IÄ (ASn-b-́ n-c-§Ä)



4.45 \pw 5.30 \pw at²y A`n-tjIw (F®A`n-tj-Iw, iwJm-̀ ntjIw) 5.30 \v aeÀ ({Xna[pc) \nthZyw cmhnse 6.00 \pw 6.30\pw at²y Dj:¸qP 6.30\pw 7.00 \pw at²y FXr¯-̧ qP 7.00\pw 7.30\pw at²y Dj {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån¸v 7.45\pw 8.30 \pw at²y ]ó-cSn ]qP (k]-cn-hm-c-]q-P) 8.45 \v ]©-K-hy, \h-II-e-i-]qP 10.00\pw 10.30 \pw at²y ]©-K-hy, \h-I-I-e-im-̀ n-tjIw D¨bv¡v 10.45 \pw 11.15\pw at²y D¨-̧ qP (k]-cn-hm-c-]qP ) 11.30 \v D¨-{io-_en Fgp-¶-Ån¸v XpSÀ¶v Xncp\S-A-Sbv¡Â sshIn«v 5.00\v Xncp\S-Xp-d-¡Â 6.30\pw 7.00\pw at²y Zo]m-cm-[\ cm{Xn 7.15\pw 7.45 \pw at²y A¯m-g-̧ qP 7.45\pw 8.00 \pw at²y A¯mg {io_en Fgp-¶Ån¸v 8.00 \v Xncp\SAS-bv¡Â

shfp-̧ n\v Hm¦mc [z\n¡v kZr-iy-amb iwJv apg¡n ]Ån DWÀ¯p-¶p. H¸w XInÂ \mK-kzcw F¶o hmZy-§fpw hmbn-¡p-¶p. ]Ån-D-WÀ¯-en-\p-tijw \nÀ½m-ey-ZÀi\-̄ n-\mbn {iotIm-hnÂ \S-Xp-d-¡p-¶p. NmÀ¯n-b-am-e-Ifpw apgp-¡m¸pw amän aqe_nw-_-̄ nÂ A`n-tj-I-̄ n-\pÅ Hcp-¡-§Ä ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v FsÅ-® A`n-tjIw \S-̄ p-¶p. C© (Hcp-Xcw apÄs¨-Sn-bpsS sXmen þ Huj-[-Kp-W-ap-ÅXv ) D]-tbm-Kn¨v hn{K-l-̄ nÂ ]än-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xmb F®-tX-̈ p-I-f-bp-¶p. D¯-c-tI-c-f-̄ nÂ C©bv¡v ]Icw hmI-s¸mSn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. hn{K-lw -I-gpIn hr¯nbm-¡n-b-Xn-\p- tijw thZ a{´§Ä sNmÃn iwJv Pew- sImv A`n-tjIw (iwJm-̀ n-tjIw) \S-̄ p-¶p. A`n-tj-I-̄ n-\ptijw ame, DS-bmS, B`-c-W-§Ä F¶nh AWn-bn-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v aecpw, {Xna-[p-chpw \nth-Zn-¡p¶p.

{]`m-X-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn BZy ]qP-bmb Djx¸qP \S-¯p-¶p. ]mÂ¸m-bkw, iÀ¡c]mbkw (Djx]mbkw), shÅ\nthZyw Ch-bmWv Cu ]qP-bv¡pÅ \nth-Zy-§Ä. XpSÀ¶v cm-as¯ ]qP-bmb FXr¯-]q-P-bmWv, Cu ]qPbv¡v shÅ \nth-Zy-am-Wv. FXr¯ ]qP-bv¡p-tijw Djx {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån¸v \S-̄ p-¶p. {io_-enbv¡v NXpÀ_m-lp-shÅn kp{_-ÒWy hn{Klw I¿nÂ FSp¯v Fgp-¶-f-fn-¡p-¶p. {io_-en-bpsS BZy-N-S§v hnf¡v h¨v ]mWn sIm«-em-Wv. {io_-en-bpsS ]mWnbv¡v Xnan-ebpw tN§n-e-bpw-sIm-«m-dmWv ]Xn-hv; F¦nepw Nne t£{X-§-fnÂ iwJp-IqsS ]Xn-hp-v. hnti-jm-h-k -cMfnse {io`q-X-_-en-bpsS ]mWnbv¡v iwJp-w thWw. Kpcp-hm-bqÀ t]mse aäp Nne t£{X-§-fnÂ tN§ne am{Xw km[m-cW ]mWnbv¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. {io_-en¡v ]mWn sIm«n-¡-gn-ªmÂ _en-Xq-IÂ Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶p. BZyw {iotIm-hn-en-\p-ÅnÂ ZzmØ-·m-cmb kpIp-am-c\pw `{Z-tk-\\pw _en-Xq-Ip-¶p. XpSÀ¶v {iotIm-hn-en\v Npäp-ambn DÅ _en-]o-T-§-fnÂ ZnIv]m-e-IÀ¡pw k]vX-am-Xr-¡Ä¡pw XqIp-¶p.- c-v {]-Z-£n-W-t¯msS AIs¯ _en-Xq-IÂ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶p. CXn-t\m-sSm¸w kp{_-ÒWy hn{K-lhpw Fgp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶p. \nÀ½mey [mcnbv¡v XqIp-¶-tXmsS AIs¯ _en-Xq-IÂ Ah-km-\n-¡pw. Pew, KÔw (N-µ-\w), ]qhv, lhnÊv (sh-Å-t¨mÀ) Ch-bm-Wv {io_en¡v XqIp-¶-Xv. _en-¡-̧ p-c-bn-eqsS ]pd-t¯-bv¡nd-§p¶ {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ nsâ BZy {]Z-£n-W-̄ n\v Xncp-apä¯v \mep hi-̄ pÅ _en-]o-T-̄ nepw Ah-km\w _en-¡-̧ p-c-bn-epÅ henb _en-¡-Ãnepw _en XqIp-¶p. hopw cv {]Z-£nWw IqsS ]pds¯ {]Z-£nWhgn-bn-eqsS ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-b-Xn-\p-tijw \me-¼-e¯n-\p-ÅnÂ {]th-in-¡p¶ Fgp-¶Ån¸v {iotIm-hn-en\v Hcp he-̄ p-IqSn ]qÀ¯n-bm¡n {iotIm-hnen-\pÅ-nÂ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v; \me-¼-e-̄ n\v AI¯pw ]pd¯pw aq¶p {]Z-£nWw hoX-am-Wp-Å-Xv. tZhsâ ap¶n-embn cv hnf-¡p-IÄ ]nSn-̈ mWv Fgp-¶-Å¯v.

Dj:{io_-enbv¡v tijw {][m-\- ]q-P-bmb ]ó-c-Sn-̧ qP Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶p. IqSp-XÂ kabw FSp¯p sN¿p¶ Cu k]-cn-hmc ]qPbv¡v FÃm-tZ-h-X-IÄ¡pw ]qP \S-̄ p-¶p. shÅ \nthZyw, CSn¨p ]ngnªp ]mbkw, iÀ¡-c-]m-bkw XpS-§nb {]tXyI \nth-Zy-§Ä; ]g-b-Im-e¯v CS-bv¡,



a±-fw, hoW XpS§n hntij hmZy-§fpw ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶p. ]ó-c-Sn- ]qP ZÀin¨v sXmgp-¶Xv t{ijvT-ambn Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.

\ntXy\ ]©-Khy \hI Ie-im-̀ n-tj-I-§Ä \S-¡p¶ A]qÀÆw t£{X-§-fnÂ H¶mWv lcn-̧ mSv t£{Xw. ]©-Khyw tZmj-i-a-\-̄ n\pw \hIw ssNX\y hÀ²-\-bv¡p-am-Wv. Khy-§Ä (tKm-c-k-§Ä) AYhm ]ip-hnÂ \n¶v e`n-¡p¶ ck-§-fmb ]mÂ, ssXcv, s\¿v, tKmaq-{Xw, NmWIw F¶o As©®w IqSn-b-Xm-Wv ]©-K-hyw. Ch Hmtcm¶pw {]tXyI Af-hnÂ tNÀ¯v, Hmtcm¶v tNÀ¡p¶ ka-b¯pw {]tXy-I-amb thZ-a-{´-§Ä P]n¨vþIei-̄ nÂ \nd-bv¡p¶p. {]tXy-I-ambn X¿m-dm-¡p¶ ]ß-§-fnÂ 9 Ie-i-§Ä (\n-tXy\ shÅn-¡-ei-§Ä D]-tb-mKn-¡p-¶p) \qÂ Npän-sh¨v Bene Ip¼nÄ sImv amhne sImpm¡nb Ipg-en-eqsS a{ -́§Ä sNmÃn XoÀ°-Pew (N-µ-\w, AjvS-K-Ôw, A£Xw XpS-§n-b-h-bn-«-Xv) \nd¨v ]qPn-¡p-¶p. C§s\ \S-̄ p¶ Iei-]qP IgnªmÂ D¨-¸qP Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶p. D¨-̧ q-P-bpsS kv\m\-L-«-̄ nÂ ]qPn-̈ p-\n-d-̈ -Xmb ]©-K-hyhpw \h-Ihpw A`n-tjIw \S-̄ p-¶p. BZyw ]©-Khyw A`n-tjIw sN¿p-¶p. ]©-Khy]mbkw (iÀ¡-c-]m-b-kw) \nth-Zn-¡p¶p; AXn-\p-tijw \h-I-Ie-i-§Ä {Ia-a-\p-k-cn¨v Hmtcm¶pw A`ntjIw \S-̄ p-¶p. Ah-km-\-ambn a²y-̄ n-epÅ {_Ò-I-e-ihpw BSn, \ocm-RvP-\hpw Dgn-bp-¶p. \hI ]©-Khy XoÀ°w kw`-cn¨v `à-P-\-§Ä¡v tkhn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn sImSp-¡p-¶p. XoÀ°w tkhn-¡p-¶Xv `à-P-\-§sf kw_-Ôn-̈ n-St¯mfw Bć ipNn-Xz-̄ n\pw Bß-ssN-X\y hÀ²-\bv¡pw Imc-W-am-Wv. XoÀ°-§Ä s]mXpsh cv hn[-am-Wv. ]pWym-ßm-¡-fp-tSbpw aäpw ImÂI-gp-In-¡p-¶-Xmb, tZl¯p Xfn-bv¡p-hm-\pÅ XoÀ°-hpw, tZh-hn-{K-l-̄ nepw aäpw A`n-tjIw \S-̄ nb tkhn-¡p-hm-\pÅ XoÀ°hpw. A`n-tjIw \S-̄ nb XoÀ°w ]m{X-§fnÂ kw`-cn¨v sImSp-¡p-¶Xv tkhnbv¡pI, HmhnÂ¡qsS hcp¶ Pew tkhn-¡m-\p-Å-XÃ; thW-sa-¦nÂ tZl¯v Xfn-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

\h-I-I-e-im-̀ n-tj-I-̄ n\p tijw D¨-̧ qP ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶p. shÅ \nth-Zy-hpw, ]mÂ¸m-b-khpw CSn¨p ]ngnªp ]mb-khpw BWv D¨-̧ q-P-bpsS \nth-Zy-§Ä. D¨-̧ q-Pbv¡v tijw D¨-{io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ m-Wv. D¨-{io-_-enbv¡v tijw t£{X \S ASbv¡p¶p.

sshIpw-t¶cw A©v aWnbv¡v t£{X \S ZÀi-\-¯n-\mbn Xpd-¡p-¶p. Nµ\w apgp-¡m¸v NmÀ¯n ame-IÄ sImpw aäpw tZh-hn-{Klw Ae¦-cn-¡p¶p. kÔybv¡v Zo]m-cm-[\ \S-̄ p-¶p. Bc-Xn-hn-f-¡p-IfnÂ (X«v, \mK, ]ÀÆX hnf-¡p-IÄ) IfnÂ s\¿v̄ n-cn-bn«v tZh-hn-{K-l-̄ nÂ BcXn Dgn-bp¶ NS-§mWv Zo]m-cm-[-\. Cu kabw t£{X-̄ n\v AI¯pw ]pd¯pw [mcmfw hnf-¡p-IÄ sXfn-bn-̈ n-cn-¡pw, IqSmsX t£{X-̄ n-epÅ henb aWn apg-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

cm{Xn A¯m-g-̧ q-Pbv¡v shÅ \nth-Zyhpw, A¯m-g-̧ q-P-bnÂ {]k-¶-]q-Pbv¡v s\¿-̧ w, Im¨nb ]ip-hn³ ]mÂ, Icn¡v (C-f-\oÀ), shän-e]m¡v Chbpw BWv \nth-Zy-§Ä. A¯m-g-¸q-Pbv¡v tijw A¯m-g-{io-_en Fgp-¶-Ån¸v \S-̄ p-¶p. {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-¸n\v tZh-hn-{K-l-̄ n\v 3 NphSv ]pd-In-embn tZh-\m-a-§Ä Iq«-ambpw Häbv¡pw sNmÃn-s¡mv {]Z-£nWw hbv¡p-¶Xv t{ijvT-amb IÀ½am-Wv. \ntXy\ aq\v {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\pw {]Z-£nWw hbv¡p-¶-hÀ¡v kÀÆ sFiz-cy-§fpw kn²nbv¡pw. A¯mg {io_-en¡v tijw t£{Xw AS-bv¡p-¶p. (1917 se lcn-̧ mSv tZhkzw ]Xnhv ]pkvXIw A²ymbwþ5 \nXy\nZm\w).

[ym\hpw a{´-P-]hpw ]qÀ®-ambn am\-knI {Inb BsW-¦nepw ]qP F¶Xv Nne D]-I-c-W-§Ä sImpw km[\ kma-{Kn-IÄ (hkvXp-¡Ä) sImpw \S-̄ p¶ IÀ½-am-Wv. icocw IqsS Cu IÀ½-̄ nÂ `mK-̀ m-¡m-hp-¶XpsImv a\-Ên\v ]qÀ®-amb tI{µo-I-cWw In«p-¶p. ico-c-L-S-I-§-fmb ]©-̀ q-X-§-tfbpw (P-ew, ]rYznþNµ-\w, BIm-iwþ]pjv]w, hmbp-þ-[q-]w, Aán-þ-Zo]w) tZh\p kaÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw, a\-Êp-sImpw ico-cw-sImpw kÀÆ-kzhpw Cuiz-c-\nÂ AÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ tbmKn Cuiz-c³ Xs¶ Bbn-̄ o-cp-¶p. \½psS ico-c-L-S-I-§Ä apgp-h\pw kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-sImv Bcm²y tZh-Xbpw km[-I\pw XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡pI F¶ ]qP-bpsS {][m\ XXzw k^-e-am-Ip¶p. tZh-X-bpsS kq£va cq]-amb a{ -́kv]Ài-\-§Ä At\Iw XhW Dcp-hn«v km[-Isâ hyànXzw tZh-a-b-am-bn-̄ o-cp¶p!

]qPm-L-«-§Ä



]qP-sN-¿p¶ km[-I³ (]q-Pm-cn) a\Èco-c-ip-²n-bp-Åh\pw tbmKy-\mb Hcp BNm-cy-\nÂ \n¶v a{´ ssNX-\yw-þ-a-t{´m-]-tZiw DÄs¡m--h-\pam-bn-cn-¡-Ww. hn[n-{]-Imc-apÅ Zo£bpw A\p-jvTn-¡Ww! P]-̄ n-\pw -]q-P-bv¡p-saÃmw km[-I³ Ønc-ambn Hcn-S-̄ n-cn-bvt¡--Xm-Wv, CXn-\mbn ‘Bh-W-̧ -eI’ D]-tbm-Kn-bv¡p-¶p. IqÀ½ (B-a) BIr-Xn-bn-epÅ Cu ]eI-bpsS intcm-`mKw CS-t¯m«v C«v `qan-kv]Ài-an-ÃmsX Ccp¶v sshZnI a{ -́P-]-t¯msS Kpcp-hn-t\bpw KW-]-Xn-tbbpw hµn-¡p¶p. AXmXv thZn-I-Ä AXmXv thZ-§-fnse a{´-§Ä sNmÃp-¶p. AXmXp tZhsâ Akv{X-a{´w sImv ssI ip²o-I-cn¨v aqe a{´w sImv tZh-Xm-a-b-am-¡nb tijw 10 Zn¡p-I-fpw (8 Zn¡pw IogvtaÂ `mK-§fpw) a{´ ssNX-\y-am-¡p-¶p. AXn-\ptijw {]W-h-a{´w sImpw aqe-a{´w sImpw {]m-Wm-bmaw sN¿p-¶p. CXn-eqsS \mUo kv]µ-\-§Ä¡v a{´ -kv]-µ\cq]w \ÂI-s -̧Sp-¶p. {]mWs\ \nb-{ń-̈ mÂ a\Êpw XZ-\p-km-cn-bmbn hcpw. C{X-bp-amWv tZl-ip-²n-sb¶ {Inb. XpSÀ¶v iwJp-]q-cWw \S-̄ p-¶p. ]qtPm-]-I-c-W-§fpw ]qPm-{Z-hy-§-fpw, kwip-²-am-¡p¶ {]{In-b-bmWv iwJp-]q-c-Ww. ]qPbv¡v 2 InnIfpw (Ejn-am-cpsS Ia-WvU-ep-hnsâ cq]-t`-Zw), iwJnÂ XoÀ°-amb iwJp-Pes¯ Dm¡n iwJns\ iwJp-Im-enÂ shbv¡p¶p. KÔ-amb Nµ\w FSp-¡p-hm-\pÅ HmSw, [q]-¡pän (A-jvS-K-Ô-§Ä C«v ]pI-bv¡p-hm³), sImSn-hn-f¡v (s\-bv¯n-cn-bn«v I¯n-̈ -Xv ), aWn (]q-Pm-aWn) F¶n-h-bmWv aäv {][m\ ]qPm D]-I-c-W-§Ä ]qPbv¡v hbv¡p¶ hnf-¡nÂ I¯n-bv¡p¶ A©v Xncn-IÄ ]t©-{µnb-§-fpsS {]Xo-I-amWv.

- Bßm-cm-[-\-b, ]oT-]q-P-, Bhm-l-\-w F¶nh¡ptijw AÀLy-]m-Zym-N-a-\o-b-§-fmÂ ‘tjmU tim-]-Nm-c-§Ä’ \nÀÆ-ln-bv¡p-¶p. henb ]qP-IÄ¡v Cu kv\m\-L-«-̄ nÂ Ie-i-§fpw aä-̀ n-tj-I-§fpw \S-̄ p-¶p (DZm:þ ]e-a-lm-t£-{X-§fnepw D¨-]q-P-bnse kv\m\-k-a-b¯v ]©-K-hy-\-h-I-I-e-i-§Ä BSm-dp-v). XpSÀ¶v hkv{Xm-e-¦m-c§Ä tZh\v AÀ¸n-bv¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw Pe,- K-Ô, -]p-jv],- [q-], -Zo-]-§pw, \nth-Zy§fpw kaÀ¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn. [q]Zo]mZn-IÄ ImWn-¡p-wt¼mÄ aWn sIm«p-¶p (ap-g-¡p-¶p). cm-aXpw [q]-Zo-]-§Ä kaÀ¸n-̈ mÂ \nthZy ka-b-am-bn. \nthZyw X¿m-dm-¡p¶ XnS-̧ -Ån-bnÂ \n¶p aWn-b-Sn-̈ -Xn-\p-tijw \nthZy ]ZmÀ°-§Ä (]mb-khpw aäpw) {iotIm-hn-en-\p-Ån-tebv¡vv sImp-t]m-Ip¶p. Cu kabw iwJp-\mZw apg-¡p-¶p. CXn-\p-ap-¼mbn \me¼e-̄ nsâ hmXn-ep-I-f-S¨v `à-P-\-§Ä {]th-in-¡p-¶Xv XS-bm-dp-v. Nne t£{X-§-fnÂ hnkvXr-X-amb \me-¼-e§Ä DÅn-S¯v {iotIm-hnÂ hmXnÂ ]mXn Nmcp-Ibpw Bfp-IÄ \Sbv¡v (tkm-]m-\-̄ n-\v) kao]w hcp-¶Xv XS-bp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. \nth-Zy-k-a-b¯v ZÀi-\hpw {]Z-£n-Whpw \njn-²-am-Wv. \nthZyw Ign-bp-¶Xv hsc \Sbv¡pw XnS-̧ Ånbv¡pw (\S-bpsS ap¼n-epÅ C{µ³-þ-_-en-]o-T-̄ n-\pw, AánþXnS-̧ Ånbv¡v kao-]-apÅ _nen]o-T-̄ n\pw) CS-ap-dnªv \S-¡-cp-Xv. tZh\v kaÀ¸n-bv¡m-\mbn ap¼nÂ h¨n-«pÅ \nth-Zy-§Ä BZyw timj-W-þ-Z-l-\-þ-¹mh\mZn {Inb-I-sf-s¡mv ip²o-I-cn¨v s\¿v sImv D]-kvX-cn-̈ -Xn-\p-tijw ]©-{]m-Wm-lqXn sN¿p-¶p. _m¡n-bpÅ \nthZyw (b-Ú-injvSw) {iotIm-hnen\v shfn-bnÂ {]Xn-jvTn¨ AjvS-Zn-¡v]m-eI-cpsS Iq«-̄ nÂ hS-¡pIn-g-¡v`m-K-̄ pÅ \nÀ½mey-[m-cnbv¡v ]©-{]m-Wm-lq-Xn-tbmsS kaÀ¸n-bv¡p-¶p. Cu \nÀ½mey tZh-X-bnÂ \n¶mWv \mw \nthZy injvS-amb AarXw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv! \nthZy injvSw \nÀ½mey-[m-cnbv¡v kaÀ¸n-bv¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w {iotIm-hnÂ \S-b-S¨v ]pd¯v hcp¶ ]qP-I³ sX¡p-̀ m-K-̄ pÅ _en-]o-T-̄ nÂ (A-án) _en-Xq-Ip-¶p. Nne Ah-k-c-§fnÂþIf-̀ hpw DZ-bm-kvX-a-\-]q-Pbpw aäpw DÅ-t¸mÄ CtXm-sSm¸w sshiy-tlm-ahpw \S-̄ p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw D]-Nm-c-{]o-Xn-bv¡mbn sXmgp-Xp-\-a-kv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v hµ\w F¶v ]d-bp¶p. tjmUtim]-Nm-c-]qP CtXmsS ]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶p. ]qP-bpsS {][m-\-]¦pw ]qÀ¯n-bm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

hµ-\-̄ n-\ptijw ssIImÂ IgpIn BN-an¨v aWn-b-Sn¨v \S-Xp-d¶v {iotIm-hnen\p-ÅnÂ {]k-¶-]q-P-IÄ¡mbn t]mIp¶ ]qP-I³ \nÀ½mey[m-cn-bv¡pÅ {]mWm-lq-Xn-I-gn¨v \nthZyw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v {]k-¶-]q-P-bv¡mbn \S hopw AS-bv¡p-¶p. Nne t£{X-§fnÂ \S Xpd-¶mWv ]qP, DZm:þ Bd-·pf ]mÀ°-km-cYn t£{Xw. Cf-\oÀ, s\¿-̧ w, a[pc ê§Ä, shän-e, ]m¡v XpS-§n-b-hbpw \r¯-Ko-X-hm-Zym-Zn-Ifpw kaÀ¸n-bv¡p-¶-Xm-Wv {]k-¶-]q-P. Cu ka-b¯v CS-bv¡, a±fw F¶nh sIm«n ]m«pIÄ ]mSp-¶p (tkm-]m-\-kw-Ko-Xw); ]g-b-Im-e-§-fnÂ \r¯hpw ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶p. hoW XpS-§nb hmZy D]-I-c-W-§fpw hmbn-¡m-dpv! Cu {]k¶ ]qPm ka-b-̄ mWv ]pjv]mRvP-enbpw kl{k\mamÀ¨-\bpw aäpw ]Xn-hpÅXv XpSÀ¶v \S-Xp-d¶v Zo]-§Ä sImv Bc-Xn-bp-gnªv ]qP-bpsS ê-am-bpÅ AarXw iwJp XoÀ° cqt]W ]pd-t¯¡v Xfn-bv¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v ]qPm kaÀ¸Whpw \S-̄ p-¶p.



t£{X-ioÀj-̀ m-K-amb {iotIm-hn-ense KÀ`-Kr-l-¯nÂ hn[n-{]-Imcw \nÀ½n¨v {]Xn-jvTn¨ hn{K-l-̄ nemWv ]qP \S-̄ p-¶-Xv. tIc-f-̄ nse t£{X-§fnse hn{Kl-§Ä IqSp-X-epw inem, Zmcp (¹m-hnsâ Hä-̄ -Sn), ]©-temlw F¶n-h-bnÂ \nÀ½n-̈ -XmWv Xncp-h-\- -́]pcw {io]-ß-\m-̀ -kzm-an-t£-{Xw, Xncp-h-«mÀ t£{Xw, aebme¸pg tZhot£-{Xw F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse hn{Klw ISp-iÀ¡-c-tbm-K-̄ nÂ (km-f-{Km-a-in-e) \nÀ½n-̈ -Xm-Wv. Kpcp-hm-bqÀt£-{X-¯nse AXy´w amÀ±-h-apÅ hnjvWp-hn-{Klw \oe AÚ-\-in-e-bnepw, Xr¸q-Wn-̄ pd ]qÀ®{Xboi t£{X-̄ nse hnjvWp-hn-{Klw ]©-te-ml-̄ nepw (hn¬ine); tNmäm-\n-¡c tZho-t£-{X-̄ nepw Nne inh-t£-{X-§-fnepw cp{Z-in-em-hn-{K-lhpw (cp-{Zm-£-\n-d-t¯m-sSbpÅ sh«p-I-Ãv ); ]md-ta-¡mhv, sN«n-Ip-f-§-c, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ XpS-§nb ]e tZho-t£-{X-§-fnepw Zmcp-hnÂ (¹m-hn³X-Sn-bnÂ) XoÀ¯ hn{K-l-§-fpw, aä-\-h[n t£{X-§fnÂ IrjvW-in-e-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ hn{K-l§fpw BWv. ]g-\n-bnse kvIµ-tZ-h hn{Klw ]mjmW (9 Znhy Huj-[-§Ä) ¯nÂ \nÀ½n-̈ -Xp-am-Wv.

Hmtcm-am-k-̄ nepw \S-̄ p¶ hnti-j-§sf amk-hn-ti-j-§Ä F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. lcn-̧ m«v

t£{X-̄ nÂ ImÀ¯n-I-bpw, jjvTn-bpw BWv {][m\ amk-hn-ti-j§Ä. Ch IqSmsX ]gbIme¯v sNmÆ, shÅn, i\n BgvNIfnÂ BÂhnf¡v DÄ¸sS A[nIambn hnf¡pIÄ I¯n¡pIbpw \me¼ew Xq¡pameIÄ sImv Ae¦cn¡pIbpw (C¶s¯ \ndame) sNbvXncp¶p. FÃm aebmf

amkw H¶mw XobXnbpw, Bbneyw \mfpw ‘\akvImcw’ NS§pw \S¯nbncp¶p.

amk-hn-tij-§Ä



1.ImÀ¯nI:- þ Hmtcm amk-̄ nepw ImÀ¯nI \£-{X-̄ nÂ sImm-Sp-¶p. At¶-Zn-hkw \nXy-hp-apÅ ]qP-IÄ¡v ]pdsa ]ó-c-Sn-̧ q-P-bv¡p-tijw hnti-jmÂ A©p ]qPbpw {io`qX-_-enbpw \S-̄ p-¶p. {io`q-X-_en D¨bvt¡m cm{Xn-tbm \S-̄ m-dmWv ]Xnhv. At¶ Znhkw D¨ {io_en Fgp-¶-Å¯v sshIp-t¶cw abnÂ hml-\-̄ nÂ hml\w Fgp-¶-Å-̄ mbn \S-̄ p-¶p. Bd-·p-f, ssh¡w XpS§n Nne t£{X-§-fnÂ A¯m-g -{io-_-en-bmWv hml\w Fgp-¶Ån-̧ mbn \S-̄ p-¶-Xv.

2.jjvTn: þ FÃmam-k-̄ nepw Idp-̄ -hmhv Ignªv shfp-̄ -]-£-̄ nÂ hcp¶ jjvTn Znhkw hnti-j-am-bn-sIm-m-Sp-¶p. ImÀ¯nI Znh-k-s¯-t¸mse jjvTn Znh-khpw hnti-jmÂ A©p]qP, {io`q-X-_en, abnÂ hml-\-̄ nÂ Fgp-¶Ån-s -̧¶nh \S-̄ p-¶p. Xpem-am-k-̄ nse (ImÀ¯n-I-am-k-¯n-se) jjvTn- kvIµjjvTn-bpw, -hr-Ýn-I-am-k-̄ nse jjvTn Ipam-c-jjvTnbpw Bbn sImm-Sp¶p. At¶ Znhkw `à-P-\-§Ä jjvTn-hr-Xhpw A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p. Cu amkhnti-j§Ä DÕ-h-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ hcp-t¼mÄ B«-hn-ti-j-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\mÂ sImm-Sm-dn-Ã.

Btm-Smv Hmtcm {]tXyI Ah-kc§fnÂ \S-¯p¶ hnti-j-{In-b-Ifpw NS-§p-I-fp-amWv

B«-hn-ti-jw. lcn-¸mSv t£{X-̄ nÂ Xpemwc-hn-kw-{I-aw, aI-c-c-hn-kw-{Iaw (a-I-c-hn-f¡v), taS-c-hn-kw-{I-aw, -IÀ¡n-SI chn-kw-{I-aw, Xr¡mÀ¯n-I, ssX¸q-¿w, {]X-njvTm-kvam-c-IZn-\w, \nd-bpw-þ-]p-̄ -cn-bpw, \h-cm-{Xn]qP-hbv]v F¶nh-bmWv B«-hn-ti-j-§Ä. CXp-Iq-SmsX Xncp-hn-e-ªmÂ tZho-t£-{X-¯nse DÕ-h-̄ nsâ Bdm«v Znh-k-amb ao\-am-k-¯nse ImÀ¯n-I-\mÄ A¯m-g-{io_en cv tZh-X-I-sfbpw Iq«n B\-̧ p-d¯v Fgp-¶Ån¨v hnf-¡mbn \S-̄ p-¶p. HmWw Ignªv hcp¶ aIw \mfpw ]gb Ime¯v hn]p-e-ambn BtLm-jn-̈ n-cp-¶p. At¶-Zn-hkw cmhnse B\-¸p-d¯v {io_en Fgp-¶-fvfn¸v, henb Dcpfn \ndsb (1000 Â ]cw) s\¿¸w Dm¡n tZh\v \nthZn¡Â ChbmWv {][m\ NS§pIÄ. Xpemamk¯nse hmhn\pw {]XzI s\¿¸\nthZyhpw, IÀ¡nSamk¯nse Idp¯hmhn\v A©p\akvImchpw ]Xnhpmbncp¶p. Cu B«-hn-ti-j Znhk§fnÂ FÃmw tZh\v ]cnh«appw NmÀ¯nbncp¶p. XpemImthcn ]pcmW hmb\, amL]pcmWw, sshimJ]pcmWw F¶nh¡pw {]tXyIw XpI tZh-kz-̄ nÂ \n¶pw Nne-sh-gpXn tZhkzw t\cn«v \S-̄ p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. (1917 se lcn-̧ mSv tZhkzw ]Xnhv ]pkvXIw A²ymbwþ6 amkhntijhpw B«hntijhpw). 1. kw{I-aw :-þ Xpemw, taSw, IÀ¡n-SIw F¶o amk-§-fnse kw{I-a-§Ä Xpemw-c-hn-kw-{I-aw, taS-c-hn-kw-{I-aw, IÀ¡n-S-I-c-hn-kw-{Iaw F¶ot]cpI-fnÂ BtLm-jn-¡p-¶p. hnti-jmÂ A©v ]qP, {io`q-X-_-en, sshIp-t¶cw abnÂhm-l-\¯nÂ Fgp-¶-fvfn v̧ (D¨-{io_en) F¶nh \S-̄ p-¶p. F¶mÂ aI-c-c-hn-kw-{I-a-̄ n\v (a-I-c-hn-f-¡n\v ) cmhnse B\-̧ p-d¯v {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ pw, hnti-jmÂ A©p-]q-P-bpw, {io`q-X-_enbpw, IqSmsX D¨-{io_en sshIp-t¶cw B\-¸p-d¯v ImgvN {io_enbmbpw A¯mg {io_-en hnf¡v Fgp¶Ån v̧ (8 {]Z-£n-Ww) Bbpw \S-̄ p-¶p.

2-. Xr-¡mÀ¯nI:-þ hrÝn-I-am-k-̄ nse ImÀ¯n-I-\mÄ kp{_-Ò-Wysâ Xncp-\m-fmbn sImm-Sp-¶p. Xr¡mÀ-̄ nI atlmÂkhw F¶ t]cnÂ BtLm-jn-¡p¶ At¶ Znhkw hnti-jmÂ AjvSm-̀ n-tjIw (F-sÅ®, s\¿v, ]mev, tX³, iÀ¡-c, Cf\oÀ, ]\n-\oÀ, Icn-¼n³ \oÀ), cmhnse B\-̧ p-d¯v {io_en Fgp-¶-fvfn¸v, DZ-bm-kvX-a-\-]qP (]Xn-s\«v ]qP), {io`qX_en, If`m-̀ n-tjIw (tZ-hkzw ]Xn-hnÂ CÃþhgn-]m-Smbn \S-̄ p-¶p.), sshIp-t¶cw henb abnÂ hml-\-̄ nÂ Fgp-¶-Ån¸v þ henb ImWn¡, cm{Xn-bnÂ hnf-s¡-gp-¶-Ån¸v Ch \S-̄ p-¶p. sshIp-t¶cw abnÂ hml-\-̄ nÂ kÀÆm-e¦m-c-hn-̀ q-jn-X\mbn Fgp-¶-Åp¶ kvIµ-s]-cp-am-fns\ ZÀin¨v ImWn-¡-bÀ¸n-bv¡m³ B_m-e-hr²w P\-§fpw t£{X-̄ nÂ F¯n-t¨-cpw. FÃm amkhpw Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n-s\-Sp-¡p-¶-Xmb shÅn-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ hml-\-aÃ Xr¡mÀ¯n-I-Zn-hkw Fgp-¶-Å-̄ n-\m-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. At¶-Zn-hkw cXv\-§Ä ]Xn¨ asämcp henb shÅn-a-bnÂhml-\-̄ nsâ ]pd¯v X¦ \nÀ½n-X-amb N«w (Xn-S-¼v) hnti-j-co-Xn-bnÂ Ae¦cn¨v X¿m-dm¡n ]{´-tmfw ssIØm-\o-I-À tNÀ¶mWv Fgp-¶-Ån-bv¡p-¶-Xv. abnÂ hml-\-̄ nÂ tZh³ Fgp-¶-Åp¶ kabw t£{X-̄ n-\-I¯pw -]pd¯p-apÅ FÃm-

B«-hn-ti-j-§Ä







hn-f-¡p-Ifpw I¯n-bv¡p-¶p. \m«nÂ apgp-h\pw `à-P-\-§Ä Zo]w sXfn-bn-bv¡p-¶p. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-¡-W-¡mb ImÀ¯nI Zo]-§Ä I¯n-\nÂs¡ kÀÆm-̀ -c-W-hn-̀ q-jn-X-\mb ImÀ¯n-tIb kzmansb Iph-W§n `àÀ [\y-cm-Ip-¶p. At¶-Zn-hkw shfp-̧ n\v A`n-tjI-̄ n-\p-tijw {Xna-[pc-a-eÀ \nth-Zy-̄ n\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw IÂ¸n-̈ n-cn-bv¡p-¶p. cm{Xn-bnÂ F«v {]Z-£n-Wt¯mSpIq-Snb hnf-¡v- F-gp-¶-fvfn¸pw Kwò-c-ambn sImm-Sp-¶p. cmP-̀ -c-WIm-e¯v t£{X-Du«p]pcbnÂ aq\pt\chpw kZybpw (ImÀ¯nIkZy) ]Xnhpmbncp¶p.

3. ssX¸q¿w :-þ ssXam-k-̄ nse (a-I-c-am-k-̄ n-se) ]qbw \mÄ BtLm-jn-bv¡p¶p ssX¸q-¿w. At¶-Zn-hkw \nXy NS-§p-IÄ AÃmsX {]tXyI ]qP-I-tfm, Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ p-I-tfm, hnti-jmÂ Xm{ńI NS-§p-Itfm ]Xn-hn-Ã. tZh-kz-̄ nse ]Xn-hnepw {]tXy-I-ambn H¶p-anÃ. At¶-Zn-hkw `àÀ \nd-̈ p-sIm-p-h-cp¶ Imh-Sn-I-fnse {Zhyw tZhhn{K-l-̄ nÂ A`n-tjIw \S-̄ p¶ NS-§n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. km[m-cW Znh-k-§-fnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn At¶ Znhkw FÃm ]qP-I-fp-tSbpw kv\m\-L-«-̄ nÂ Cu {Zhy-§Ä A`n-tjIw sN¿p-¶p. ]gb Ime¯v Ct¶ Znh-k-amWv {]XnjvT \S-̄ n-bXv F¶pw hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. (Imh-Sn-bpsS DÛhw, {hX-co-Xn-IÄ F¶nh t]Pv 67þÂ hnkvX-cn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p-).

4. {]Xn-jvTm-kvam-c-I-Zn-\w :-þ -- - sImÃ-hÀjw 1096þse Aán-_m-[bv¡v tijw ]p\-{]-XnjvT \S-̄ n-b-Xmb FS-h-amk¯nse A\ngw Znhkw FÃm hÀjhpw {]Xn-jvTm-kvam-c-I-ambn BtLm-jn¡p-¶p. At¶ Znhkw cmhnse B\-¸p-d¯v {io_en Fgp-¶Ån-̧ v, hnti-jmÂ A©p-]q-P, If`w A`n-tj-Iw, {io`q-X-_en F¶nhbpw, D¨-{io-_en sshIp-t¶cw B\-¸p-d¯v ImgvN {io_-en-bm-bpw, A¯m-g-{io-_en hnf-s¡-gp-¶-Ån-¸mbpw \S-̄ p-¶p. aäv B«-hn-ti-j-§Äs¡-¶-t]mse F«v {]Z-£n-W-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Snb hnf-s¡-gp-¶-Ån-̧ nsâ BZy aq¶v {]Z-£n-W-§Ä km[m-c-W-{io-_en Fgp-¶-ff-̄ nsâ taf-§-tfmsS BsW-¦nÂ \mem-as¯ {]Z-£nWw apXÂ Iq¯-¼-e-¯n\p IqSn hew hbv¡p-¶p. \memw {]Z-£nWw ]©-hm-Zyhpw A©mw {]Z-£nWw sN-ta-fhpw Ah-km\ aq¶v {]Z-£n-W-§Ä \mKkz-c-hp-am-Wv. Ggm-as¯ {]Z-£nWw Ing-¡p-h-i¯v F¯n-bmÂ B\s¡m«n-enÂ Ibdn Ing-t¡m«p \nÂ¡p¶ tZh\v ImWn-bv¡-bÀ¸n-̈ v sXmgp-¶-Xv t{ijvT-amWv Ah-km\ {]Z-£nWw D]-tZh·m-cmb tKmim-e-IrjvW kzman-tbbpw imkvXm-hn-t\bpw IqsS hew sNbvXv ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶p. 5. \h-cm-{Xnbpw ]qP-hbv]pw :-þ \h-cm-{Xn-Im-e¯v Iq¯-¼-e-̄ nÂ kc-kz-Xo-]qP \S-̄ p-Ibpw ]pkvX-Ihpw Bbp[hpw ]qPbv¡p hbv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. `à-P-\-§-fpsS kl-I-c-W-t¯msS 9 Znhkw \ofp¶ \h-cm{Xn kwKo-tXm-Õ-hhpw \S-̄ p-¶p.

6. \ndbpw ]p -̄cnbpw :þ FÃm hÀjhpw IÀ¡S-am-k-̄ nÂ \S-̄ p¶ BtLm-j-am-Wn-Xv. ap³Iq«n \nÝ-bn-¡p¶ Znhkw \S-̄ p¶ NS-§n\v \m«nse ImÀjnI hnf-sh-Sp¸pambn At`-Zy-amb _Ô-ap-v. \m«nse hnf-sh-Sp-̧ n\v apt¶m-Sn-bmbn tZhsâ (tZ-h-kz-̄ nsâ) hb-enÂ \n¶v sImbvXp-sIm-p-h-cp¶ s\Â¡-Xn-cp-IÄ, s\Ãnbn-e, CÃn (ap-f) Ce, Icn-em-©n-bn-e, shÅn-¸m-e-bne Ch Iq«n-s¡«n HäsI«m¡n Ie-h-d-¡m-csâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ t£{X-̄ n\p Ing¡p hi-̄ pÅ \nd-I-XnÀ BÂ¯-d-bnÂ sImp-h-bv¡p-¶p. cmhn-es¯ {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån¸n-\p-tijw ({]-tXyI aplqÀ¯-¯nÂ) hnf-¡p-h¨p ]mWn-sIm«n ssIkvYm-\n-I-fmb aq -̄Xn-·mÀ B\-̧ p-d¯v h¶v \oÀ (P-ew) hogv̄ n s\Â¡-Xn-cp-I-f-S-§nb sI«v BÂ¯-d-bnÂ \ns¶-Sp¯v hmZy-ta-f-§-fpsS AI¼-Sn-tbmsS B\-̧ p-d¯v t£{X-̄ n\pw D]-tZ-h-·mÀ¡pw {]Z-£n-W-am-bvs¡m-p-h¶v _en-¡Â¸p-c-bnÂ h¨v taÂim-́ nsb GÂ¸n-¡p-¶p. taÂimń Cu IXn-cp-IÄ {iotIm-hn-en-\p-ÅnÂ sImp-t]mbn {]tXyIw X¿m-dm-¡nb ]ß-̄ nÂ h¨v ]qP sN¿p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw ]ó-cSn¸qP XpS§n sImbvsX-Sp¯ ]pXn-b s\ÃnÂ \n¶pw Dm-¡nb ]p¯-cn-b-hnepw, ]p¯-cn-¸m-b-khpw \nth-Zn-bv¡p-¶p. IXncv t£{X-̄ nepw D]-tZ-hm-e-b-§-fnepw \nd-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-tXmsS \nd-]p-̄ -cn-bpsS NS§p-I-Ä Ah-km-\n¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v ]qPn¨ IXn-cpIÄ `àÀ¡v hnX-cWw sN¿p-¶p. cmP-̀ -c-WIm-e¯v t£{X-Du«p]pcbnÂ kZybpw ]Xnhpmbncp¶p.

t£{X-̄ nse \nd-bpsS NS-§p-IÄ Ign-ªmÂ ]qPn¨ IXn-cnÂ Hcp `mKw Iogvimń B\-̧ p-d¯v h¨v hmZytaf§fpsS AI¼SntbmsS kÀ¡mÀ JP-\m-hmb {Sj-dn-bn-te¡v sImp-



s\Â¡-Xn-cp-IÄ t£{X-̄ nte¡v



t]m-Ip-¶p. \qäm-p-IÄ¡v ap¼v XpS-§nb Cu NS§v C¶pw apS-¡-an-ÃmsX XpS-cp-¶p. t£{X-̄ nÂ \n¶v B\-̧ p-d¯v sImp-h-cp¶ IXncpIÄ lcn-̧ mSv {Sj-dn¡v kao-]-apÅ BÂ-̄ -d-bpsS Nph-«nÂ h¨v Xmsg-bn-d¡n {Sj-dn-bnse ]Ww kq£n-bv¡p¶ \qäm-p-IÄ ]g-¡-apÅ Ad-bpsS ap¶nÂ \nd-bv¡p-¶p. CtXmsS \m«nepw \m«mÀ¡pw k¼¯pw k-ar²nbpw kn²nbv¡pw F¶mWv hnizmkw.

lcn-̧ m«v t£{X-̄ nÂ hÀj-̄ nÂ aq¶p {]mhiyw sImSn-tb-tämSpw Bdm-t«mSpw IqSn 10 Znhkw \op-\nÂ¡p¶ DÕ-h§Ä BtLm-jn-¡p-¶p-v. tIm«-b¯v Xncp-\-¡c-t£{Xw, Xr¸q-Wn-̄ pd ]qÀ®-{X-bo-i-t£{Xw XpS§n A]qÀÆw t£{X-§-fnte CXp-t]mse hÀjw-tXmdpw aq¶v DÕ-h-§Ä \S-¡p-¶pÅp. Xm{ń-I-hn-[n-{]-Imcw Cu DÕ-h-§sf ]S-lmZn, [z-Pm-Zn, A¦p-cmZn F¶v aq¶mbn Xcw Xncn-bv¡mw. hmZy-ta-f-§Ä¡pw Fgp-¶Ån-̧ pIÄ¡pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIn \S-¯p¶ taS-am-k-̄ nse DÕhw ]S-lm-Znbpw; apf-bn-So-en\v (ap-f-]q-P) {]m[m\yw \ÂIn \S-̄ p¶ Nn§-am-k-̄ nse BhWn DÕ-hw A¦p-cm-Znbpw; sImSn-tbäv am{Xw {]m[m-\y-t¯msS \S-̄ p¶ [\p-am-k-̄ nse amÀIgn DÕhw [zPm-Znbpw BWv. Chn-Sps¯ aq¶v DÕ-h-§fpw {XnaqÀ¯n-IÄ¡v Hmtcm-cp-̄ À¡pw {]m[m\yw \ÂInbmWv sImmSp¶-Xv. Bdm-«p-Ifpw hyXykvX XoÀ°-§-fn-em-Wv.

Nn¯n-c-D-Õ-hw taS-am-k-̄ nÂ hnjp-Zn-hkw IWn-Iv A¶v sshIpw-t¶cw Zo]m-cm-[-\bv¡v tijw

sImSn-tb-täm-Sp-IqSn Bcw-̀ n¨v 10 Znh-kw \ofp¶ DÕ-h-amWv Chn-Sps¯ aq¶v DÕ-h-§-fnÂ

{][m-\w. Nn¯n-c-am-k-̄ nÂ sImm-Sp¶Xn\mÂ Cu DÕ-h-̄ n\v ‘Nn¯nc DÕhw’ F¶ t]À kn²n-̈ p. t£{X-̄ nse NS-§p-IÄ, hmZy-ta-f-§-tfmsS hfsc t\cw \op-\nÂ¡p¶ Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ p-IÄ, Iemkmwkv¡m-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ F¶n-h-sImv Cu DÕ-h-Im-e-§Ä [mcmfw `à-P-\-§sf t£{X-̄ n-te¡v BIÀjn-¡m-dp-v.

hnjp Znhkw shfp-̧ n\v kÀÆm-̀ -c-W-§fpw NmÀ¯n Ae-¦-cn¨ them-bp-[-kzm-an-bpsS ap¼nÂ Dcp-fn-bnÂ \mfo-tI-cw, shÅ-cn-bv¡, N¡, am§, sIm¶-¸p-hv, kzÀ®w-þ-sh-ÅnIpw`-§Ä, AjvS-aw-Keyw Ch-h¨v IWn-sbm-cp-¡p-Ibpw s\än- -̧«w, Be-h-«w, shÅn-hn-f-¡p-IÄ, Ipe-hm-g-IÄ, ame-IÄ Chh¨v Npäpw Ae-¦-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. IWn-I-p-\nÂ¡p¶ tZhs\ ZÀin¨v kzÀ®-Ip-S-¯nÂ ImWn-bv¡-bÀ¸n¨v ZÀi\w \S-̄ m³ h³ `à-P-\-̄ n-c-¡m-Wv. aWn-¡q-dpIÄv \op\nÂ-¡p¶ hnjp¡Wn ZÀi-\-̄ n-\p-tijw IWn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v A`n-tj-Iw, Imh-Sn-b-̀ n-tjIw Ch \S-̄ p-¶p. At¶-Zo-hkw {io_en Fgp-¶Ån¸v B\-̧ p-d¯v \S-̄ p-¶p.

sshIn«v Zo]m-cm-[-\bv¡v tijw {]tXyI aplqÀ¯-̄ n-emWv sImSn-tb-äv. aWvU-]-̄ nÂ ]ß-an«v sImSn-¡q-d-]qP \S-̄ p-¶p. {][m\ [zP-¯nÂ sImSn Ib-dp-¶-tXm-sSm¸w 8 Zn¡p-Ifnembv H¼Xv (In-g¡v hS¡v cv sImSn) Zn¡p-sIm-Sn-Ifpw DbÀ¯p-¶p. aq¶v DÕ-h§Ä¡pw {]tXyIw sImSn-¡q-d-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. sImSn-tbäv Znhkw cm{Xn-bnÂ apfb-dbnÂ ]Xn-\mdv apf-]men-I-IfnÂ (Hm-«p-]m-{X-§-fnÂ) ]päp-a®pw, aWepw, NmW-I-s¸m-Snbpw sImv \nd¨v; ]pd-̄ v Bepw, amhpw, Idp-I-bpw, Dgn-ª-bpw,-IqÀ¨hpw sI«n ]ß-¯nÂ hbv¡p-¶p. Ch-bnÂ H¼Xv apf-{Z-hy§Ä (\-h-c, Dgp-¶v, bhw, Xn\, FÅv, Xph-c,-ap-Xn-c, sNdp-]-bÀ, ISp-Iv, Aac Ch-bn-te-sX-¦nepw H¼Xv Iq«w) ipNn-bm¡n hnX-bv¡p-¶p. Pe-þ-KÔ [q]þZo-]-§Ä AÀ¸n¨v ]qP sN¿p-¶p. DÕ-h-Zn-h-k-§-fnÂ cmhn-sebpw sshIn«pw CXp-t]mse apf-]qP apS-§msX sN¿p-¶p. apf-{Z-hy-§Ä ]men-I-bnÂ hf-cp-¶p. ]Ån-th-«-Zn-hkw ]Ån-¡p-dp-̧ n\v Cu apf]m-en-I-IÄ aWvU-]-̄ nÂ i¿m-]-ß-̄ n-\v Npäp-ambn \nc-̄ n-h-bv¡p-¶p.

cmw DÕhw apXÂ \nXy Dj-{io-_en ]Xn-hnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn ]ó-c-Sn-]qP Ignªv \S-̄ p-¶p. B\-̧ p-d¯v \S-̄ p-¶- {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån¸v aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ \op-\nÂ¡p¶p. sImSn-Ibdn-bmÂ \nXyhpw cv t\chpw hnti-jmÂ {io`qX_en Fgp¶Ån¸pw Dv. D¨¡v DÕ-h-_en DÅ-t¸mÄ {io`q-X-_en ]Xn-hn-Ã. 5,6,7 DÕ-h-Zn-hkw tZh-kz-̄ nÂ\n¶pw t\cn«v \S-̄ p¶ DÕ-h-_-en-Iq-SmsX `àÀ hgn-]mSmbn DÕ-_-en-\-S-̄ p¶ ]Xn-hp-v. D¨-{io-_-en-I-gnªv DÕh-_-en-bp-sS

DÕ-h-§Ä



NS-§p-IÄ Bcw-̀ n¡pw. \nXyhpapÅ \h-I-I-e-i-¯n-\p-]-Icw 25 Ieim`n-tjIw BWv DÕ-h-Zn-h-k-§-fnÂ ]Xn-hv.

- cmw DÕhw apXÂ sshIp-t¶cw B\-̧ p-d¯v theþtkh Fgp-¶-Ån¸v \S-̄ p-¶p. thebv¡pw tkhbv¡pw kp{_-ÒWy tZhs\ Fgp-¶-Ån¡p-¶-Xn-s\m¸w D]-tZ-h-\mb imkvXm-hn-t\-bpw, 4þmw DÕhw apXÂ IogvXr-t¡m-hnÂ tZh-t\bpw, Bdmw DÕhw apXÂ tKmimeIrjvWkzmantbbpw Fgp-¶-Ån-bv¡p-¶p. B\-̧ p-d¯v Fgp-¶-Ån-̈ v Ing-t¡-tKm-]pcw IS¶v ]pdt¯ B\-s¡m-«n-enÂ Ing-t¡m-«p-X-n-cnªv \nÂ¡p-t¼m-Ä Ing-¡p-\n¶v the-I-fn-¡mÀ ]cn-Nbpw hmfpw (tImepw) ]nSn¨v, thj-̀ q-j-IÄ [cn¨v, the-I-fn-s¨-̄ p-¶p. hmZy-ta-f§-fpsS Xmf¯n-s\m-̧ n¨v Nph-Sp-IÄ h¨v the-I-fn-¡mÀ the-I-fn-\-S-̄ p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v tZh³ t£{X-a-Xn-en-\p-Ån-te¡v {]th-in¨v Hcp {]Z-£nWw shbv¡p-¶p. the-I-fn-¡mcpw Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v ap¶nÂ A`ymk-{]-I-S-\§Ä \S-̄ n- \o-§p¶p. Hcp {]Z-£nWw ]qÀ¯n-bm¡n hopw tKm]pcw IS¶v t£{X-̄ n\p ap³h-i-̄ pÅ the-¡p-f¯nsâ kao-]-ap-Å B\-s¡m-«n-ente¡v \o§p-¶p. Ipf-̄ nÂ thebv¡v tijw tkh-bv¡mbn hopw henb B\-s¡m-«n-enÂ h¶v ]Sn-ªm«v Xncnªp \nÂ¡p¶ Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v ap³]nÂ CS-bv¡m-sIm«n AjvS-]-Zn-]m-Sp¶p. ‘sIm«n¸mSn tkh’ F¶v CXv Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v aWn-¡q-dp-I-tfmfw \mZ-kzcw hmb\ \op-\nÂ¡p-¶p, C§s\ Xp-S-cp¶ tkh-Iv sXmgm³ h³ `-à-P-\-Xn-c¡v A\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sp-¶p. “A¼-e-̧ pg the-I-me½bpw th Acn-̧ ms« tkh- I-m-e-̈ -\pw th.” F¶ ]gw ]m«v \ne-hnepv. tkh Fgp-¶-Ån¸v AI¯v B\-s¡m«nenÂ F¯n Cd¡n Fgp-¶-Ån-bv¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v A¯mg¸qP, {io_en, {io`q-X-_en Ch \S-̄ p¶p. AXn-\p-tijw hnf¡v Fgp-¶-Ån¸n\v tkhbv¡v Fgp-¶-Ån¨ D]-tZh-·m-tcbpw B\-̧ p-d¯v H¸w Fgp-¶-Ån¨v \S-̄ p-¶p. 3þ the-Ifn {]Z-£n-Ww, 1þ ]©-hmZyw, 1þ-sN-, 3-þ-\mK-kzcw C§s\ {]tXyI hmZy-§-tfmsS F«v {]Z£-nW-amWv hnf¡v Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n-\vv.

Iq¯v, ]mTIw, aX-{]-̀ m-jWw, Hm«w-Xp-ÅÂ, kwKo-X-k-ZÊv, \r¯-§Ä, IY-I-fn XpS-§nb Iem]-cn-]m-SnIÄ \S-̄ p-¶p. ]g-b-Im-e¯v t£{X¯nse ]pds¯ B\s¡m«n-enepw, t£{X-a-XnÂ¡-I-s¯ {]tXyI tÌPnepw, aXnÂs¡«n\v ]pd¯v hSt¡ BÂ¯-dbv¡v Ing-¡p-hiw DÅ IÂaWvU-]-̄ nepw Htc-k-abw IY-Ifn Ac-t§dnbn-cp-¶p. \ntXy\ aq¶p t\cw t£{X-aq-«p-]p-c-bnÂ hn`-h-k-ar-²-amb kZybpw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p.

9þmw DÕhw Nn¯nc DÕ-h-̄ nsâ Gähpw {]-[m\ NS-§p--IÄ \S-¡p-¶Xv H³]Xmw DXvkh

Znh-k-am-Wv. At¶-Zn-hkw hn]p-e-ambn \S-̄ p¶ Dj {io_-enbpw ]ntäZn-hkw shfp-¸n-s\-bpÅ hnf¡v Fgp-¶-Ån¸pw ImWm³ h³P-\mhen t£{X-̄ nÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. At¶- Zn-hkw X¦-\nÀ½n-Xhpw Znhyc-Xv\-§Ä ]Xn¨Xp-amb XnS¼v (N«w) sI«n Ae-¦-cn-¡p-¶Xv aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ sIm-m-Wv. Cu XnS¼v sshIp-t¶cw B\-¸p-d¯v thebv¡pw tkhbv¡pw Bbn Fgp-¶-Ån-̈ mÂ ]ntä-Zn-hkw cmhn-se-bmWv Xncn¨v AI-t¯bv¡v Fgp-¶-Ån-bv¡pI. {]tZmjw apXÂ {]`mXw hsc \ofp¶ Cu Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v t\XrXzw \ÂIp-¶Xv ssIØm-\n-I-cmb aq¯-Xp-·m-cmWv. thebv¡pw tkhbv¡pw tijw cm{Xn 10 aWn-tbmsS Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ v tKm-]pcw IS¶v, AIt¯ B\s¡m«n-enÂ F¯n Ingt¡m«v Xncnªv \nÂ¡pt¼mÄ tZhs\ kzÀ®-Ipw-̀ -̄ nÂ ImWn¡ AÀ¸n¨v ZÀi\w \S-̄ p-¶Xv aqew kÀÆ sFiz-cy-§fpw kn²nbv¡pw F¶mWv hnizm-kw. shfp-¸n\v aq¶p-a-Wn-hsc XpS-cp¶ Cu ‘hen-b-Im-Wnbv¡’, ‘hchv ’Fgp-¶-Ån v̧ F¯p-¶-tXmsS kam-]nbv¡pw. Xr¸-¡pSw {ioa-lm-tZ-h\pw, XncphneªmÂ tZhnbpw, I-\ym«pIp-f-§c `K-h-Xnbpw \-Kcn-bnÂ {ioIr-jvW t£{X-̄ nÂ H¶n¨p tNÀ¶v lcn-̧ m«v t£{X-̄ n-te-¡v F¯n-t¨-cp¶ NS-§mWv ‘hchv ’ Fgp-¶-Ån¸v. ChÀ t£{X-a-Xn-e-I¯v {]th-in-bv¡p-t¼mÄ IogvXr-t¡m-hnÂ, Xn-cp-h-¼mSn tZh-·mcpw imkvXmhpw B\-̧ p-d¯v Fgp-¶-Åp-¶p. FÃm Fgp-¶-Ån¸pIfpw t£{X-̄ nsâ sX¡v `mK¯v Ing-t¡m«v Xncnªv \nÂ¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v hnf¡v {]Z-£nWw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶p. ]Xn-hnÂ \n¶v hyXy-Ø-ambn hnf-¡n\v 9 {]Z-£nWw Dv. (CSbv¡m sIm«n-bpÅ {]Z-£nWw IqsS.) hnf-¡nsâ Ah-km\ {]Z£nWw Ing¡v hS¡v aqebv¡v F¯p-t¼mÄ Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ p-IÄ FÃmw sXt¡m«v Xncnªv \nÂ¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v Nn¯nc DÕ-h-̄ n\v ]s¦-Sp-¡m³ h¶ Hmtcm-tZ-h-X-Ifpw them-bp-[kzmantbmSv bm{X -]-dªv aS-§p¶ `àn \nÀ`-c-amb NS-§mWv. BZyw Bdpw IS¶v hfsc Zqcw









Xmnsb-̄ nb I\ym-«p-Ip-f-§c `K-h-Xnbpw, ]n¶oSv Xncp-hn-e-ªmÂ tZhnbpw bm{XtNmZn¨v aS-§p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v ]nXrØm\o-b-\mb alm-tZ-h³ bm{Xm-\p-aXn tNmZn-¡p¶p F¦nepw kp{_-Ò-Wy³ A\p-hmZw \ÂIm-̄ -Xn-\mÂ t£{X-{io-tIm-hn-entebv¡v Cd¡n Fgp-¶-Ån-bv¡p-¶p. tKmim-eIr-jvW\pw, IogvXrt¡mhnÂ tZh\pw, {io[À½-im-kvXmhpw bm{X-]-dªv Xncn¨v t]mIp-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw A¯m-g-]q-Pbpw {io_-enbpw aäp-N-S-§-pIfpw \S-̄ p-¶p.

XpSÀ¶v ‘]Ån-th-«bv¡v ({Kma-_-enbv¡v )’ Fgp-¶-Ån¨v s]mIp-¶p. IqsS- Io-gvXr-t¡m-hnÂ tZh\pw ]Ån-th-«-bv¡p- t]m-Ip-¶p. (Xncp-h-¼m-Sn IrjvW\v ]Ån-th« ]Xn-hn-Ã.) {io`qX_en-bpsS Ah-km\w ]mWn-sIm«n B\-̧ p-d¯v Fgp-¶-Ån¨v ]Ån-th-«-bv¡p- t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ hmZy-ta-f-§Ä ]Xn-hnÃ. am¦m¦p-f§c t£{X-̄ n-emWv ]Ån-th«. AhnsS F¯n X{ń- _en-Xqhp¶p, Icp-hmä kap-Zm-b-̄ nÂ IpSpw_ Imc-W-hÀ hnÃvIp-e¨v A¼v F¿p¶p. XpSÀ¶v hmZy-ta-f-§-tfmsS t£{X-¯n-te¡v Xncn¨v Fgp-¶-Åp¶ tZh\v ‘]Ån-¡p-dp¸v ’ NS-§p-IÄ DS³Xs¶ Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶p. ISpIv Xncn-sImv ‘LrXm-tcm-]Ww’ F¶ {Inb-sNbvXv, aqe-_nw-_-̄ nÂ \n¶pw AÀ¨\m _nw_¯n-tebv¡v tZhssNX\yw Bhm-ln¨v; ]mWn-sIm«n ]pd-t¯bv¡v Fgp-¶-Ån-bv¡p-¶p. {iotIm-hn-en\v ap³]n-se aWvU-]-̄ nÂ i¿m-]ßw C«v, ]«v sa¯bpw aäpw hncn-̈ v, \-h-[m-\y§Ä apf-̧ n¨ apf-]m-en-I-IÄ Npäpw h¨v sX¡p-h-S-¡mbn tZh-s\-In-S-̄ p-¶p. CXn-\p -ap-¼mbn A¸w, ]mev, Xmw_qew Ch \nth-Zn¨v, ]p-jv-]m-Zn-IÄ sImv Ae-¦-cn-¡p-¶p.Cu NS-§pIÄ¡v ‘]Ån-¡p-dp¸v ’ F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p.

]ntä-Zn-hkw ]Ån-bp-WÀ¯Â F¶NS-§n-\mbn ]ip, AjvS-aw-Keyw Ch tZh-s\-Im-Wn¨v hmZy-§fpw apg-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v _nw_w Fgp-¶-Ån¨v XnS-̧ -Ånbv¡v kao]w ]ß-̄ nÂ h¨v, ]pWymlw Xfn¨v, s\¿pw aª-s¸m-Snbpw BSn, C©-sImv tX¨p-I-gpIn A`n-tjIw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶p. Zi-]p-jv]-§Ä NmÀ¯n Nµ\w sXmSn-bn¨v, ARvP\w sImv Is®-gpXn ]pjv]-am-ey-Zn-Ifpw NmÀ¯p-¶p. hmÂ¡-®mSn Im«n, alm-̀ m-cXw apX-emb {KÙ-§Ä hmbn¨v tIÄ¸n-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v ]mWn-sIm«n XnS¼v {iotIm-hn-en-tebv¡v Fgp¶Ånbv¡p-¶p.



]¯mw DÕ-h-Zn-hkw cmhnse {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v tijw Xte-Zn-hkwhnf-¡n\v ]s¦-Sp¯v

Xncn-̈ p-a-S-§m-Xn-cp¶ Xr¸-¡p-S-̄ -̧ ³ bm{X-bm-Ip-¶p. ‘bm{Xm-tlmaw’ \S¯nbXn-\p-tijw bm{Xm-_-en-bv¡pÅ ]pd-¸mSmbn. bm{Xm-_-en-bpsS Ah-km\ {]Z-£nWw Bdm-«n\v ]pd-s -̧Sp-¶p. D¨bv¡v bm{Xm_en ]qÀ¯nbm¡n tZhs\ \me-¼-̄ nÂXs¶ Fgp-¶-Ån¨v Ccp-̄ p-I-bmWv ]Xnhv.

sshIp-t¶cw sImSn-ac-̈ p-h-«nÂ B\sb Ccp¯n ‘hml\]qP’ \S¯n tZhs\ AXnsâ ]pd¯v Bdm-«n-\mbn Fgp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶p. Cu kabw sImSn-a-c-̈ p-h-«nÂ ]d -CSp-¶Xv {][m-\-am-Wv. XpSÀ¶v Fgp-¶-Ån v̧ Ingt¡tKm]p-c-̄ nÂ IqsS Ing-t¡m«v Cd§n _en XqIn, Bdm-«n-\mbn t£{Xw hn«v bm{X-bm-Ip¶ hnhcw Zzmc-]m-e-Isc [cn-̧ n-¡p¶ Akm-[m-cW NS§v ZÀÈn¡mw. AI¯v IS¶v t£{X-̄ n\v Hcp {]Z£nWw sh¨v F¯p¶ them-bp[kzmansb Bdm-«n-\mbn tKmim-e -Ir-jvW\pw, IogvXr-t¡m-hnÂ tZh\pw A\p-K-an-¡p-¶p. FÃm-hcpw ]Snªmtd tKm]pcw IS¶v Icp-h-ä-m¡p-f-§c {ioIrjvW t£{X-̄ n-te¡v Bdm-«n-\mbn t]mIp-¶p. Bdm«v Fgp-¶-Ån-¸ns\ `à-À hgn¡v \nehnf¡pw \nd-]-dbpw sh¨v kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. Bdm«v Ignªv Bdm-«p-I-S-hnse ]qPbv¡v tijw cm{XnbnÂ hmZy-ta-f-§psS AIw-¼-Sn-tbmsS Xncn¨v t£{X-̄ nÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. C§s\ hcp¶ hgnbv¡v B¼-¡m«p IpSpw-_-̄ nÂ t]mbn A³s]men kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p; F¶mepw bm{Xm at²y HcnS¯pw _nw_w Cd-¡m-dn-Ã. t£{X-̄ nÂ Bdm-«p-h-chv F¯n-t¨À¶mÂ DÕ-h-¯nsâ sImSn- C-d-¡p-¶p.

]g-b-Im-e¯v thZ-]m-cm-b-Ww, `mK-h-X-]m-cm-b-Ww, KoXm-]m-cm-b-Ww, NmIymÀIq¯v, theIfn, IY-I-fn-, Hm«³Xp-ÅÂ, hmtfdv, sN¸-Sn-hnZy, CSbv¡m]m«v, lcnIY, ]©-hmZyw, ]mn-hmZyw, sN-tafw, \mZ-kz-c-hmZyw XpS-§nb Iem-kmw-kv¡m-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ¡pw; DÕ-h-_en XpS-§nb Xm{ńI NS-§p-IÄ¡pw; B\-̈ -a-b-§Ä¡pw, B\-̧ p-d¯v Fgp-¶-Ån-¸n\pw; Zo]bjvSn, NpÁphnf¡v, Iw_hnf¡v, Ingt¡ \Sbnse A©pIhc as®® hnf¡v, shSns¡«v, sImSnþXg FSp¸v F¶nh¡pw {]tXyIw XpI tZh-kz-̄ nÂ \n¶pw Nne-sh-gpXn tZhkzw t\cn«v \S-̄ p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1917 se tZhkzw ]Sn-̄ -c-̄ nÂ Nn¯nc DÕ-h-̄ n\v am{X-ambn 5388cq] 23N{Iw 2Imipw DÕ-Zn-h-k-§-fnÂ aq¶v t\chpw kZybv¡v 900 ]d Acnbpw A\p-h-Zn-̈ n-cp-¶p. (1917 se lcn-¸mSv tZhkzw ]Xnhv ]pkvXIw A²ymbwþ7 D-Õ-hw). Imew amdn-b-tXmsS tZhkzw A\p-h-Zn-¡p¶ XpI-sImv DÕhw \S-̄ m³ km[n-¡msX h¶-t¸mÄ hyàn-IÄ, IpSpw-_-¡mÀ, Øm]-\§Ä, hym]mcnIÄ, hyh-km-bnIÄ, sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ XpS§n FÃm-ta-Je-bnepw s]« `à-P-\§fpw \m«p-Imcpw tZhkzw t_mÀUpw klIcn¨mWv C¶v DÕhw \S-̄ p-¶-Xv.

Bh-Wn- D-Õhw Nn§-amkw Xncp-thmWw \mfnÂ Bdm«p hc-̄ -¡-h®w ]¯p-Znhkw ap³]v sImSn-I-bdn

Bcw-̀ n-¡p¶ Cu DÕhw BhWn amk-̄ nÂ sImm-Sp¶Xn\mÂ ‘BhWn DÕhw’ F¶t]cpw kn²n¨p. Nn¯nc DÕhw t]mse ]¯p-Zn-hkw \op-\nÂ-¡p¶ Cu DÕ-h-̄ n\v hmZy-tLm-j-§tfmsS DÅ Fgp-¶-Ån-¸pIÄ ]Xn-hn-sÃ-¦nepw sImSntbä,v Zn¡p-sImSn, apf]qP, cp-t\cw {io`qX_en, H³]Xmw DÕ-h-Zn-hkw ]Ån-th«, ]Ån-¡p-dp¸v , ]¯mw-Zn-hkw Bdm«v XpS§n FÃm- h-n[Xm-{ńI NS-§pIfpw \S-̄ p-¶p. {XnaqÀ¯nIfnÂ hnjvWp-hn\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn \S-̄ p¶ Cu DÕ-h-̄ nsâ ]Ån-th« ]Sn-ªmtd \S-bn-epÅ BÂ¯-d-bnepw, Bdm«v \Kcn {ioIr-jvW-kzman t£{X-¡p-f-̄ n-ep-am-Wv.

amÀIgn DÕhw [\p-amkw Xncp-hm-Xnc \mfnÂ Bdm«p hc-̄ -¡-h®w ]¯p-Zn-hkw ap³]v sImSn-I-bdn

Bcw-̀ n-¡p¶ Cu DÕhw amÀI-gn-am-k-̄ nÂ sImm-Sp-¶-Xn-\mÂ ‘amÀIgn DXvkhw’ F¶-t]cpw kn²n-̈ p. {ioa-lm-tZ-h\v {]m[m-\yw \ÂIn-sIm-m-Sp¶ ]¯p-Zn-hkw \op-\nÂ¡p¶ Cu DÕ-h-¯n\pw hmZytaf-§-tfm-sS-bpÅ Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ p-Ifpw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ]Xn-hn-Ã. sImSn-tb-än-s\m¸w Zn¡p-sIm-Sn-bpw, apf-]q-P-bpw ]Xn-hn-sÃ-¦nepw \ntXy\ cp-t\-chpw {io`qX_en \S-̄ p¶p. Cu DÕ-h-̄ n\v ]Ån-th« ]Sn-ªmtd \S-bn-epÅ BÂ¯-d-bnepw, Bdm-«v t£{X-¡p-f-amb s]cpw-Ip-f¯nepw \S-̄ p-¶p.



Nn¯nc DÕ-h-̄ n\v HgnsI aäp-cv DÕ-h§Ä¡pw sImSn-tbäv ]IÂ D¨ {io_enbv¡p tijw \S-̄ p-¶p.

1. X{ń : Ingt¡ ]pÃmw-h-gn, ]Sn-ªm-td-]p-Ãmw-hgn F¶o-cp EtKz-Zn-Ifpw hknjvT tKm{X-¡m-cp-amb \¼q-Xncn IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡mWv t£{X-̄ nse Xm{ńI Ah-Imiw. cp IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡pw aä-t\Iw CXc t£{X-§-fntebpw Xm{ń-Im-h-Imiw Dv. \ntXy\ X{ń -t\-cn«v h¶v D¨-̧ qP \S-̄ p¶ A]qÀÆw t£{X-§-fnÂ H¶mWv lcn-̧ mSv t£{Xw. ‘tZh³’ F¶ amdmØm\w e`n¨n-«pÅhcmWv ]Sn-ªmsd]p-Ãm-whgn F¦nepw cp-t]À¡pw t£{X-Im-cy-§fnÂ Xpey -A-[n-Imcw BWv DÅ-Xv. tZhsâ ]nXr-Øm-\o-b-cmb Cu IpSpw-_-¡mÀ \njvImaIÀ½-̄ n-eqsS Xm{ń-I-cpsS CS-bnÂ D¶XØm\w Ae-¦-cn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv! tZh-kz-w tc-J-I-fnÂ \n¶pw A¼-e-¸pg ]pXp-a\ X{ń-amÀ¡pw lcn-¸m«v t£{X-̄ nÂ Nne A-[n-Im-c§Ä Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn a\-Ên-em¡mw.

amk-hn-ti-j-§Ä, B«-hn-tij-§Ä Chbv¡v X{ń-am-cpsS km¶n²yw km[m-cW Bh-iy-amWv F¶-Xp-Iq-SmsX If`w, ImhSn apX-emb A`n-tj-I§fpw X{ń-amÀ t\cn«v \S-̄ p-¶p.

2. taÂimń : tIc-f¯nsâ hSt¡ Aä-¯pÅ ImkÀtImSv PnÃ-bnÂ \ote-iz-c¯v DÅ ]¯n-Ã-̄ p-Im-À F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ {_mÒWIpSpw-_-̄ nÂ \n¶pÅh-cm-Wv ChnsS taÂim-́ n-bmbn Ah-tcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]pd-s¸-Sm-imń amcmbn IrXy-\n-jvT-tbmsS ]qPm-Zn- IÀ½§Ä \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶-Xnepw, tZthm-]m-k-\-I-fnepw t{ijvT-·m-cmWv Cu EtKz-Zn-IÄ. {Kma-̄ nse (tZis¯) \Zn-bpsS cp-I-c-bnepw þA¡-cbpw C¡-cbpwþ ]¯p-hoXw IpSpw-_-¡mÀ Dv; ChÀ bYm-{Iaw ‘A¡ctZin-IÄ’, ‘C¡ctZ-in-IÄ’ F¶-dn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. Cu cp hn`m-K-¡m-cnÂ \n¶papÅ-hÀ taÂim-́ n-am-cmbn h¶n-cp¶p F¦nepw Ct¸mÄ C¡c tZin-I-fmb ]¯n-Ã¯p-ImÀ am{Xta hcm-dp-Åp. lcn-̧ mSv t£{X-̄ nÂ IqSmsX Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw {io]-ß-\m` kzman t£{Xw, Gäp-am-\qÀ alm-tZ-h-t£-{Xw, Ipam-c-s\-ÃqÀ tZho t£{Xw, In-S-§qÀ t£{Xw, Xncp-hÃw, Xncph-§mSv, Xe-tÈcn, an{Xm\-µ--]pcw, Bd·pf, apJ-̄ e XpS§n ]te-Ø-e-t¯bpw {][m-\-t£-{X-§-fnÂ taÂim-́ n-am-cmbn hcp¶Xv Cu IpSpw-_-¡mcmWv. alm-hn-jvWp-hnsâ Ah-Xm-c-amb {io ]c-ip-cm-a-\mWv Chsc Cu t£{X-§-fnÂtaÂim-ń-am-cmbn Atcm-[n-̈ nXv F¶v Hcp sFXn-ly-ap-v.

lcn-̧ mSv t£{X-̄ nÂ Htcm aq¶p-hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼m-gpw ]pXnb Bfp-Isf taÂim-́ n-am-cmbn Ah-tcm-[n-¡p-¶p. ‘s]cn-b-\¼n’ (Xncp-h\- -́]pcw {io]-ß-\m`kzman t£{X-̄ nse {][m\ taÂim-́ n) BWv taÂimń BtI Bfnsâ t]À \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. Ipam-c-\mb kp{_-Ò-Wy\v ]qPsN-¿p-¶-Xn\v ChnsS km[m-cW Iuamc {]mb-̄ n-epÅhtc-bmWv taÂim-ń-bmbn Ahtcm-[n-¡mdv. D¨-̧ q-P-tbmSv A\p-_-Ôn¨v {]tXyI Ieiw ]qPn¨v BSn, aqe a{´hpw [ym\hpw DÄs¸sS aäp ]qPm-{Ia-§fpw D]-tZ-in¨v X{ń-bmWv Ah-tcm[w \-S-̄ p-¶-Xv. FÃm-hn[ ]qP-Ifpw, A`n-tj-I-§fpw, hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw \S¯p¶Xn-\pÅ A[n-Imcw taÂim-́ nbv¡pw X{ń-amÀ¡pw am{X-ta-bp-Åp.

taÂim-́ nsb klm-bn-¡m³ t£{X-̄ n-\-I¯v Hcp Iogvimń Dv. At±-ls¯ ‘\mcmbw’ F¶-t]-cnÂ Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. ChÀ¡v ]qP-Ifpw hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw \S-̄ p-hm³ A[n-ImcanÃ. Hcp Fgp-̄ p-Im-c\v Xsâ krjvSn \S-̄ p-hm³ \mcmbw F{X-Iv klm-b-I-amtWm A{X-Iv taÂim-́ nbv¡v ]qP-I-gn-¡p-hm³ Cu Iogvim-́ nbpw {][m-\-am-b-Xn-\mÂ ‘\mcmbw’ F¶ t]cv kn²n-̈ p. ]qP-bv¡pÅ Hcp-¡-§Ä sN¿p-Ibpw `à-P-\-§Ä¡v {]kmZw \ÂIp-I-bp-amWv \mcm-b-¯nsâ {][m\ IÀ¯-hy-§Ä. {io`qX-_en, ]Ån-th-«, Bdm«v F¶o NS-§p-IÄ¡v hn{Klw Fgp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶Xv \mcmbw BWv. CXp-Iq-SmsX \nth-Zy-§Ä X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw D]-tZ-hXm]qP -\-S-̄ p-¶-Xn-\p-ambn thtdbpw Iogvim-́ n-bpv.

3. ssIØm-\-¡mÀ : ]p¯n-bnÂ CÃw, Ipän-th-en-CÃw (sIm¨p-a-Tw), Imcn¡aTw F¶o aq¶v IpSpw-_-§fnse bPpÀthZn-Ifpw hnizman{X tKm{X-¡m-cp-amb aq¯-Xp-·mcmWv (aqÊXv ) Cu

t£{X-̄ nse Imcm× Ah-Im-in-Ifmb IpSpw-_-¡mÀ



t£{X-̄ nse Xrt¡m-hnÂ {]hr¯n sN¿p¶Xv . ChÀ¡v Cu t£{X-hp-ambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]d-ªp-h-cp-¶p. \nÀ½mey ZÀi-\-̄ n\mbn t£{X-{io-tIm-hnÂ Xpd-¡p-¶Xpw, {iotIm-hnÂ ]q«n Xmt¡mÂ kq£n-¡p-¶Xpw Ch-cm-Wv. \ntXy-\-bpÅ {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-¸n\pw, hnti-jmÂ Znh-k-§-fnÂ abnÂ hml-\-̄ nepw B\-̧ p-d¯pw kp{_ÒWy hn{Klw Fgp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶-Xn-\pap-ff Ah-Imiw Cu {_mÒW IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡mWv. t£{X-¯nse NS-§p-IÄ¡pÅ ]ßw X¿m-dm-¡p-¶Xpw aäv ]cn-IÀ½-§Ä \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶Xpw Ch-cmWv. t£{X-̄ nse FÃm ASn-b-ń-c§Ä¡pw apt¶m-Sn-bmbn {iotIm-hn-enÂ\n¶v Zo]w ]IÀ¶v hnf¡v sXfn¡p¶Xpw (I¯n-¡p-¶Xpw) ssIØm-\o-I-

cmb Cu aq -̄Xp-·m-cm-Wv. ]g-b-Ime¯v ‘AI-t¡mbva’ (t£{X-̄ nse \nXy\nZm\ ASnbć§sf \S¯n¡pI apXemb tZhImcy§sf At\zjn¡p¶Xn\pw) Øm\hpw ChÀ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p. CXpIqSmsX t£{X-̄ nte¡v Bhiyamb aeÀ, hndIv XpS§n ]ehI km[\§Ä hm§n F¯n¨ncp¶Xpw ssIØm-\o-I-cmbncp¶p.

ASp-̄ -Imew hsc t£{X-̄ nse Xncp-hm-̀ -c-W-§Ä, `cWn ]m{X-§Ä, ]«v ]cn-h-«§Ä F¶n-h-bpsS kq£n¸pw ssIIm-cyhpw ]p¯n-bnÂ CÃ-t¯¡mbncp-¶p. t£{X-̄ nse Xncp-hm-̀ -c-W-§-fpsS \nÀ½mWhpw Ch-cpsS taÂt\m-«-̄ n-em-bn-cp-¶p. apXep-]nSn (s{Sj-dÀ) Cu IpSpw-_-¡mÀ kzb-tah Hgn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hnti-j -Zn-h-k-§-fnÂ N«w (XnS¼v) sI«n Ae-¦-cn¨v Fgp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶-Xpw, DÕ-h-Im-e-§-fnÂ D]-tZ-h-\mb tKmime-Ir-jvWs\ Fgp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶Xpw Ct¸mgpw Cu IpSpw-_-¡mÀ \S-̄ n-h-cp-¶p.

4. Ig-I-¡mÀ : Ing-t¡S¯v, amS-tÈcn, sN-¼-I-tÈcn, Ie-bw-Ip-f-§c (Bd-·pf) hmcyw F¶o \mev IpSpw-_-¡mcmWv Cu t£{X-̄ nÂ Ig-I-¡m-cmbn DÅXv. kp{_-ÒWy kzmansb Fgp-¶-Å-nbv¡p-t¼mÄ ap³]nÂ cp-Ip-̄ p-hn-f-¡p-IÄ ]nSn-¡m-dpv; CXnÂ BZy-hn-f¡v FSp-¡p-hm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw Ing-t¡-S¯p hmcyÀ¡m-Wv. CXp-Iq-SmsX t£{X-̄ nse FÃm ASn-b-́ n-c-§Ä¡pw DÅ ip`- ap-lqÀ¯w t\m¡n \nÝ-bn¨v Adn-bn-¡p-¶Xpw; IogvXr-t¡m-hn-ense Ig-I- {]-hr-̄ n-IÄ sN¿p¶Xpw Cu IpSpw-_-¡mcmWv.

5. Xncpame- I-g-I-¡mÀ : sN¼-I¯v, tNt©cn (Ipf-̧ p-d¯v aTw) F¶o- cp IpSpw-_-§fnse ]pjv]-I-cmWv t£{X-̄ n-tebv¡v Bh-iy-amb ame-I-fpw, ]pjv]§fpw Hcp-¡n-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. Nnehntij Ah-k-c§fnÂ Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v ]pd-InÂ IpS-]n-Sn¨v \S-¡p-¶Xv sN¼-I¯p ]pjv]-I-\m-Wv. IqSmsX D]-tZh-·m¡pÅ amebpw ]pjv]-§fpw X¿m-dm-¡p-¶Xpw Ch-cm-Wv.

\ntXy\ D¨-̧ q-Pbv¡v Hmtcm ‘Xr¡-gp¯pame’ sI«n-sImSp¡phm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw amth-en-¡c ]Ån-bv¡Â Np\-¡c hmcy-t¯bv¡v BWv.

6. hmZy-¡mÀ : A©v IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡mWv Ah-Imiw DÅXv

1. tImX-Ipf¯v (tNSp-hÅn) þ CSbv¡m, tN¦ne, ssIaWn, U½m\w 2. iqc-\m«v (hS-t¡-S¯v) þ sN, a±fw, Xnan-e. 3. ]\-wXn« (sIm¨p-]p-cbv¡Â) þ sN (ho¡³), ]qP-]m«v 4. sImä-tÈcn þ iwJv, sIm¼v , a±fw 5. tImSn-¡-p-f¯v þ Ipdpw IpgÂ, {ipXn

]g-b-Im-e¯v H¶nÂ IqSp-XÂ Bfp-Isf Iq«n X§-fpsS IÀ¯hyw \nÀÆln¨ncp¶ ChÀ hntij Ah-k-c-§-fnse ‘ac- ]mWn’ DÄ¸sS DÅ FÃm t£{X-hm-Zy-§fpw Xm-{ńI hn[n-{]-Imcw \S-̄ n-bn-cp-¶p. Ch-cnÂ Nne-cpsS A`m-h-̄ nÂ tZhkzw t_mÀUv \nb-an-̈ -h-cmWv Ct¸mÄ ASn-b-ńcw \S-̄ p-¶-Xv. ‘U½m\w’ DÄ¸sS ]e hmZy-§fpw t_mÀUv ]n¶oSv \nÀ¯-em¡n.

7. Xncp-\S ImhÂ¡mÀ : Ipam-c-]pcw s]cp-¼p-Ip-f§c Ipdp-¸³·mÀ hSt¡ \S-Im-hÂ¡mcpw; Fcp-a-¡m«p Ipdp-̧ -·mÀ Ingt¡ \S-Im-hÂ¡m-cp-am-Wv. \me-¼ew ]q«n Xmt¡mÂ kq£n-¡p-¶Xv Fcp-a-¡m«v IpSpw-_mwKamWv. t£{X BNmc ]me\w \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw, cm]-IÂ t£{X-kw-c-£-W-̄ n\pw ChÀ \ÂIp¶ tkh\w hne-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.



8. th«-Ip-dp-̧ ·mÀ : Icp-hmä kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ IpSpw-_-̄ nse Ipdp¸·mÀ¡mWv t£{X-¯nse DÕ-h-§Ä¡v ]Å-nth-«tbmS\p-_-Ôn¨v hnÃv Ipe¨v A¼v F¿p-hm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw. {]Xn-̂ -te-NvO-bn-ÃmsX C¶pw \njvT-tbmsS Cu IpSpw-_-¡mÀ X§psS IÀ¯hyw \nÀh-ln-̈ p-h-cp-¶p.

9. AI-¼Sn tkh : th«-ht¡m«p ]Wn-¡À¡mWv Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v ap³]nÂ hmfpw ]cnNbpw ]nSn¨v AI¼Sn tkh \S-̄ p-hm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw. ap³ kqNn-̧ n¨ Ipdp- -̧·m-cp-tSbpw ]Wn-¡-cp-tSbpw Bb \mep IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡pw cmPys¯ ssk\nI \nc-bnÂ D¶-X-Øm\w e`n-̈ n-cp-¶p.

10. NmIymÀ : t£{X-̄ nse Iq -̄¼-e-̄ nÂ Iq¯p\S¯p-hm-\pÅ Ah-Im-iw s]mXn-bnÂ NmIym·mÀ¡pw (aqeIp-Spw_w tIm«bw) \§ym-·mÀ¡pw BWv. Cc« hoc irwJe t\Sn-bn-«pÅ s]mXn-bnÂ NmIy-·mÀ tIc-f-̄ nse ]WvUn-X-·m-cmb NmIym-·m-cnÂ ap³]-́ n-bnÂ Bbn-cp-¶p.

11. B\-¡mÀ : t£{X-̄ nse tZhsâ B\sb ]cn-N-cn-¡phm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw B\-t¸-cnÂ IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡mbn-cp-¶p.

12. Bim-cn-amÀ : t£{X-̄ nÂ km[m-cW Dm-Ip¶ Aä-Ip-ä-]-Wn-I-fpw, DÕ-h-̄ n\v

sImSn-a-c-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS \nÀ½m-Whpw \S-̄ p-hm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw ‘lcn-̧ m«v Bimcn’ IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡m-Wv. lcn¸m«¼ew ]Wn-I-gnªp hmkv-Xp-_en Ign-̈ Xv lcn-̧ m«mim-cn IpSpw-_-¡mcmWv (lcn-¸mSv tZhkzw ]Xnhv ]pkvXIw þ A²ymbwþ8 ]ehI).

13. aäv Ah-Im-in-I-fmb IpSpw-_-¡mÀ : t£{X-̄ nse hnti-j-§Ä¡v Bh-iy-amb Ip«, h«n, apdw, ]\¼v XpS-§n-bh F¯n-bv¡p-¶-Xn\v Icp-hmä lnµp kmw_h IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡mWv Ah-Im-iw. C¶pw Nn¯nc DÕh sImSn-tb-än\p Xte-Zn-hkw cm{Xn-bnÂ hmZy-ta-f-§-tfm-sSbpw A[n-Imc sImSn AS-bm-f-§-tfm-sSbpw IpSpw-_-Imc-W-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ ChÀ t£{X-̄ nÂ F¯n sImSn-a-c-̈ p-h-«nÂ tZh\v Ip«-bpw h«nbpw kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶p. Icp-hm-ä-bnÂ \n¶pw ]pd-s¸-Sp¶

‘sIm«-ImgvN’ F¶ t]cn-epÅ tLmj-bm{X BZyw t£{X-̄ nse asäm-c-h-Iminbmb ‘kap-Zm-

b¯nÂ IpSpw-_’ - Imc-W-hsc kµÀin-̈ -ti-j-amWv t£{X-̄ nÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xv.

sImSn-¡qd Xbv¡p-¶-Xn\pw, sImSn-¡-bÀ \nÀ½m-W-̄ n\pw Xma-Ãm-¡-epÅ IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡v BWv Ah-Imiw. Xncp-hp-SbmS Ae-¡p-¶-Xn\pw, FÃm aebmf amkw H¶mw- Xo-bXnbpw s]cpw Xrt¡m-hn-e-̧ sâ \S-bnÂ the³]m«pw sIm«pw \S¯p¶-Xn\pw Ah-Im-in-I-fmb IpSpw_¡mÀ Dm-bn-cp-¶p. ‘I«nbw sNmÃÂ’(\nXyhpw {io_en Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v H¸w shÅn ZWvUv ]nSn¨v {_Òmhn-\mÂ hnc-Nn-X-amb IoÀ¯-\-§Ä sNmÃp¶ NS§n\v I«nbw sNmÃÂ F¶p]d-bp-¶p.), hoW-hm-b\, ]pcm-W-]m-cm-bWw, thZ-þ-Ko-Xm-]m-cm-bWw \S-̄ p-¶-Xn\pw; DÕ-h-Im-e-§-fnÂ Fgp-¶-Ån-̧ n\v ap³]nÂ AjvS-K-Ô-[q]w ]nSn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw, sImSnacw DbÀ¯p¶Xn\pw, t£{Xaq-«p-]p-c-bnÂ kZy X¿mdm¡p¶Xn\pw aäpw Nne Xangv {_mÒW IpSpw-_-§Ä¡v AhIm-iw- D-m-bn-cp-¶p. shSn-s¡«v \S-̄ m\pw, the-I-fn-\-S-̄ m\pw, Zo]-bjvSn ]nSn-¡m\pw, sImSnþXg FSp¸n\pw Nne- Ip-Sw-_¡mÀ¡v Ah-Im-iw DÅ-Xmbn ]d-b-s -̧Sp¶p.

t£{X-§-fpsS Øm]-\-Im-e¯v Bfpw, AÀ°-hpw AÀ¸n¨v kz´w ]c-tZ-h-Xsb IpSn-bn-cp¯n Bcm-[n-̈ p-h-cp¶ IpSpw-_-§Ä¡mWv Imcm× Ah-Imiw Dm-bXv. tIc-f-̄ nepw ]pd-̄ p-apÅ ss{]häv t£{X-§-fn-epw, t_mÀUnsâ A[o-\-X-bn-epÅ t£{X-§-fnepw CXp-t]m-epÅ Ah-Im-in-Isf ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. t£{Xw ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-b-XnÂ Ch-cpsS ]¦pw \nÊmca-Ã. \nb-a-̄ nsâ `mj-bnÂ ss{]häv s{SÌp-IÄ F¶p-hy-h-l-cn-¡-s -̧Sm-hp¶ t£{X-§sf Ah-bpsS A`n-hy-²n-¡p-thn lnµp-¡-fmb alm-cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ Imem-Im-e-§-fnÂ Gsä-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv Dm-b-Xv. sImÃ-hÀjw 1088 taSw 29 se cmP-Io-b-hnfw_c-̄ n-eqsS Gsä-Sp¯ t£{X-§-fnÂ \ne-hnÂ Dm-bn-cp¶ Imcm× Ah-Imiw AwKo-I-cn¨p \ne-\nÀ¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. kzmX-{ým-\-ćw 1949þÂ Ih-\âneqsSbpw 1950 - Travancore Cochin Hindu Religious Institution Act eqsSbpw Imcm× Ah-Imi¯n\v \nb-a-{]m-_eyw e`n-̈ n-«p-Å-Xp-am-Wv. kz´w t£{X-̄ nÂ t]mbn Cuiz-c-tkh \S-̄ p-¶Xv, IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ \ne-\nÂ¸n\pw t{ib-Ên-\pw Ahiyw th IÀ¯-hy-amWv F¶v Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn hniz-kn-̈ p-h-cp-¶ Imcm×¡mÀ X§-fpsS t£{X-{]-hr-̄ n-IÄ BNm-cm\p-jvTm\§tfmsS C¶pw IrXy-ambn \nÀhln-̈ p-h-cp-¶p.



14. Nn¯n-c-D-Õ-hw tIm¸pImÀ : Ingt¡ ]pÃmw-h-gn, ]Sn-ªm-td-]p-Ãmw-hgn X{ń; taÂim-ń, Iogvimń; ]p¯n-bnÂ CÃw, Ipän-th-en-CÃw (sIm¨p-a-Tw), Imcn¡aTw ssIØm-\o-I-À; Ing-t¡S¯v, amS-tÈcn, sN-¼-I-tÈcn, Ie-bw-Ip-f-§c (Bd-·pf) hmcyw Ig-I-¡mÀ; sN¼-I¯v, tNt©cn (Ipf-̧ p-d¯v aTw) Xncpame- I-g-I-¡mÀ; tImX-Ipf¯v (tNSp-hÅn), iqc-\m«v (hS-t¡-S¯v), ]\-wXn« (sIm¨p-]p-cbv¡Â), sImä-tÈcn, tImSn-¡-p-f¯v hmZy-¡mÀ; amthen¡c a®qÀ aTw, amthen¡c ]p¯³ sIm«mc¯nÂ X¼pcm¡·mÀ; A¼e¸pg ]pXpa\ X{ń F¶nhsc Nn¯n-c-D-Õ-hw tIm¸pImÀ Bbn \nÝbn¨ncp¶p. CXnte¡v ChÀ¡v Hmtcmcp¯À¡pw ]Whpw aÁpw tZhkzw ]XnhnÂ s]Sp¯n \ÂInbncp¶p. (1917se lcn-¸mSv tZhkzw ]Xnhv ]pkvXIw A²ymbwþ7 D-Õ-hw).

15. Nn¯n-c-D-Õ-hw Ac§pImÀ : s]mXn-bnÂ NmIym·mÀ, theXpÅÂ¡mÀ, thZþKoXm ]mcbW¡mÀ, `mKhX·mÀ, IYIfn¡mÀ, Hm«³XpÅ¡mÀ, hmtfdvþsN¸Sn hnZy¡mÀ, CS¡m ]m«pImÀ, ]mnþ]©hmZy¡mÀ F¶nhsc Nn¯n-c-D-Õ-hw Ac§pImÀ Bbn \nÝbn¨ncp¶p. CXnte¡v ChÀ¡v Hmtcmcp¯À¡pw ]Whpw aÁpw tZhkzw ]XnhnÂ s]Sp¯n \ÂInbncp¶p. (1917 se lcn-̧ mSv tZhkzw ]Xnhv ]pkvXIw A²ymbwþ7 D-Õ-hw).

16. ]IÀ¨¡mÀ : Ingt¡ ]pÃmw-h-gn, ]Sn-ªm-td-]p-Ãmw-hgn X{ń; taÂim-́ n, Iogvimń; ]p¯n-bnÂ CÃw, Ipän-th-en-CÃw (sIm¨p-a-Tw), Imcn¡aTw ssIØm-\o-I-À; s]mXn-bnÂ NmIym·mÀ; AI¼Sn tkh th«-ht¡m«p ]Wn-¡À; lcn-̧ mSv A\´]pc¯v sIm«mc¯nÂ X¼pcm¡·mÀ, amthen¡c ]p¯³ sIm«mc¯nÂ X¼pcm¡·mÀ, amthen¡c sXt¡ sIm«mc¯nÂ a®qÀ aTw X¼pcm¡·mÀ, ImÀ¯nI¸Ån sIm«mc¯nÂ X¼pcm¡·mÀ F¶nhÀ¡v ]gbIme¯v t£{X-Du«p]pcbnse kZybpsS ]IÀ¨¡v AhImiw Dmbncp¶p. (1917 se lcn-̧ mSv tZhkzw ]Xnhv ]pkvXIw A²ymbwþ7 D-Õ-hw).

17. Ducm× IpSpw-_-¡mÀ : sN§m-d-̧ Ån, XgqÀ, Ingn-I-pfw F¶o {_mÒWDucm× IpSpw-_-¡m-cmWv DffXv. kp{_-Ò-Wy hn{Klw ImbenÂ \n¶v kn²n¨ kab¯v hn{Klw sNfnbnÂ \n¶v IngnsªSp¯ {_mÒWsâ IpSpw_w Ingn-I-pfambpw, hn{Kl¯nÂ \n¶v sNfn IfsªSp¯bmfptSXv sN§m-d-̧ Ånsb¶pw, hn{Klw XgpInsbSp¯v hff¯nÂh¨ {_mÒWs\ XgqÀ F¶pw Imemć¯nÂ Adnbs¸Sm³ XpS§n. Cu aq\p IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡pw ]gbIme¯v t£{XImcr§fnÂ `mcn¨ D¯chmZnXzw Dmbncp¶p. C¶pw tZhh{]iv\w apXemb NS§pIÄ \S¯pwt¼mÄ Chsc t£{X¯nte¡v hnfn¨phcp¯mdpv.

`àn-]m-]-\m-i\ amÀ¤-sa-¦nÂ {hXw ]c-tam-¶X kn²n-I-fpsS Ihm-S-amWv. kÀÆ-hym-]n-bmb kvIµ-s -̧cp-am-fnsâ {]oXn-bv¡mbn `àÀ A\p-jvTn-¡p¶ {hX-§-fnÂ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-«-XmWv jjvTn-{h-Xw. kÀÆ-]m-]-§-fnÂ \n¶p apàn-bpw AjvS -sF-iz-cy-§-fpw `àn{i²-tbm-sS-bpÅ jjvTn {hXm\p-jvTm-\-̄ n-eqsS e`y-am-Ip-¶p. jjvTn {hXhp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v [mcmfw IY-IÄ {]Nm-c-̄ n-epv.

Xmc-I³, iqc-]-ßm-k-pc³ XpS§nb Akp-c-·m-cpsS D]-{Z-h-§-fnÂ \n¶v c£n-¡-W-sa¶ At]-£-bp-ambn {_Òmhv, hnjvWp, C{µ³ apX-emb tZh-·m-cpw Xm]-k-t{i-jvT-·mcpw IqSn ssIem-k-̄ nÂ sN¶v k¦Sw DWÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw ImÀ¯n-tIb kzmansb hn«p-X-c-W-sa¶v At]-£n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS At]£ kzoI-cn¨ {io]-c-ta-izc³ kp{_-Ò-Wy-s\ tZh-·m-cpsS k¦Sw XoÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn Akpc \n{Klw \S-̄ m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p. iqc-h-[-̄ n-\mbn Xsâ _me-\mb ]p{Xs\ Abbv¡p-¶--XnÂ ]mÀÆXo tZhnbv¡v k½-Xan-Ãm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw ‘iàn’ F¶ Znhymbp[s¯ ]p{X\v sImSp¯v A\p-{K-ln¨v tZh-·m-cpsS H¸w Abbv¡p¶p. kvIµ-tZ-h\pw iqc-]-ßm-kp-c\pw X½nÂ AXn-tLm-c-amb bp²w \S-¶p. ambm-bp-²-̄ nÂ GÀs¸« iqc-]-ßm-kp-c³ Xsâ ambm-i-àn-sImv kvIµ-t\bpw Xt¶bpw aäp-Å-hÀ¡v AZy-iy-am-¡n-̄ oÀ¯p. tk\m-[n-]-\mb Ipam-c-aqÀ¯nsb ImWm-Xm-b-t¸mÄ tZh-·mÀ hnj-an-̈ p. temI-̄ nÂ Hcn-S¯pw Xsâ aIs\ ZÀin-¡m³ Ign-bmsX amXm-hmb ]mÀÆXotZhn alm-tZ-hs\ kao-]n¨v, ]p{X³ i{Xp-hiw

jjvTn-{hXwþsFXnlyw, {hX-\n-jvT-IÄ



s]«p-t]mbn F¶p k¦Ss¸-«p. Cu Ah-k-c-̄ nÂ iqc-]-ßsâ ambm-hn-Zy-bmÂ BWv C§s\ kw`-hn-̈ Xv F¶v {io ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]mÀÆ-Xo tZ-hnsb t_m²y-s¸-Sp-̄ n. F¶mepw _me-\mb ]p{X\v B]-̄ p-I-fnÂ\n¶v c£-e-̀ n-¡Ww F¶ B{Kl-t¯msS {io]mÀÆ-Xn- tZ-hnbpw aäp tZh-·mcpw \njvT-tbmsS {hXm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnepw tZh-]q-P-bnepw GÀs¸-«p. C§s\ Ign-bp¶ Ah-cpsS ap³]nÂ, Bdmw Znhkw (jjvTn Znhkw) amXr-Z-¯-amb iàn-thÂ {]tbm-Kn¨v iqc-]-ßm-kpcs\ h[n¨v hnP-b-{io-em-fn-X-\mbn ImÀ¯n-tI-b-kzman h¶p-tNÀ¶p. At¶-Zn-hkw ImÀ¯n-I- am-k-¯nse (Xp-emamk¯nse) ip¢-]£ jjvTn-bm-bn-cp-¶pþ Cu Znhkw ]n¶oSv kvIµ-jjvTn F¶dnbs¸Sm³ XpSMn. ]p{X-c-£-I-cpXn ]mÀÆXn A\p-jvTn¨ {hX-amWv ]n¶oSv kvImµ {hX-§-fnÂ {][m-\-amb jjvTn-{h-X-am-b-Xv.

{]Wha{´w krjvSn-IÀ¯m-hmb {_ÒtZ-h³ hni-Zo-I-cn-̈ -XnÂ Xr]vX-\m-ImsX, At±-ls¯ _Ô-\-Ø\m¡n A[n-t£-]n-̈ -XnÂ ]Ým-̄ -]n¨ kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzman; B ]m] ]cnlmcmÀ°w Hcp kÀ¸-cq]w [cn¨v ]pän-\pÅnÂ X]-Êm-cw-̀ n-̈ p. ]p{Xsâ Xntcm-[m-\-̄ nÂ Zp:JnX-bmb {io]mÀÆXn ]Xn-bmb alm-tZhsâ D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw ip¢-jjvTn (shfp-̄ -]-£-̄ nse jjvTn) {hX-a-\p-jvTn¨v kvIµs\ ]m]-ap-à-\m-¡n. AXnÂ kt´mjn¨ ImÀ¯n-tI-b³, taenÂ jjvTn-{h-X-a-\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS k´m-\-§Ä¡v kÀÆ ku`m-Ky-§fpw Xm³ {]Zm\w sN¿p-sa-¶-cp-fn-sN-bvXp.

ap³]-dª sFXnly-§Ä IqSmsX A\p-̀ -kn-²amb alna-IÄ AXn-te-sd-bp-v. {_Ò-\-µ-\-\mb {io\m-cZalÀjn k]vXÀjn-I-fnÂ t{ijvT-\mbn hncm-Pn-¡p-hm³ B{K-ln¨v, tZh-·m-cnÂ ap¼-\mb hnLvt\-iz-csâ D]-tZiw tXSp-¶p. kvIµ jjvTn {hXm-\p-jvTm-\-̄ nÂ IqSn kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzm-ansb kw{]oX-\m-¡m-sa-¦nÂ D±n-jvT-Imcyw kn²n-¡p-sa¶v KW-]Xn \mc-Zs\ D]-tZ-in-̈ p. AX-\p-k-cn¨v \mc-Z³ `àn {i²-tbmsS kp{_-Ò-Wykzmansb {]mÀ°n-¡pIbpw {hXw A\p-jvTn-¡pIbpw sNbvXp. CjvS-Im-cy-kn-²n-sb-{]m-]n¨ \mc-Z³ t{ijvT-·m-cnÂ t{ijvT-\m-bn-̄ oÀ¶p. CXp-t]mse Ipw`kw`h\mb AKkvXy alÀjnbpw kvIµ-]q-Pbpw jjvTn-{h-Xhpw A\p-jvTn¨v kÀÆ-Úm-\n-bmbnXoÀ¶p. hkn-jvT-a-lÀjn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw apNp-Ipµ N{I-hÀ¯n jUm-\\ {]oXn-bv¡mbn kvIµ jjvTn-{hXw A\pjvTn-̈ -Xn³ ê-ambn abqcm-cq-V-\mbn ImÀ¯n-tI-b³ t\cn«v ZÀi\w \ÂIn A\p-{K-ln¨ kw`hw kvImµ-a-lm-]p-cm-W-̄ nÂ {]m[m-\y-t¯msS {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p-v.

BUw-_-c-ta-dnb Be-¦m-cnI {]Nmc-̧ mgvthe-I-fnÂ IqSn-bpÅ `àn-{]-I-S-\-§-fnÂ ssZh-{]-kmZw e`n-¡p-I-bnÃ. adn¨v `àn-{i-²-tbm-sS-bpÅ {hXm-\p-jvTm-\-hp-w kaÀ¸W at\m-̀ m-h-t¯msSbpÅ Bcm-[-\bpw ê-{]m]vXn ssIhcp-̄ p-¶-Xm-Wv. lcn-Ko-X-]p-cm-[o-i\mb thembp[ kzman-bpsS k¶n-[n-bnÂ \njvT-tbm-sS-bpÅ jjvTn-{h-X-̄ n\v hfsc {]m[m\yw IÂ¸n-¡p-¶p-v. ImÀ¯n-I-am-k-̄ n-se (Xpem-am-k-̄ nÂ) shfp¯jjvTn (kvIµ-jjvTn) apXemWv {hXw Bcw-̀ n-t¡-Xv. jjvTn {hX-X¯n\v `K-hm³ ]mÀÆ-Xo-tZ-hnbv¡v D]-tZ-in-̈ p-sImSp¯ hn[n-A-\p-k-cn¨v, H¶mw kwhÂk-c-̄ nÂ (hÀj-̄ nÂ) shÅ-\n-thZy-w, cmw kwh-Õ-c-̄ nÂ Acn-¸n-«v (Acn-s¸m-Sn-Ip-dn-¡n-bXv) ap¶mw kwh-Õ-c-̄ nÂ ]m\-I-w-, \memw kwh-Õ-c-̄ nÂ Hcp iwJv ]ip-hn³]mev, A©mw kwh-Õ-c-̄ nÂ Ggp Ipcp-ap-fIv, Bdmw kwh-Õ-c-̄ nÂ ]mÂ¸mb-kw; F¶n-{]-Im-c-apÅ \nth-Zy-§Ä am{Xw Hcp t\cw `£n¨v jjvTn Znhkw tZh-]q-P-I-tfmsS Ign-bp-¶p. Cu Bdp-{Z-hy-§-fnÂ H¶m-a-s¯-Xmb shÅ \nthZyw sImv am{Xw {hXw A\pjvTn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv A[nIw t]cpw. Bdp {Zhy-§Ä Htcm¶pw \nth-Zn¨v {]YaapXÂ Hmtcm-Zn-h-khpw `pPn¨v ITn\ jjvTn {hXw A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-hcpw Dv. shfp-̄ -]-£-̄ nse {]Y-a-ap-XÂ icocip-²nbpw a\-ip-²nbpw hcp¯n Hcp t\cw am{Xw Acn Blmcw `pPn¨v, aÕy-amw-k-§fpw el-cn-]-ZmÀ°-§fpw Dt]-£n¨v \nXyhpw cpt\-chpw t£{X-ZÀi\w \S¯n kp{_-Ò-Wy-IoÀ¯\§Ä Dcp-hn-Sp-I. Bdmw \mÄ (jjvTn-Zn-hkw) AXn-cm-hnse kv\m\w-sNbvXv kp{_-Ò-Wy-t£-{X-ZÀi\w \S-̄ Ww. IoÀ¯-\-§fpw ]pcm-W-§fpw aäpw ]mcm-bWw sN¿p-I. ]©-Khyw tkhn-̈ Xn-\p-tijw am{Xw Pe-]m\w \S-̄ p-I, \nth-Zy-{Zhyw am{Xw `pPn-¡p-I. Zm\-[À½-§Ä \S-̄ pI. C§s\ hn[n-{]-Imcw jjvTn-{hXw A\p-jvTn-̈ mÂ amdm-tcm-K-§fpw XocmZp:J§fpw ian¡pw. `À¯r-Zp-J:-̄ nÂ \n¶pw ]p{X-tim-I-̄ nÂ \n¶pw kvIµ-j-jvTn-{hXw A\p-jvTn-¡p¶ kv{XoIÄ tamNn-X-cm-Ip-¶p. jjvTn-{hXw A\p-jvTn¨v D±n-jvSIm-cy-§Ä kn²n-̈ -hÀ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. Xpem-am-k-̄ nse (ImÀ¯n-I-am-k-̄ n-se) jjvTn- kvIµjjvTn-bpw, -hr-Ýn-I-am-k-¯nse jjvTn Ipam-c-jjvTnbpw I¶nam-k-̄ nse jjvTn leþlembp[ jjvTn Bbn sImm-Sp¶p.



`mc-X-̄ nepw ]pdw-tZ-i-§-fnepw FÃm kp{_-ÒWy t£{X-§-fn-tebpw {][m\ BtLm-j-amWv

‘Imh-Sn-bm«w’ Hmtcm-tZ-i-§-fnse t£{X-§-fnepw CXv {]tXyI BNm-c-§-tfm-sS-bmWv \S-̄ n-h-cp-¶-Xv. Nne-bnS¯v A`n-tj-I-¡m-h-Sn-bmbpw., aäp-Nn-e-bn-S-§-fnÂ Imh-Sn-\-S\w F¶-co-Xn-bn-ep-am-Wv. aI-c-am-k-̄ nse ]qbw-\m-fnÂ `àym-Z-c]qÀÆw ImhSn FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v hfsc {]m[m\yw Iev¸n-¡p-¶p.

ssXam-k-̄ nse ]qbw \mÄ \S-̄ p¶ BtLm-j-am-b-Xn-\mÂ CXn\v ‘ssX¸qbw’ F¶ t]cpw kn²n-̈ p.

Imh-Sn-bpsS DÛ-h-s¯-̧ än ]pcm-X-\-Im-ew- apXÂ {]Ncn¨ncn-¡p¶ sFXn-lyw \ne-hn-epv. amap-\n-t{i-jvT-\mb AK-kvXy-a-lÀjn Hcn-¡Â Z£n-W- Zn-¡nÂ\n¶pw {io]ctaiz-cs\ t\cnÂ ZÀin¨v hµn-¡m-\mbn ssIem-k-̄ n-se¯n. alÀjn-bpsS Bcm-[-\-bnÂ {]oX-\mb {io]-c-ta-iz-c³ At±-l-̄ n\v cp-Ip¶pIÄ (aeIÄ) k½m-\n-̈ pþinh-irw-Khpw iàn-iyw-Khpw. F¶mÂ AXv sX¡³ Zn¡n-te¡v sImp-t]m-Im³ {]bm-k-am-sW-¶p- I-cpXn AhnsSXs¶ h¨v aS-§p-I-bmWv AK-kvXy-a-lÀjn sNbvXXv. ]n¶oSv Hcn-¡Â ssIem-k-̄ nÂ t]mIp-wt¼mÄ ae-IÄsIm-p-h-cm-\mbn klm-bn-¡m-sa¶v ]dªv lnUpw-_³ F¶p-t]-cmb Akp-c³ alÀjnsb A\p-K-an-̈ p. AK-kvXy³ Akp-c\v ]e iàn-Ifpw \ÂIn. {_ÒZ-WvUnsâ c-ä-̄ p-ambn Ip¶p-IÄ _Ôn¨v Akp-c³ Z£n-W -Zn-¡n-te¡v bm{X-bm-bn. A\-´³, hmkpIn, X£-I³ XpS-§nb kÀ¸-§sf Ib-dmbn D]-tbm-Kn-̈ mWv Akp-c³ ae-IÄ sI-«n-bXv. ]g-\n-bnÂ F¯n-b-t¸mÄ tXmfn-epÅ `mcand¡n hn{i-an-̈ p. £oW-a-I-än-b-tijw Akp-c³ hopw ae-IÄ FSp-¡m³ Xp\n-ª-t¸mÄ Ah `qan-bnÂ Dd-̈ -Xm-bn-I-p. Hcp _mesâ cq]-̄ nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸« `K-hm³ kp{_-Ò-Wy³ B ae-IÄ AhnsS Xs¶ \nÂ¡-s«-sb¶v ]dsª¦nepw Akp-c³ sNhn-s¡m-n-Ã. _emÂ¡m-c-̄ n\p apXnÀ¶ Akp-cs\ kp{_-Ò-Wy-³ Iogvs¸-Sp¯n. ]n¶oSv Xsâ `à\mbnamdnb Akp-cs\ Zzmc]m-e-I-\m¡n A\p-{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¶pw ImhSn {Zhy-§Ä \nd-̈ p-sImv sN¿p¶ kp{_-Ò-Wy-

]qPbv¡v ‘lnUpw_³ ]qP’ F¶p-]-d-bm-dp-ÅXv CXn-\m-em-Wv.

Ien-bp-Km-cw-̀ -̄ n\v kpamdv 5000 hÀj-§Ä¡v ap³]v AK-kvXy-cpsS injy-cnÂ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp¶ t`mKÀ F¶ Ejn-hcy\t{X -]-g\n-bnse kp{_-ÒWy {]XnjvT \nÀÆ-ln-̈ -Xv. H³]Xv ]mjmW§Ä (D{K-hn-j-§Äþhocw, ]qcw, ckw, PmXnenwKw, KÔIw, Kucn]mjmWw, shff]mjmWw, ayZÀknw§w, inemk¯v ) Hcp-an¨v Iq«n-t¨À¯v t`mKÀ \nÀ½n¨ kp{_-ÒWy hn{Klw C¶pw AarX Huj[ hocyapÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-Wv. A-XnÂ A`n-tjIw sN¿p¶ {Zhy-§fpw D{K Huj-[- ho-cyw -DÄs¡m---Xm-sW¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

lnUpw_³ aesb ZWvUnÂ _Ôn-̈ -t]mse, Hcp ZWvUnsâ cä¯pw `mc-§Ä _Ôn¨v

sImp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\memWv ImhSn F¶ t]cv kn²n-̈ Xv. CXn\v ‘ImhvsI-«n-’ sIm-pt]mhpI F¶p ]d-bm-dpv. cp-t]À FSp-̄ psImpt]m-Ip¶ `mcw HcmÄ¡v Bbmk-c-ln-X-ambn ImhnSn cqt]W _Ôn-̈ mÂ sIm-p-t]m-Im-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]g-b-Im-e-̄ v ê-§Ä, ]m{X-§Ä, hkv{X-§Ä

XpS-§n-bh hnev¡p-¶-hcpw aäpw C§s\ t]mIpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. ‘ImhpI’ F¶mÂ hln-¡pI

F¶ AÀ°hpw Dv. c-ä¯pw `mc-§Ä Xq¡p-hm-\p--]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ Xns\ ‘Imhp-XSn’ F¶pw ]dm-bm-dp-v. ImhSn F¶ ]Zw Imhv + ASn F¶o ]Z-§Ä tNÀ¶p-mb Hcp kmt¦-XnI \ma-am-sW¶v CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]T-\w \S-̄ nb ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. Imhn-te¡v þ t£{X-¯n-te¡v ASn-sh-bv¡pIþ t]mhpI F¶m-Wt{X CXnsâ AÀ°w.

lcn-̧ mSv alm-t£-{X-̄ nepw Imh-Sn-bm«w {][m\ hgn-]m-SmW.v Chn-Sps¯ BZy-{]-XnjvT \S-̄ n-bXpw ssX¸q-b -Zn-h-k-am-Wv. -A-̀ n-tj-I-{]n-b-\mb kp{_-ÒWy kzmanbv¡v {hX-\n-jvT-tbmSpw `àn {i²-tbmSpw thWw Imh-Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-hm³. Cu t£{X-̄ nÂ A`n-tj-I-¡m-hSnbmWv {][m\w; AXm-bXv `Km-hm\v A`n-tjIw sN¿p-¶-Xmb {Zhy-§Ä Ie-i-§-fnÂ (sam´-I-fnÂ) ]qPn¨v \nd¨v ImhSn-bnÂ _Ôn¨v t£{X-̄ nÂ sImp-h-¶v A`n-tjIw \S-̄ p-¶p. Xm{ńI hn[n-{]Imcw Nn«-s -̧Sp-̄ nb {hX-§fpw aäp \njvT-I-fpw A\p-jvTn-̈ mWv {Zhy-§Ä \nd¨v ImhSn FSp-t¡--Xv.

ssX¸qbw (Imh-Sn A`ntjIw)



ImhSn FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v apt¶m-Sn-bmbn Ipd-ªXv 12 Znh-ks¯ (D¯aw 41 Znh-ks¯ {hX-am-Wv ) \njvT-tbm-Sp-IqSnbpÅ {hXw A\p-jvTn-¡Ww. CXn-\mbn ImhSn FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nÝ-bn¨ Znhk¯n\v 14 Znhkw ap³]v {hXw XpS-§m-\mbn ap§n-Ip-fn¨v t£{X-ZÀi\w \S¯n Xpf-kn-ame ]qPn¨v hm§n kzbw- [-cn-¡p-I. (kzbw {hXame [cn-¡p-¶tXmsS {hXw A\p-jvTn-¡m³ kzbw k¶-²-amWv F¶pÅ ZrV-\n-Ýbw shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bm-Wv ). {hX-Im-e-§-fnÂ \ntXy\ cp-t\-chpw t£{X-Ip-f-̄ nÂ ap§n-¡p-fn¨v Imhn-h-kv{Xw DSp¯v \ma-k-¦oÀ¯-\-§-tfmsS t£{X-ZÀi\w \S-̄ -Ww. cmhnse ]ó-cSn¸q-Pbv¡v tijw D¨-̧ qP-bpsS kv\m\-L-«-̄ nÂ \S-¡p¶ ]©Khy, \hI Ie-im-̀ n-tj-I-§Ä ZÀin¨v ]©-Khyw hm§n-tk-hn-̈ -Xn-\p-tijw am{Xta {hX-¡mÀ Pe-]m\w t]mepw \S-̄ m-hp. {hX-Im-e-b-f-hnÂ kkym-lmcw am{Xw `pPn-¡pI; aÕy-amw-k-§Ä el-cn]ZmÀ°-§Ä F¶nh 41 Znh-k-t¯bv¡v F¦n-epw ]qÀ®-ambpw Hgn-hm-¡pI. (Ah-c-h-cpsS Krl-¯n-epÅ aäp-Å-hcpw CXnÂ ]¦p-sIm-ÅpI). \ntXy\ Hcp t\cw Acn-bm-lm-chpw _m¡n-t\cw tKmX-¼p-t]m-epÅ [m\y-§fpw, ê-§fpw Ign-¡p-I. tIm]w, hntZzjw, amÕcyw apX-embh shSnªv Al-¦m-cs¯ CÃm-Xm-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I. \ntXy\ ]pcm-W-§Ä, IoÀ¯-\-§Ä Ch ]mcm-b-Ww -sN¿pI. {hX-Im-e-b-f-hnÂ Alw-̀ mhw CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xn\v IpdªXv Ggp `h-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw `n£ hm§p-I. CX-n\mbn \s½ ]qÀ®ambn Adn-bp-¶-h-cpsS Krl-§-Ä Xs¶- Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p-Iþ CXnÂ \n¶pw Zpc`n-am\w shSnªv `n£ kzoI-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p. `n£-In-«p-¶-Xmb [m\yw- sImv H¡p-sa-¦nÂ Hcp Znhkw `£Ww ]mIwsNbvXp Ign-¡pI. C§s\ 12- Zn-h-ks¯ \njvT-tbmSpw `àn-tbm-Sp-apÅ {hX-̄ n-\p-tijw Imh-Sn- F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnsâ Xte-Zn-hkw GIm-Z-in-{hXw A\p-jvTn-¡-Ww.

ImhSn \nd-bv¡m-\pÅ {Zhy-§Ä ap³Iq-«n- Xo-cp-am-\n-¡-Ww. FsÅ®, s\¿v, ]ip-hn³ ]m-Â, tX³, iÀ¡-c, ]\n-\oÀ, sN¦-cn-¡n³\oÀ, `kvaw, Ip¦p-aw, ]pjv]w, ]©m-ar-Xw, If-̀ w F¶n§s\ 12 {Zhy-§-fnÂ H¶mWv Imh-Sn-\n-d-bv¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. CXnÂ Ah-km-\s¯ cp {Zhy-§-fpsS \nÀ½mWw Bbm-kI-c-ambXn\mÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dnÃ! Imh-Sn-\n-d-bv¡m³ FSp¡p¶ {Zhy-§Ä ]cn-ip-²hpw ta·-Iq-Sn-bXpw Bbn-cn-¡-Ww. BZyambn ImhSn FSp-¡p-¶-hÀ km[m-cW F®-¡m-h-Sn-bmWv FSp-¡p-¶-Xv.

Imh-Sn-bp-sSþ¹mhn³X-Sn-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ N«-̄ nsâ cv A{K-§-fnepw sam -́bnÂ A`n-tjI {Zhyw \nd¨v ]qPn¨v sI«n-h-bv¡p-¶-p. ImhSn \nd-bv¡m³ kao-]-t£-{X-§Ä, aT-§Ä XpS§n ipNnbmbØ-e-§Ä thWw Xnc-sª-Sp-¡m³. Hä¡mhSn IqSmsX Bdp-Im-h-Sn-IÄ tNÀ¶ Adp-apJ Imh-Sn-Ifpw j×p-J\v {]nb-¦-c-amWv. abnÂ¸oen-Ifpw hÀ®- -̧«p-Ifpw sImv ImhSn at\m-l-c-ambn Ae-¦-cn-¡p-¶p. \nd-̈ -Im-h-Sn-IÄ Hä-bm-bpw- Iq-«-t¯m-sSbpw tXmfnÂ Gän t£{X-̄ n-te¡v t]mImw. Imh-Sn -tXm-fnÂ hbv¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w ssI¿nÂ ]nSn-̧ o-enbpw ]nSn-¡p-¶p. CXnse NqcÂhSn {_Ò-Z-WvUn-t\bpw iqew `K-hÂ ssNX-\y-t¯bpw Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. AI¼-Snbv¡v hmZy-ta-f-§fpw Dm-Ip-¶Xv \Ã-Xm-Wv. Imh-Sn-I-fpsS ap³]n-embn `{Z-Zo]w \nÀ_-Ô-ambpw ]nSn-̈ n-cn-¡-Ww. A`n-tjI-{Zhyw H«pXs¶ \jvS-am-ImsX kq£n-¡Ww, ]qÀ®-ambpw t£{X-̄ nÂ F¯n¨v `K-hXv-hn-{K-l-¯nÂ A`ntj-Iw-\-S-̄ -Ww. ap§n-¡p-fn¨v Imhn-ap-p-sImv Xäp-Sp¯v D¯-cobw C«v, `kva-¡p-dn-[-cn¨v `K-hÂ \ma-§Ä Dcp-hn-«p-thWw Imh-Sn-bp-ambn \nt§--Xv. AXy´w `àn-tbmSpw {i²-tbmSpw thWw Cu IÀ½w -sN-¿m³. ]mÂ¡m-hSn FSp-¡p-¶-hÀ hmbv hkv{Xw-sImv aqSm-dpv. \nd-bv¡p¶ {Zhy-§-fnÂ thKw -tI-Sm-Im³ km²y-bp-ÅXv ]mÂ BsW¶XvsImv {]tXy-I- {i-²-bv¡p-th-n-bmWv C§-s\-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. ImhSnbpw sImv hcpw-t¼mÄ Xm{ńI hn[n-{]-Imcw D]-tZ-h·mscsbÃmw hµn-̈ n-«p-thWw t£{X-\m-e-¼-e-̄ nÂ {]th-in-¡m³. \me-¼-e-̄ nÂ h¨v Imh-Sn-I-fnÂ \n¶v {Zhyw \nd¨ sam´-IÄ Agn-s¨Sp¯v \a-kv¡mc aWvU-]-̄ nÂ {]tXyIw X¿m-dm-¡nb ]ß-̄ nÂ shbv¡p-¶p. {iotIm-hn-en-Â \n¶v Zo]w ]IÀ¶v hnf¡v I¯n¨v ]mWn-sIm-«p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw {Zhy-§Ä {iotIm-hn-en\p-ÅnÂ sImp-t]mbn hn{K-l-̄ nÂ A`n-tjIw \S-̄ p-t¼mÄ `K-hÂ\m-a-§Ä Dcp-hn«v ZÀin-¡-Ww. A`n-tjIw sNbvX {Zhy-hpw (XoÀ°hpw), ]©ma-rXhpw tkhn-̈ v, A`n-tj-I-̄ n-\p-tijw \nthZyw \S-̄ p¶ ]mbkhpw {]km-Z-ambn Ign-̈ -Xn-\p-tijw am{Xta Pe-]m\w \S-̄ m-hp.

ssX¸qb Znh-k-amWv ImhSn A`n-tjIw {][m-\-am-bp-ÅXv F¦nepw Cu t£{X-̄ nÂ aäv GXp Znhk§-fnepw ImhSn FSp-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. hnjpZnhkhpw ImhSn A`n-tj-I-̄ n\v {]m[m\yw sImSp-̄ p-h-cp-¶p.- km-[m-cW Znh-k-§-fnÂ shfp-̧ n-\pÅ A`n-tj-I-t¯m-sSm-̧ hpw D¨bv¡v



-\h-Im`n-tjI¯n\p ap³]mbpw BWv ImhSn A`n-tjIw \S-̄ m-dv. ap³]v ]dª 12 {Zhr-§fpw BSp-¶-Xn\v {]tXyI ka-b-§Ä Dv ! shfp-̧ n\v BZyw F®bpw, s\¿pw A`n-tjIw \S-̄ p-¶p.



AXn-\p-tijw iÀ¡-c,- tX³, ]mÂ, Cf-\oÀ, ]\n\oÀ Ch A`n-tjIw \S-̄ p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw ]©m-arXhpw. D¨¡v \h-Im-̀ n-tj-I-̄ n\p tijw If`w A`n-tjIw \S¯n kam¸n¡p-¶p. cm{Xn-bnÂ `kvaw, Ip¦p-aw, -]pjv]w Chbpw A`n-tjIw \S¯p¶p.

{Zhyw \nd-bv¡msX Imh-Sn-IÄ t£{X \me-¼-e-̄ nÂ sImp-t]m-I-cp-Xv. A`n-tj-I-{Z-hy-amb ]©-Khyw Xmsg Ifªv Nhn-«m³ CS-bm-I-cp-Xv. {Zhyw \nd¨v ImhSn FSp-¡msX iqehpw aäpw tZl¯v Xd¨v hcp¶ Nne {]h-WX XoÀ¯pw hn[n-{]-Im-c-ap-Å-XÃ! Cu t£{X¯nÂ A`n-tjI

¡mh-Sn-bm-Wv. ‘Imh-Sn-bm«w’ F¶-XnÂ \n¶v Imh-Sn-bpw sImv XpÅpI (BSpI) F¶Ã Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv, Imh-Snbmbn {Zhy-§Ä \nd-̈ p-sIm-ph¶v hn{K-l-̄ nÂ BSp-I- F-¶mWv. {hXm-cw-̀ -̄ nÂ [cn¨ ame t£{X-̄ nÂ \nt£-]n¨p t]mI-cpXv! ([-cn¨ ame-bÃ t£{X-̄ nÂ kaÀ¸nt¡-Xv ). A\m-hiy BUw-_-c-§-fpw, A\m-Nm-c-§fpw Ign-hXpw Hgn-hm-¡p-I. `àn-{i²tbmsS Imh-Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v FÃm-Zp-cn-X-§fpw B]¯pw Hgnªp t]mIpw.

t£{X-̄ nÂ ]v \nXyhpw {io_-enbv¡v ap³]nÂ ‘U½m\w’ F¶ hmZywsIm«p¶ ]Xnhv

Dm-bn-cp-¶p. henb X_-e-bpsS (s]-cpw-]-d-bp-sS) BIrXn-bnÂ DÅ cs®w Imf-bpsS ]pd¯v

cv hi¯pambn C«v sIm«p¶-XmWv Cu hmZy-̄ nsâ coXn. U½m\w AWnª Imfsb ‘U½m-\w-

Imf’ F¶pw Imf-¡m-cs\ Imf-hm-̈ À F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. t£{X-̄ nse Imfsb t£{X-aXnen\p ]pd¯v hS¡v ]Sn-ªm-dpÅ Imf sXmgp-h-̄ nÂ sI«pI-bmWv ]Xn-hv. \nXyhpw D¨-̧ q-P-bpsS

]mb-k-̄ nsâ Hcp ]¦v Imf-bv¡pÅ-XmWv. AXn-\mÂ D¨-̧ q-P-bpsS ]mb-k-̄ n\v ‘Imf-]m-bkw’ F¶ t]cp-kn-²n-̈ p. tImX-Ipf¯v (tNSp-hÅn) IpSpw-_-¡mcmWv U½m\w sIm«mdv.

]g-b-Im-e¯v tIc-f-̄ nÂ Xncph\-́ -]pcw, XriqÀ XpS-§nb Øe-§fnÂ DÅ kzman-bmÀ aTw-§-fnse kzman-bmÀamÀ (k\ymknamÀ) \m«nse t£{X-§-fnÂ kµÀi\w \S-̄ pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. Xncp-h-\- -́]pcw kzman-bmÀ aT-̄ nse kzman-bmÀ hÀj-̄ nÂ Hcn-¡Â lcn-̧ mSv t£{Xw kµÀin-̈ n-cp-¶p. t£{X-̄ n\p kao]w aT-̄ n\v hkvXp-h-I-IÄ (B{iahpw aäpw) Dm-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-¡pf¯nÂ Ipfn¨v Imhn [cn¨v tbmK ZWvUpw ]nSn¨v F¯p¶ kzman-bmsc Cc-«(-c-v ) iwJp hnfn¨v {]tXz-I -coXn-bnÂ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. kzman-bmÀ t£{X-̄ n-\p-ÅnÂ {]th-in¨v tZhs\ hW§n AÀ¨\ \S-̄ p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w t£{X-̄ nse ]qPm-IÀ½-§Ä bYm-hn[n \S-¡p-¶ptm F¶pw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. C§-s\-bpÅ kzman-bm-cpsS kµÀi\w t£{X-§-fp-ambn k\ymknkaq-l-̄ n-\p-m-bn-cp¶ _Ôw shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. hÀj¯nsemcn-¡se kµÀi\w IqSmsX ]pXp-Xmbn taÂ imńsb Ah-tcm-[n-¡p¶ Ah-k-c-̄ nepw kzman-bmÀ F¯n-t¨cm-dpv! A¡m-e¯v IpS-imń (]p-d-s -̧Sm imń)¡mcmbn Ah-tcm-[n-¡s¸Sp¶ taÂim-́ n¡v Hme-¡pS \ÂIn-bn-cp¶Xv kzman-bm-cm-Wv. Ime-{I-taW Cu NS-§p-IÄ CÃm-Xm-bn.

{iol-cn-bp-tSbpw aäv tZh-·mcp-tSbpw ]mZ kv]Ài-taä, lcn-Ko-X-]p-tc-isâ sImSn-a-c-̈ p-h-

«nÂ Dcp-fp-¶Xv {]m[m\yw IÂ¸n-¡p-¶p. sImSn-a-c-̈ p-h-«nÂ \ntXy\ Ip«n-IÄ Dcp-fp-¶Xv ChnsS ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. ]g-b-Im-e¯v {_mÒ-W-_m-e-·mÀ am{Xta C§s\ sNbvXn-cp-¶p-Åp. ChÀ¡v \ntXy\bpÅ \nth-Zy-̄ nsâ Hcp sNdn-b-]¦v t£{X-̄ nÂ \n¶pw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p.- Iq-SmsX ChÀ t£{X Du«p-]p-c-bnÂ \S-¶n-cp¶ aX-]mTime-bn-epw ]¦psImncp¶p. t£{X ZÀi-\-̄ n\v F¯p¶ `àÀ Ah-cpsS hI-bmbn `£-W-hpw (\n-th-Zy-§Ä), hkv{X-hpw ]g-b-Im-e¯v \ÂIp-am-bn-cp-¶p. C¶v ss]k \ÂIp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. -Ip-«n-IÄ sImSn-a-c-̈ p-h-«nÂ Dcp-fp-¶Xv ib\{]Z£n-W-

kzman-bmÀ aTw

Dcp-fn¨

U½m\w Imf



¯n\v kam-\-ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. Cu _me-·mÀ Cuiz-c-̀ -ànbpw, [mÀ½nI aqey-§fpw DÅ-h-cmbn hfÀ¶p hcp-¶p.

tIc-f-̄ nse aäp- ]e t£{X-§-fntebpw t]mse ]d Fgp-¶-Ån v̧ Cu t£{X-̄ nÂ

]Xn-hn-Ã. km[m-cW tZho-tZ-h-·msc t]mse kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzman `à-P-\-§-fpsS `h-\-§-fnÂ t]mbn ]d kzoI-cn-¡m-dnÃ F¦nepw aq¶v DÕ-h-̄ n\pw ]Ån-th-«bv¡pw Bdm-«n-\p-ambn t£{X-a-XnÂ¡v ]pd¯v Fgp-¶-Ån-̈ p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ hgn-bn-ep-S-\ofw `à-P-\-§Ä ]d C«v tZhs\ kzoI-cn-¡m-dpv.

CXn\v ‘hgn-taÂ]d’ F¶p ]d-ªph-cp-¶p. CXnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn Bdm-s«-gp-¶-Ån-̧ p-IÄ Imcn-̈ mÂ B¼¡m«p IpSpw-_-̄ n-epw, ]Sn-ªmsd ]pÃmwh-gn-bnepw sN¶v A³s]men kznI-cn-¡p-¶pv! Chn-S-§-fnÂ Hcn-S¯pw Cd¡n Fgp-¶-Ån-¡m-dnÃ! AXp-t]m-se `à-P-\-§Ä ]d tZh-¦Â kaÀ¸n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶Xv; aäv ]e Øe¯pw DÅ-Xp-t]mse ]d Xfn-¡Â, ]d- a-dn-¡-Â F¶o NS-§p-Ifpw ChnsS ]Xn-hn-Ã. t£{X-k-¶n-[n-bnÂ F¯n sImSn-a-c-̈ p-h-«nÂ ]d kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v (C-Sp-¶-Xn-\v ) BWv ChnsS {]m[m-\yw.

{io kp-{_-ÒWy hml-\-amb abnÂ lcn-̧ mSv t£{X-̄ nÂ ]g-b-Imew apXÂ Xs¶ Dv.

`àÀ abn-ens\ \S-bv¡p-h-bv¡pI ChnsS ]Xn-hmWv. C-Xns\ t£{X-̄ n-epÅ abnÂ¡q-Sp-I-fnÂ hfÀ¯m-dmWv ]Xnhv; CXn-tebv¡v tZh-kz-̄ nÂ \n¶pw [\hpw A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶pv ! t£{X-ZÀi\¯n\v F¯p-¶-hÀ abn-en-t\bpw Iv `£-Whpw (Xo-ä-bpw) \ÂIn t]mIpI-bmWv ]Xn-hv.

Sn¸p-hnsâ ]S-tbm« Ime¯v ae-_m-dnse ]c-̧ -\mSp cmP-hw-i-¡mÀ N§\m-tÈ-cn-bn-te¡v Xmakw amän. Cu cmP-Ip-Spw-_-̄ n-emWv ]WvUnX·m-cmb tIc-f-hÀ½bpw tPyjvT-\mb hmKv`-S\pw P\n-̈ -Xv. 1845 s^{_p-hcn 19þ\v N§\mtÈcn e£vao-]pcw sIm«m-c-̄ nÂ P\n¨ tIcfhÀ½, tPjvT³ lcn¸m«v A\- -́]pcs¯ sIm«m-c-̄ n-te¡v Xmakwamän-b-t¸mÄ H¸w IqSn! 14--þmw hb-ÊnÂ tIc-f-hÀ½ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmPIpSw-_-̄ nse dmWne£v-an-̀ mbnsb hnhmlw Ign-̈ -tXmsS hen-b-tIm-bn-X-¼p-cm-\mbn. 1860 apXÂ Xncp-hnXmwIqÀ alm-cm-Pm-hmb Bbneyw Xncp-\mÄ cma-hÀ½-sb, `c-W-Im-cy-̄ nÂ klm-bn¨v Xncp-h\-´-]p-c¯v Xma-kn-¨ph-cp-¶-Im-e¯v GtXm-Im-c-W-̄ mÂ sXän²m-c-W-aqew 1875þÂ (1050 IÀ¡SIw 21þ\v ) alm-cm-Pmhv tIc-f-hÀ½sb cmPy-t{Zm-lIpäw Npa¯n GIm-́ -X-S-hn\v in£n¨v Be-¸p-g-bn-te¡v Ab-̈ p. 15- am-k-¡mew Be-¸p-g-bnse GIm´ XShv XpSÀ¶p. ]n¶oSv in£ Cf-hp-sNbvXp, 4 hÀj-¡mew lcn-̧ ms« A\-´-]pcw sIm«m-c-̄ nÂ ho«p XS-¦-enÂ Ign-ªp. XS¦-enÂ Ign-bp-¶- Im-e¯v lcn-̧ mSv kp{_-ÒWykzman -t£-{X-̄ nÂ ZÀi-\¯n\p-t]m-Im\pw AhnsS tZh-hm-l-\-amb abn-ep-Isf ImWm\pw CS-bmbn ! thÀ]n-cnªv Xncp-h\´]pc¯v sIm«m-c-̄ nÂ Ign-bp¶ Xsâ kl-[À½-nWnbv¡v Hcp ktµiw abnÂhiw

sImSp-̄ -bv¡p-¶-Xmbn k¦Â¸n¨v cNn¨ IrXn-bmWv ‘abqcktµiw’F¶ {]kn² ktµ-i-Imhyw. Idp¸p ajn-bnÂ 29 t]Pp-I-fn-embn Fgp-Xnb Cu IrXn-bpsS BZy ssIs¿-gp¯v {]Xn C¶pw lcn¸m«v A\-́ -]pcw sIm«m-c-̄ nÂ kq£n-̈ n-«p-v. abqcktµi¯nsâ ]qÀÆ`mK¯v 68þDw D¯c`mK¯v 73þDw ]Zy§fmWv DffXv. alm-Ihn Imfn-Zm-ks\ (Ipamckw`hw) hio-I-cn¨ t{]a-Ip-am-c³þ ImÀ¯ntI-b³ tIc-f-Im-fnZm-k³- F¶ A]-c-\m-a-̄ nÂ hnJym-X-\mb tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-X-¼p-cm-t\bpw (abqcktµiw) Xsâ amkvac iànbv¡v hi-K-X-\m-¡n-b-XnÂ AÛp-X-an-Ã. tIc-f-hÀ½sb BIÀjn¨Xv B ]£n (abnÂ), kÀ¸¯nsâ (Bbney ¯nsâ) i{XphmsW¶pffXpw hnimJsâ (kp-{_-ÒWysâ F¶pw hnimJwXncp\mfnsâ F¶pw) _ÔphsW¶pffXpw BtemN\m_Ôpcamb hnjb§fmsW¶v \ncq]IÀ ]dªph¨n«pv.

1895þÂ am{XamWv, abqcktµiw ]pkvXIcq]¯nÂ {]kn²s¸Sp¯nbXv. (`mjmt]mjnWn amknIbnÂ {]kn²s¸Sp¯nbXv 1894þembncp¶p.) Cu Ignª kwhÕc§fnÂ abqcktµi¯nsâ \nch[n]Xn¸pIÄ ]pd¯ph¶n«pv. IqSmsX abqcktµi¯n\v Cw¥ojnepw

hgn-taÂ]d

abq-c-k-tµ-ihpw t£{X-̄ nse abn-ep-Ifpw



kwkvIrX¯nepw ]cn`mjIÄ Dmbn.

hnimJwXncp\mÄ almcmPmhv tIc-f-hÀ½ henbtImbn¯¼pcms\ 1880þÂ PbnÂ hntamNnX\m¡n. `mcX¯nse§pw AebSn¨pbÀ¶ tZiob \thm°m\ {]kvXm\¯n\v tIcf¯nÂ tIc-f-hÀ½ t\XrXzw \ÂIn. ]mT]pkvXI¡½nÁnbptSbpw `mjmt]mjnWn k`bptSbpw A²y£\mbncp¶p At²lw. 1914 sk]vÁw-_À 22þ\v ImbwIpf¯v IpÁns¯cphnÂ Dmb Imd]IS¯nÂ ZnhwKX\mbn.

lcn-̧ mSv t£{X-̄ nÂ tZhsâ B\sb ]cn-N-cn-¡p-hm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw B\-t -̧cnÂ IpSpw-_-¡mÀ¡m-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-̄ nse hnti-j-§Ä¡v B\sb IrXy-ambn F¯n-¡p-¶Xv Ch-cpsS Npa-Xebmbn-cp-¶p. Hcn-¡Â lcn-̧ mSv t£{X-̄ nse hntij Znhkw ASp-̄ p-h-cp-I-bpw IpSpw-_-̄ nÂ BWp-§Ä Bcpw CÃmsX hcp-I-bpw sNbvXp. t£{X ASn-b-́ ncw XS-Ês¸Spw F¶v `b¶v IpSpw_¯nse `à-bmb Hcp kv{Xo (A½) `K-hms\ X§-fpsS k¦-S-§Ä ]dªp {]mÀ°n¨p. t£{X-hn-ti-j-̄ n\p Xte-Znhkw B A½bv¡v kz]v\-̄ nÂ kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzman Hcp Acp-f-̧ mSv \ÂIn; {]`m-X-̄ nÂ Ipfn¨v Fs¶ a\-ÊnÂ [ym\n¨v B\bpsS sIm¼nÂ ]nSn¨v t£{X-̄ n-tebv¡v \bn¡pI . CXm-bn-cp¶p kz]v\-̄ n-eqsS Adn-hm-bXv. kz]v\ZÀi\w kn²n¨ B A½ ]ntä-Zn-hkw B\-tbmSv CS-s]-«v ]cn-Nbw CÃm-ªn-«p-IqSn B\-tbbpw sImv t£{X-̄ nÂ F¯p-Ibpw t£{X-N-S-§p-IÄ apS-§msX \S-̄ p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¶pw B

IpSpw-_-̄ nse ]n-³apd¡mÀ B A½sb ‘B\-A½q½’ G¶ t]cnÂ BZcn¡p¶p.

Hcn-bv¡Â XriqÀPn-Ã-bnÂ s]cph\w tZi-¡m-c\pw ]WvUn-X\pw, ]mTI hnZzm\pamb Hcp

]njm-cSn lcn-¸m«v XoÀ°mS\mÀ°w F¯n-t¨À¶p. At±lw X{ń-bmb ]Snªmtd ]pÃm-wh-gn-bpsS BXnYyw kzoI-cn¨v AhnsS Xma-kn-̈ p. At±-lw kÔy-I-gnªv CÃ-s¯- X-f¯nÂ ]mTIw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p. kao]-̄ pÅ Krl-§-fnteXpÄ¸sS [mcmfw Bfp-IÄ t{imXm-¡fmbn Dm-bn-cp-¶p. cmam-b-W-̄ nse e¦m-Z-l\w IY-bmWv ]njm-cSn ]mT-I-ambn ]d-ªp-sIm-n-cp-¶-Xv. tIm]w ]q cmh-W³ l\p-amsâ hmenÂ Xo sImfp-̄ m³ BÚm-]n-¡p-¶Xpw, hmenÂ Xo sImfp-̄ nb DSs\ e¦m-\-Kcn apgp-h\pw Aán-¡n-c-bm-¡n-b-Xp-amb `b-¦-c-kw-̀ -hhpw, e¦-bnse Aán-bp-sS kwlmc XmWvU-h-§fpw hÀ®n-̈ p-sIm-n-cns¡ cm{Xn-bnÂ ]Xnhv sXän t£{X-̄ nse henb aWn

Hcp AÛpXIY

Hcp bmZr-ÑnI kw`hw



apg-§p-¶Xv tI«v ]mTIw {ihn-̈ p-sIm-n-cp¶hÀ ]pd¯v Cd§n t\m¡p-t¼mÄ e¦-bn-ep-mb Aán-\m-f-̄ n\v kam-\-ambn t£{X-̄ nÂ \n¶v Xobpw ]pIbpw Db-cp-¶Xv Ip. sImÃhÀjw 1096 hrÝnIw 22 \v cm{Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu Zp:J kw`hw!

(t£{X-\m-e-¼-e-̄ nsâ Hcn-¡epw Xpd-¡m¯ ]Sn-ªmsd hmXnÂ)

lcn-̧ m-Sn-\-Sp¯v Xma-Ãm-¡Â {Kma-̄ n-epÅ ‘Icp-\m«v’F¶ IpSpw-_-̄ nÂ kp{_-ÒWy `à-\mb Hcp {_mÒ-W³ Dm-bn-cp-¶p. k´m\ e_v[n-¡mbn ZoÀLImew `Pn-̈ n«v êw-In-«msX Zp:JnX-\mbn Xsâ kz¯p-¡-Ä apgph\pw Xr¸-Sn-Zm\w FgpXn `K-hmsâ ap³]nÂ kaÀ¸n-̈ p. AXn-\p-tijw tZl-XymKw sN¿m³- D-d¨v t£{X-̄ nÂ F¯n. kzbw Hcp I¯n-sImv Ip¯n-bn«v t£{X-̄ nsâ ]Sn-ªmsd hmXnenÂ¡qsS ]pd-t¯¡v HmSn Xmsg hoWp acn--̈ p. A¶v Cu kw`-h-¯n-\v bmZy-Ñn-I-ambn ZrIvkm-£n-I-fm-tI-n-h¶ Imcn-¡-a-T-̄ n-tebpw, Ipän-th-en-tebpw aq¯-Xp-

·mÀ BXvalXym {iaw XS-bm³I-gn-bm¯Xnsâ t]cnÂ ‘Icp-\m«p\a-kv¡mcw’ F¶ {]mb-Ýn¯ hgn-]mSv C¶pw \S-̄ n-h-cp-¶p. \qäm-p-IÄ¡v ap³]v \S¶ {]kvXpX Zp:J-kw-̀ -h-̄ n-\p -tijw \me-¼-e-̄ nsâ ]Sn-ªmsd hmXnÂ Xpd-¡m-dnÃ! A¶v tZl-XymKw sNbvX {_mÒ-W³ {_Ò-c-£-Êmbn amdn-b-Xn-\mÂ {_mÒ-W-Krlw \n¶ Øe¯v t£{Xw ]WnXv {]Xn-jvT-\-S¯n. Nn¯nc DÕ-h-̄ nsâ Bdm-«n-\mbn Icp-h-äm-¡pf-§-c-bn-te¡v Fgp-¶-Ån¨v t]mIp-t¼mÄ XmaÃm¡Â Icp-\m«v t£{X-̄ n\v kao]w F¯n-bmÂ AÂ]Zqcw hmZy-ta-f-§Ä \nÀ¯n, iwJp-hn-fn¨p-sIm-mWv IS¶v t]mIp-¶-Xv. AXp-t]mse Xs¶ DZbm-kvX-a\ ]qP apXemb {][m\ ASn-b-́ n-c-̄ n\v

Xte-Zn-hkw ‘Acn Af-¡Â’ NS§p \S-̄ p-t¼mÄ BZyw Icp-\m-t«bv¡v Hcp `mKw Af-¶p-sh-bv¡pI ]Xn-hpv.

{][m\t£{X-̄ nsâ aXn-en-\p-]p-d¯v sX¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ Cu ]g-b-t£{Xw lcn-̧ mSv alm-t£-{X-̄ nsâ aqe Øm\-ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. Ccp-I-c-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb kvIµ-Ip-amc hn{K-l-am-Wv Chn-Sps¯ {]XnjvT. hÀj-§Ä ]g-¡-ap-Å-XmWv hn{Khpw {iotIm-hn-epw. ]pcm-X-\hpw at\m-l-c-hp-amb --_lphÀ® NphÀNn-{X-§Ä {iotIm-hnÂ `n¯nbnÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶Xv Ime-{I-taW amªp-t]m-bn. F¶mepw {iotIm-hn-ensâ apI-fn-es¯ X«nt\mSv tNÀ¶pÅ `n¯n-bnÂ Ct¸mgpw A¯cw hÀ®-Nn-{X-§Ä hyà-ambn ImWmw. kvIµ-]p-cmW IY-I-fmWv Cu Nn{X-̄ nÂ Bte-J-\w -sN-bvXncn¡p¶-Xv. CXnÂ Ing¡v hS-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ mbn KP-apJ cq]-\mb Xmc-Im-kp-cs\ abq-c-hm-l-\-\mb kvIµ³ h[n-¡p-¶-Xmb cwKw AÛp-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. NphÀNn-{X-§Ä IqSmsX CtXm-sSm¸w alm-hnjvWp, {io]-c-ta-izc³, \c-knwlaqÀ¯n XpS-§nbhcpsS Zmcp-in-ev]-§fpw ImWmw.cp \ne-I-tfm-Sp-IqSnb {iotIm-hn-en\v ap³]nÂ \a-kv¡mc aWvU-]hpw Dv.

ChnsS \ntXy\ aq¶v ]qP-bmWv ]Xnhv. jjvTnbpw, ImÀ¯n-Ibpw {][m-\-am-sW-¦nepw {]tXyI NS-§p-IÄ H¶pw CÃ. taS-am-k-̄ nÂ hnjp-hn\v IWn-Iv aq¶mw Znhkw cm{XnbnÂ sImSn-I-bdn F«mwZn-hkw Bdm-t«m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bpÅ DÕ-h-amWv {][m\ BtLmjw. F® A`n-tjIw, ]p-jv]m-RvPen, apgp-¡m¸v, iÀ¡c]mbkw, ]mÂ]mbkw, {Xn-a[pcw \nthZyw Ch-bmWv {][m\ hgn-]mSpIÄ.

t£{X-B-cm-[-\-bnÂ {]ap-J-amb Øm\-amWv hgn-]m-Sp-IÄ¡p-ÅXv. hgn-]m-Sp-I-fn-eqsS AÂ`p-X-I-c-amb êw e`n-¡p-¶-Xmbn ]eÀ¡pw A\p`-h-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. Ah-c-hÀ¡pÅ kÀÆkzhpw aäp-Å-hÀ¡mbn `K-h-Õ-¶n-[n-bnÂ AÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv hgn-]m-Sv. hgn-]m-Sp-IfpsS kmam\y kzm`mhw

Icp-\m«v tXhÀ

IogvXr-t¡m-hnÂ t£{Xw

t£{X-̄ nse {][m\ hgn-]m-Sp-IÄ



\nco£n¨mÂ BbXv ]qPmw-Kamb H¶m-sW¶pw, ]qP-bnÂ `às\ `mKn-I-amtbm ]qÀ®-amtbm `mK-̀ m-¡m¡n XoÀ¡p¶ D]m-[n-bm-sW¶pw ImWmw.

Cu t£{X¯nse {][m\ hgn-]m-Sp-IfmWv Xpem-̧ m-bkw, CSn-̈ p-Iq«n ]©marXw, {Xna-[pcw, ImhSn A`n-tjIw, If-̀ m-̀ n-tjIw, DÕ-h-_en apX-em-bh. Htcm-cp-̄ cpw bYm-iàn hgn-]m-Sp-IÄ sN¿p-¶p.

kl-{k-\ma AÀ¨\ iÀ¡c NXp-ÈXw \nthZyw apJw-NmÀ¯v kzbw-hc]pjv]m-RvPen ]©-kmc NXp-ÈXw \nthZyw \nXy-]qP AjvtSm--̄ c AÀ¨\ ]©m-arXw \nthZyw A©p-]q-Pbpw {io`q-X-_-enbpw Xra-[pc \nthZyw s\¿¸w DZ-bm-kvXa\ ]qP shÅ \nthZyw AjvSm-̀ n-tjIw shSn-h-gn-]mSv ISpw-]m-bkw F®, -]mÂ A`n-tjIw If-̀ m-̀ n-tjIw Xpem-̧ mbkw ImhSn A`n-tjIw ]pjv]m-̀ n-tjIw ]mÂ¸m-bkw CSn-̈ p-Iq«n ]©m-arXm`n-tjIw \ma-I-cWw CSn-̈ p]ngnªp ]mbkw \hm-Im-̀ n-tjIw A¶-{]miw apgp¡m¸v ASn-a. hnZym-cw`w DÕ-h-_en ame-]qP s\ev]d DSbmS,]cnh«wNmÀ¯Â Acn-]d \mep-Idn \nthZyw ame-NmÀ¯Â s\¿vhnf¡v \mc-§m-ame

Xpem-̧ m-bkw Cu t£{X-̄ nse Gähpw {][m\ hgn-]m-SmWv Xpem-̧ mbkw. D±n-jvS-Im-cykn²n-¡mbn \ntXy\

[mcmfw `àÀ Cu hgn-]mSv \S-̄ p-¶p. km[m-cW ]mb-k-§-fnÂ \n¶pw CXnsâ tNcp-h-bnepw \nÀ½m-W-̄ nepw hyXy-kvXX-IÄ Dv. sNdp-]-bÀ ]cn v̧ hdp¯v DW-¡-e-cn-tbm-sSm¸w CXnÂ

tNÀ¡p-¶p, ]{´-tmfw tNcp-h-IÄ tNÀ¯mWv CXpm-¡p-¶Xv. ‘Xpemw’ F¶Xv ]g-b-Im-es¯ `mcw IW-¡m-¡p¶ Hcp GI-I-amWv (1Xpemw = 100 ]ew, Hcp ]ew = 64{Kmw). CXnÂ \n¶mWv Xpem-kv, Xpem-̀ mcw F¶o-hm-¡p-IÄ Dm-b-Xv. Xpemw IW-¡n\v iÀ¡-cbpw aäp km[-\-§-fpw -tNÀ¯v Dm-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ Cu ]mb-k-̄ n\v Xpem¸mbkw F¶ t]cv kn²n¨p.

Xpem-̧ m-b-k¯nse ]{´v tNcp-h-IÄ 1. DW-¡ecn þ 12 CS-§gn 2. sNdp-]-bÀ ]cn v̧ þ 2 CS-§gn(hdp¯Xv) 3. iÀ¡c þ 40 Intem {Kmw 4. ]©-kmc þ 4 Intem {Kmw (\nÀ_-Ô-anÃ) 5. \mfo-tIcw þ 12 F®w (8F®w NncInbpw, 4F®w Acnªp

s\¿nÂ hd¯pw) 6. s\¿v þ 1 Intem {Kmw (25 XpSw) 7. IZ-fn-̧ gw þ 24 F®w 8. DW-¡-apńcn þ 1 Intem {Kmw 9. IÂ¡w þ 1 Intem {Kmw 10. Np¡v þ 500 {Kmw 11. PocIw þ 200 {Kmw 12. Gebv¡ þ 200 {Kmw



Hcp- Iq-«nsâ ]Ip-Xn-km-[-\-§Ä sImv Ac Xpem-̧ m-b-khpw, \men-sem¶v km[\§Ä sImv ImÂ Xp-em-̧ m-bkhpw \S-̄ p¶ ]Xn-hp-v. (1917 se lcn-̧ mSv tZhkzw ]Xnhv ]pkvXIw A\p--_ÔwþC).

{Xna-[p-chpw CSn-̈ p-Iq«n ]©m-ar-Xhpw : IZ-fn-¸gw, ]©-kmc,iÀ¡c F¶o aq¶v a[pc ]ZmÀ°-§Ä tNÀ¶-XmWv {Xna-[pcw. Cu \nthZyw tZh\v ]qP-IÄ¡v -C-S-bneÃmsXbpw \nth-Zn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

IZ-fn-̧ -gw, iÀ¡-c, tX³, DW-¡-ap-́ ncn, IÂ¡w, ]©-kmc F¶o A©v a[p-c-]-ZmÀ°-§fpw s\¿pw BWv ]©m-ar-X-̄ nÂ tNÀ¡p-¶-Xv. Ch Dc-enÂ C«v CSn-̈ p-Iq«n \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ

‘CSn-̈ p-Iq«n ]©m-arXw’ F¶-t]-cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu ]©m-arXw `K-hÂ hn{K-l-̄ nÂ A`n-tjIw \S¯p¶-XmWv {][m\w F¦nepw \nth-Zyhpw \S-̄ m-dp-v.

A¶{]m-iw, Xpem-̀ m-cw, ASna : P\n-̈ -Ip-«n-bv¡v BZy-ambn tNmdv (A¶w) sImSp-¡p¶ NS-§m-Wv- A-¶-{]miw (tNmdq-Wv ). tNmdqWv \S-¯n-b-tijw am{Xta t£{X-̄ nÂsIm-p-h¶v Ip«n-sb- sXm-gn-bn-¡mhq. t£{X-̄ nÂ h¨v tNmdp-sIm-Sp-̄ -tijw tNmdp-hn-f-¼nb Ce aXnÂ¡v ]pd¯v sImp-t]m-bn-I-fªv, ssI¿pw hmbpw IgpInbtijw t£{X-ZÀi\w \S-̄ p-I.

X§-fpsS `mc-̄ n\p Xpey-amb Hcp {Zhyw ]gw, ]©-km-c, iÀ¡-c, Acn, XpS-§n-bh Xpem-knsâ Hcp X«nÂ sh¨v tZh\v kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ NS-§n-\mWv Xpem-̀ mcw F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

c£n-Xm-¡Ä X§-fpsS Ip«n-Isf tZhsâ ]mZ-¯nÂ kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xmbn k¦Â¸n¨v {iotIm-hn-en\v ap¼nÂ hkv{Xw hncn¨v InS-̄ p¶ NS-§mWv ASna F¶-t]-cnÂ Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶Xv! ASna InS-̄ nb Ip«n-Isf ]qhpw \ocpw (XoÀ°hpw) hogv̄ n ssIØm-\-¡mÀ tZh-\p-thn kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. C-§s\ ASna InS-̄ nb Ip«nsb hfÀ¯m-\mbn, Z£n-W-\ÂIn tZhsâ A\p-hm-Z-t¯msS c£n-Xm-¡Ä Xncn-̈ p-sIm-p-t]m-Ip-¶p. ASna InS-̄ nb Ip«n-I-fpsS c£ `K-hm³ kzbw Gsä-s¡-Sp-¡p-¶-Xm-bmWv k¦Â]w. Cu Ip«n-IÄ hÀj-̄ nÂ Hcn-bv¡Â tZhs\ h¶v Iv sXmgpXv bYm-iàn t£{X-̄ nÂ hgn-]mSv Ign-bvt¡--Xm-Wv.

DÕ-h-_en t£{X \me-¼-e-̄ n-\-I¯pw ]pd¯pw _en-]o-T-§Ä Øm]n-̈ n-«p-v. C§-s\-bpÅ _en-

¡Ãp-I-fnÂ BWv tZhsâ ]cn-hm-c-§Ä¡pw `qX-K-W-§Ä¡p-apÅ _en (\n-th-Zyw) XqIp-¶Xv (AÀ¸n-bv¡p-¶-Xv). \ntXy\ \S-̄ p¶ {io_-en-bpw, hnti-j-Zn-h-k-§-fnse {io`q-X-_-enbpw tZhsâ ]cn-hm-c-§Ä¡v _en AÀ¸n-bv¡p¶ NS-§m-Wv. hnti-j-Zn-h-k-§-fnÂ \S-̄ p¶ {io`q-X-_-en-bpsS hnI-knX cq]-amWv DÕ-h-Im-e-§-fnÂ \S-̄ p¶ DÕ-h-_-en. Nn¯nc DÕ-h-̄ nsâ 5,6,7 Znh-k-§-fnÂ tZh-kz-̄ nÂ\n¶pw t\cn«v DÕ-h-_en \S-¯p¶p. C¶v FÃm DÕ-h-§Ä¡pw an¡ Znh-k-§-fnepw `àÀ DÕ-h-_en hgn-]m-Smbn \S-̄ p-¶p. DÕ-h-_en ZÀi-\hpw AXy´w t{ib-kvIcamb H¶m-Wv.

{][m\ IÀ½n-bmb X{ń-bv¡pw, Ig-I-¡mÀ¡pw, hmZy-¡mÀ¡pw ssIkvYm-\o-bÀ hkv{Xhpw (Iq-d)- ]-Whpw \ÂIp-¶-tXmsS DÕ-h-_-en-bpsS NS-§p-IÄ Bcw-̀ n-bv¡p-I-bm-bn.- X-äp-

Sp¯v D¯-cobw [cn-̈ mWv hmZy-¡m-cp-Ä¸sS CXnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.‘lhn-Êp]qP’\S-̄ p-¶-Xn\mbn

_en XqIp-hm-\pÅ lhnkv (tNm-dv) henb Xqi-\neIfnÂ \nc-̄ p-¶p. CXns\ aq¶mbn ]Ip¯v, DW-¡-ecn hdp-̄ p-s]m-Sn-̈ -Xv, FÅv hd-̄ p-s]m-Sn-¨-Xv, aªÄ s]mSn-̈ Xv Ch hnX-dp-¶p. Cu aq¶v \nd-̄ n-epÅ lhn-kp-IÄ kXz-cPkvXtam KpW-§sf Ipdn-bv¡p-¶p. CXp IqSmsX aq¶v shÅn-¡-e-i-§-fnÂ- H-¶nÂ FÅv, ISpIv, ]md-a-®v, IdpI Chbpw (]m-Zyw) cm-a-̄ -XnÂ ]mÂ, ISp-Iv, bhw, Ipi, ssXcv, FÅv, A£-Xw Chbpw (AÀLyw), aq¶m-a-̄ -XnÂ Xt¡m-ew, PmXn-¡, Fe-hÀMvK-s¯men Chbpw (B-Nm-aw) C«v Ijm-b-§Ä Dm¡n \nd-bv¡p-¶p. C§s\ lhn-kv]qP ]qÀ¯n-bm-

¡n-bmÂ ASp¯ NS§v ‘ac-̧ m-Wn-bmWv’! ‘acw’ F¶ hmZy D]-I-c-W-amWv {][m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. CXp-Iq-SmsX iwJv, tN§ne F¶nhbpw thWw. ChnsS Cc« ac-̧ mWn (2 ac hmZy-§Ä) bmWv ]Xn-hv. _en-tZh-X-Isf (DWÀ¯m³) B-lzm\w sN¿m-\mWv ]mWn sIm«p-¶-Xv. ùa Znhym- -́co-£-̄ n-epÅ Cu tZh-X-IÄ hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ ùXn-I-i-cocw [cn-̈ -h-cÃ! i_vZ-kv]-µ-§-fpsS tZlw



am{Xw DÅ-h-cm-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-t¼mÄ ]mWn-bpsS s]mcpÄ IqSp-XÂ shfn-s¸-Spw. \S-bv¡p-ap-¼nÂ tkm]m-\-t¯mSv sNÀ¶mWv ]mWn-sIm-«p-¶-Xv. X{ń-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-t¯msS ssIkvYm-\n-IÀ t£-{X-{io-tIm-hn-enÂ \n¶v Zo]w ]IÀ¶v hnf¡v hbv¡p-¶p. -I-e-h-d-¡m-c³ \nd-]-dbpw Hcp¡n hbv¡p-¶p, XpSÀ¶v ]mWn-sIm-«Â Bcw-̀ n-bv¡p-I-bm-bn.

ac-̧ m-Wn-bv¡p-tijw KÀ`-Kr-l-̄ nse aqe-_nw_¯nÂ\n¶pw Fgp-¶-Ån¸v _nw_-amb AÀ¨\m _nw-_-̄ n-te¡v tZhssN-X\yw Bhm-ln-¡p-¶p. Fgp-¶-Ån¨v Cd§n \S-A-S-bv¡p-¶p. AI-s¯ ZzmØ-·mÀ, aWvU-]-̄ nÂ hml-\w, ]nd-In-epÅ A\-´³, sXt¡-\-S-bnÂ KW-]-Xn Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n, ]pds¯ ZzmØ-·m-À, C{µmZn AjvS-Zn-Iv]m-e-IÀ, {_Òm-hv, A\-´³, k]vXam-Xr-¡Ä, imkvXmhv, ZpÀ¤,kp{_-Ò-Wy³, ssh{i-h-W³, Ah-km-\-ambn \nÀ½m-ey-[mcn F¶o tZh-X-IÄ¡pw Ah-cpsS ]mÀiz-Z-·mÀ¡pw {]tXyI {Ia-̄ nÂ XqIp-¶p. cm-as¯ {]Z-£n-W-̄ nÂ {iotIm-hn-ensâ sX¡p-̀ m-K¯v k]vX-am-Xr-¡Ä¡v _en-Xq-Ip-t¼mÄ ImWn¡ AÀ¸n¨v sXmgp-XmÂ AjvssS-iz-cy-§fpw kn²n-¡pw. Zo],[q],Pe ,KÔ ]pjv]-§fpw IpS-§fnÂ ]qPn¨v \nd-̈ -I-jm-b-§fpw, lhnÊpIfpamWv (aq¶v \nd-̄ n-\p-ÅXv ) _en-bv¡pÅ {][m\ {Zhy-§Ä. k]vX-am-Xr-¡Ä¡v XqIn-b

Xn-\p-tijw ASp¯ _en-]o-T-̄ nÂ imkvXm-hns\ ‘\{Im-Ir-Xn-bnÂ’ (apXemIr-Xn-bnÂ) ]qPn¨v XqIp-¶p. `qtem-I-̄ nse {][m-\hpw A{]-[m-\-hp-amb e£-¡-W-¡mb \£-{X-§-fpsS Øm\w \nÀ®-bn¨v AS-bm-f-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bmÂ Hcp apX-e-bpsS cq]w e`n-¡p-¶p. Cu apX-ecq-]-̄ n\v

‘ssiiq-amcw’ F¶ Cuiz-cob k¦Â]w sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶p ({ioaZv`mK-hXw).

t£{X-\m-e-¼-e-̄ n-\p-]p-d-̄ pÅ _en-]o-T-§-fnepw _en XqIp-¶p. ]pd-̄ n-d-§n-bmÂ `K-hXv _nw_w abnÂ hml-\-̄ n-emWv Fgp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶-Xv. C§s\ F«p {]Z-£nWw _en-Xq-Ip-¶p. CXn\nSbv¡v _en¡Â¸pcbnse henb -_en¡ÃnÂ _enXqIpt¼mÄ ZÀi-n¨v sXmgp¶Xn\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw IÂ¸n¡p-¶p. Ah-km\ {]Z-£nWw Hgp-¡p-_en (thK-̄ nÂ) XqIn hS-¡p-̀ m K¯v F¯n-bmÂ t£{X-]m-e\v ]m{X-t¯msS kaÀ¸n¨v _en-Xq-IÂ Ah-km-\n¸n-¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw AI¯v Fgp-¶-Ån¨v ]qP-Ifpw {]tXyI \nth-Zy-§fpw \S-̄ p-¶-tXmsS \mep-a-Wn-¡q-tdmfw \op-\nÂ¡p¶ DÕ-h-_-en-bpsS NS-§pIÄ ]qÀ¯n-bm-Ip-¶p.



D¯-tc-́ y³ k\ym-kn-amsc s]mXpsh tKmkm-bn-amÀ F¶ t]cn-emWv ]g-b-Im-e¯v hnh£n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. ChÀ tZi k©mcw \S¯n t£{X-§-fnÂ F¯n-t¨-cm-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-h-S-¡p-̀ m-K-¯pÅ BÂ¯-d-bpsS Ing¡mbpÅ IÂa-WvU-]-¯nÂ ChÀ X§p-¶p. ChnsS Xma-kn-¡p¶ Znh-k-§-fnse `£-W-̄ n-\pÅ Acnbpw hndIpw tZh-kz-̄ nÂ \n¶v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. IqSmsX ASp¯ {][m-\-t£-{X-̄ n-te¡p-t]m-Im-\mbn Hcp XpIbpw tZhkzw ]Sn-̄ -c-̄ nÂ DÄs¸-Sp¯n \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. ChÀ t£-{X-̄ n-Â X§p¶ ImebfhnÂ `P\Ifpw \mak¦oÀ¯\Mfpw \S¯p¶p.

{ioth-Z-hymk alÀjnbmÂ hnc-Nn-X-amb AjvSm-Zi (18) ]pcm-W-§fnÂ Gähpw _rl-¯mbXv kvImµ-a-lm-]p-cm-W-amWv. `mc-X-̄ nÂ cp kvImµ-a-lm-]p-cm-W-§Ä {]Nm-c-̄ n-epv. CXnÂ H¶ns\ Nne ]WvUn-X-·mÀ D] ]pcm-W-ambn KWn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. F«p-h-enb JWvU-§-fnÂ, 25 D]-J-WvU-§-fnembn 81,000 tÇmI-§-fpÅ kvImµ-a-lm-]p-cm-W-amWv 18 ]pcm-W-§-fpsS ]«n-I-bnÂs¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. CXnÂ Xmc-Im-kpc lµm-hmb ImÀ¯n-tI-b kzman-bpsS Ah-Xmc IY tI{µ_n-µp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-̧ n¨v `mc-X-̀ qhnÂ At§mfant§m-f-apÅ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡mb ]pWy-kt¦-X-§-fp-tSbpw t£{X-§-fp-tSbpw amlmßyw hÀ®n¡p-¶p. {ioa-Zv̀ m-K-h-X-̄ n-tâbpw tZho-̀ m-K-h-X-̄ n-tâbpw CXnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ amlm-ßyamWv AXm-Xp-]p-cm-W-§fnÂ FSp-̄ p-tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]s£ kvIµ-aqÀ¯n-bpsS Ncn-X-§Ä BZy-̀ m-K-§-fn-e-ÃmsX A\y{X -Im-Wp-¶n-Ã!

Bdp kwln-X-I-fn-embn e£w tÇmI-§-fpÅ, D]-]p-cmWw F¶v KWn¡-s¸-Sp¶ kvImµ-]p-cm-

W-̄ nse A©m-as¯ kwln-X-bmb ‘i¦-c-kw-lnX’ bnse ‘inh-c-lky’ JWvU-̄ n-emWv {io

DÕ-h-_en

tKmkm-bn-amÀ

kvImµ-a-lm-]pcmWw



kp{_-Ò-Wykzmansb-¡p-dn¨v 13,000 tÇmI-§-fn-embn hnkvX-cn¨v hÀ®n-¡p-¶-Xv. kvIµ-aqÀ¯n-bpsS Ah-Xm-cw, _me-eo-e-IÄ, kvIµ-]-«m-̀ n-tjIw Akpc \n{K-lw, hÅn-þ-tZ-h-tk\m hnhm-l-§Ä F¶nh A©p-h-en-b- D-]-J-WvU-§-fn-embn hÀ®n-¡p-¶p. Cu kvImµ-]p-cm-W-̄ nÂ \n¶v kp{_-Ò-Wy-eo-e-IÄ apgp-h³ a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

aWn-\mZw kq£n-̈ v {ihn-̈ mÂ AXv {]W-h\m-Z-am-sW¶p a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bpw. t£{X-§-

fnÂ km[m-cWbmbn [mcmfw aWn-IÄ Xq¡n-bn-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw. Ch-bnÂ Nneh {]tXyI ka-b-§-fnÂ am{Xta apg¡mhq. t£{X-̄ nsâ ap³]nÂ B\-s¡m-«n-ensâ Ing-t¡-b-ä¯v t£{X-¯nse Gähpw henb aWn Øm]n-̈ n-cn¡p-¶p. \ntXy\ kÔybv¡v Zo]m-cm-[\ ka-b¯v am{X-ta, Cu aWn-ap-g-¡m-dp-f-fp. CXp-Iq-SmsX DÕ-h-sIm-Sn-tbäv -k-ab¯pw Cu aWn-b-Sn-¡p-¶p. asämcp kµÀ`-§-fnepw Cu aWn apg¡pI ]Xn-hn-Ã. t£{X-̄ nÂ Fs´-¦nepw AXym-lnXw kw`hn-¡pt¼mÄ Cu henb aWn apg¡n `àsc Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. CXp-t]mse t£{X- {iotIm-hn-ensâ Igp-t¡m-en-t\mSv tNÀ¯v _Ôn¨ncn¡p¶ aWn {iotIm-hnÂ \S A-Sbv¡p--Ibpw Xpd-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ am{Xw ASn-bv¡p-¶p. XnS-̧ -Ån-bnÂ \n¶v {iotIm-hn-en-\pÅn-te¡v \nthZyw sImp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\p ap³]mbn XnS-̧ -Ånbv¡v kao]w LSn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ aWn ASn-bv¡p-¶p. XnS-̧ -Ån-bv¡v k-ao]w DÅ _en-]o-T-̄ nsâ apI-fnÂ LSn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ aWn sshiyw XqIp¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-sa-¦nÂ am{Xw apg-¡p-¶p. t£{X \S AS-̈ n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ aWn ASn-bv¡-cpXv. \mZw arZp-hmbpw kuay-ambpw tIÄ¡-̄ -¡-h®w aWn-A-Sn-bv¡pI! ap³]v kqNn-¸n¨ \mep-a-Wn-Ifpw `àÀ¡v apg-¡p-hm³ thn-bp-Å-X-Ã.

a\Êpw ico-chpw ip²-am-¡n-thWw t£{X-ZÀi\w \S-̄ m³. Ipfn¨v ip²-h-kv{Xw- [-cn-̈ v, \nÀ½e a\-tÊmSpw `àn-tbmSpw IqSn tZh-ZÀi\w sN-¿Ww. temI-N{IhÀ¯n-bmb PK-Zoiz-cs\ hµn-¡m-\mWv \½-Ä t]mIp¶Xv F¶ t_m[w Dm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Ign-hn-¶\p-k-cn¨v D]-lm-c-§Ä (ê, ]pjv]m-Zn-IÄ) kaÀ¸n¡Ww. {]uVn-ImWn-¡p¶ hkv{X-[m-cWw Hgn-hm-¡p-I. CXn-\mWv DSp-¸p-Ifpw, Xe-̧ m-hp-Ifpw [cn-¡-cpXv F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. ]mZ-c-£-IÄ t£{X-a-XnÂ¡-I¯v sImp-h-cm-Xn-cn-¡pI. a\-ÊnÂ Cuiz-c-̀ m-h-\-tbmSpw \mhnÂ \ma-P-]-t¯mSpw AXoh hn\-b-t¯msS, H«pw _²-̧ m-Sn-ÃmsXbmWv t£{X-ZÀ\w \St¯--Xv. tZhsâ [ym\w, kvtXm{Xw, a{´w Ch-sNmÃn {]mÀ°n-¡p-I. hn[n-{]-Imcw {]Z-£nWw hbv¡p-Ibpw \a-kvIcn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pI. ta·-tb-dn-bXpw ]cn-ip-²-hp-amb {Zhy-§Ä tZh\v kaÀ¸n-¡pI. Ch \nÀ½m-ey-h-kvXp-¡Ä (XoÀ°hpw aäpw) FSp¯ ssIIÄsImv FSp-¡-cp-Xv. \nth-Zy- k-a-b¯v ZÀi\hpw {]Z-£n-Whpw Hgn-hm-¡p-I. Xncp-\-S-bnÂ \n¶v Znhy-aw-Kf kzcq-]-s¯-Iv Znhym-\µw A\p-`-hn-¡Ww. {]km-Z-a-m-bn hm§p¶ Nµ\w sXm«-Xn-\p-tijw _m¡n Ae-£y-ambn Dt]-£n-¡msX Krl-¯nÂ sIm-p-t]m-hp-I. AXv Xmsg-bn«v Nhn-«m³ CSbmI-cpXv. t£{X-̄ nÂ h¨v A\m-h-iy-kw-kmcw ]mSnÃ; i_vZw \ma-P-]-̄ n-\p-am{Xw. \me-¼ew hn{i-a-Øew B¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I. Ahn-tSbv¡v Blmc ]ZmÀ°-§Ä sImp-h-cp-¶Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xpw Hgn-hm-¡pI. t£{X-]-cn-k-c-̄ pt]mepw elcn ]ZmÀ°-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡pI. t£{X-̄ n-\p-ÅnÂ Xp¸p-Itbm ae-aq-{X-hn-kÀÖ\w \S-̄ p-Itbm Acp-Xv. `à³ Hcn-¡epw X\n¡v {]tXyI AhImiw In«m³ B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw, asäm-cm-fpsS ZÀi-\-̄ n-\pÅ kuIcyw CÃm-Xm-¡p-Ibpw AcpXv. FÃm-t£-{X-§-fnepw ImWs¸Sp¶ ]e-X-c-̄ n-epÅ Bbn-c¡-W-¡mb hnf-¡p-IÄ Zo]w sXfn-bn-t¡--Xnsâ {]m[m\yw ImWn-¡p-¶p.

]pe, hmembva F¶n-h-bp-Å-hcpw; EXp-hmb Ime-§-fnÂ kv{XoIfpw t£{XZÀi\w \S-̄ -cpXv. hnlml Znhkw hnhm-lw Ignªv \me-¼-e-̄ n-\p-ÅnÂ {]th-in-¡-cpXv.

t£{X-a-Wn-IÄ

t£{X Bcm-[-\bnÂ {i²n-t¡ Imcy-§Ä



C§s\ \njvT-tbmsS t£{X-ZÀi\w \S¯n, ZpÀhm-k-\-Isf HSp¡n kZvhm-k-\-Isf hfÀ¯pI! {Ia-̄ nÂ \njvImaw {]mÀ°n-¡m\pw, Gh-cnepw tZh-s\- Im-Wm\pw FÃm

{]hÀ¯nIfpw CuizmcmÀ¸W-ambn sN¿m\pw Ign-b-Ww.



kp{_ÒWy IoÀ¯\§Ä



kp{_ÒWy IoÀ¯\§Ä 1. Ipamckqàw(EtKzZa{´w)

(thZ§fnÂ {]Yaamb EtKzZ¯nÂ aq¶v {][m\s¸« Ipamckqà§fmWpÅXv. CXnÂ Hcp kqàamWv Xmsg tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶Xv. sshZnI k¦ev]a\pkcn¨v kvIµ³ AánbpsS {]XoIamWv.)

AjvSIw : 3 A²ymbw : 5 hÀKvKw : 15 1. AáyÀtlmXm t\m A²ztc hmPok³ ]cnWobtX.

tZthmtZthjp bÚnbx. 2. ]cn{XnhnjvSy²zcw bmXráocYocnh

B tZthjp {]tbmZ[Â. 3. ]cn hmP]Xnx IhncánÀlhym¶r{IaoXv Z[{ZXv\m\nZmiptj. 4. Abw bkvkrRvPtb ]ptcmssZhhmtX kan²ytX

Zypam³ Aan{X Zw`\x 5. Aky Lmhoc CuhtXmtácoioX aÀXyx

XnÜPw`kyaofvlpjx 6. Xacvh´¶ km\knacpj¶ ZnhÈnipw

aÀcvayPyt´ Znth Znth. 7. t_m[Zy·m lcn`ymw IpamcÊml tZhyx

AÑm\ lqX DZcw. 8. DXXym bPXm lco IpamcmXv kmltZhymXv

{]bXm kZy BZtZ. 9. Gjhmw tZhmhizn\m IpamcÊmltZhyx

ZocvLmbpckvXp tkmaIx 10. Xw bphw tZhmizn\m Ipamcw kmltZhyw

ZocvLmbpjw IrtWmX\.

2. ]{´v kp{_ÒWy [ym\§Ä 1. kvIµw Ip¦patimW`mkzcX\pw ]oXmw_cme¦rXw, Kucoi¦c \µ\w KPapJtkyjvSm\pPw kpµcw {ioa¨¼Iamebm hneknXw lmcmZn`qtjmPzew htµlw inJnhml\w iinapJw lkvXm¯ iàn kzcpw!

2. [ymtbXv j×pJanµptImSn kZriw cXv\{]`mtim`nXw _memÀ¡ZypXn jSvIncoS hnekXv tIbqclmcm\znXw IÀ®mewIrX IpWvUe {]hnekXv KWvUØssetim`nXw Im©oI¦W In¦nWochbpXw irwKmc kmtcmZbw.

3. [ymtbZo]vknX kn²nZw inhkpXw {ioZzmZim£w Kplw tJSw Ip¡pS a¦piÝ hcZw ]miw [\pÝ{IIw h{Pw iànaknw {Xniqea`bw tZmÀ`nÀ[yXw j¬apJw tZhw Nn{Xabqc hml\ KXw Nn{Xmw_cmew IrXw. 4. [ymtbXv _memÀ¡Imým ichWP\nXw ]mÀÆXo {]oXn ]m{Xw [ym\t{]aw Ir]mepw hcZaLlcw ]pWycq]w ]hn{Xw \nXym\µw htcWyw cPXKncnhtcm¯pwK irwKmZnhmkw \nXyw tZhÀjohµyw `hlcaaew thZthZyw ]pcmWw.

5. tbmKoiztcm almtk\x ImÀ¯ntItbm ƒAán\µ\x kvIµx Ipamcx tk\m\ox kzmao c£Xp amw kZm.



iànlkvXw hncq]m£w inJnhmlw jUm\\w ZmcpWw cn]ptcmKLv\w `mhtb Ip¡pS[zPw.

6. I\I IpWvUe aWvUnXj×pJw I\I cmPn hncmPnX temN\w \ninX ikv{Xicmk\ [mcnWw ichtWmZv̀ haoi kpXw `tP!

7. knµqcmcpW anµpImń hZ\w tIbqclmcmZn`nÀþ ±nsshycm`cssWÀÆn`qjnXX\pw kzÀ¤ky skuJy{]Zw Awt`mPm`b iàn Ip¡pS[cw, càmw KcmKmipIw kp{_ÒWyap]mkvatl {]WaXmw kÀÆmÀ°kn²nZw.

8. htµ iàn[cw inhmßX\bw htµ]pfnµm]Xnw htµ `m\pkl{kaw_pZ\n`w htµabqcmk\w htµ Ip¡pStIX\w kpchcw htµIr]mwt`m\n[nw htµ Iev]I ]pjv]ssie\nebw htµKplw j×pJw.

9. KmwtKbw hÓn KÀ`w ichWP\nXwÚm\iànw Ipamcw kp{_ÒWyw kptciw Kplap] e`nXw cp{ZtXPÊzcq]w tk\m\yw XmcILv\w KPapJklPw ImÀ¯ntIbw jUmkyw kp{_ÒWyw abqc²zP cYklnXw tZhtZhw \aman.

10. ZznjUv`pPw j×pJaw_nImkpXw IpamcamZnXykam\tXPkw htµabqcmk\aánkw`hw tk\m\yaZymlaòjvS kn²sb.

11. kvIµmb ImÀ¯ntIbmb ]mÀÆXo\µ\mb N almtZh Ipamcmb kp{_ÒWymbtX \ax j×pJw N KWm[oiw kmw_w N ]ctaizcw aa ZpxJhn\mimb k´Xw Nn´bmaylw.

12. thembp[w ]¦P]oTkwØnXw NXpÀ`pPwIp¦pahÀ®tim`nXw jUm\\w N¼Iamey[mcnWw `Pman `àmÀ¯n hn\min\wKplw. kvIµmb tImafmwKmb k¨nZm\µ aqÀ¯tb aaZpxJ hn\mimb j×pJmb \tam \ax

3. {io kp{_ÒWy Kmb{Xn(k]cnhmc ]qPIÄ) aqew þ Hmw hNÂ`psh \ax Oµkv þ k\ÂIpamcx Ejnx Kmb{XnOµx kp{_ÒtWym tZhXm

""k\ÂIpamcmb hnZvatl jUm\\mb [oatl X¶x kvIµx {]tNmZbmÂ.''

“ichW`h” jU£cw

4. kp{_ÒWy AjvSI§Ä 1. kp{_ÒWy Icmhew_mjvSIw

tl kzman\mY IcpWmIcZo\_tÔm, {io ]mÀÆXoiapJ ]¦P ]ß_tÔm

{ioimZntZhKW]qPnX ]mZ]ß, hÃoi \mY aa tZln Icmhew_w!

tZhmZntZhkpsX tZhKWm[n\mY tZth{µhµyarZp]¦PaRvPp]mZ



tZhÀjn \mcZap\o{µ kpKoX IoÀt¯ hÃoi \mY aa tZln Icmhew_w!

\nXym¶Zm\ \ncXmJne tcmKlmcn³ `mKy{]Zm\ ]cn]qcnX `àIma {ipXymKa {]WhhmNy\nPkzcq] hÃoi \mY aa tZln Icmhew_w!

s{Iu©mkptc{µ ]cnJWvU\ iàniqe Nm]mZnikv{X ]cnaWvUnX Znhy]mtW {ioIpWvUeoi[yXXpWvU inJo{µhml hÃoi \mY aa tZln Icmhew_w!

tZhmZntZhcYaWvUea²ytaXy tZth{µ]oU\Icw ZrVNm]lkvXw iqcw \nlXy kpctImSn`ncoUyam\ hÃoi\mY aa tZln Icmhew_w!

]©m£cmZna\pa{ńX KmwKtXmssbx ]©mayssXx {]apZntX{µapssJÀ½p\oss{µx ]«m`njnà aLh¯\bmk \mY hÃoi\mY aa tZln Icmhew_w!

{io ImÀ¯ntIb IcpWmarX ]qÀ® ZrjvSym ImamZncmK IepjoIrX ZpjvSNn¯w knàymXp amah Iem\n[n tImSnIm´ hÃoi\mY aa tZln Icmhew_w!

kp{_ÒWymjvSIw ]pWyw tb ]Tń ZzntPm¯ amx tX kÀtÆapànambmń kp{_ÒWy{]kmZXx kp{_ÒWymjvSIanZw {]mXcp°mb bx ]tTXv tImSn P·IrXw ]m]w XXv£Wm¯ky\iyXnx CXnkp{_ÒWyIcmhew_mjvSIw kw]qÀ®w.

2. {io j×pJmjvSI kvtXm{Xw icWmKX am[pcam[nPnXw IcpWmIc ImaZImalXw icIm\\ kw`h! NmcpcptN! ]cn]meb XmcIamcI! amw.

lckmckapZv̀ h sslahXoþ Ic]ÃhemfnX I{aXt\m! apcsshcn hncn©apZw_p\nt[! ]cn]meb XmcIamcI! amw.

KncnPmkpX kmbI`n¶Kntc! kpcknÔpX\qP kp]À®cptN! inJnPmX inJmhfhml\! tl ]cn]meb XmcI amcI ! amw.

Pbhn{]P\ {]nb! hoc\tam Pb `àP\{]nb ! `{Z! \ax Pb tZh! hnimJIpamcm! \ax ]cn]meb XmcIamcI ! amw.

]pctXm `h ta ]cntXm `h ta ]Ynta `Kh³ `h c£ KXw hnXcmPnjp ta hnPbw `Kh³ ]cn]meb XmcIamcI! amw.



icZnµpkam\ jUm\\bm kckocpl NmcphntemN\bm \ncp]m[nIbm \nP_meXbm ]cn]meb XmcIamcI! amw

_ehr{Xm`nZmJne i{Xp`nbm ]rX\m ]Xn\mw KantXmkn\X! \nPi{Xp \ncmIrXn ssZXy\ptX! ]cn]meb XmcI amcI ! amw.

CXnIp¡pStIXpa\pkvacXmw ]TXma]n j×pJ jSvIanZw \aXma]n \µ\ anµp`ytXm \ `bw IzNnZkvXn icoc`yXmw. CXn {io j×pJmjSvI kvtXm{Xw k¼qÀ®w.

3. £am]WmjvSIw \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! XmcImtc! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! Zm\hmtc! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! ià]mtW! £akz £akz kakvXm]cm[w.

\akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! ZnhyaqÀt¯! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! kXyaqÀt¯! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! ]pWyaqÀt¯! £akz £akz kakvXm]cm[w.

\akvtX! \akvtX! atlimß]p{X! \akvtX! \akvtX! abqcmk\Ø! \akvtX! \akvtX! itcmÛqXtZh! £akz £akz kakvXm]cm[w.

\akvtX! \akvtX! almtZhkpt\m! \akvtX! \akvtX! almtamllmcn³! \akvtX! \akvtX! almtcmKlmcn³! £akz £akz kakvXm]cm[w.

\akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! aRvPpKm{X! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! k¨cn{X! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! `àan{X! £akz £akz kakvXm]cm[w.

\akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! temI]me! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! kXy]me! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! [À½]me! £akz £akz kakvXm]cm[w.

\akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! temIZo]! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! t_m[cq]! \akvtX! \akvtX! Kpl! Km\teme! £akz £akz kakvXm]cm[w.

\akvtX! \akvtX! kzbw tPymXncq]! \akvtX! \akvtX! ]cw tPymXncq]! \akvtX! \akvtX! PKx tPymXncq]! £akz £akz kakvXm]cm[w.



5. {io kp{_ÒWy `pPwK {]bmX kvtXm{Xw (PKZvKpcp {ioaZv i¦cmNmcy kzmanIfmÂ hncNnXamb Cu kvtXm{Xw ""`pPwK hnPrw`nXw''

F¶ kwkvIrX hr¯¯nÂ BbXn\mÂ CXn\v `pPwKkvtXm{Xw F¶ t]cv kn²n¨p. i¦cmNmcy cNnXamb cp kp{_ÒWy `pPwK§Ä {]Nmc¯nepv.)

1 `tPlw Ipamcw `hm\oIpamcw KtfmÃmknlmcw \akvIrZznlmcw cn]pkvtXmalmcw \rknwlmhXmcw kZm\nÀÆnImcw Kplw \nÀÆnNmcw.

\amaoi]p{Xw P]mtimWKm{Xw kpcmcmXn i{Xpw choµyánt\{Xw alm_Àln]{Xw inhmkym_vPan{Xw {]`mkzXvIf{Xw ]pcmWw ]hn{Xw

At\ImÀ¡tImSn {]`mthmPze´w at\mlmcnamWnIy `qtjmPze´w {inXm\maòjvSw kpim´w \nXm´w `tP j¬apJw Xw ic¨{µIm´w.

Ir]mhmcn ItÃme `mkzXvISm£w hncmP·t\mlmcn timWmw_pPm£w {]tbmK {]hml {]Zmss\I Z£w `tP ImńIm´w kpckvtXma c£w.

kpIkvXqcnIm _nµp`mkzÃemSw Zbm]qÀ®Nn¯w almtZh ]p{Xw choµqÃk{ZXv\cmPXv IncoSw `tP {IoUnXmImiKwKmcIqSw.

kpIµ{]kq\mheotim`nZ´w icXv]qÀ®N{µkv^pcXvImńIm´w incoj {]kq\m`ncmaw `h´w `tP tZhtk\m hÃohÃ`w Xw

kpemhWyXx kqcytImSn {]Imiw {]`pw XmcImcnw ZznjUv_mlpaoiw \nPmÀ¡{]`mZo]yam\mJnemiw `tP ]mÀÆXo{]mW]p{Xw kptIiw.

APw kÀÆtemI{]nbw temI\mYw Kplw iqe]ßmZnZwt`mfn[mcw kp_mlpw kp\mkm]pSw k¨cn{Xw `tPImÀ¯ntIbw kZm_mlptebw

icmcWykw`qcpan{µmZnhµyw ZznjUv_mlp kwJymbp[t{iWncayw acpÕmcYnw Ip¡ptSiw kptIXpw `tP tbmKnlrZv]Zvaa²ym[ohmkw.

hncn©o{µamÀ¯mWvUhnjvWoi\ayw {]ikvXmac kvtXma kwkvXqbam\w ZzniXzw Zbmtem {inbw \nÝemw ta hn\mXzw KXnx Im {]t`m ta {]koZ.

]Zmwt`mPtkhmkambmX _rµmþ cIt{iWntImSoc `mkz¶tJµpw Ift{XmÃ kXv]mÀizbpÜw htcWyw



`tPtZhamZy´lo\{]`mhw. `hmwt`m[nat²y XcµvtKm]X]vXw {]t`m amw Zbm]qÀ®ZrjvSym kao£y `hÂ `àn \mthm²cXzw Zbmtfm! kpKXyćw \mkvXntZh {]koZ.

Ktf cXv\`qjw Xs\u aRvPpthjw ItcÚm\iànw Zckvtacamtky ISn\ykvX]mWnw inJnØwIpamcw `tPlw KplmZ\ytZhw \at\y

Zbmlo\ Nn¯w ]ct{Zmlhr¯nw kZm]m] ioew KptcmÀ `ànlo\w A\\ymhew_w `h´w{]]¶w Ir]mioeamwt`m ]hn{Xw IpcpXzw.

almtk\ KmwtKb hÃoklmb! {]t`m XmcImtcjUmkymatci! kZm]mbkm¶{]ZmXÀKptlXn kvacnjyman `àym IZmlw hnt`mXzw.

{]Xmt]m{K _mtlm \aZzoc_mslm {]t`m ImÀ¯ntItbjvSIma {]tZXn bZmtb ]Tt´ `h´w XssZh {]]iymßtXmjmZòjvSw ZZmkn.

A]mtcXnZmcnZr ]mtYm[nat²y {à´w P\n{Kml ]qÀt® \nXm´w almtk\! amap²cXzw ISm £mþ htemtI\ In©nXv {]koZ {]koZ.

Øncmw tZln `ànw `KhXv]mZ]tß {inbmw \nÝemw tZln alyw Ipamcm! KplmN{µXmcw kzhwim`n hr²nw IpcpXzw {]t`m amw a\kvXm]lo\w.

\akvtX \akvtX almiàn]mtW! \akvtX \akvtX ekZy{P ]mtW! \akvtX \akvtX ISn\ykvX ]mtW! \akvtX \akvtX kZmòjvS ]mtW!

\akvtX \akvtX almiàn[mcn³! \akvtX kpcmWmw almskuJyZmbn³! \akvtX kZm Ip¡ptStim¨tItXm kakvXm]cm[w hnt`m ta £akz!

b GtImap\o\mw lrZ_vPm[nhmkx inhm¦w kamcply kZv]oT Iev]w hncn©mb at{´m]tZiw NImc {]tamtZ\ tkmbw Xt\mXp{inbwta.

bamlpx]cw tZthiqtcjp apJyw kZmbky iàym PKÛwKòXw bamcm²y tZhmØnc kzÀ¤am]px ktZm¦mccq]w NnZm\µaotU.

KplkvtXm{XtaXXv IrXm´mcnkqt\mx `pPMvK {]bmtX\ ]tZy\ Im´w P\mtbm ]Tt´ kZmtXalmt´m at\mhm©nXw kÀÆImam³ e`t´.



2

1 kZm_mecq]m]n hnLv\m{Znl{ó 10 kphÀ®m` Znhymw_sscÀ`mkam\mw

almZńh{IvXm]n ]©mkyam\ym IzWÂ InwInWotaJemtimàm\mw hn[o{µmZnarKym KtWim`n[m ta ekZvtla]t«\ hntZymXam\mw hn[¯mw {inbw Im]n IeymWaqÀ¯nx P\mÀ¯nw lc´w {ibmtam Kplw Xw

2 \ Pm\man i_vZw \ Pm\man NmÀ°w 11 ]pfntµiI\ymL\mt`mKXpwKþ \ Pm\man ]Zyw \ Pm\man KZyw kvX\menwK\mkIvXImivaoccmKw NntZIm jUmkym lrZn tZymXtX ta \akymaylw XmcImtc Xthmcx apJm¶nÊct´ KncnivNm]n Nn{Xw kz`àmht\ kÀhZm km\pcmKw

3 abqcm[ncqUw almhmIyKqUw 12 hn[u Ivep]vXZÞm³ kzeoem[yXmÞm³ at\mlmcntZlw al¨n¯tKlw \nctkvXìpÞm³ ZznjÂ ImeZÞm³ alotZhtZhw almthZ`mhw lntX{µmcnjÞm³ PK{¯mWiuÞm³ almtZh_mew `tPtemI]mew kZm tX {]NÞm³ {itb _mlpZÞm³

4 bZm k¶n[m\w KXm am\hm ta 13 kZm imcZmx jWvarKm¦m bZn kypx `hmwt`m[n]mcw KXmkvtXXssZh kapZy´ GhkvYnXmivtNÂ ka´mÂ CXn hyRvPb³ knÔpXotc b BkvtX kZm ]qÀ®_nw_mx Ifss¦ivN lo\mþ XSnw `mhtb kvIµ tX Zo]yam\w kvXZm Xz·pJm\mw {_pth kvIµ kmayw

5 bYm_vt[kvacwKmebw bmńXpwKmþ 14 kv̂ pc·µlmsskx klwkm\n N©Xvþ kvXssYhm]Zx k¶n[utkhnXmw ta ISm£mheo`rwKkwtLmPzem\n CXothmÀ½n]wIvXoÀ \rWmw ZÀib´mw kp[mkyµn_nw_m[cmWoi kqt\m kZm `mhtb lrÕtcmtP Kplw Xw XhmtemItb jWvapJmwt`mcplmWn 6 Kncu a¶nhmtk \cmtb[ncqVmþ 15 hnimtejp IÀ®m´ ZoÀtLjzP{kw kvXZm ]ÀÆtX kÀhYm tX YncqVmx Zbmkyµnjp ZzmZikzo£tWjp CXoh{_ph³ KÔssiem[ncqVx abojÂ ISm£x kIyÂ ]mXnXivtNXv K tZthm aptZ ta kZm j×ptJmkvXp `tht¯ Zbmioe Im \ma lm\nx 7 almwt`mP[nXotc alm]m]tNmtc 16 kpXmwtKmZv`thm takn PothXn tjmVm ap\o{µm\pIqte kpKÔmJyssite P]·{áotim apZm Pn{LtXbm³ Kplmbmw hk´w kz`mkmek´w PKZv`mc`rZvt`ym PK¶mY tX`yx P\mÀ¯nw lc´w {ibmtam Kplw Xw IncotSmPztet`ym \tam akvXtI`yx 8 ekXvkzÀ®tKtl \rWmw ImatZmtl 17 kv̂ pcZvcXv\tIbqclmcm`ncma

kpatkvXmakwO¶ amWnIyat© ivNeXv IpÞe{ioekXvKÞ`mKx kapZyXv kl{kmÀ¡Xpey{]Imiw ISu ]oXhmkmx ItcmNmcpiànx kZm `mhtb ImÀ¯ntIbw kptciw ]pckvXm·amkvXmw ]pcmtckvX\qPx

9 cW²wktI aRvPptfXy´timtW 18 ClmbmlnhtXvkXn lkvXu {]kmcyþ

at\mlmcnemhWy ]obqj]qÀt® lzbXymZcmNvOw Itc amXpc¦mÂ a\x jUv]tZm ta `ht¢iX]vXx kapXv]Xy XmXw {ib´w Ipamcw kZm tamZXmw kvIµ tX ]mZ]Xvta lcminjvSKm{Xw `tP _meaqÀ¯nw



19 Ipamtcikqt\m KplkvIµ tk\mþ 26 Zrin kvIµaqÀ¯nx {ipXu kvIµIoÀ¯nÀ ]tX iIvXn]mtW abqcm[ncqV ½ptJ ta ]hn{Xw kZm X¨cn{Xw ]pfnµmXvaPmIm´ ÌvXmÀ¯nlmcn³ Itc Xky IrXyw h]pkvXky`rXyw {]t`m XmcImtc kZm c£ amw Xzw Kptl k´peo\m aamtij`mhmx 20 {]imt´{µntb \jvSkwtÚ hntNjvtS 27 ap\o\mapXmtlm \rWmw `àn`mPmþ It^mZvKmcnhIvt{X `tbmIvX¼nKmt{X aòjvS{]Zmx kńkÀh{X tZhmx {]bmtWm·ptJ aby\mtY XZm\ow \rWmaýPm\ma]n kzmÀ°Zmt\ {ZpXw ta Zbmtem `hmt{K Kpl Xzw Kplmt±ha\yw \Pmt\ \ Pmt\ 21 IrXm´ky ZqtXjp NmtÞjp tIm]mþ 28 If{Xw kpXm _ÔphÀ¤x ]ipÀÆm ±lNvOnÔn `nÔoXn amw XÀÖbÕp \tcm hmY \mco Krtl tb aZobmx abqcw kamcqly am ss`cnXn Xzw bPt´ \a´x kvXpht´m `h´w ]pcx iàn]mWnÀ½ambmln io{Lw kvacívN tb k´p kÀtÆ Ipamc 22 {]WaymkIrXv ]mZtbmkvtX ]XnXzm 29 arKm ]£ntWm ZwiIm tb N ZpjvSm {]kmZy{]t`m {]mÀXvYtbt\I hmcw kvXYm hymYtbm _m[Im tb aZwtK \ hàpw £tamlw XZm\o Ir]mt_vt[ `hNvOàn XojvWm{K`n¶mx kpZqtc \ ImcymÍmte a\mKhypt]£m hn\iy´p tX NqÀ®nX{Iu©ssie 23 kl{kmÞt`màm Xzbm iqc\mam 30 P\n{Xo ]nXm N kz]p{Xm]cm[w lXkvXmcIx knwlh{àivNssZXyx ktltX \ Inw tZhtk\m[n\mY aam´ÀlrZnkvYw a\t¢itaIw Alw NmXn_mtem `hm³ temIXmXx \ lwkn {]t`m Inw Itcman Iz bman £akzm]cm[w kakvXw atli! 24 Alw kÀhZm ZpxJ`mcmhkt¶m 31 \ax tIInt\ iàtb Nm]nXp`yw `hm³ Zo\_ÔpkvXzZ\yw \ bmtN \ax OmK Xp`yw \ax Ip¡pSmb `hZv`àntcm[w kZm Ivå]vX_m[w \ax knÔth knÔptZimb Xp`yw Aam[nw {ZpXw \mitbmam kpXXzw \ax kvIµaqÀt¯ ]p\kvtX \tamkvXp 25 A]kvamcIpjvT£bmÀix {]talþ 32 Pbm\µ`qa³ Pbm]mc[ma³ Pztcm·mZ KpevamZn tcmKm alm´x PbmtamLIoÀt¯ Pbm\µaqÀt¯ ]nimNmivN kÀtÆ `h]{X`qXw Pbm\µkntÔm Pbmtij_tÔm hntemIy £Wm¯mcImtc {Zht´ Pb Xzw kZm bpànZmt\ikqt\m. ê{ipXn `pPwKmJyhrt¯\ Ivå]vXw kvXhw bx ]tTZv`ànbptàm Kplw kw{]Way k]p{Xm³ If{Xw [\w ZoÀLambqÀþ Ãt`Xv kvIµkmbqPyat´ N aÀ¯yx

“{ioapcpI³” “{ioapcpI³” {XnaqÀ¯nIÄ H¶ptNÀ¶ tZh³.

{io = sFizcyw ap = apIpµ³þhnjvWp

cp = cp{Z³ I = IatemÛh³þ{_Òmhv



6. {iolcnKoX]pcmebZo]w (XncphnXmwIqÀ almcmPmhmbncp¶, kwKoXN{IhÀ¯n {io kzmXnXncp\mÄ almcmPmhvv

(1813þ1847) lcn¸mSv kp{_ÒWykzmansb kvXpXn¨psImv FgpXnb {]kn² IoÀ¯\w) cmKw: tIZmcKuUw Xmfw : Nmbv]v

]Ãhn : tZh amabn ]mln jUm\\ ZnhytIInhml\ iqc A\p]Ãhn : tZhImJne Xm]\nhmcW {iolcnKoX ]pcmeb Zo] (tZh) NcWw : 1.XmcImkpc tZlhn`wK KòcXcKa\ hnPnX aXwK `qcoIcpWmck cmPX]¦þ `qX NcnX lrZbmw_pP`rwK! (tZh)

2. KwKm[cmXnat\mÚIpamc JeXcsshcn kaqlhnZmc awKfNcnX]tbm[n Kòc amcP\I`mKnt\tbmZmc! (tZh) 3. tZhtk\m[n]aRvPpfioe Zo\XcP\Xm]me\teme {io hnPnXm\wK taml\ eoe {io ]Zva\m` lrZbm\pIqe! (tZh)

7. lcnKoX]ptci kp{]`mXw (lcn¸mSv sNt{¼mÂ sIm«mc¯nse AizXn\mÄ {ioaXn X¼pcm«nbmÂ

hncNnXambXmWv Cu kp{]`mXw) hnJymtX lcnKoXtZi XneIo`qtX almaµntc kwJymhmZvòcpZm¯ kpµcKocm kwIoÀ¯ntX kwØnXw `àm\maac{Zpaw `h`b[zm´ {]Xo]mßIw kp{_ÒWyapamatlizckpXw `hy{]Zw `mhtb.

ichW`h\nXyw thZimkv{XÚ `qaokpchc IrX]qPmtXmjnXm\µ IoÀt¯ hcKpW aWn`qjmbpàImcpWy kntÔm lckpX lcnKoXmhmk tX kp{]`mXw.

Iei`cnX tXmssbÀ \mfntItc£pam²zo aebP ckanss{i ]©KhymZn`nÝ hncNnXa`ntjIw {KlyXmaÀ¨ssIkvtX lckpX lcnKoXmhmk tX kp{]`mXw.

{Xna[pcaXn Znhyw Iev]nXw cu]y]mt{X Icanl ]cam¶w kzmZp ]©marXw. N kZbambn {KloXzm, {]obXmw BÀ¯_tÔm lckpX lcnKoXmhmk tX kp{]`mXw.

t£t{Xkvan³ temI]msse kaaNekpXm i¦tcm hnLv\cmP km£mÂ tKm]meIrjvW IenbpKhctZm `qX\mtYm almßm tX kÀtÆ kp{]k¶mþ

\nP \nP\netb `àtemImh\mÀXvYw `mkt´ kp{]`mXw lcX\bhnt`mþ

XmcImtc \akvtX! Z£m²zsc PzenXbmK Irim\pZKv[



ImbmkXo ]p\chm] ]Xnw atliw kmssiePm kpc\pXm kpjpth `h´w Kucoatli hc\µ\ kp{]`mXw.

kw{]m]vXhm³ kpc\Zn ]cnemfnXkvXzw kÀÆmÀ²ikv{X IpieXzatamL iànw XmXmÚbmN kpctemINaq]XnXzw tZh{]koZ inJnhml\ kp{]`mXw.

ZpÀÆmtc XmcImtJy cW`phn\nltX \nÀÖcmkvtXmjam]p kp{Xmam]nkzI\ymw AJne P\at\m tamln\ow tZhtk\mw ZXzmXp`yw IrXmÀ° kpc]Xnc`hÂ ]qPyPmamXrem`mÂ, kXyw KmwtKb Pmbm {]nbcaWhnt`m kp{]`mXw \akvtX!

{io ImÀ¯ntIb lcnKoX ]ptci \m\mtZiØntXjpIrXhm³ \netbjphmkw AÚm\Pw kIe IÂajam{inXm\mw

lrXzm hn`mkn IcpWmab Zo\_tÔzm. (lckpX…) {Iu©m{Zn aqÀ²v\n ap\n`n]cntjhyamWw Zmhmán Xpeyw Acnk©b Im\\ky jmWvamXpcw kvacWam{X IrX{]kmZw

[zmbman knwlapJ iqc kpcmcn sshcnw.(lckpX…) Xzmw {_ÒNmcnh]pjw IzNnXv D{K iàn bpàw Pze±l\ k¶n` Zo]vXaqÀ¯nw A\y{X Ip¦pa cpNw kXXw `tPlw

]Xv\obpXw alnX `qjW `qjnXmwKw. (lckpX…) AwKmctI]ymJne eáItckpXky `wKw`thZnXn hnNnýP\m kakvXmþ KwKm[cmßP `h NcWmchnµw

awKeyZm\cX j×pJ kw{ibń. (lckpX…) Imjmb hkv{X kJn inJn]nRvOsse ]pjv]{hssPÝ kaewIrXawktZti ]qPmÀl hkvXp \nhlw kzbapZzl´

]pjvt]mÕth Xh ]pcw {]hniń `àm.(lckpX…) tl temI\mbI `mhÂ KX am\kmXzw B\µ \À¯\ cXmkvXh k¶n[ms\ kÀÆw kaÀ]y hn[nhÂ {]Wań `àm

kÀÆm°km[I Ipamc `hÂ {]nbmÀ°w. (lckpX…) ssitem ]cnØ aYhm Pecmin Xosc kwkvYw alm hn]n\a[y hn\nÀ½nXmhm tZthib{X `hZmbX\w ]hn{Xw

Xss{Xhbmń a\pPmkvXh ]mZ`àm:(lckpX…) BtcmKyw Bbpc]n ImayIf{X hnZym kÂ]p{XIoÀ¯ncnXn euInI tamlbpàm aÀ¯ymkvXYm {]bXtbmKnhcmkvakÀtÆÂ

\nXyw `hÂ NcW ]¦Pam{ibń. (lckpX…) kvIµXzZob NcnXw IYnXpw bYmÀlw C{µmZntkhw tZhap\nx \mØn \cwkaÀ°m Xzmw tZhtZha\niw icWw {]]tZy N{µmÀ²NqU kpXtZln kZmip`w sa!



8 KncnkpXmßPw `mhtbKplw (X{ímkv{X ]WvUnX\pw `àintcmaWnbpamb X{ńapJy³ A¼e¸pg ]pXpa\

CÃ¯v {_Ò{io ZmtamZc³ \¼qXncn AhÀIfmÂ hncNnXamb Cu kvIµ IoÀ¯\w "lcnhcmk\w' F¶ coXnbnÂ Be]n¡mhp¶XmWv ).

Pb inhmßP! {]t`m! Pb inhmßP! Pb inhmßP ! {]t`m! Pb inhmßP!

AcpWkp{]`w ]qcptjm¯aw ]pcpZbmIcw Nmcpj¬apJw XcpWXÃPw ZmcpWmlhw kpcpNncmIrXnw `mhtbKplw (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

kck`mjnWw kmcthZn\w kpchcmÀ¨nXw kqchÀ¨kw Ic[rXmbp[w XmcImÍw ]c_emÀ¯nZw `mhtbKplw (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

Aacòlcw ImatImafw IaekwØnXw iymaIp´fw hnaXamYn\w hmatZhPw iae\mi\w `mhtbKplw! (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

h\PtemN\w Zm\XÂ]cw I\I`qjWw Zo\kuJyZw a\kntPm]aw am\hÀ²\w P\at\mlcw `mhtbKplw! (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

\KkpXmßPw t`mKhÀÖnXw hnKXaÕcw hmKtKmNcw kpKXnZmbIw kwKtcmÛSw \nKakwkvXpXw `mhtbKplw! (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

`h`bm]lw tZhhµnXw inhZkÂIYw ]mhtImÛhw Ih\tImhnZw tIhemßIw \h kpam©nXw `mhtbKplw! (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

apZnXam\kw tamZnXmacw arZnXZm\hw hmZn\mbIw lrZnhncmPnXw kmZn]qPnXw hnZnXssh`hw `mhtbKplw! (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

hnXXh£kw ]oXhmkkw [rXhcm`bw ]qXam\kw IrXalmcWw [qXZpÀP\w `rX]hnw{]`pw `mhtbKplw! (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

APapJmÀ¨nXw bmPImÀ°Zw



KPapJm\pPw ]qP\obIw kpP\c£Iw tXPkm¶n[nw hnPbtim`nXw `mhtbKplw! (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

ZpcnXhmcWw `qcn`qXnZw ]cnlrXmabw hmcntP£Ww ]cnP\mÀ¨nXw hmcnXmlnXw KncnkpXmßPw `mhtbKplw! (PbinhmßP{]t`m....)

PbinhmßP! {]t`m! PbinhmßP! PbinhmßP! {]t`m! PbinhmßP!

9. kp{_ÒWy tjmUi \ma§Ä ({ioaZv kvImµ alm]pcmWw) {]YtamÚm\iàymßm ZznXotbm kvIµ GhN Aán`qÝ XrXobkymXv _mlptebÝXpÀ°Ix KmwtKbx ]©tam hnZymXv jjvTx ichtWmÛhx k]vXax ImÀ¯ntIbx kymXv IpamckymZYmjvSIx \hax j×pJssÝh Ziax Ip¡pS[zPx GImZix iàn[cx Kptlm ZzmZi GhN {XtbmZtim {_ÒNmco jm×mXpc ÝXpÀZix {Iu©`nXv ]©ZiIx tjmUix inJnhml\x GXXv tjmUi \mam\nPt]Xv kayIvkZmZcw.

10. j×pJmjvSIw (alnjmkpc aÀ±n\o kvtXm{Xw t]mse)

KncnX\bmkpX KmwK]tbmZnX KÔkphmknX _meXt\m KpW KW `qjW tImaf `mjW {Iu© hnZmcW IpµXt\m KPapJ tkmZc ZpÀPb Zm\h kwKhn\miI ZnhyXt\m Pb Pb tl Kpl j×pJ kpµc tZlncXnw Xh ]mZbptK.

{]XnKncn kwØnX `àlrZnØnX ]p{X[\{]Z \arXt\m `h`b tamNI `mKy hn[mbI `qkpXhmc kw]qPyXt\m _lp`pP tim`nX _ÔhntamNI t_m[ê{]Z t_m[Xt\m (Pb Pb tlKpl.....)

ia[\am\nX au\nlrZmeb tam£IrXmeb apàXt\m iXaJ]meI i¦ctXmjI kpwKkphmXI iànXt\m Zi iX a·Y k¶n` kpµc IpWvUe aWvUnX IÀ®hnt`m (Pb Pb tlKpl.....)



Kpl XcpWmcpW tNe]cnjvIrX XmcIamcI amcXt\m Pe\n[n Xoc kptim`nhcmeb i¦ckw\pX tZhcptcm hnlnX alm[zc kma\n a{ńX kuaylrZć tkmaXt\m (Pb Pb tlKpl.....)

ehenIbm kltIfn Iem]c tZhkpXmÀ]nX ameyXt\m Kpcp]Z kwØnX i¦c ZÀinX XXzab {]WhmÀ° hnt`m hn[nlcn ]qPnX {_ÒkpXmÀ¸nX `mKykp]qcI tbmKnXt\m (Pb Pb tlKpl.....)

IenP\ ]me\ IRvP kptemN\ Ip¡pS tIX\ tIfnXt\m lrZ]cn]me\ _ÀlnW hml\ _mehntemN\ iw`pXt\m ichW kw`h i{Xp \n_ÀlW N{µ kam\\ iÀ½Xt\m (Pb Pb tlKpl.....)

11. lcnKoXmetbi kvXpXn (tIcf ImfnZmk³ F¶ A]c\mat[b¯nÂ Adnbs¸Sp¶ tIcfhÀ½

henbtImbn¯¼pcm\mÂ hncNnXhpw A¨Sn¨n«nÃmXncp¶Xpamb CukvtXm{Xhpw ZWvUIhpw DZb\m]pcw hmXpt¡mS¯nÃ¯v kp{_ÒWy³ aqkXv At±l¯nsâ ssIsbgp¯p {KÙtiJc¯nÂ \n¶pw tImSnbÀ¨\ kvacWnIbnÂ DÄs¸Sp¯m³ Ab¨pX¶XmWv.)

e£vaowtbmhnXcoXcoXn ]Ztbmcm]mXpIm\mw \rWmw ktZymlálmáćpZnXw k´m]ap³aoeb³ kÀÆmò]vknXZm\JÀÆnXkp]ÀtÆmÀÆoPiÀÆmw{Ltb ImcpssWyI\ntIX\mb lcnKotXimbXkvssa\ax ]mImcmXnapJm\]mcIcptW\mImebm³]meb³ \oImcm¶nPsshcnWmw \ncp]amtZImb\m\matL cmImioXabqJ`mkpcaptcmtemIm[n\mtYmPhmÂ tII]Zzchmlt\mlcXptatimIm\pam\\vµ\x XmayÂkÖ\Xma\x¡papZn\oPohmXpssP]mXrIw `mhÂ¡wNcWw{]]ZyicWw\mtY]n\mtYlIw k´]vXw inincoIpcpjykZbmw KwtK\KmwtKb amw tZhmcmXnNaqNaqcp]Seolcy£hcy £WmÂ aµmc{ZpaZpÀ½ZwZabtX hµmcpImamÀ¸ssW cnµmhm\\tim`bmhnZ[tX \nµm]wZm`nJymXmw Ipµml¦rXnlmcnaµlknXkyµmbtemXI{Xbo Ipµmtbizcaµ\mb `hXp kvIµmbXp`yw \ax



bÂ_mlpx ]pcplqX]pWy]Seokn²kzcm²y£Xm k¼Ãp¼\e¼tSmÛS\nen¼man{Xhn{Xmkn\ow iànw ZpÀÆnjlmw_n`À¯nkanXnkvIµmbhrµmcI kvIµmhmc[pcµcmb lcnKotXimbXkvssa\ax

IvjpÃoIrXyipNwPhmZhXpamw NnÃo\`mthmKplx ]ÃoapÃknXxkzhÃ`\amw kÃoetbmÃmkb³ aÃokmbItbm[XÃPX\pÀÆÃoaXÃoekþ ¨nÃo`wKnXcwKntX£WIem^pÃo`hZzn{àmw

`mkm[xIrX`qjWw `h almwt`mcminkwtimjWw \ntijm ip`t]mjWw \nP]Xm_vPmkàkt´mjWw lcyiy {]nbt]mjWw lcn]pco]pWyØeo`qjWw {]XyÀ°n{hPòjWw {]WaX{ioXmcItZzjnWw

Bimkoakp X\ztX kplknssXÀss¶imNcow NmXpcow t¢im\mip\rWma]mky\aXmamimknXw `miptj Imiml¦rXn\mit]iebtim\oimcnXmimćmþ tbim\{]nb\\vZ\mb lcnKotXimbXp`yw \ax

amtltbmsschtXbIneichWtPmhÓntPmPmÓthbx kzmtltbm_mlpteb]ip]XnX\bx ]mÀÆXo\\vZ\Ý CXymJymtbmKt`ssZx {]IrXnjpP\nIÀ¯p kvXhmJymbnIm`nþ _lzojpJym]nXmkz]yIrXIhNkmKobtkhniztbm\nx

ImbmÝmbOSm[xIrXLpkrWcPxskuIpamtc Ipamtc hr{Xman{XmZnk{Xmi\hn]pea\kvXm]ZIvtj]ZIvtj `ànxiIvssXyI]tcy aa P\nXat\m\nÀhrXnÀÆ{]XoXp kvôXm[qXmw{LnbÝ {]WXn\ncXtemImÀ¯ntI þ

ImÀ¯ntItb.

ZWvUIw Abn Pb Pbmw t`mPn\oPm\n Unwt`mZtbmZyÂ Ipkpwt`mÃkÂ^pÃcwt`m]aÀ±{]hoW{]`m t[mcWo ]qcnXmimhImiw ]cm\\vZkm{µ{]Imi ksslt]m¯cwKo`hÂ skulrZmthiaoim\]©m\\o ]mÀÆXoh{àk©pw_yam\m\mwt`mPjÄ¡ ZznjÂImbcàuLcPyÂ]rjÄI kzIob{]`pZzmZimß{ZVobkvXat{]a[mambnXZzmZimw t`mPhrµojp _wlnjp skuµcy[ptcy£vWþkm[pkwc£W \nPNcWh\vZ\mkàkZrµ`qbkvXmcm\µZmbn kv^pc³aµlmkZypXnkyµZqcoIrXmaµIpµ {]kq\{]`m Iµfo kpµcXzm`nam\þkakvXmack tXmakwkvXqba\ PKXymlnXmXymlnXmZnXy]XymlnX s{]uV]£ØtemÂKOZ{kivNSm[qafOmb iànkv^pcÂ]mWn]mtYmcpl`àaµmc]r°ocplx hnlnX]cncw`hÃoh]pÀÆÃcotaft\mÃmkntXmckvXS {io\nckvXmNnctPymXncmÇojvS kÔyw_pZmt]m]amUw_c X]vXPmw_p\Zn{`mPam\mw_c ]nRvO`mc{]`maWvUeoJWvUnXmJWvUemJWvU



tImZWvUtcmNnivinJWvUn{]ImWvtUm]cntZymXa\ ]Z{iolrX{ioKrl{hmXa\ {]YnXlcnKoXmebme¦rtX ImÀ¯ntIbmÀ¯_tÔm Zbm]qckntÔm \akvtX \akvtXiamw ]mln ]mln {]koZ ImcpWyw_p\nt[ kakvXkpa\k´m]Zmt\mZyX kv^mb±À¸`cmkpc{]`pkaqtem³aqess\Imb\ _n{`mW£nXn`rZznt`Z\NWmw iànwXzatábamw ]mln{iolcnKoX]¯\]tXtZln{inbwtaPhmÂ.

12. lcn¸mSv {io kp{_ÒWykzmanbpsS ]mZmZntIihÀ®\

(kzmXnXncp\mÄ almcmPmhnsâ kwkvIrXm²ym]I\pw kmlnXyImc\pamb lcn¸mSv Ingt¡S¯v hmcy¯v sIm¨p]nÅhmcyÀ AhÀIfmÂ hncNnXamb lcnKoX]pcm[oi ]mZmZntIi hÀ®\)

tZhcmPktcmPkw`h tZhIoX\bmZnbmw tZhtImSnIfmepta \nP`mhpImb \ntjhnXw ]mh\mw_pPtImafw `ph\mhss\I]cmbWw `mhtb lcnKoX\mbI, XmhIw NcWmw_pPw.

XmcImhent]mse an¶nhnf§nSp¶ \J§fpw XmcImÍ \nsâ Im©\ Nmcp\q]pcbpÜhpw tLmcamw IZ\§sfms¡bI¶p kuJyapZn¡phm³ tNcWw lrZnamatI lcnKoX\mY sXmgp¶p Rm³.

]¦Pm£ at\m`thjvT[n i¦bmÀ¡papZn¸Xmw i¦cmßP \n³at\mlc PwLIÄ¡psXmgp¶pRm³ kwJybäphcp¶ am\k k¦S§sfmgn¨p\o ]¦tamN\ ]mlnt`m lcnKoX\mY sXmgp¶pRm³.

Xr¸Zmw_pPapÅntemÀ¯p `Pn¸hÀ¡psImSp¸Xn¶þ {]tab [\ {]ImWvUsamsSm¸a§p ekn¸Xmw ZÀ¸tWmZc ip{àmsbmcp sN¸pt]msehnf§nSpw sIÂs¸gpw Xh Pm\pbpÜhpsas¸mgpw lrZn tXm¶Ww.

a¯lkvXnIc¯n\¯Â hfÀ¯nSm³ hncpsXms¯gpw Nn{XaqcpbpKs¯bpw _lpkzØamw PL\s¯bpw apKv[timÌeÀ¶ Im©\ Im©nbmeXn`wKnbmbv _²amw hk\s¯bpw lrZn`àntbmSp sXmgp¶p Rm³.

tkmaNqUX\pP \n¶psS \m`ntZi ktcmPhpw tcmacmPnhnemkhpw IritImatfmZc tim`bpw t£asa¶p sa\n¡ph¶pfhmIphm³ aa am\tk ImaZmbI tXm¶Ww lcnKoX\mY sXmgp¶p Rm³.

]mcnPmXkpa§Ä sImp Na¨\sÃmcpamebpw locamebpamÀ¶ \n³XncpamdpapÅnÂ hnf§Ww amcamc Ipamc amaI am\kmÀ¯nIsfms¡bpw XocpamdpXpWbv¡ \o lcnKoX\mY sXmgp¶p Rm³.

AwKZw aWn I¦Ww apXemb `qjWk©bw `wKntbmSpae¦cn¨ XcwKXpwK `pP§fpw iwJImń IhÀ¶ \n³ Xncp IWvTtZihpsa¶pta awKfw hfcpw hn[uaa am\tk hnfbmSWw.



aµlmkat\mÚambchnµhpw icZnµphpw hµ\w ]dbp¶ \n³apJ N{µ_nw_hnemkhpw IpµtamSnSbp¶Xmw cZIµf {]àn¶nSpw kpµcm[c tim`bpw lrZn tXm¶Ww Xncp\mkbpw.

kzÀ®\nÀ½nX ]pWvUcoI khÀ® IpWvUe ImńbmÂ aWvUnXw PKZWvU\mbI ZWvUhpw Xh ssI sXmgmw IÀ® koaItfmfsa¯n hnf§nSpw \Â IcpWmckw ]qÀ®amw Xh I®pIÄ¡pahÀ®y ]pWysXmgp¶p Rm³.

amchocicmk\s¯mSp t]mcnSpw ]pcnI§fpw XmctIiIemXntaml\ Nmcp^mehnemkhpw \octZm]a \oehÀ®anb¶p Xn§nbtIihpw tNcWw lrZnam\tk lcnKoX\mY sXmgp¶p Rm³.

AÀ¡tImSnka {]Imia\ÀLcXv\hntim`nXw ivfmLyamw Xh s]m³IncoShpapÅntemÀ¯p sXmgp¶p Rm³ DÄ¡f¯neoh®tamÀ¯p `Pn¡psa¶ne\mcXw XzÂ¡Sm£apZn¡phm³ lcnKoXm\mY sXmgp¶p Rm³.

13. lcn¸mSv thembp[kzmanbpsS tIimZn]mZ hÀ®\ (XeapdIfmbn Cu tIimZn]mZ kvXpXn `àÀ ]mSnkvXpXn¨p hcp¶p)

]mcnS¯nÂ ]pIgpw lcn¸m«p Nmcplmtk\ hmgpw XmcI sshcn Xsâ XncphpSÂ Rm\nXm ssI sXmgpt¶³!

AÀ¡\pXpeyamIpw IncoShpw sNmÂs¡mÅpw ]qapSnbpw DÄ¡ae¯nse¶pw hnf§Ww Rm\nXm ssI sXmgpt¶³!

]©an¨{µs\m¯ Xncps\än N©emÂ NnÃnIfpw F³a\¡m¼nse¶pw hnf§Ww Rm\nXm ssI sXmgpt¶³!

FÄ¸qhns\m¯ aq¡pw Iae¯nÂ ZÀ¸w Ifª I®pw F³Icfn¦se¶pw hnf§Ww Rm\nXm ssI sXmgpt¶³!

ZÀ¸WmZÀ¸w XoÀ¯ Z´§fpw sNmÂs¸m§pw ]p©ncnbpw \nÂ¸hng¯ns\mt¯mcpZchpw Rm\nXm ssIsXmgpt¶³!

iwJns\m¯ Igp¯pw, XncpamdnÂþ X§p¶ ameIfpw F³ Icfn¦se¶pw hnf§Ww Rm\nXm ssIsXmgpt¶³!

thÂ, h{Pw hcZm A`bhpw Nmesh tNÀ¯ ssIIÄ ameIäoSphm\mbv \ncq]n¨p Rm\nXm ssIsXmgpt¶³!

Benet]mse an¶pw DZchpw



tNsegpw t{imWnIfpw Nmesh Nn´sNbvXp a\¡m¼nÂ Rm\nXm ssIsXmgpt¶³!

\·Wn¯qWns\m¯XpSIfpw \·bnÂ PwL§fpw F³a\¡m¼nse¶pw hnf§Ww Rm\nXm ssIsXmgpt¶³!

sN´macIpkpaw \anöSpw \n³ Xncp¸mZ ]ßw AćwK¯nse¶pw hnf§Ww Rm\nXm ssIsXmgpt¶³!

tIimZn ]mZtahw ASnb\pÄ¸mi¯mÂ _Ôn¡pt¶³ t¢isaÃmw Ifªp c£n¡pI Rm\nXm ssIsXmgpt¶³!

]mcnS¯nÂ ]pIgpw lcn¸m«p Nmcplmtk\ hmgpw XmcI sshcn Xsâ XncphSÂ Rm\nXm ssIsXmgpt¶³!

14. kp{_ÒWy IoÀ¯\§Ä (tIcf kÀÆIemime aebmf hn`mKw ta[mhn, tIcf IemaWvUew sNbÀam³ F¶o

\neIfnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨ IemNnÍ\pw ImhycknI\pamb tUm.hn.Fkv. iÀ½ cNn¨ cv lcnKoXmetbi IoÀ¯\§Ä. lcn¸mSv t£{X¯nÂ AhImiw DÅ ]p¯nbnÂ IpSpw_¯nse AwKamWv At±lw)

1. kp{_ÒWyw `Pman (cmKwþ\m«) ]Ãhn : lcnKoXmetbiw KpcpKplw `Pman kp{_ÒWyw `Pman A\p]Ãhn : abqchml\w jUm\\w kÀthiw Ipamcw kpIpamcw kp{_ÒWyw `Pman NcWw : 1. ]mÀÆXo ]p{X \ninNcXmak NWvU{]Imi inhk´m\ hnLv\cmP ktlmZc hÅo \mbI hnizawKfZmbI IÂ]Xcp kam\, thembp[ icWw Xh NcWw \aman

`Pman..... 2. kphÀ®IncoSaWvUnX abqc knwlmk\ `h\miI hn_p[c£I ]mh\NcnX JWvUnX i{Xpkaql, j¬apJ kpµc kzcq] ]WvUnX hm§vab \nhmk \nÀhmWZ \njvI³aj \njvIf icWw Xh NcWw \aman.

`Pman.... 3. abqchml\ k©mcn, awKfkzcq]n arZwK iwJ\mZv kzcmZn kzcqUw ]qPnX B{inX P\tkhnX, kvt\lhÕe lcnKoXmebw kwc£I kp{_ÒWy icWw, Xh NcWw \aman.



2. lcnKoXmetbi³ ]ZwþcmKwþapJmcn ]Ãhn : cPXabamboSpw abqchml\aXn³taÂ cRvPn¡pw tim`sbmSv Fgp¶ÅphXmcmtcm. NcWw : 1.Zn\Ic_nw_w km£mÛwKnbnÂ k©cnöSpt¶m Zn\Ics\¦ne§v X]n¸n¡pw sImSpwXm]w 2. Hmj[oit\m hcphXv hkp[bnenhnsS Huj[ois\¦nÂ ii_nw_w ImWp¶oetÃm. 3. hnLvt\izc\Ã, hnjvWphÃ, atlizc\paÃ Kuco]p{X\mw ImÀ¯ntIb³ lcnKoXmetbi³ 4. aa \mbI\nh\tÃm kÀÆmòjvS ZmbI\oizc³ thembp[³ IemhÃ`³ aa \mY³ \q\w!

15. lcnKoX]pcm[oi Atãm¯ciXw (t£{Xw X{ń- Ingt¡ ]pÃmwhgn {_Ò{io. Fw. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-XncnbmÂ hncNnXambXmWv Cu Atãm¯ciXw.) lcnKoX]pcm[otim iànltkvXm h{P]mWnx j¬aptJm inJnhml\ imizXx XmcImÍx thembp[x tImafmwKx tZhtk\m]Xnx kvIµx Damkq\pÝXpÀ`pPx tImSnkqcyka{]`x hnLv\m\ptPm cp{Zkq\p almambo atlmÕmtlm {]k¶hZt\m Kplx almamt\ym almibx `à{]ntbm kpcmcmt[ym alm_temi{Xpltcm N¼I{kIv[tcmPzex t¢i]mihntamN\x ZznjUvIÀt®m ZznjUvN£px ZpxJl{ń kpc]Xnx j¬\mtkm temI]qPnXx Ejnhtµym KpWm{ib ZznjUv_mlpx Ip¦pamwKx thZ{]ntbm jUm[mtcm ]{XIpÞetim`nXx thZmKalrZnØnXx jUvtImSn`qX\mYÝ t£{X{]ntbm lnXItcm ImÀ¯ntItbm alm{]`px £at£t{Xm \ZokpXx t¢i\mixkqcmcnLv\x _mkptetbm ]£nhmtlm kÀÆ]m]hntamN\x [À½m[À½lrZnØnXx ]cw{_Òkzcq]Ý ssIemkhmko At£m`yx ]cntim`nXhn{Klx {_ÒNmco _p[{]nbx temImcmt²ym temIc£x kvIµkqà{]ntbm [mXm tam£tZmawKf{]Zx ]©marXckmi\x PKÂ]qÀt®m PKXvkm£nx B{intXãmÀ°hctZm

PKÂPothmk\mX\x AÛptXm ƒanXhn{Iax hn{]{]nbÝ ]qXmßm Ahyàe£WkvXzmtcrm alÑàn btim\n[nx AJnem[mcc£Ix



N{µNqU{]nbkpXx AtkvXmI]pWytZm Imtaym Ip¡pS[zPhml\ N©eÝ]eZypXnx _me{]ntbmKpW\n[nÀx kzÀ®hÀt®mkpchtcm kzÀ®mw_chn`qjW lkvXnhml\tkhnXx tk\m\n kXyk¦ev]x kÀÆtZhabkvXzmtcym tXtPm\n[nc\mabx temtIm¯cKpWm\znXx {ioIpamtcm tlaNqtUm £nXn`y¶mYX\tbm hÃo\mYkvkXmwKXn t£{XtÚm kÀÆtam£Zx ê{ipXnx lcnKoX]pcm[oiþ kytãm¯ciXw \hw P]Xmw `àtemIm\mw `ànkwhÀ²\wkZm.

16. kp{_ÒWykp{]`mXw (]ÞnX\pw `àintcmaWnbpamb {io XmactÈcn i¦c³ `«Xncn cNn¨XmWv Cu

kp{_ÒWykp{]`mXw.) 1. {iocp{Z, ssieX\bmkpIrXmXntcI!

kzobm\p`mh]cn]menX`àtemI! kwkmcXm]lc\maI, kÀhPohþ kwtkhy, j×pJ, hnt`m, Xh kp{]`mXw!

AÃtbm kÀhià\mb j¬apJ, AhnSp¶v {io]ctaizctâbpw, {io]mÀÆXotZhnbptSbpw ]pWymXntcIhpw, kzm\p`mhwsImv `àtemIs¯ ]cn]men¨h\pw, kwkmcXm]aIÁp¶ \maapÅh\pw, FÃm Poh·mÀ¡pwtkhn¡s¸Sphm³ tbmKy\pamIp¶p. A§s\bpÅ \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw t\cp¶p!

2. hnizmk]qÀhaKPmkpX, ImÀ¯ntIb! hnizmÀ¯nlmcnNcnXw alnXw XzZobw irWzń tb N IYbń, hnNn´bń [\ymkvX Gh a\pPm, kvXh kp{]`mXw!

tl KncnPmkpX, ImÀ¯ntIb, temI¯nsâ ZpxJw XoÀ¡p¶ al¯mb AhnSps¯ Ncn{Xw BcmtWm, tIÄ¡pIbpw, IoÀ¯n¡pIbpw, Nnń¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv, B BfpIÄ

Xs¶bmWv kpIrXw sNbvXhÀ. Bhn[w ‘]pWyNcnX’\mb AhntSbv¡v kp{]`mXw `hn¡s«! 3. {Iu©m{ZnKÀhia\w, \nlnXmXnZpãþ

{Iu©mZnZm\hKWw Ietb lrZn Xzmw IWvPmbXm£, ah\oXe`mKtXbþ ]pWvPmbnXm©nXX\pw, Xh kp{]`mXw!

{Iu©]ÀhX¯nsâ KÀhw ian¸n¨h\pw, AxnZpjvS·mcmb {Iu©³ apXemb Akpc·msc \n{Kln¨h\pw, Xmac¡®\pw, `qtemI¯nsâ `mKy]pWvPw t]mse at\mlcamb DSemÀ¶h\pamb AhnSps¯, Rm³ a\ÊnÂ [ym\n¡p¶p. AhntSbv¡v kp{]`mXambncn¡p¶p.

4. IeymWZmbI, kam{inX`àc£mþ \nÀeo\am\k, \ncćIoÀ¯\ob! kÃoe, kÀhP\taml\, tZhtk\mþ hÃo]tX, KpW\nt[, Xh kp{]`mXw!

awKfacpfp¶h\pw, B{ibn¨ `à·msc c£n¡p¶XnÂ a\Êncp¯p¶h\pw, kÀh P\§tfbpw tamln¸n¡p¶h\pw, tZhtk\bptSbpw, hÃnbptSbpw `À¯mhpw, KpW\n[nbpamb `Khmt\, \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw `hn¡s«!



5. £n{]{]kmZhnjtb P\tI\, \m\mþ

hnLv\{]Wmi\hn[u KW\mbtI\, imkv{Xm ktam, kyh\IÀaWn, tNXn tltXmþ ÊÀhmZytXm hnPbtk, Xh kp{]`mXw!

AhnSp¶v, thKw kt´mjn¡p¶ hnjb¯nÂ AÑt\mSpw, ]e hnLv\§Ä \o¡p¶XnÂ almKW]XntbmSpw, kwc£WIÀa¯nÂ imkvXmhnt\mSpw Xpey\mIp¶p. C¡mcW¯mÂ FÃmhcmepw BZcn¡s¸«psImv kÀthmÂ¡ÀtjW hÀ¯n¡p¶p. B \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw!

6. j¬amXrcWvPIapJmw_pPjÄ¡aWvPpþ aµkvanXky, `ph\{Xbtaml\ky, KwKm, án, cp{Z, KncnPm]cnemfnXky awKfyZky `hXm¯h kp{]`mXw!

Bd½amsc cWvPn¸n¡p¶ Bdp apJmchnµ§fnepw ]q¸p©ncn hnSÀ¯p¶h\pw, aqtemI§tfbpw tamln¸n¡p¶h\pw, KwK, Aán, ]cainh³, ]mÀÆXotZhn F¶nhcmÂ Xmtemen¡s¸«h\pw, awKfacpfp¶h\pamb \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw `hn¡s«!

7. kÀtK hn[n, Êaht\ PKtXm apcmcnx, ]mt\ hnjky ebt\ N ]nXm ]pcmcnx, tIm \ma XmcIalmkpc\n{Ktl Xp Xzma´tcW \n]pW, kvXh kp{]`mXw!

temI¯nsâ krjvSnbnÂ {_Òmhpw, kwc£W¯nÂ almhnjvWphpw, hnj]m\¯nepw, kwlmc¯nepw AÑ\mb {io]ctaizc\pw \n]pWcmIp¶p. F¶mÂ XmcImkpcs\ h[n¡p¶ Imcy¯nÂ AhntSbv¡ÃmsX aämÀ¡mWv IgnhpmbXv? B hn[w hocX sXfnbn¨ \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw t\cp¶p!

8. knµqchÀ®, inJnhml\, kpµcmwK! hrµmcImZnhn\Xmw{LnktcmPbpÜ! krµÂ¡r]marXISm£ jUm\\, Xzmw htµ \ncćalw, Xh kp{]`mXw!

Ip¦pa\ndw ]qh\pw, abnÂ hml\ambn«pÅh\pw, kpµcmwK\pw, tZhmZnIfmÂ \akvIcn¡s¸«]mZmchnµ§tfmSpIqSnbh\pw, Ir]marXw In\nbp¶ ISm£§fpÅ BdpapJ§fmÀ¶h\pamb \nńcphSnsb Rm³ \ncćw hµnbv¡p¶p. AhntSbv¡v kp{]`mXapmhs«!

9. ZpjvS{]ew_l\t\ _ecmaXpeyþ ÈntããtZ lcn\n`x IcpWmXntctI, ]n{Xm ktamkn, hnh[{KlP\yIjvSþ hn{ZmhtW \ncp]a, kvXh kp{]`mXw!

AhnSp¶v Zpã\mb {]ew_s\ h[n¡p¶ Imcy¯nÂ _ecma¶pw (kp{_ÒWy³ asämcp {]ew_mkpcs\ h[n¨ Ncn{Xapv.) inã·mÀ¡v Aòãw \ÂIp¶XnÂ hnjvWphn¶pw, IcpWmXntcI¯nÂ AÑ\mb {io]ctaizc¶pw Xpey\mIp¶p. ]eXcw {Kl¸ng \o¡p¶Xntem, InSbäh\pamWv. B ta·bpÅ \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXambncn¡p¶p!

10. kÀth]n cp{ZX\bmÊXXw \ntjhymþ kvXm]{Xb{]ia\mb, XYm]n \uan \m\mapJ{]ISnXmXnIr]mISm£w Xzmtah iàneknXw, Xh kp{]`mXw!

{io]ctaizcsâ FÃm ]p{X·mcpw aq¶pXcw ZpxJ§Ä \o§phm³ Ft¸mgpw tkhn¡s¸tShÀXs¶. F¶mepw, At\Iw apJ§fmÂ AXnbmb Ir]mISm£§fpXnÀ¡p¶h\pw, iànsImv DÃkn¡p¶h\pw, (iàn=Icp¯v, thÂ) Bb AhnSps¯ CubpÅh³ kvXpXn¡p¶p. CXm kp{]`mXw kamKXambn!

11. \m\m\nKakvXpXhocy, ]pWyþ



Øm\{]XnjvTnXatlmÖzessihenwK! am\mXnKmßKpWtamZnXtemI, tZhþ

tk\m[n]mƒ KXanZw Xh kp{]`mXw! hnhn[]pcmW§fnepw thZ§fnepw AhnSps¯ hocX hmgv¯s¸«n«pv. ]pWyØe§fnÂ al¯pw, DÖzehpamb inhenwK§sf ({]XntÚizcw, I]mteizcw apXembh) AhnSp¶v {]XnjvTn¡pIbpw, Afhä BßKpW§sfs¡mv temI§sf B\µn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. tZhtk\m[n]Xnbpambn. A§s\bpÅ \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw h¶ncn¡p¶p!

12. BZnXyaÞeKXky Xhm\p`qXw hymtkmà`mKhX]mTêw ka{Kw, ÚmtXzZaoizc, bYmaXn IoÀ¯bman, {]oXnw Ipcpjz kZbw Xh kp{]`mXw!

Hcn¡Â, BZnXyaÞe¯nÂs¨¶ AhntSbv¡v hymkhncNnXamb `mKhXw ]mcmbWw sNbvXXnsâ ka{Kamb êw A\p`hs¸SpIbpmbn. (`mKhXhàmhn¶pw t{imXhn¶pw {_ÒtemIw e`n¨ IY `hnjy]pcmW¯nÂ hÀWn¨n«pv.) B Adnhp\nan¯w, AÃtbm Cuizcm, CubpÅh\pw bYmhn[n AXv IoÀ¯n¡mw. kZbw AhnSp¶v {]oX\mtIWta! AhntSbv¡nXm, kp{]`mXw!

13. tZthjz\\ykZrtimkn, hnlwKtajp XzZzml\ky inJn\Ý aXw al¯zw! ]nRvtO\ bky \nPauenae¦tcmXn XmÀ£y²ztPm]n `Khmw, kvXh kp{]`mXw!

tZh·mcnÂ AhntSbv¡v InS\nev¡m\mcpanÃ. ]£nIfnÂ AhnSps¯ hml\amb abnensâ ta·bpw am\n¡s¸«XmWv. AXnsâ ]oenbmWtÃm KcpU²zP\mb `Khm³ t]mepw ÈnckneWnbp¶Xv! hml\¯n¶pIqSn Cu alXzw! aäpÅhsb¸än¸dbm\nÃtÃm. Bhn[w ZnhyX ]peÀ¯p¶ \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw!

14. hnJymXnam] _lp`mcy]tZ apcmcnþ kvXzw Xp {]kn²naKtam _lpamXrXmbmw,

kt´mjnXm ƒKWnX]ÀhX, \µntXmkn tXt\m²yssXIKncnWm, Xh kp{]`mXw!

_lp`mcy]ZhnbnÂ {ioIrjvW`Khm³ hnJymXnbmÀÖn¨p AhnSpt¶m, At\Iw A½amcpÅ \nebnepw! Hcp ]ÀhXs¯ (tKmhÀ²\s¯) D²cn¨ B `Khm³ AkwJyw ]ÀhX§sf kt´mjn¸n¨p AhnSps¯ IqSpXÂ A`n\µn¡pIXs¶ sN¿pw. (IY kvImµhÀ®nXw) A¯cw sshinãyamÀ¶ \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw `hn¡s«!

15. `qan{]Z£nWPbÊltP\ eÏþ ÊXyw, XYm]n P\tI\ KpWmZtcW,

B¯m ‘Nteizc’ h]pkv\zap]mkntXm ƒ`qÀ hnkvam]nXmJneP\, kvXh kp{]`mXw!

`q{]Z£nW¯nÂ, tPyjvT\mb almKW]Xn hnPbw hcn¨p F¶Xv kXybamWv. ]t£ AXdnªv AJneP\§tfbpw AZv`pXs¸Sp¯pamdv ANteizccq]w ]q AhnSps¯ KpW§Ä \nan¯apÅ BZcthmsS, AÑ³ ({io]ctaizc³) D]mknIbpmbn. B ta· G«¶p

In«nbnÃ. (AarXkcÊnte¡pÅ hgnbnÂ ‘_Smem’ F¶ tÌj\nÂ\n¶v \mep\mgnI ZqscbmWv Cu Øew. hrÝnI¯nÂ ip¢]£\hanZnhkw C¶pw AhnsS DÕhw \S¡mdpv.) B hn[w alna sXfnbnÄhntSbv¡v kp{]`mXw `hn¡s«!

16. aÀXymhXmckpJamkzZnXpw, hnhr²þ ]rYzo`c{]iat\m]IrXnw N IÀXpw, IrjvWmßPÊIetaml\Znhycq]þ Êmwt_-m _`qhnY ]p\kvXh kp{]`mXw!

a\pjymhXmc¯nsâ kpJamkyZn¡phm\pw, hÀ²n¨ `q`mcw ian¸n¡p¶XnÂ D]Icn¡m\pw, AhnSp¶v {ioIrjvW`Khmsâ ]p{X\mbpw, kÀhtaml\amb Znhycq]amÀ¶pw, kmw_s\¶ t]cnÂ ]n¶oSv P\n¡pIbpmbn. (AkqX bmw Pmw_hXo {hXmVym tZhw Kplw



tbmw ƒ_nIbm [rtXmt{K þ `mKhXw 3þ1þ30) B IcpWmaqÀ¯nbmb \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw t\cp¶p!

17. Imioizcky P\Iky alm{]`mhw Pm\mXn IkvXzZ]cÈp`Zw, hnNn{Xw? Xz¯, kvXZobap]tZiatlm, KrloXzm knt²m _ù Iei`q, kvXh kp{]`mXw!

kz]nXmhmb Imioizcsâ ipÌchpw hnNn{Xhpamb {]`mhs¯ AhntSbv¡ÃmsX aämÀ¡dnbpw? AsX¸änbpÅ D]tZiw \nńcphSnbnÂ \n¶v {Kln¡pIbmÂ AKkvXy alÀjn kn²\mbn {]tim`n¨p. BÝcyw! Bhn[w AKkvXyKpcphmb \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw `hn¡s«! (D]tZiw kvImµhÀWnXw)

18. {ioIrjvWIoÀXnXal¯assk\y \mY! io{L{]kmZ ]cnt]mjnX`àhrµ! Bbp,ÊpXmZnhcZmbI, XmhIo\þ amÝcyImcnNcnXw, Xh kp{]`mXw!

{ioIrjvW`Khm\mÂ Gähpw alm\mb tk\m]Xnbmbn¡oÀ¯n¡s¸Sphm\pw, (tk\m\o\malw kvIµx þ KoX 10þ24) (kvItµmlw kÀhtk\m\ymw þ `mKhXw 11þ16þ22) thKw kt´mjn¨v `à·msc c£n¡p¶h\pw, BbpÊv, k´m\w apXemb hc§Ä \evIp¶h\pamb AhnSps¯ Ncn{Xw AZv`pXIcwXs¶. (hnizman{X³ {iocma¶v D]tZin¨Xv þ `àÝ bx ImÀ¯ntIb ImIpÂØ, `phn am\hx, Bbpjvam³, ]p{X]uss{XÝ kvIµkmtemIyXmw {htPÂ! hm _me. 37 þ 32) B hn[apÅ \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw!

19. càmwKcmK, ]cn[m\, jUm\e\mZyþ tÖymÂkv\marZpkvanX lrXm{inXkÀhXm] Awt`mP, iàym, `b, Ip¡pStim`nlkvX Pw`mcn]qPnX, hnt`m, Xh kp{]`mXw!

Nph¶ Ipdn¡q«pw, hkv{Xhpw [cn¨h\pw, BdpapJ§fnÂ \n¶papZn¡p¶ sh®nemshm¯ arZpkvanX¯mÂ B{inXcpsS kÀhXm]§fpaIäp¶h\pw, Xmac, thÂ, A`bw, tImgnþF¶nh ssIIfnteńbh\pw, Pw`mkpcsâ i{Xphmb C{µ\mÂ ]qPn¡s¸«h\pamb alm{]t`m, \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw! (a{áÖqjbnÂ hÀWn¨ {]ImcapÅ [ym\amWnXv.)

20. jjvTo Xh {]nbXam Jep tZhtk\m jjvTo IteXnKWnXw {]IrtX, c`nssÚx Xkymw XnYu `PXn b, ÊIemÀ°Zw Xzmþ Anãw {ZpXw k e`tX, Xh kp{]`mXw!

AhnSps¯ {]nbXabmb tZhtk\ jjvTn F¶ t]cnepw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. AhÀ {]IrXnbpsS Bdmas¯ (Bdnsemcwiw) IebmsW¶v A`nÚ·mÀ IW¡m¡o«pv. AXn\mÂ B XnYnbnÂ AJne ]pcpjmÀ°§fpacpfp¶ AhnSps¯ `Pn¡p¶h¶v AXnthK¯nÂ AòjvSw kn²n¡pw. A§s\ jjvTo{]nb\mb \nńcphSnbv¡v kp{]`mXw! (jjvToamlmßyw, tZho`mKhXw \haw \mev]¯mdma[ymb¯nÂ hnkvXcn¨n«pv.)

21. ‘KmwtKb, iàn[c, j×pJ, ImÀ¯ntIb!

ewt_mZcm\pP, hnimJ’ P]´tahw imń{]ssZc\pKrlmW `pssPÀZznjÄ`nþ Êwtkhyam\ap\n`n, kvXh kp{]`mXw!

ap\namcmÂ tkhn¡s¸Sp¶ AÃtbm KmwtKb (KwKbmÂ hln¡s¸«h³), iàn[c (thÂ[cn¨h³), j×pJ (BdpapJapÅh³), ImÀ¯ntIb (Ir¯nIamcmÂ hfÀ¯s¸«h³), ewt_mZcm\pP (almKW]XnbpsS A\pP³), hnimJ (hntitjW hym]n¡p¶h³) F¶n§s\bpÅ Xncp\ma§Ä (kp{_ÒWysâ Bdp {][m\ \ma§Ä) P]n¡p¶hs\ AhnSp¶v imń {]Z§fmb ]{´pssIIÄ sImpw A\p{Klnt¡Wta! F¶ {]mÀ°\tbmsS CXm, kp{]`mXw t\À¶psImÅp¶p!



17. kp{_ÒWysâ AjvSmhnwimXn \matkvXm{Xw tbmKoiztcm almtk\x ImÀ¯ntItbm ƒKv\n \µ\x kvIµx Ipamcx tk\m\ox kzmao i¦c kw`hx KmwtKb kvXm{aNqUÝ {_ÒNmco inJn[zPx XmcImcncpam]p{Xx s{Iu©mcnÝ jUm\\x i_vZ{_Òkap{ZÝ kn²x kmckztXm Kplx

k\XvIpamtcm `Khm³ t`mK tam£ ê {]Zx iw`pPØm KWm[oi ]qÀÆtPm apàn amÀ¤IrXv kÀÆmKa {]tWXm N hm©nXmÀ° {]ZmbIx AjvSmhnwiXn \mam\n alm]pWym\n bm ]tTXv {]Xyqj {i²bm bptàm, aptàm hmNkv]Xn `thXv.

18. lcn]mZKoXw (kwkvIrX]ÞnX\mb {io apXpIpfw {io[À AhÀIfmÂ hncNnXambXmWv Cu lcn]mZKoXw.)

inhm`nkwhmlnXawKemwKþ ivNaq]XnÀhÂknahÂkeXzmXv hncmPtX hnizhnhÀ[\mÀYw hn`mhkpÀZo]vX ChmPyhrjvSymw. hnimJtZhx ]nXrauenNm\v{Zoþ

hnkmctWmtÃmfnX ip{`t\{Xw kz]{Xap¶oX]bx]tbm[nw hntemIy hnjvWpw kvacXoh \q\w.

inhmXvaPwbw kap]mk\mbmw hnimehm]oXS hoNnamemx ]nKfnKossXxkl tIIn\rss¯þ kv{XnkÔyapss¨cp]hoWbń. inhZznssPcpKvXtemalÀjw kaÀNnXw ]ÞnXaÞ\mÀsslx ]cwlntXPx£nXnaÞteUyw hn`mXyapt{XXy`bwP\m\mw. XtZXZpss¨Àlcn]mZ[ma {]km[nXmtijIemhntijw

at\m`ncmaw a\tkmƒ]yXoXw {Xboh ip²w {XnZnhkyJÞw.

19. ]qPmKm\§Ä (t£{X¯nÂ ]qPmkab¯pw, sIm«n¸mSn tkhbv¡pw CSbv¡sIm«n ]mSmdpÅ cv

kp{_ÒWy IoÀ¯\§Ä. ]pcmX\§fmb Cu ]m«pIÄ thembp[kzmanbpsS IoÀ¯nIÄ ]mSn]pIgv¯p¶hbmWv)

1 cmKw: i¦cm`cWw Xmfw: {Xn]pS

]mlnatlikqt\m thembp[tZlnta hm©nX§Ä tZlnIÄ¡v B[mc `qX\mw \o aatZlkpJw AcptfWw Znhm\niw! (]mlnatlim kqt\m....)

injvSP\ ]cn]meI \n¶psS



ZrjvSnap\sImsm¶p ISm£n¡m³ XpjvSn AcpfoSpw XmhI ]mZ§Ä AXymZcw Ietb lrZtb kZm! (]mlnatlim kqt\m....)

XmcIZm\ht\sImv temI§Ä ]mcw X]n¨p ]chis¸«\mÄ `qcn]cm{IatamShs\ sIm¶ NmcpZbm]caqÀt¯ jUm\\! (]mlnatlim kqt\m....)

IÅsamgnªp `Pn¡pw P\¯nsâ DÅnÂ hfcp¶ Xm]§Ä Hs¡bpw XÅn AIän kpJ§Ä \ÂIoSp¶ hÃo]tX lcnKoX]pcmeb! (]mlnatlim kqt\m....)

2 cmKw : kpcp«n Xmfw: {Xn]pS

]mcnÂ]pIgpw i¦cmßPm {io thembp[ hmcnPm\\ ]mlnamw hocm \n³Ir] F¦Â ]mcmsX ]XntbWw ]ßkwØnX tLmchn{Ia \mcZmÀ¸nX Nmcpkpµcm (]mcnÂ ........) tZhcpw ap\nhrµhpw tZhm\n³]mtZ tkhn¨p hknöSp¶p tZthim PKZoim Xmtc k©nXm aute CjvStkhnX ZpjvS\mi\ injvS hmcW ]pjvSnhÀ²\m (]mcnÂ ........) ]ca aqV\msa¶psS ]m]ans¶Ãmw ]cntNmsS Ifªmepw \o ]camÀ° adnªp \o ]cntNmsS Im¯psImÄI ZpjvSs\¦nepan¶p \½psS Nn¯timZ\ Im¯psImÅtW (]mcnÂ ........) I¦W aWnlmchpw IpWvUe§fpw Ip¦pam¦nX tim`bpw ]¦§fIephm³ \n³IgÂ hW§pt¶³ ]¦tP£Wm, \n³ISm£hpw F¶nteItW lcnKoX]ptcizc. (]mcnÂ ........)

20. ImÀ¯ntIbs\ kvXpXn¨psImpÅ cv ]pcmX\ XncphmXnc ]m«pIÄ

1 tZhtk\ \mYm ssZhta thembp[þ \n³, tNhSn Rm³ hW§oSpt¶³ ]mh\ NcnX³ j×pJ ]mÀÆXokqt\mþ tahWsa³ a\XmcnÂ \o. `qhXnÂ ]ek¦S¯neeªp]mcapg¶nSpw aa `mhnbnecpfpI ]ca ]Zw ap\nþ tZhhrµ hµyamw `hZv]Zw BÀ¯nsbÃmw Hgn¨ntSWw ImÀ¯ntIbm \n³ ImÂ¯fncÃmXnÃm{ibw.



[qÀ¯cmbn aZ aÕcmZnIfmÀ¯Sp¯p IS¶nSmsXsb³ ]mZ]¦P§Ä C{XntemI\mbIm A´WhccmÂ ]qPnXw Nn´mcXv\w {io sN´fnÀ {]`t]mÂ tim`nXwþ ZóhZ\ ktlmZcw aZ\mÍ {]nb_meIw inhw kzmáXn¦Â \n\¨nSphm³ hn[n _Ô\w `h ZpxJhn\mi\w.

2 IeymWhmcn[n ImÀ¯ntIb³ aaþ IeymW a³t]mSp \ÂIotSWw Imemcn \µ\³ \oemw_pPt\{X³ thembp[s\s¶ ]menbvt¡Ww. In¶cNmcW hµnX³ F¶psS Jn¶XbmIsh XoÀ¯ntSWw. IoÀ¯n ]pIgv¯p¶ aqÀ¯n jUm\³ BÀ¯nhn\mi\³ Im¯ntSWw. Ip¦pa ]¦, kphÀ® Itf_c k¦SamIth XoÀ¯ntSWw. Iqdp\n\s¡¶ntedphm³ \n¶psS BdpapJ§fpw hµn¡pt¶³. Ir¯nI amXm¡Ä t]män hfÀ¯nb ImÀ¯ntIb \n³sabv Iq¸nSpt¶³. sIÂt]dnSpw Xh \Â]mZ]¦Pw aÂ]cnXm]w AIäoSWw tIhew \n¶psS cq]marXwþ AXn]mh\w F¶pÅnÂ tXm¶ntSWw. ssIheyaqÀ¯n IcpWm\n[n]cþ ssZhXans¶s¶ c£n¡Ww.

sIm©tedpw Xh ]p©ncnbpw—þ s\©Is¯s¸mgpw tXm¶ntSWw. tImafmwK³ aa ImanXZmbI³ Babw XoÀs¯s¶ c£nt¡Ww. Iuietadp¶ Iuamc hn{Ia³ Bib¯nÂ \nXyw Nnń¡pt¶³ Iw_c ]«pSbmSbpw, Xrss¡¿nÂ thepw [cnÏpamcm Im¯ntSWw. I\ymhntemN\m! IÃymWmwK³ aa `Ú\ZmbI³ Im¯ntSWw. ImÀ¯ntIb IcpWm\nt[ F¶psS ZpxJ§sfms¡ Hgn¨ntSWw. {io lcnKoX ]pcm[n]s\¶psS ZpxJ§sfms¡ AIäotSWw. IoÀ¯ntbdoSpw lcn¸m«aÀ¶nSpw ImÀ¯ntIb! \n³sabv Ip¼nSpt¶³.



21. A£camem kvtXm{Xw (]WvUnX\pw IemImc\pamb lcn¸mSv {io BÀ.sI.sIm«mc¯n\mÂ hncNnXamb

kvtXm{Xw).

AÀ¡tImSn {]`bpw {]`mhhpw, DÄ¡ae¯nem{inXt{]ahpw, Xr¡¿nÂ hciànbpamÀs¶¶nÂ \nÂ¡tW lcnKoX]ptcizc!

Bdpt]c©pamÀ¤¯neqsS¶nÂþ Gdnhmgvhq ]nSn¨nd¡oSphm³þ thdnÃmcpaobocmdpIby³ Xm³ thWw {io lcnKoX]ptcizc!

C¯tamabkwkmckmKcþ a¯teimsX \oń¡S¡phm³ AXypZmcacpftW sshcmKyþ iàn {io lcnKoX]ptcizc.

CuSphbv]nse\n¡p atlmÂkhþ tamSn¡q«n_v`hÂ`à\mIphm³. [mSnkÀÆÚt\mSpImWn¡phm³þ t]Sn; {io lcnKoX]ptcizc!

D{K\mKmÀNy\Ñ, \mkÀ¸s¯þ \n{Kln¡pw abnÂKplhml\w Xr¡c¯nÂ {]Whw ØnXnebþ bpàn \o lcnKoX]ptcizcm!

DuXnhoÀ¸n¨ ]´pt]mÂ ùXnIþ `qXnsbs¶bpcp«n¡fn¡p¶p. GXShnepw e£yw apcpI\mþ tIWw {io lcnKoX]ptcizc!

E²nXmhI `àn \ÂIpw XymKþ kànbpw ka_p²nbpamIWw. e_v[amIWw kNn´bmÂa\þ ip²n {io lcnKoX]ptcizcm!

Fńs\s¶bocmKtcmK§fnÂ sh´pcpIpamdn«pebqXp¶p? AćwKw kv̂ pSw sNbvhXn¶mhmwþ Nn´; {io lcnKoX]ptcizc!

GX\p`hw \ÂInepam\n[n {]oXnZamsW\n¡p `Khms\! \o Xcp¶p hc§sf¶msWsâþ t_m[w; {io lcnKoX]ptcizc!

sFapJ³]nXm, hánbpw KwKbpw A½amcmdp Ir¯nIm[m{XnamÀ kvI¶tcXknÂaqÀ¯amw tXPtk, kvIµ! {io lcnKoX]ptcizc!

H¯ptNÀ¶ inh]mÀÆXot{]aþ kn²nX³ kXykt¯ k\mX\m



AÀ°n¡p¶p Rm³ kzmÀ°¯nÂ\n¶pÅ apàn¡mbv; lcnKoX]ptcizc!

HmÀ¯ntSWw `hÂ]mZ]¦Pw BÀ¯n\makvarXnbmÂ \in¡Ww; ImÀ¯ntIb\nemIWw {]mÀ°\mþ ]qÀ¯nþ{io lcnKoX]ptcizc!

Huj[w tImSn\mamÀ¨\sbmt¶þ sshjbnIamw tcmKwian¡phm³. ssiihmcnjvSIÄ¡pjjvTo{hXw ss`jPwþlcnKoX]ptcizc!

Aw_nIbv¡pIpamc\pw KwKbv¡pþ ss\Ktab\pw Aán¡pima\pw, AO\§psshimJ\pambsXþ ´Â`pXw! lcnKoX]ptcizc!

AÀ¸WanXm,Woa¬IpSnenXnÂþ \nÂ]q "Rm³ \o' ]dªp]¦mfnIÄ; NnXv{]t`mthWw "Rm't\m "\o'tbm hcm³þ IÂ]\ lcnKoX]ptcizc! ]mlnamw ImÀ¯ntIbmjUm\\m ]mln _mlptebmabnÂhml\m ]mlnXmcIZm\h`RvP\m ]mln {io lcnKoX]ptcizc!

22. aq¶v kp{_ÒWy KoX§Ä KoXwþ1

kp{_ÒWyw kp{_ÒWyw j×pJ\mYm! kp{_ÒWyw

kp{_ÒWyw kp{_ÒWyw ichW`ht\! kp{_ÒWyw

j×pJ\mYm! kp{_ÒWyw ichW`ht\! kp{_ÒWyw.

kp{_ÒWyw kp{_ÒWyw inhKpcp\mYm! kp{_ÒWyw

kp{_ÒWyw kp{_ÒWyw si¶n³\mYm! kp{_ÒWyw

inhKpcp\mYm! kp{_ÒWyw si¶nÂ\mYm! kp{_ÒWyw.

kp{_ÒWyw kp{_ÒWyw hÅnaWmf! kp{_ÒWyw

kp{_ÒWyw kp{_ÒWyw thembp[t\! kp{_ÒWyw

hÅnaWmfm! kp{_ÒWyw thembp[t\! kp{_ÒWyw.

KoXwþ2 IqIp¶tIInsb sI«nbW¨§p XqIp¶]p©ncn ImWpamdmIWw.



iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. ]q¦mh\aXnÂ \n¶p Ifnbv¡p¶ ss]¦nfn ss]Xte ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. ]nÏ amebWnªpÅ \n¶psS ]n¨¡fnIsf ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. s]m¶pw Nne¼pw \hcXv\tamXncw an¶p¶ I¦Ww ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. s]m¶cªmWhpw s]m¶pSbmSbpw F¶pÅnse¶pta ImWpamdmIWw iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. an¶p¶ IpWvUew Xf hf tamXncw F¶ptasb¶pÅnÂ ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. ImenÂ Nne¼pw Inep¡n \S¡p¶ _me\mw thes\ ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. X¦¡ncoShpw Ip¦pata\nbpw i¦bnÃmsX Rm³ ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. sIm©ns¡mtmtcmtcm hm¡cpfoSp¶ N©et\{Xt\ ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. {]Wh¯n¶À°w Iev]n¨p\nÂ¡p¶ ]p®nbaqÀ¯nsb ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. ]pÅnabneXnÂ tIdn¸d¡p¶ XpÅp¶ thes\ ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. hÅntZhtk\m ktaXm kpµcm hÅte \ns¶ Rm³ ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. ]miwsImÍ³ sI«nhen¡pt¼mÄ



Cuizcm \ns¶ Rm³ ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw. F§pw \ndª§p \nÂ¡p¶thes\ F¶psamcpt]mse ImWpamdmIWw. iqckwlmc kpµcm Kpcp]cm thembp[m \ns¶ ImWpamdmIWw.

KoXwþ3 ichWkw`h hÃoim kp{_ÒWym amw ]mln, ZWvUmbp[[c tZthim kzman\mYm amw ]mln. ichW`hKpl ichW`hKpl ichW`hKpl ]mlnKptcmKpl! ichW`hKpl! j¬apJt`m XmcIamcI]mebamw! j×pJ ]meb iw`pIpamcm kp{_ÒWyIr]mIc hoc! kvIµw htµ temtIiw Kucoi]p{Xw hÃoiw! kp{_ÒWymamw ]mln kzman\mYm amw ]mln!

23. aq¶v lcn¸mSv kp{_ÒWykzman kvXpXnIÄ (lcn¸mSv Ipänth-enÂ CÃ¯v (sIm¨p-aTw) \§¿ A´ÀÖ\¯nsâ ssIsbgp¯p

{KÙtiJc¯nÂ \n¶pw e`n¨ `mjmIrXnIfmWnh.)

Km\wþ1 IoÀ¯ntbdp¶ thembp[ kzmanþ BÀ¯nXoÀs¯s¶ c£n¨psImffWw. F¶Xn\mbn Iq¸nkvXpXn¡pt¶³ \n³Ir] DmbotSWw Ft¶mSv. temI\mYsâ IoÀ¯nIÄ C§s\ temIt¯msS {]kn²aXmIp¶p. {Kma¯n³ B`cWaXmIp¶ Imemcn]p{X jWvapJmPbPb. CÖ\§fpsS k¦Sw XoÀ¡phm³ `àntbmsS hW§nkvXpXn¡pt¶³. `àhÂke\mtbmcp \mY\mw kp{_ÒWys\ Nnń¡ \nXyhpw. CXymZnIsf sImv kvXpXn¡pwt¼mÄ Zmcn{Zw XoÀ¯v c£n¡paoizc³. ImÀ¯ntIbmIpamc PbPb Nn¯ImcpWyw F¦epmhWw. IoÀ¯ntbmsS lcn¸m«phmgp¶ ImÀ¯ntIbm \n³]mZw hW§pt¶³.

Km\wþ2 IoÀ¯\obKpWkmc³ ImÀ¯ntIb³ Zbm]c³ BÀ¯nXoÀ¯n¶Snbt\ Im¯cptfWw! [qÀ¯cmIpw XmcImZnssZXzscsIm¶p

kt´mj]qÀ¯n DffnÂ kpc·mÀ¡v tNÀ¯tlm ]ns¶ ]mÀ¯e¯nÂ lcn¸m«v IoÀ¯ntbmsS hmgpw ZbmaqÀ¯n BIpw kp{_ÒWy³ BÀ¯c£I\mtbmcp AjvSaqÀ¯nbpsS sNÃIp«nbmIpw thembp[³



hnjvS]hmknIÄ¡vGÁw XpjvSnZmbI³ \njvSpc³ iqc]ßmshs¶«v Zn¡pw ]pIgvt¶mcp ZpjvSs\ sIm¶v temI¯nÂ ]pjvSntNÀs¯mcp Ipamc³ aÃ_mW tZhXbmw hÃnXs¶ \Ã Ic]ÃhmenwK\w sNbvX aÃ\b\³ aÃsshcnapJmacIÃy hµnX³ hnimJ³ ^pÃamw hn{]l\kq\XpÃy hZ\³ `Khm³ s]¬aWnbmw DabpsS I¬aWnbmw jm×mXpc³ \m·pJ ewJ\wsNbvX {Xrw_ImkpX³ I³ajXnancKW \nÀ½e\mw ZnhmIc³ j×pJ³ Nn·b³ Cui³ a·t[m]a\mtbmcp IoÀ¯\obKpWkmc³ ImÀ¯ntIb³ Zbm]c³ BÀ¯nXoÀ¯n¶Snbt\ Im¯cptfWw!

Km\wþ3 {iolcnKoX]pc¯nÂ acphp¶ thembp[³ t]mÁnX¼pcmt\ thepw [cn¨p abnÂ hml\w X¶nÂ ]ÅnsImoSp¶ ImÀ¯ntIbm BÀ¯nIsfÃmw Hgn¸Xn\mbn B{ibw \o HgnªnÃ PK¯n¦Â B{inXhÕe ]mln]mln. iàn[cm! icP· jUm\\m! apànsb \ÂtIWw F\n¡v N{µNqSmkpXm ]meb BÀ¯n\mi\ ]mln]mln. KwKm[ckpXm KW]XntkmZcm hÃoX³hÃ` _mlptebm R§fpw IqtdmsS Nn¯¯nÂþ tNÀ¯p hW§p¶p \mYm. XmcIs\ sIm¶p temI¯nÂ \Ã ]pjvSnhfÀ¯n Na¨ \nsâþ Xr¸mZw Fs¸mgpw Rm³ Nnń¨p am\tk Xr]vXn hcpamdp hµn¡pt¶³. h¼n¨ k¼¯pw k´Xnbpw ]ns¶ hym[n hn\mihpw ssIheyhpw FÃmsa \ÂIphm³ sNmtÃdpw IeymWþ aqÀ¯nsb Rm\nXm ssIsXmgpt¶³. IoÀ¯ntbdpw lcn¸m«p hmgp¶ ImÀ¯ntIbs\s¶ Im¯ntSWw!

24. {io kp{_ÒWy awKfmjvSIw

{ioaZv sKucn kpXmbmkvXp {ioa·µmc imJnt\ inJnhcyXpcwKmb kp{_ÒWymb awKfw! `àmòjvS {]ZmbmkvXp `htcmKhn\mint\ `hm\o{]nb]p{Xmb cW[ocmb awKfw! iqc]ßmZnssZtXbXan{kIpe`m\th XmcImkpcImemb _meImbmkvXp awKfw! hÃohZ\ cmPoha[p]mb almßt\



DÃk·¶ntImSoc `mkpcmbmkvXp awKfw! tImSnIµÀ¸emhWy\n[tb ImaZmbnt\ tJSImZn [\pÈàn [cmb ipàwKfw! apàmlmcekXv IWvTcmPtb apànZmbnt\ tZhtk\m ktaXmb ssZhXmbmkvXp awKfw! I\Imw_ckwcmPXv Ia\obmwK [mcntW k\ImZnalmtbmKn kwkvXpXmbmkvXp awKfw! icIm\\PmXmb iqcmb ip`Zmbnt\ ktcmP`h ]qPymw{LnIaembmkvXp awKfw! awKfmiwk\anZw kp{_ÒWyky am\hx

bx ]caXv kXXw `àym e`tX [\kw]Zx

lcnKoXm[n] XmcIsshcn³ icWw ta Xh NcWbpKw! KncnPm \µnX j×pJtZh icWw ta Xh NcWbpKw! hÅo\mbI jjvToPmt\ icWw ta Xh NcWbpKw! lcnKoXm[n] XmcIsshcn³ icWw ta Xh NcWbpKw!

""{iohÃotZhtk\m Im´ kvacWw PbPb kp{_ÒWy!'' ""AJne temIKptcm! {ioa³ jUm\\!''

""{io lcnKoX ]pc¯¸m icWw!''

abqc ZÀi\w



This is one of the famous Mahashetras (Big Temples) in Kerala (Allappuzha

Dist.). It is believed that the Temple was established even before the advent of ‘Kaliyuga’. Karthikeya killed ‘Tharakasura’ with his devine weapon ‘Shakthivel’. Riding on a Peacock he returned from the battle and he was accorded a warm welcome by Sree Hari (Mahavishnu) and Devas. As Sree Hari sang ‘Geethams’ (Songs) during the reception, the place was known as ‘Harigeethapuram’. Another version in that it becomes ‘Haripadapuram’ since it was touched by the padas(legs) of Sree Hari and other Gods. Later on it became HARIPAD. The place name in Malayalam ‘Arippad’ – the place of rice fields. This Taluk got the name ‘Karthikeyappalli’ to denote that it was dwelled by Karthikeyan. This vast Taluk is now called KARTHIKAPPALLI. The Principle deity in Haripad Temple is the Four - Handed Lord Subrahmanya idol; which Parasurama worshipped. The idol is in ‘Krishna Shila’ the right hand is held in Abhaya varada mudra and also on the Golden ‘Shakthivel’. The left hand rests on the waist. The hands in the back display two weapons, ‘Pavi’ in the right and ‘Vagra’ in the left. The famous Payippattu Boat race is commemorated this temple idol Prathishta. Maharaja Swathi Thirunal had written the famous ‘Harigeethapuralaya Deepam’ the classical song praising Velayudha Swamy. After visiting Haripad Temple Kerala Kalidasa (Kerala Varma) had written ‘Mayoora Sandhesham’. In 1921 A.D. (M.E.22/04/1096) the temple was destroyed by a fire but the Idols, ‘Aanakottil’, ‘Koothambalam’ etc., were saved from fire. This incident happened during the ruling years of Maharaja Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma. The beautiful Temple that is seen today was completed in record time of five years. The entire work was carried out under the leadership of the famous sculptor Edavankaadan. Puna-prathishta function was conducted on M.E.14/10/1101. The golden Kodimaram (flag staff) was installed on 13th Meenam 1127 M.E. (A.D.26/03/1952).

This temple Golden ‘Kodimaram’ (Flagstaff) is one of the tallest flagstaffs of Kerala temples. Magnificent architectural structure one old ‘Koothambalam’ and three ‘Anakottils’, very large ‘Shethrakulam’ (Temple Pond) are the specialties of Haripad temple. This Koothambalam (Natyagraha-Dance house) was built in A.D.1769.

Mahaganapathy, Dakshinamoorthy, Gosalaskrishna, Sree Dharma Sastha, Yakshi, Kuruthikaman and Panchami are Sub Deities of the temple.

Three main Festivals (Utsavas) of ten days each are celiberated at Haripad temple. These are ChithiraUtsavam (April), Avani Utsavam (August/September) and Marghazhi Utsavam (December/January). Thai Pooyam (Kavadi Utsavam), Thrikkarthika (Mayil Vahana-Silver Peacock Deity), Navarathri Pooja, Thulam, Medam, Karkidakam & Makaram Sankramam days etc. are other important celeberations of the temple. Karthika and Shashti of every month are also celebrated. ‘Thulappayasam’, ‘Udhayaasthamanapooja’, ‘Uthsava Bali’ and ‘Kavadi Abhishekam’ are the favourite ‘Vazhipadus’ (Offerings). Haripad is well connected by road and rail. Thiruvanathapuram 125kM and Cochin 100kM is away from Haripad. Haripad Railway Station is located 1.5kM

HARIPAD SREE SUBRAHMANYA SWAMY TEMPLE



and KSRTC Bus stand is located 1kM away from the Temple. About a kilometer north of the Sree Subrahmanya temple is the famous Mannarasala Sree Naagaraja temple.

Temple Address: Administrative Officer, Haripad Subrahmanya Swamy Temple, Haripad.P.O.,Alappuzha(Dist.), PIN-690514; Phone-0479 2410690

4.00 AM Palliunnarthal (Awaking) 4.30 AM Nadathurakkal (Opening the sanctum sanctorum)

Nirmalyadarsanam 4.45-5.30 AM Abhishekam (Enna-abhishekam,

Sankha-abhishekam) 5.30 AM Malar –Thrimadhura Nivedyam 6.00-6.30 AM Usha Pooja (Morning service) 6.30-7.00 AM Ethirtha Pooja 7.00-7.30 AM Usha Sreebali Ezhunallathu 7.45-8.30 AM Pantheeradi Pooja (Saparivara Pooja) 8.45 AM Panchagavyam, Navakakalasa Pooja 10.00-10.30 AM Panchagavyam, Navakakalasa Abhishekam 10.45-11.15 AM Ucha Pooja-Saparivara Pooja (Noon service) 11.30 AM Ucha Sreebali Ezhunallathu, Nada Adakkal 5.00 PM Nadathurakkal (Opening the sanctum sanctorum) 6.30-7.00 PM Deeparadhana 7.15-7.45 PM Athazha Pooja (Supper service) 7.45-8.00 PM Athazha Sreebali Ezhunallathu 8.00 PM Nada Adakkal (Closing the sanctum sanctorum)



1 XrÈqÀ hS¡pw\mY³ hen¸w 23.5 m X17.5m 2 Ccn§me¡pS hen¸w 21.0 m X15.8m 3 lcn¸mSv hen¸w 15.5 m X11.0m 4 Xncp\¡c hen¸w 15.0 m X11.0m 5 aqgn¡pfw hen¸w 14.0 m X10.35m 6 XncpthK¸pd hen¸w 13.0 m X11.0m

7 s]cph\w (]gb Iq¯¼e¯d)

hen¸w 14.3 m X9.8m

hen¸w 21.55 m X15.4m 8 InS§qÀ hen¸w 14.0 m X10.0m 9 Xr¸t§m«v hen¸w 12.7 m X9.7m 10 BÀ¸q¡c hen¸w 12.6 m X8.4m 11 KpcphmbqÀ hen¸w 10.7 m X8.4m

12 Xncphme¯qÀ (]gb Iq¯¼e¯d)

hen¸w 17.3 m X4.8m

hen¸w 20.0 m X13.0m

13 XncphmÀ v̧ hen¸w 10.25 m X7.5m

14 XncpamÔmw Ip¶v hen¸w 9.0 m X6.5m

15 sN§¶qÀ (Xdam{Xw) hen¸w 19.0 m X15.0m

tIcf¯nse t£{X Iq¯¼e§Ä



{]XnjvTmZnhk¯ntem ]p\{]XnjvTmZnhk¯ntem ap³Iq«n \nÝbn¨ aplqÀ¯¯nÂ,

{iotImhnenÂ, hn{Kls¯ ]oT¯nÂ ‘AjvS_Ôw’(Ashtabandham) C«v Dd¸n¨v

‘{]mW{]XnjvTbpw’ Ieim`ntjIhpw \S¯p¶p. AjvS_Ôw C«v hn{Kl{]XnjvT \S¯pt¼mÄ ]oT¯n\v iàn a{´t¯bpw, hn{Kl¯n\v aqe a{´t¯bpw, AjvS_Ôn\v \hiàn

a{´t¯bpw BWv P]n¡p¶Xv. AXn\mÂ AjvS_Ôw AXmXptZhsâ ‘\hiàn’ kzcq]amWv. AjvS_Ô¯nsâ \nÀ½mWhn[n, ‘X{´kap¨bw’þinev]`mKw DÄ¸sS ]te {KÙ§fnepw {]Xn]mZn¡p¶pv. sshZZv[yw thXpw {iaIchpamb {]hy¯nbmWv AjvS_Ô \nÀ½mWw.

hn{Kls¯ ]oT¯nÂ Dd¸n¡p¶Xn\v D]tbmKn¡p¶ F«phkvXp¡fpsS Hcp Iq«mWv

‘AjvS_Ôw’ CXnÂ iwJps]mSn¨Xv (Sankhu- -Conch)Bdp`mKw, sN©eyws]mSn¨Xv (Chenchalliam- -Resin of Pinus Dammer) \mep`mKw, ISp¡ IpcpIfªv DW¡n s]mSn¨Xv (Katukkathodu-Skin of Chembulio Myroblan) cp`mKw, tImgn¸cÂ (Kozhipparal-A type of Soil), t]cmäpaWÂ (Perattumanal-Sand taken from the river bed of Bharathapuzha), tImec¡v (Kolarakku-A type of gum-lac) Ch Hmtcm`mKw, s\Ãnbv¡ DW¡ns]mSn¨Xv (Nellikka-Amala fruit) Ac`mKwþChsbÃmw shtÆsd DcenÂ C«v s]mSn¨v ioes¸mSn (XpWnbneqsS Acn¨v FSp¯Xv) B¡n FSp¡p¶p. Cu GgpIq«w s]mSnIfpw Iq«nIeÀ¯n Fsff®(\sÃ®þGingelly oil) IptdsÈ tNÀ¯v ssIsImv

Xncp½nXncp½n tbmPn¸n¡p¶p. XpSÀ¶v ]c¶ Icn¦ÃnÂ Cu an{inXw h¨v henb ‘XSnap«n’ (Hammer/Pestles) sImv CSn¨nSn¨v ]mIw hcp¯p¶p. ]qhw, ]pfn F¶o hr£§fpsS XSn D]tbmKn¨mWv CSnbv¡phm\pff ap«n Dm¡mdv. IÃnÂ h¨v iànbmbn CSn¡pwt¼mÄ NqSmbn Abªp hcp¶ Cu an{inXw XWp¡pt¼mÄ Ddbv¡p¶p. CXns\ hopwhopw CSn¨v AbhpffXm¡n XoÀ¡p¶p. Znhkhpw Ime¯pw sshIpt¶chpw XpSÀ¨bmbn 41 Znhkw Cu {]hr¯n XpScp¶p. C§s\ Hcp e£¯nÂ ]cw {]mhiyw CSn¨v ]mIs¸Sp¯nsh¨ncn¡p¶ GgpIq«pIfpsS Cu an{inX¯ntebv¡v F«mas¯ tNcphbmb IpcpIfª ]cp¯n]ªn (Noolparuthi-White cotton) tNÀ¡p¶Xv {]XnjvTmkabw hn{Kl¯nÂ CSp¶Xn\psXm«p ap³]mWv. Cu kab¯v an{inXw \Ãh®w CSn¨v abs¸Sp¯n ]cp¯n]ªn Iptdsi tNÀ¯v \¶mbn CSnbv¡p¶p. C§s\ ]ªnbpw tNÀ¯pIgnª AjvS_Ôw ]n¶oSv CSn¨mepw Abbm¯h®w Ddbv¡p¶p. {]XnjvTmkab¯v ]oTt¯bpw hn{Klt¯bpw tNÀ¯v Dd¸n¡p¶ AjvS_Ô¯nÂ 41 Znhkw XpSÀ¨bmbn iwJps]mSn Xqhn sNdnb apft¦mep (Bamboo chips) sImv tXbv¡p¶p. CXn\pff iwJps]mSn BZyw Xs¶ amänh¨n«mWv an{inXw X¿mdm¡p¶Xv. C§s\ iwJps]mSn Xqhn tXbv¡p¶XneqsS AjvS_Ô¯nÂ tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶ F®bpsS Awiw Ipdªphcpw. Cu 41 Znhkhpw tZhhn{Kl¯nÂ A`ntjIhpw; Xpfkn, sN¼cp¯n apXemb ]pjv]§Ä sImpff AÀ¨\bpw ]XnhnÃ. ChbpsS kmao]yw AjvS_Ô¯nsâ Dd¸ns\ _m[n¡pw.

AjvS_Ô¯nsâ Xq¡w ‘]ew’(Pala) F¶ bqWnÁnemWv ]dbmdv. 16.5 ]ew (1.66kg.) BWv Hcp Iq«nÂ \nÀ½n¡mdv. icnbmb hn[n{]Imcw \nÀ½n¨ AjvS_Ôw 12 hÀj¯nÂ A[nIw tISpIqSmsX \ne\nÂ¡pw. AjvS_Ô¯nsâ \nÀ½mWw {]tXzIw {]mhoWyw t\SnbhcpsS taÂt\m«¯nÂ \S¯nbnsÃ¦nÂ KpWta· Ipdªp t]mIpw. ]gbIme¯v tIcf¯nse almt£{X§fnÂ AjvS_Ôw Dm¡n D]tbmKn¨v ]cnNbapff [mcmfw inhZznPÀ Dmbncp¶p. ChcnÂ NneÀ C¶pw XeapdIfmbpff AjvS_Ô \nÀ½mW¯nse sshZZv[yw \ne\nÀ¯nhcp¶p.

AjvS_Ôw



Ashtabandha is a building medium and consists of eight articles used for fixing the idol with

the peedha (base). When ashtabandha is applied sakthi-manthra for peedha, moola-manthra for bimba (idol), and navasakthi-manthra for ashtabandha are recited.

1. Sankhu Powder-Conch - 6 parts 2. Chenchalliam Powder-Resin of Pinus Dammer - 4 parts 3. Katukkathodu Powder-Skin of Chembulio Myrobalan - 2 parts 4. Kozhipparal-A type of Soil - 1 parts 5. Kolarakku-A type of gum-lac - 1 parts 6. Perattumanal-Sand taken from the river bed of Bharathapuzha - 1 parts

7. Nellikka Powder-Amala fruit - ½ parts

8. Noolparuthi-White cotton

The ingredients except, noolparuthi are finely powered and mixed well. The mixture is then rubbed with gingelly oil and hammered by using pestles till it becomes a paste. They are then rolled into small balls and allowed to cool till they become hard. This process has to be continued twice daily and that too for at least 41 days. When the ashtabandha is used cotton dipped in gingelly oil is mixed with the paste, hammered and applying between the idol and the peedha. Bamboo chips are used for pressing the paste. Gingelly oil is used to mixing the above article has to be extracted carefully by sprinkling and rubbing with conch-powder. This process has to be continued 41 days. One koottu (unit) of Ashtabandha weighs 16 ½ palas (equals to 1.66kg). The preparation of ashtabandha has to be done carefully and under direct supervision of experienced hands. If ingredients are fine and properly hammered the ashtabandha will last for 12 years. From generation to generation some Sivadwija families in Kerala traditional experts in making Ashtabandha.

s]m¶n³ \ndIÂIncoSw, an¶pw IpÞew-, X¦ XneIw, cXv\ hf, aWnamebpw NmÀ¯n iàn thÂ, ]hn, h{Pmbp[§fpw [cn¨pþ \memw Xyss¡ hmamw¦s¯mSp tNÀ¯pw. ]oXmw_c³, càNµ\te]nX³ ]ß]oTþ kwkvYnX³ XmcI iqc]ßmZn ssZXzsc \n{Kln¨ abqchml\³, ImÀ¯ntIb³ ]ffnsImoSp¶nSp¶o ImÀ¯nI]ffnbnÂ. lc\µ\ kpc\mbI tZhtk\ \mYmþ lcnlckpX tkmZc icIm\\PmXm lcnKoX]pcm[oim thembp[kzmaoþ lclca{´w sNmÃn Rm³ hW§nSpt¶³!

lcn-̧ mSv Un.- Fkv. iÀ½ .

“LOKA SAMASTHA SUKHINO BHAVANTHU”

ASHTABANDHAM



]pkvXI {]Imi\w- (17þ---04þ2000) lcn-̧ mSv {io kp{_-Ò-Wy-kzman almt£{Xw {]^.D.iin[c³ (XncphnXmwIqÀ tZhkzw t_mÀUvþTDB sa¼À), sN§mçffn ZmtamZc³ t]mÁn (ap³ TDB sa¼À),

Nmcp]md chn (TDB sa¼À), D.S.iÀ½ ({KÙ-IÀ¯mhv ), tZh³ hmkptZh³ \¼qXncn (t£{Xw X{ń),

]nXm-aln biÈcoc-bmb Ipänth-enÂ CÃ v̄ \§¿ A´ÀÖ\w (1901-þ1993) \evInb t{]c-W-bmWv Cu eLp-{KÙ cN-\bv¡m[mcw



Ipf-̄ nÂ the-I-fn



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hml\]qP





sImSnac ]p\{]XnjvT 26.03.1952(ME.13.08.1127)

ME. 1123 taSw 1þ\v lcn¸mSv ]p¯³þ

]d¼paT¯nÂ V.\mcmbW¡nWnbpw aÁpIpSp_mK§fpw

t£{X¯nÂ \S¡ph¨ shffnbnÂ \nÀ½n¨

abnÂ hml\w



1. EtKzZw 2. {ioaZv`mKhXw 3. {ioaZv kvImµ alm]pcmWw 4. inhclkyJWvUw (kvImµ]pcmWw) 5. {io hnjvWp]pcmWw 6. alm`mcXw 7. X{´kap¨bw 8. X{´kap¨bw þ inev]`mKw 9. Ipgn¡m«p ]¨ 10. t£{X ssNX\y clkyw 11. k]cnhmc ]qPIÄ 12. t£{X BNmc§Ä 13. t£{Xmcm[\ 14. Temple Culture 15. {io i¦cmNmcyÀ 16. abqcktµiw

17. lcn¸mSv tZhkzw ‘]Xnhv ]pkvXIw’ (Published by Chief Secrtetary Govt. of Travancore on 17/12/1917) 18. lcnKoX t£{Xamlmßyw 19. abqcw (lcn¸mSv t£{Xw tImSnAÀ¨\ kvacWnI) 20. T.D.B. henb ]©mwKw 21. Proclamation -11th May 1913 by Travancore Maharaja 22. T.D. k_v{Kq¸v am\phÂ(]IÀ¸v) 23. lcnKoX ]ptci kvtXm{X aRvPcn 24. F{Xsb{X Øe§Ä Fs´´p kw`h§Ä 25. 19þmw \qämnse tIcfw (tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan) 26. tIcf¯nse t£{X§Ä 27. Thulasi Garland (Bhavan’s Book University)-Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan. 28. Temples and Legends of Kerala 29. KpcphmbqÀ t£{XwþHcp ]mÀiz ZÀi\w(G.D.)

30. {io]qÀ®{Xboi t£{Xw(F.P.) 31. s]cph\w almtZht£{Xw \hoIcWIei kvacWnI (1979) 32. "{]Wmaw' Xr¡bnÂ kp{_ÒWy t£{X \hoIcW kvacWnI 33. kp{_ÒWykvtXm{X IZw_w 34. Temples Of Kerala – Cences Of India, Special Studies, Kerala. (Published by Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations)

35. ]qPm]pjv]aRvPcn

{KÙ kqNnI



lcn¸mSv kp{_ÒWykzman almt£-{X--̄ nse

Imcm× ssIØm-\obcmb Ipänth-enÂCÃw (sIm¨p-aTw) IpSpw-_-mwKw. ]nXmhv S.ZmtamZc³ aq¯Xv (dn«. So¨À), amXmhv P.im´. a®m-d-ime U.P.S, lcn¸mSv Govt. B.H.S. F¶nhnS§fnÂ \n¶v kvIqÄ hnZym`ymkhpw,

\§ymÀIpf§c T.K.M.M. tImtfPv, Be¸pg C.P.T., sNs¶ kXy`ma bqWnthgvknän F¶nhnS§fnÂ \n¶v tImtfPv hnZym`ymkhpw ]qÀ¯nbm¡n. ssIØm-\n AhImin IpSpw-_-mwKsa¶\nebnÂ t£-{X--¯nse ]te NS§pIÄ¡pw sNdp¸w apXÂ ]s¦Sp¯p hcp¶p. Ce{Sn¡Â F³Pn\obdn§v _ncpZ[mcnbmb Un.-Fkv.iÀ½ tI{µ kÀ¡mdnsâ BWthmÀP hIp¸nsâ sNs¶bnepff CµncmKmÔn BWh KthjW tI{µ¯nse DtZymKØ\mWv. ]Xv\n K.{]oXn

(BWthmÀP hIp¸v ), ]p{Xn K.S.]mÀÆXn.

lcn-¸mSv Un.-Fkv.iÀ½ . ({KÙ-IÀ¯mhv ) …. It is only those fortunate few who are able to write on God and temple and to experience the joy derived from it. You have done an exhaustive work and I congratulate you on it……

GAURI LAKSHMI BAYI. (Kaudiur Palace,Thiruvanathapuram)

……`à-P-\-§Ä¡v AXy´w hnPvRm\-{]Zamb Hcp hninjvS{KÙ-amWnXv F¶p ]dbphm³ F\n¡v henb k-t´mjapv. AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb lcn-̧ mSv alm-t£-{X-s¯ Ipdn¨pÅ sFXnly-§Ä, \nÀ½mW-]chpw inev] -]chpamb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ, DÕ-h§Ä XpS-§n {]kIvX§fmb FÃm

hnhc§fpw DÄsImÅp¶ Hcp hnPvRm\tImiw Xs¶bmWv Cu eLp {KÙw.……. C.P.NAIR. I.A.S (Retd.)

(Devaswom Commissioner, TDB) ……..t£{X-hn-izmkw, t£{X-Im-cy-§-fnÂ ]e-cq-]-̄ nÂ t\Snb Adnhv, {KÙc-N-\m-]-c-amb Xmev]cyw F¶o aq¶v Awi-§fpw {]kv]-jvS-am-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv Cu ]pkvX-I-̄ nse ]qÀÆ-̀ mK hnj-b-kw-hn-[m\w. D¯-c-̀ m-K-̄ nÂ `K-hÂ ]cm-aÀi-Iamb Ihn-X-IÄ, Km\-§Ä, kvXpXn-IÄ F¶nh ]eXpw

tXSn-̧ n-Sn¨v kam-l-cn-¡m\pw {ian-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.............. Dr.V.S.SARMA.

(ap³ sNbÀam³ tIcf IemaWvUew, tIcf kÀÆIemime aebmf hn`mKw ta[mhn) …….“{io lcn-Ko-X-]p-tc-i³” F¶ {KÙ-̄ n-eqsS Cu alm-t£-{X-̄ nsâ sFXnly-hpw, amk-B-«-hn-ti-j-§-fpw, DÕ-h-§fpw, t£{X-̄ nse Aaq-ey-§-fmb inev]-th-e-Ifpw `à-P\ ka£w khn-kvXcw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. jjvTn, ImhSn {hX-¡mÀ Adn-ªn-cnt¡Xpw A\pjvTnt¡-Xpamb Imcy-§fpw; {KÙm-h-km-\-̄ nÂ DÄs¡m-Ån-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ kp{_-Ò-Wy-IoÀ¯-\-§fpw

{it²-b-amWv! ka-Im-en-IÀ¡pw hcpw Xe-ap-dIÄ¡pw CXv Hcp apXÂ¡q-«mWv. ……. X{ń {_Ò-{io.-Fw. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn. (Ingt¡ ]pÃmw-hgn CÃw)

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