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SQL Queries
SQL QUERIES
TIPS IN SQL*PLUSSAVE or RUN or @ Can be used for running the .sql file
sql> SAVE C:\AA.TXT - Saves the last executed query statement in the file AA.TXTcan be re-runned as @c:\aa.txt
Spool Sql> spool on
Sql> spool c:\zz.txtSql> select * from emp;
Sql> spool off
DML, DDL, DCL, TCL:
DML : SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, EXPLAIN PLAN, LOCK TABLE.
DDL : CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE.
DCL : GRANT, REVOKE, SETROLE
TCL : COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, SET TRANSACTION
DMLSelect * from emp;Insert into emp values(‘’ , ‘’ , ‘’ , , , )Update emp set netsal=sal+1000*1.05;
Delete from emp where dname=’sales’;
DDLCreate table emp9 ( empno number(10), ename varchar2(20) );Create table emp9 as select * from emp;Drop table emp9;
Alter table emp9 ADD(newcolumn datatype(10) );Alter table emp9 ADD PRIMARY KEY(empno);Alter table emp9 ADD CONSTRAINT deptno FOREIGN KEY(deptno) REFERENCES dept9;Alter table emp9 DROP PRIMARY KEY;Alter table emp9 DROP CONSTRAINT Constfk;Alter table emp9 MODIFY(columnname newdatatype(10) );
Truncate table emp9;
DCLGrant connect,resource to Krishna;RevokeSetrole
TCLCommit;Rollback;
Savepoint :
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SELECT * FROM DEPT;SAVEPOINT A;INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(60,'IP','BANGALORE');SAVEPOINT B;INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(70,'IT','GOA');SELECT * FROM DEPT;
7 rows selected.ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT B;
6 rows selected.
Set Transaction :``
CONSTRAINTS :
PRIMARY CONSTRAINTS : PRIMARY, REFERENCES, UNIQUE, CHECK,(PRUC)
SECONDARY CONSTRAINTS : NOT NULL,DEFAULT
CONSTRAINTS BASED ON 2 LEVELS o COLUMN LEVEL o TABLE LEVEL
EXAMPLES For SECONDARY CONSTRAINTS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. NOT NULL CONSTRAINT – Column becomes a Mandatory column for entry.
CREATE TABLE EMP9( ENO NUMBER(3) NOT NULL, ENAME VARCHAR2(10));
2. DEFAULT CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE EMP9(ENO NUMBER(3) NOT NULL,ENAME VARCHAR2(10),DOJ DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE);
EXAMPLES For PRIMARY CONSTRAINT(COLUMN LEVEL)
UNIQUE CONSTRAINT – uniqueness of value maintained across Column level.
CREATE TABLE EMP9( ENO NUMBER(3) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT UNIEMP UNIQUE,ENAME VARCHAR2(10));
PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT
PK is one or more column(s) in a table to uniquely identify each row in the table.
CREATE TABLE EMP9( ENO NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT PKEMP9 PRIMARY KEY,ENAME VARCHAR2(10));
CHECK CONSTRAINT
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
CREATE TABLE BANK( ACNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT PKBANK PRIMARY KEY,ACTYPE VARCHAR2(2) CONSTRAINT CKBANK CHECK (ACTYPE IN ('SB','CA','RD')),ACNAME VARCHAR2(10),AMOUNT NUMBER(4));
REFERENCES
CREATE TABLE EMP9( ENO NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT PKE9 PRIMARY KEY,JOB VARCHAR2(10),ENAME VARCHAR2(10),MGR NUMBER(4) REFERENCES EMP9(ENO));
REFERENCES (REFERING TO DIFFERENT TABLE)
CREATE TABLE DEPT9 (DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT PKDNO PRIMARY KEY, DNAME VARCHAR2(10), LOC VARCHAR2(10));
CREATE TABLE EMP9( EMPNO NUMBER(4),ENAME VARCHAR2(10), SAL NUMBER(7,2),DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT FKDNO REFERENCES
DEPT9(DEPTNO));[ ON DELETE CASCADE ]
Rejects an Insert and Update of value, if a corresponding value does not currently exist in the master key table.
If the ON DELETE CASCADE option is set, a DELETE operation in the master table will trigger the delete operation for corresponding detail table ( fewer table / primary key table ).
Must reference a Primary key or Unique key Column in Primary Table.
TABLE LEVEL CONSTRAINTS
UNIQUE KEY (TABLE LEVEL)
CREATE TABLE BANK( ACNO NUMBER(3),ACTYPE VARCHAR2(10),BAL NUMBER(7,2),PLACE VARCHAR2(10),
CONSTRAINT UNIBANKCONS UNIQUE(ACNO,ACTYPE));
PRIMARY KEY (TABLE LEVEL)
CREATE TABLE BANK( ACNO NUMBER(2),ACTYPE VARCHAR2(2) CONSTRAINT CKBANK CHECK (
ACTYPE IN ('SB','CA','RD') ),AMOUNT NUMBER(5),PRIMARY KEY (ACNO));
FOREIGN KEY (TABLE LEVEL)
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
CREATE TABLE TRANS( ACNO NUMBER(2),TRANSAMOUNT NUMBER(5),CONSTRAINT CONSTFK FOREIGN KEY(ACNO) REFERENCES BANK );
===================================================================== 1. Display the Details of all employees working in the same Department as 'FORD'
2. Display the details of all employees who are joined before 'FORD'
3. Display the Names of all the employees who are all getting the salary Greater than the salary of 'SMITH' along with the
difference in salary
4. Display all the employees working in chicago
SUBQUERIES
SINGLE ROW SUBQUERY MULTIPLE ROW SUBQUERY
SINGLE ROW SUBQUERY
1. DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE JOB IS SAME AS THAT OF JONES XX Select * from emp where job = (select job from emp Where ename = ‘jones’);
2. DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEES BELONGING TO MILLER'S DEPARTMENT
XX Select * from emp where dname = (select dname from emp Where ename = ‘millers’);
3. DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO KING
XX Select * from emp where Ename = (select Ename from emp Where ename = ‘KING’);
4. DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE GETTING MAX SALARY
XX Select * from emp where sal < (select max(sal) from emp);
5. DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS WHERE SAL IS GREATER THAN MILLER'S SALARY AND WHO ARE IN SALES DEPARTMENT.
Select * from emp,dept where dname = ‘sales’ and basal > (select basal from emp where ename = ‘millers’);
6. DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHO HAVE JOINED IN SAME DATE AS THAT OF JAMES.
Select * from emp where HIREDATE = (select HIREDATE From emp where ename = ‘james’);
SUBQUERY RETURNING MULTIPLE ROW
7. DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHERE DEPT IS EITHER SALES OR RESEARCH
XX Select * from emp where dname = any(select dname from emp where dname = ‘sales’ or dname = ‘research’);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SELECT * FROM DEPT,EMP WHERE DNAME=ANY(SELECT DNAME FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME='SALES' OR DNAME=’RESEARCH’);
Select * from emp where dname = any(select dname from emp where Dname like(‘sales’,’research’));
SUBQUERY RETURNING MULTIPLE COLUMNS
SELECT ENAME,JOB,MGR FROM EMP WHERE (JOB,MGR) IN(SELECT JOB,MGR FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7788);
EXPRESSIONS WITH SUBQUERIES
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL=(SELECT SAL+50 FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='JONES');
ROWID For each row in the database, the ROWID pseudocolumn returns a row address. ROWID values contain information necessary to locate a row:
* which data block in the data file * which row in the data block (first row is 0) * which data file (first file is 1)
ROWNUM
For each row returned by a query, the ROWNUM pseudocolumn returns a number indicating the order in which Oracle selects the row from a table or set of joined rows. The first row selected has a ROWNUM Of 1, the second has 2, and so on.
CORRELATED SUBQUERY
FIRST TRY USING MAX
5TH HIGHEST SALARY
SELECT * FROM EMP A WHERE 5=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP B WHERE A.SAL<=B.SAL);
DELETE DUPLICATE DEPARTMENT NUMBERS
DELETE FROM DEPT A WHERE ROWID NOT IN (SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM DEPT B WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO);
DISPLAY ALTERNATE ROWS
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWID IN (SELECT DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,ROWID) FROM EMP);
TO DISPLAY NTH HIGHEST SALARY
xxxxxxx SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP A WHERE &N=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP B WHERE A.SAL<=B.SAL);
SELECT * FROM EMP A WHERE &N=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP B WHERE A.SAL<=B.SAL);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
DELETE DUPLICATE OCCURENCES
xxxxxxxx DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IN(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING COUNT(DEPTNO)>1);
DELETE FROM emp A WHERE ROWID NOT IN(SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM emp WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO);
Hirearchy
select lpad(' ',level-1)||ename from emp START WITH job = 'PRESIDENT' CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPNO = MGR;
DISPLAY from NTH ROW
XXX SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE ROWID NOT IN(SELECT ROWID FROM DEPT WHERE ROWNUM<=(SELECT COUNT(*)-&N FROM DEPT));
DISPLAY DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHOSE SAL IS GREATER THAN AVG(SAL) OF EMPLOYEES IN RESPECTIVE DEPTS
SELECT A.ENAME,A.DEPTNO,A.SAL FROM EMP A,EMP B WHERE B.SAL> ANY(SELECT AVG(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP B GROUP BY DEPTNO);???? displaying duplicate rows.
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHERE SAL> LOWEST SAL OF EMPLOYEES IN DEPTNO 20
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL> ANY(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20);
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL> ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20);
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHERE SAL> HIGHEST SAL OF EMPLOYEES IN DEPTNO 20
DECLARE NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE; DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE:='&JOB';BEGIN SELECT ENAME,SAL,JOB INTO NAME,SALARY ,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE
JOB=DESIG;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||SALARY||' '||DESIG);
END;
QUESTIONS :
1.display name,hiredate of all employees using cursors
2.DISPLAY DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHO ARE CLERKS>>> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB=ANY(SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE
JOB=’CLERKS’);
3.DISPLAY DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHEN DEPTNO IS 10.>>> SELECT * FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE DEPTNO=10;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
4. EXAMPLES FOR %FOUND A B C
5.*ASSIGNMENT CLERK 200/-INCREMENT MANAGER INSERT TO TEMP ANALYST DELETE SALESMAN AND ANNSAL>15000 300/- DECREMENT
6. EXAMPLE FOR %ISOPEN
7.EXAMPLE FOR C1%ROWCOUNT (7 A, 7 B)* display first 5 records
8. display details of first 5 highly paid employees
9.EVEN ROWS
10.NTH ROW
11.CURSOR USING FOR LOOP
12.IF ANNSAL>10000 AND JOB=CLERK INCOME TAX IS 10%,IF ANNSAL>15000 AND JOB=SALESMAN TAX IS 20%,IF ANNSAL>10000 AND JOB=MANAGAER INCOME TAX IS 30%,ELSE A MESSAGE <10000.
13 CURSOR PARAMETERS TO PASS EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND GET THE DETAILS
14 PASS JOB & GET THE DETAILS
15 PASS DEPTNO AND JOB AND GET THE DETIALS
16 CURSOR LOCKS
17 EXAMPLE FOR IMPLICIT CURSORS
18 INSERT WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
19 UPDATE AND SELECT WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
20 DELETE WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
21.DISPLAY NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WITH SAL IN DESCENDING ORDERWITHOUT USING ORDER BY
22.DISPLAY JOB CATEGORIES ,COUNT(JOB) AND SUM(SAL) FROM EMP
Answers:
1. display name,hiredate of all employees using cursors
DECLARE cursor c1 is select ename, hiredate from emp;name varchar(20);hdate date;
beginopen c1; loopfetch c1 into name,hdate;exit when c1%NOTFOUND;dbms_output.put_line(name||' '||hdate);end loop;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
close c1;end;
(VERY IMPORTANT POINT TO BE NOTED IS THAT EXIT WHEN CONDITION IS SATISFIED WHEN THE FETCH RETURNS FALSE AND WE WILL COME OUT OF LOOPWHEN EXIT CONDITION IS TRUE.)
4. EXAMPLES FOR %FOUND DECLARE
cursor c1 is select ename,sal,DEPTNO from emp WHERE DEPTNO=10;name varchar(20);sl number;dno number;
beginopen c1; loopfetch c1 into name,sl,dno ;IF c1%notFOUND THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS NOT FOUND');exit;elsif c1%found thenDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('FOUND'||' '||C1%ROWCOUNT);--INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(NAME,SL,DNO);END IF;
end loop;close c1;
end;
4 B
DECLAREcursor c1 is select * from empWHERE DEPTNO=&deptno;a emp%rowtype;
beginopen c1; LOOPfetch c1 into a;IF c1%FOUND THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||A.SAL||' '||A.DEPTNO);elseEXIT;END IF;END LOOP;close c1;
end;
4 C
DECLAREcursor c1 is select * from empWHERE DEPTNO=&deptno;a emp%rowtype;
beginopen c1;
loopfetch c1 into a;IF not c1%FOUND THEN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
exit;elseDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(a.ename||' '||a.sal);END IF;
end loop;close c1;
end;
5.CLERK 200/-INCREMENT MANAGER INSERT NAME,SAL TO TEMP ANALYST DELETESALESMAN AND ANNSAL>15000 300/- INCREMENT
DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C1%ROWTYPE;BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; IF A.JOB='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=A.SAL+200 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; COMMIT; ELSIF A.JOB='MANAGER' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ROW INSERTED'); INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL); COMMIT; ELSIF A.JOB='ANALYST' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ROW DELETED'); DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; COMMIT; ELSIF A.JOB='SALESMAN' AND A.SAL*12>5000 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ROW SALESMAN UPDATED'); UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+300 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; COMMIT; ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NO CHANGES'); END IF; END LOOP; CLOSE C1;END;
CREATE TABLE TEMP( A VARCHAR2(10),B VARCHAR2(10),C NUMBER(7,2));
6. EXAMPLE FOR %ISOPEN
DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C1%ROWTYPE; BEGIN IF C1%ISOPEN THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR ALREADY OPEN'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS YET TO BE OPENED'); OPEN C1; END IF; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.SAL||' '||A.ENAME||' '||A.JOB); END LOOP; CLOSE C1; END;
6. B
IF NOT C1%ISOPEN OPEN C1; ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS NOT OPEN'); END IF;
7.EXAMPLE FOR C1%ROWCOUNT display first 5 records /// Can be used for counting the no of rows at the target table loaded, when the session is broken in middle.
DECLAREcursor c1 is select * from emp;a c1%rowtype;
beginopen c1; loopfetch c1 into a;exit when c1%rowcount>6;dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job||'
'||C1%ROWCOUNT);end loop;close c1;
end;
7 B other method for above pgm
DECLAREcursor c1 is select * from emp;a c1%rowtype;
beginopen c1; loopfetch c1 into a;exit when c1%notfound;if c1%rowcount<=6 thendbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job);end if;end loop;close c1;
end;
8 display details of first 5 highly paid employees Satyam , I flex
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
DECLAREcursor c1 is select * from emp order by sal desc;a c1%rowtype;
beginopen c1; loopfetch c1 into a;exit when c1%rowcount>6;dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job||'
'||C1%ROWCOUNT);end loop;close c1;
end;
9. display only even rows
DECLAREcursor c1 is select * from emp ;a c1%rowtype;
beginopen c1; loopfetch c1 into a;exit when c1%notfound;if mod(c1%rowcount,2)=0 thendbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job);end if;end loop;close c1;
end;
(for odd rows change 0 to 1);
10 display nth row
DECLAREcursor c1 is select * from emp ;a c1%rowtype;n number;
begin n:=&n; open c1; loop
fetch c1 into a;exit when c1%notfound;
if c1%rowcount=n then dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job);end if;
end loop; close c1;end;
11 cursor using for loop
declare cursor c2 is select * from emp;begin for a in c2 loop dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
end loop;end;
12. IF ANNSAL>10000 AND JOB=CLERK INCOME TAX IS 10%,IF ANNSAL>15000 AND JOB=SALESMAN TAX IS 20%,IF ANNSAL>10000 AND JOB=MANAGAER INCOME TAX IS 30%,ELSE A MESSAGE <10000
alter table emp add(it number(3));declare cursor c1 is select * from EMP; a c1%rowtype;begin open c1; loop fetch c1 into a; exit when c1%notfound; if a.sal*12>10000 and a.job='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET IT=A.SAL*12*0.1 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; ELSIF A.SAL*12>15000 AND A.JOB ='SALESMAN' THEN UPDATE EMP SET IT=A.SAL*12*0.2 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; ELSIF A.SAL*12>10000 AND A.JOB='MANAGER' THEN UPDATE EMP SET IT=A.SAL*12*0.3 WHERE EMPNO=A.EMPNO; ELSIF A.SAL*12<10000 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||'SAL< 10000');END IF;END LOOP;COMMIT;CLOSE C1;END;
13 CURSOR PARAMETERS TO PASS EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND GET THE DETAILS
DECLARE CURSOR C1( z NUMBER) IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=z; A C1%ROWTYPE;BEGIN OPEN C1(&DEPTNO); LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||A.DEPTNO||' '||A.SAL); END LOOP; CLOSE C1;END;
14 TO PASS JOB AND GET THE DETAILS
DECLARE CURSOR C1( A VARCHAR) IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB=A; A C1%ROWTYPE;BEGIN OPEN C1('&AJOB'); LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.JOB||' '||A.ENAME||' '||A.EMPNO||' ||A.SAL); END LOOP; CLOSE C1;END;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
NOTE :it will not take job in uppercase so upper(job)=upper(a)
15. TO PASS DESIGNATION AND DEPTNO AND GET THE DETAILS
DECLARE CURSOR C1(A NUMBER,B VARCHAR) IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=A AND JOB=B; A C1%ROWTYPE;BEGIN OPEN C1(&ADETNO,'&BJOB'); LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||A.JOB||' '||A.SAL||' ||A.DEPTNO);END LOOP;CLOSE C1;END;
16 CURSOR LOCKING
DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP FOR UPDATE OF SAL; A C1%ROWTYPE;BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.JOB||' '||A.ENAME||' '||A.SAL||' '||A.DEPTNO); IF A.JOB='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET JOB='FDC' WHERE empno=a.empno; end if; end loop; close c1;end;
17 EXAMPLE FOR IMPLICIT CURSORS
DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C1%ROWTYPE;BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C1%ROWCOUNT||' '||SQL%ROWCOUNT||' '||A.ENAME); END LOOP; CLOSE C1;END;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
(YOU WILL NOT GET THE OUTPUT BECAUSE SQL%ROWCOUNT WILL RETURN A VALUEONLY WHEN THE PREVIOUS DML OPERATION IS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETLE)
18. IMPLICIT CURSOR WITH INSERT
CREATE TABLE TEMP(A VARCHAR2(10),B NUMBER(7,2), C VARCHAR2(10)); DECLARE CURSOR C2 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C2%ROWTYPE; BEGIN OPEN C2; LOOP FETCH C2 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C2%NOTFOUND; INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(A.ENAME,A.SAL,A.JOB); IF SQL%FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT||' '||C2%ROWCOUNT||' '|| A.SAL||' '||A.ENAME); ELSE EXIT; END IF ; END LOOP; CLOSE C2; END;
19 DELETE WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
DECLARE BEGIN DELETE FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT); END;
20. UPDATE AND SELECT WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
DECLARE A EMP%ROWTYPE;BEGIN SELECT * INTO A FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7788; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('AFTER SELECT SQLCOUNT'|| ' '||SQL%ROWCOUNT); UPDATE EMP SET DEPTNO=99 WHERE DEPTNO=10; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('AFTER UPDATE SQLCOUNT'|| ' '||SQL%ROWCOUNT);END;
OUTPUT ISAFTER SELECT SQLCOUNT 1AFTER UPDATE SQLCOUNT 3
21.DISPLAY NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WITH SAL IN DESCENDING ORDER WITHOUT USING ORDER BY
DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP; A C1%ROWTYPE; N NUMBER;BEGIN OPEN C1; SELECT MAX(SAL) INTO N FROM EMP;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(N); SELECT MAX(SAL) INTO N FROM EMP WHERE SAL<N; END LOOP; CLOSE C1;END;
22.DISPLAY JOB CATEGORIES ,COUNT(JOB) AND SUM(SAL) FROM EMP
DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT JOB,COUNT(JOB) XY ,SUM(SAL) AB FROM EMP GROUP BY JOB; A C1%ROWTYPE;BEGIN OPEN C1; LOOP FETCH C1 INTO A; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('________________________________________________');DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' JOB '||' NUMBER '||' SUM OF SAL ');DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.JOB||' '|| A.XY ||' '|| A.AB);END LOOP;CLOSE C1;END;
DECLARE CURSOR T1 IS SELECT * FROM TEST1; TEST_REC T1%ROWTYPE;BEGIN FOR TEST IN T1 LOOP
UPDATE TEST1 SET AREA=400 WHERE RADIUS=50;IF SQL%ROWCOUNT >0 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD IS ALREADY EXISTS');ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THERE IS NO RECORD');END IF;
END LOOP;END;
DECLARE RDA AREAS.RADIUS%TYPE;BEGIN SELECT RADIUS INTO RDA FROM AREAS WHERE RADIUS =345; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD NOT
FOUND');END;
Database objects
TABLES, VIEWS, SYNONYM, INDEX, CLUSTER,
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SQL Queries
SEQUENCE, PROCEDURE, FUNCTION PACKAGE, TRIGGER
VIEWS
A logical table based on one or more tables or views It is a Virtual table. Any changes made on Table reflects over the View & vice versa No data of its own No Redundancy and Security
1.CREATE VIEW EV AS SELECT * FROM EMP;
2.CREATE VIEW EV1 AS SELECT ENAME,EMPNO,DEPTNO FROM EMP;
3.CREATE VIEW EV2(EMPNO,SALARY) AS SELECT EMPNO,SAL FROM EMP;
4.CREATE VIEW EM1 AS SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO,EMPNO,JOBFROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20;
READ ONLY VIEW
VIEWS WITH GROUP BY,ORDER BY ,AGG , PRIMARY KEY AND CHECK CONSTRAINTS. THE VIEW BECOMES A READ ONLY VIEW.
1. CREATE VIEW EV AS SELECT DEPTNO,COUNT(*) COUNT FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;
2. CREATE VIEW EM1 AS SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO,EMPNO,JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT CK1;
FORCED VIEWS
CREATE FORCE VIEW ABC AS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL FROM EMPOP;
SEE THE VIEWS
SELECT * FROM <view name>;
DROP VIEW ABC;
SELECT * FROM USER_VIEW;
CREATE VIEW MAG AS SELECT M.MNO,M.NAME,MA.GP,MA.NP FROM MAGI M,MAG MA ;
SYNONYMS
A synonym is an alternative name for a table, view, sequence, procedure, stored function.
1).Public synonym2).Private synonym
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
Changes done on original table will reflect the changes on synonym table and vice versa.
CREATE SYNONYM Z FOR EMP; CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM VV FOR EMP; DROP SYNONYM Z;
SELECT * FROM USER_SYNONYMS WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP'; //// Use CAPS for EMP
INDEXESAn index is a database object that contains an entry for each value that appears in the indexed
column(s) of the table or cluster and provides direct, fast access to rows.
PRIMARY KEY AUTOMATICALLY INDEXED HAS ITS EFFECT ON LARGER TABLES
CREATE INDEX AB ON EMP(EMPNO);SELECT * FROM USER_INDEXES WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP';
IF YOU WANT TO INDEX A PRIMARY KEY COLUMN FIRST JUST DISABLE IT
DROP INDEX AB;
SEQUENCES
A sequence is a database object from which multiple users may generate unique integers.You can use sequences to automatically generate primary key values.
1.CREATE SEQUENCE S1 INCREMENT BY 10 START WITH 10 MAXVALUE 502.CREATE SEQUENCE S5 INCREMENT BY 10 START WITH 10 MAXVALUE 50
MINVALUE 5 CYCLE CACHE 2;3.CREATE SEQUENCE S5 INCREMENT BY –2 START WITH 10 MAXVALUE 20
MINVALUE –5 CYCLE CACHE 2; 4.CREATE SEQUENCE S6 INCREMENT BY –2 START WITH 6 MAXVALUE 20 MINVALUE –4 CYCLE CACHE 2;
SELECT * FROM USER_SEQUENCES WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP';
DROP SEQUENCE S6;
CLUSTERS
A cluster is a schema object that contains one or more tables that all have one or more columns in common.
1. create cluster c44(deptno number);2. create table EMPC44(Eno number(9),deptno number,
SAL NUMBER(7,2),HIREDATE DATE)cluster c44(deptno);3. create table DMPC44(deptno number,DNAME VARCHAR2(10),
LOC VARCHAR2(10))cluster c44(deptno);4. create index c1i on cluster c4;
tcl commands
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
grant, revoke
grant privilege on tablename to username
(PRIVILEGES THAT CAN BE GRANTED ARE SELECT , UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT ALTER,REFERENCE,INDEX)
1. GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO SAVITHA2. GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO SAVITHA WITH GRANT OPTION REVOKE ALL ON EMP FROM GEETHA;
COMMIT, ROLLBACK , SAVEPOINT
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC--------- -------------- ------------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 50 CS MYSORE
SQL> SAVEPOINT A;
Savepoint created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(60,'IP','BANGALORE');
1 row created.
SQL> SAVEPOINT B;
Savepoint created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(70,'IT','GOA');
1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC--------- -------------- ------------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 50 CS MYSORE 60 IP BANGALORE 70 IT GOA
7 rows selected.
SQL> ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT B;
Rollback complete.
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
DEPTNO DNAME LOC--------- -------------- ------------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 50 CS MYSORE 60 IP BANGALORE
6 rows selected.
Triggers:
A database trigger is a stored PL/SQL program unit associated with a specific database table. Oracle executes (fires) the database trigger automatically whenever a given SQL operation affects the table. So,unlike subprograms, which must be invoked explicitly, database triggers are invoked implicitly. Among other things, you can use database triggers to
audit data modifications log events transparently
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enforce complex business rules derive column values automatically implement complex security authorizations maintain replicate tables .
CREATE TRIGGER <triggername> AFTER UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE OF <COLUMN NAME> ON <TABLENAME> FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN ----------executable statements;----------
END;
DATABASE TRIGGERS
1. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH WILLN'T ALLOW THE USER TO INSERT,UPDATE OR DELETE BETWEEN NIGHT 7 AND MORNING 6
2. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES IF YOU TRY TO INSERT , UPDATE OR DELETE AFTER 7'O' CLOCK.
3. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER BEFORE INSERTING VALUES ON TO EMP TABLE IF DEPTNO DOES NOT EXIST IN DEPT THEN RAISE THE ERROR.
4. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO ILLUSTRATE TABLE LEVEL AND ROW LEVEL TRIGGERS.
5. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH ACTS JUST LIKE PRIMARY KEY AND DOES NOT ALLOW DUPLICATE VALUE.
6. CREATE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH PERFORMS THE ACTION OF THE ON DELETE CASCADE;
7. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO INSERT DISTINCT EMPLOYEE NUMBER TO EMP TABLE (BEFORE INSERT)
8. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO UPDATE THE SAL FIELD.IF SAL IS MORE THAN 5000 OR LESS THAN 1000 THEN RAISE THE ERROR.(BEFORE UPDATE).
9. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHERE WHEN CONDITION IS SPECIFIED. WHEN JOB IS MANAGER THEN CHECK FOR SALARY. IF SAL IS <1000 THEN
RAISE THE ERROR.
10. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE FROM EMP TABLE IF THE DAY IS SUNDAY.
11. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT ALLOW US TO UPDATE IF WE ARE DOING TRANSACTIONS IN LAST DAY OF THE MONTH
12. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGERS WHICH INSERTS THE EMPNO AND DEPTNO INTO TEMP TABLE(AFTER INSERT)
13. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER USING INSERTING AND UPDATING WE SHOULD NOT INSERT ON SUNDAY AND WE SHOULD NOT UPDATE ON LAST DAY OF THE MONTH.
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SQL Queries
14. UPDATE EMP TABLE AND CHANGE OLD DEPTNO TO NEW DEPTNO. IF OLD DEPTNO IS 20 THEN DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IS EQUAL TO NEW DEPTNO
15. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO DELETE FROM DEPT TABLE .AFTER DELETING INSERT THE OLD VALUES TO A TABLE.
16. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE THE ROW IF THE MONTH IS APRIL.
17. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES BEFORE PERFORMING INSERT OR UPDATE OPERATIONS. IF THE JOB IS MANAGER THEN HIS SALARY SHOULD BE IN THE GRADE 5.ELSE RAISE THE APPLICATION ERROR.
1. WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH WILLN'T ALLOW THE USER TO INSERT,UPDATE OR DELETE BETWEEN NIGHT 7 AND MORNING 6
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER GEETIME BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON EMP for each row DECLARE A VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN --select to_char(sysdate,'hh24') into a from dual; A:=TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24'); IF TO_NUMBER(A) > 19 OR TO_NUMBER(A) < 7 then RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20500,'YOU CANT DO THIS OPERATION NOW'); END IF; END;
2.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES IF YOU TRY TO INSERT ,UPDATE ORDELETE AFTER 7'O' CLOCK
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER GEETIME BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON EMP for each row DECLARE A VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH:MI') INTO A FROM DUAL; IF A > '06:00' then RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20500,'YOU CANT DO THIS OPERATION NOW'); END IF; END;
2.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER BEFORE INSERTING VALUES ON TO EMP TABLE IF DEPTNO DOES NOT EXIST IN DEPT THEN RAISE THE ERROR.
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER IEMP BEFORE INSERT ON EMPFOR EACH ROW
DECLARE A NUMBER;BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM DEPT WHERE
DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO;IF A=0 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20300,'PARENT KEY IS NOT
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SQL Queries
EXISTING');ELSE PRINT('RECORD IS ALREADY INSERTED');END IF;
END;
OUTPUT OF THE QUERY IS AS BELOW
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(23,44);INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(23,44) *ERROR at line 1:ORA-20300: PARENT KEY IS NOT EXISTINGORA-06512: at "GEETHA.IEMP", line 6ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'GEETHA.IEMP'
3.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO ILLUSTRATE TABLE LEVEL ANDROW LEVEL TRIGGERS.
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER UPTABLE BEFORE update ON EMPBEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('UPDATE ON TABLE IS FIRED');END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER UPROW BEFORE UPDATE ON EMPFOR EACH ROWBEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('UPDATE ON ROW IS FIRED');END;
4.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH ACTS JUST LIKE PRIMARY KEY AND DOES NOTALLOW DUPLICATE VALUES
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER PRIKEY BEFORE INSERT ON EMPFOR EACH ROWDECLARE A NUMBER;BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=:NEW.EMPNO; IF A >=1 THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_eRROR(-20500,'THE PRI KEY RULE IS VOILATED'); ELSIF A=0 THEN
PRINT('RECORD IS INSERTED');END IF;
END;
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(7788,20);INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(7788,20) *ERROR at line 1:ORA-20500: THE PRI KEY RULE IS VOILATEDORA-06512: at "GEETHA.PRIKEY", line 6ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'GEETHA.PRIKEY'
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SQL Queries
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(77,20);
1 row created.
5. CREATE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH PERFORMS THE ACTION OF THE ON DELETE CASCADE;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER DELDEPT AFTER DELETE ON DEPT FOR EACH ROWBEGIN DELETE FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:OLD.DEPTNO; PRINT('RECORDS IN EMP ARE ALSO DELETED');END;
6.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO INSERT DISTINCT EMPLOYEE NUMBER TO EMP TABLE (BEFORE INSERT)
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER PRIM_UNIQUE BEFORE INSERT ON emp FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE NO NUMBER;
BEGIN SELECT NVL(MAX(EMPNO),0)+1 INTO NO FROM EMP;
:NEW.EMPNO:=NO; END;
7.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO UPDATE THE SAL FIELD.IF SAL IS MORE THAN5000 OR LESS THAN 1000 THEN RAISE THE ERROR.(BEFORE UPDATE).
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER CHECK_SAL BEFORE update ON emp FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN if :new.sal <1000 or :new.sal>5000 then raise_application_error(-20001,'check sal '); end if;
END;
8.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHERE WHEN CONDITION IS SPECIFIED. WHEN JOB IS MANAGER THEN CHECK FOR SALARY. IF SAL IS <1000 THENRAISE THE ERROR.
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER EMPNO_CHECK BEFORE INSERT ON emp FOR EACH ROW when (NEW.job='MANAGER') BEGIN if :new.SAL<1000 THEN
raise_application_error(-20001,'PLEASE INCREASE THE SALARY ');end if;
END;
9.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE FROM EMP TABLE IFTHE DAY IS SUNDAY.
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER EMPNO_CHECK BEFORE DELETE ON emp BEGIN
if to_char(sysdate,'dAy')='SUNDAY' then raise_application_error(-20001,'TO DAY IS SUNDAY ');
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SQL Queries
end if;END;
10.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT ALLOW US TO UPDATE IF WE ARE DOING TRANSACTIONS IN LAST DAY OF THE MONTH
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER EMPNO_CHECK BEFORE UPDATE ON emp BEGIN
if to_char(sysdate)=LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) then raise_application_error(-20001,'TO DAY IS LAST DAY OF MONTH');end if;
END;
11.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGERS WHICH INSERTS THE EMPNO AND DEPTNOINTO TEMP TABLE(AFTER INSERT)
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER AFTER_INS AFTER INSERT ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
INSERT INTO TEMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO)VALUES(:NEW.EMPNO,:NEW.DEPTNO);END;
12.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER USING INSERTING AND UPDATING WE SHOULD NOT INSERT ON SUNDAY AND WE SHOULD NOT UPDATE ON LAST DAY OF THE MONTH.
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER EMPNO_CHECK BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON emp
FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
IF INSERTING THEN if to_char(sysdate,'dy')='mon' then raise_application_error(-20001,'TO DAY IS SUNDAY ');end if;end if;IF UPDATING THEN if to_char(sysdate)=LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) then raise_application_error(-20001,'TO DAY IS MONTHY LAST DAY so no updating ');end if;END IF;
END;
13.UPDATE EMP TABLE AND CHANGE OLD DEPTNO TO NEW DEPTNO. IF OLD DEPTNO IS 20 THEN DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IS EQUAL TO NEW DEPTNO
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER AFTER_UPDATE AFTER UPDATE ON EMP FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
IF :OLD.DEPTNO=20 THENDELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO;END IF;
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SQL Queries
END;
14.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO DELETE FROM DEPT TABLE .AFTER DELETINGINSERT THE OLD VALUES TO A TABLE.
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER AFTER_delete AFTER delete ON DEPT FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
insert into dept1 values(:old.deptno,:old.dname,:old.loc);END;
15.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE THE ROWIF THE MONTH IS APRIL.
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER month_CHECK BEFORE DELETE ON emp BEGIN
if to_char(sysdate,'month')='july' then raise_application_error(-20001,'this month is holiday ');end if;
END;
16.WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES BEFORE PERFORMING INSERT ORUPDATE OPERATIONS. IF THE JOB IS MANAGER THEN HIS SALARY SHOULD BEIN THE GRADE 5.ELSE RAISE THE APPLICATION ERROR.
create or replace trigger jobgradebefore insert or update of JOB,SAL on empfor each rowwhen (new.job='MANAGER')declarelo number;hi number;beginselect losal,hisal into lo,hi from salgrade where grade=5;if :new.sal>lo and :new.sal<hi thenprint('insert success');elseraise_application_error(-20500,'INsert operation not allowed');end if;end;
EXTRA INFORMATION FOR MISS.MG
create or replace trigger daysbefore delete on emp declarea number:=to_number(to_char(sysdate,'d')) ;dummy varchar(20);beginif NOT a in(1,6) then
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SQL Queries
raise_application_error(-20002,'today no transaction');else
beginselect user into dummy from dual;if dummy <>'geetha' thenraise_application_error(-20004,'NOT A PROPER USER');elsedb('a proper user ');end if;
end;end if;end;
declaredummy varchar(20);begin
select user into dummy from dual;if dummy <>'GEETHA' thenraise_application_error(-20002,'today no transaction');elsedb('a proper user ');end if;
exception when no_data_found thendb('no data found');
end;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T2 BEFORE INSERT ON EMP FOR EACH ROW DECLARE A NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO; IF A>=1 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20101,'PRIMARY KEY VIOLATION'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('VALUE INSERTED'); END IF; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER DELDEPT AFTER DELETE ON DEPT FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DELETE EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:OLD.DEPTNO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SDFSDF'); END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER CHECK_SAL BEFORE update ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN if :new.sal <1000 or :new.sal>5000 then raise_application_error(-20001,'check sal '); end if; END;
EXCEPTION---------
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SQL Queries
PRE-DEFINED :----------- NO_DATA_FOUND
TOO_MANY_ROWS
VALUE_ERROR A NUMBER(3) A:=1000;
INVALID_NUMBER A NUMBER A:='XXX'
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
INVALID_CURSOR
ZERO_ERROR 100/0
STORAGE_ERROR
PROGRAM_ERROR
LOGIN_DENIED
DUP_VAL_INDEX VIOLATING UNIQUE
USER-DEFINED EXCEPTION----------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------VALUE_ERROR:-----------DECLARE
S1 NUMBER;BEGIN
A:=1000;SELECT SAL INTO S1 FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=700;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(S1);
EXCEPTIONWHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NO SUCH EMPLOYEE');WHEN VALUE_ERROR THENA:=100;UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+A;END;
---------------------------------------------------------------------
USER-DEFINED EXCEPTION----------------------
DECLAREA1 EXCEPTION;S1 EMP.SAL%TYPE;
BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO S1 FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7900;
RAISE A1;EXCEPTION
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SQL Queries
WHEN A1 THENUPDATE EMP SET SAL=S1+2000 WHERE EMPNO=7900;
END;
--------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE
RAD NUMBER;AREA2 NUMBER;
BEGINSELECT RADIUS,AREA INTO RAD,AREA2 FROM TEST1 WHERE RADIUS IN(10,20);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RAD||AREA2);
EXCEPTION WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('TOO MANY ROWS');END;
1.WRITE A FUCTION TO DISPLAY THE SYSTEM TIME AND THE CORRESPONDINGPL/SQL BLOCK.
2.(STORED FUNCTION)WRITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE JOB WHEN THE NUMBER IS PASSEDWRITE A FUNCTION TO ACCEPT NAME AND PRINT JOB
3.WRITE A FUCTION TO ADD 2 NUMBERS.(STORED FUNCTION)WRITE A FUNCTION TO CHECK WHETHER NUMBER IS EVEN OR ODD
4.(LOCAL FUNCTION)WRITE A FUNCTION TO GET SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED.
5.WRITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE IN OUT PARAMETERS.
6.
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SQL Queries
EXAMPLE FOR IN PARAMETER7.
WRITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE OUT PARAMETER.WRITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY NAME,JOB AND SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS
PASSED
8.IF ANNSAL>10000 TAX IS 10%IF ANNSAL>15000 TAX IS 20%IF ANNSAL>20000 INCOME TAX IS 30%ELSEINCOME TAX IS ZERO.
9.WRITE A FUNCTION TO FIND THE FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER
10.WRITE A BLOCK TO CALCULATE GROSS SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED.GROSS=BASIC+HRA(30%)+DA(50%)-PF(10%)
11.WRITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN THE AVERAGE SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES.IF
THENUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ARE MORE THAN 2 THEN ONLY CALCULATE THE
AVERAGE.
12.write a pl/sql block to delete a record. If delete operation issuccessful return 1 else return 0.
13.write a pl/sql block to pass the employee number and the increment amount.FUNCTION SHOULD RETURN THE NET SALARY.
14.write a pl/sql block to illustrate default as in parameter.
***********************************************************************************
FUNCTIONS~~~~~~~~~
1.WRITE A FUCTION TO DISPLAY THE SYSTEM TIME AND THE CORRESPONDINGPL/SQL BLOCK.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION TIME1RETURN VARCHAR ISTIM VARCHAR(10);BEGINSELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH:MI:SS') INTO TIM FROM DUAL;RETURN TIM;END;
DECLAREAB VARCHAR(30);BEGINAB:=TIME1;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(AB);END;
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SQL Queries
_________________________________________________________________________
2.(STORED FUNCTION)WRITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE JOB WHEN THE NUMBER IS PASSED
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION SAL (N NUMBER)RETURN VARCHAR ISDESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE;BEGINSELECT JOB INTO DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N;RETURN DESIG;END;
SELECT SAL(&N) FROM DUAL;
IF YOU GIVE THE VALUE FOR N IMMEDIATELY VALUE WILL BE DISPLAYED.
DECLARE A VARCHAR(10); BEGIN A:=SAL(&EMPNO); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A); END;
_____________________
WRITE A FUNCTION TO ACCEPT NAME AND PRINT JOB
SCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN(N VARCHAR2)RETURN VARCHAR2 ISJ VARCHAR2(10);BEGINSELECT JOB INTO J FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=N;RETURN J;END;
Declare A varchar2(25); B varchar2(25);Begin A:= fun(&b); Dbms_output.put_line(a);End;_________________________________________________________________________
3.(STORED FUNCTION)WRITE A FUNCTION TO CHECK WHETHER NUMBER IS EVEN OR ODD
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION EV_ODD(N NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR ISBEGINIF MOD(N,2)=0 THENRETURN('NUMBER IS EVEN');ELSERETURN('NUMBER IS ODD');END IF;
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SQL Queries
END;
DECLARENO_TEST NUMBER:=&NO_TEST;MES VARCHAR(25);BEGINMES:=EV_ODD(NO_tEST);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(MES);END;
______________________
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ADD1(N1 NUMBER,N2 NUMBER)RETURN NUMBER ISRES NUMBER;BEGINRES:=N1+N2;RETURN RES;END;
SELECT ADD1(2,3) FROM DUAL;OR
YOU CAN ALSO HAVE A PL/SQL BLOCK TO EXECUTE THE FUNCTION.
_________________________________________________________________________
4.(LOCAL FUNCTION)WRITE A FUNCTION TO GET SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED.
DECLAREA NUMBER; FUNCTION F1(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT SAL INTO SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; RETURN SALARY; END;BEGINA:=F1(&N);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A);END;
_________________________________________________________________________
5.WRITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE IN OUT PARAMETERS.
create or replace function FUN(n IN OUT number) return number ISBEGINN:=N+10;RETURN N;END;
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SQL Queries
declaren1 number :=10;n2 number;
begin n2 :=fun(n1);dbms_output.put_line(n2);end;
_________________________________________________________________________
6.EXAMPLE FOR IN PARAMETER
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN1(N IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER ISSALARY NUMBER;BEGINSELECT SAL INTO SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N;RETURN SALARY;END;
DECLARESALARY NUMBER(7,2);BEGINSALARY:=FUN1(7788);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(SALARY);END;
_________________________________________________________________________
7.--WRITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE OUT PARAMETER.--WRITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY NAME,JOB AND SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN5(DESIG EMP.EMPNO%TYPE,SALARY OUT EMP.SAL%TYPE,S OUT EMP.JOB%TYPE)RETURN VARCHAR2 ISNAME VARCHAR(30);BEGINSELECT ENAME,JOB,SAL INTO NAME,S,SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=DESIG;RETURN NAME;EXCEPTIONWHEN OTHERS THENRETURN ('ERROR');END;
DECLAREA EMP.EMPNO%TYPE:=&EMPNO;B VARCHAR(30);C VARCHAR(30);D NUMBER(8,2);BEGINB:=FUN5(A,D,C);
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SQL Queries
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A||' '||B||' '||C||' '||d);END;
OUTPUT OF THE QUERY ISEnter value for empno: 7900old 2: A EMP.EMPNO%TYPE:=&EMPNO;new 2: A EMP.EMPNO%TYPE:=7900;Commit complete.7900 JAMES CLERK 950
_________________________________________________________________________
8.
IF ANNSAL>10000 TAX IS 10%IF ANNSAL>15000 TAX IS 20%IF ANNSAL>20000 INCOME TAX IS 30%ELSEINCOME TAX IS ZERO.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION INCOMETAX(N NUMBER)RETURN NUMBER ISSC NUMBER;ANN NUMBER;IT NUMBER;BEGINSELECT SAL+NVL(COMM,0) INTO SC FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N;ANN:=SC*12;IF ANN>10000 AND ANN<15000 THENIT:=ANN*0.1;ELSIF ANN>15000 AND ANN<20000 THENIT:=ANN*0.2;ELSIF ANN>20000 THENIT:=ANN*0.3;ELSEIT:=0;END IF;RETURN IT;END;
DECLAREIT NUMBER;BEGINIT:=INCOMETAX(&EMPNO);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('INCOME TAX OF THE EMPLOYEE IS');DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(IT);END;
_________________________________________________________________________
9.--WRITE A FUNCTION TO FIND THE FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FACT( N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER ISF NUMBER:=1;
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SQL Queries
BEGINFOR I IN 1..N LOOPF:=F*I;END LOOP;RETURN F;END;
DECLARERESULT NUMBER;N NUMBER:=&N;BEGINRESULT:= FACT(N);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('FACTORIAL OF'|| N || 'IS'||RESULT);END;
OR
SELECT FACT(4) FROM DUAL;_________________________________________________________________________
10.WRITE A BLOCK TO CALCULATE GROSS SALARY WHEN NUMBER IS PASSED.GROSS=BASIC+HRA(30%)+DA(50%)-PF(10%)
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION GROSS(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER ISS NUMBER;HRA NUMBER;DA NUMBER;PF NUMBER;gross NUMBER;BEGINSELECT SAL INTO S FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N;HRA:=S*0.3;DA:=S*0.5;PF:=S*0.1;gross:=S+HRA+DA-PF;RETURN gross;END;
DECLAREGROSS1 NUMBER;ENO NUMBER:=&EMPNO;SALARY NUMBER;BEGINSELECT SAL INTO SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('BEFORE FUNCTION CALL SALARY IS'||' '||SALARY);GROSS1:=GROSS(ENO);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('AFTER FUNCTION CALL SALARY IS'||' '||GROSS1);END;
ORSQL> SELECT GROSS(7934) FROM DUAL;
GROSS(7934)----------- 2210_________________________________________________________________________
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SQL Queries
11.WRITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN THE AVERAGE SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES.IF
THENUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ARE MORE THAN 2 THEN ONLY CALCULATE THE
AVERAGE.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION AVSAL(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER ISCO1 NUMBER;AG NUMBER;BEGINSELECT COUNT(*) INTO CO1 FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=N;IF N>2 THENSELECT AVG(SAL) INTO AG FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=N;END IF;RETURN AG;END;
DECLAREN NUMBER:=&DEPTNO;ASAL NUMBER;BEGINASAL:=AVSAL(N);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('AVERAGE SALARY OF DEPTNO'||' '||N||' IS '||ASAL);END;
_________________________________________________________________________
12.--write a pl/sql block to delete a record. If delete operation --
ISsuccessful return 1 else return 0.
create or replace function fun3(n emp.empno%type) return number isa number;begindelete from emp where empno=n;if sql%found thenreturn 1;elsereturn 0;end if;--exception--when no_data_found then--return 100;end;
declaren number;beginn:=fun3(&empno);dbms_output.put_Line(n);if n=0 thendbms_output.put_line('deletion unsuccessfull');elsif n=1 then
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SQL Queries
dbms_output.put_line('deletion successfull');end if;end;
_________________________________________________________________________
13.
write a pl/sql block to pass the employee number and the increment amount . FUNCTION SHOULD RETURN THE NET SALARY
create or replace function raise_sal(eno number,incre number)return number isa number;beginselect count(*) into a from emp where empno=eno;if a=0 thenraise_application_error(-20300,'employee does not exist');elseupdate emp set sal=sal+incre where empno=eno;select sal into a from emp where empno=eno;end if;return a;end;
declarenetsal number;beginnetsal:=raise_sal(&empno,&salary);dbms_output.put_line('Net salary is'||' '||netsal);end;
_________________________________________________________________________
14.write a pl/sql block to illustrate default as in parameter.
create or replace function def(n number default 7369) return numberissalary emp.sal%type;beginselect sal into salary from emp where empno=n;return salary;end;
select def from dual;
_________________________________________________________________________
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SQL Queries
functions : 1) single row functions 2) multiple row functions(group)(aggregate)
Single row functions~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1) ARITHMETIC2) CHARACTER3) GENERAL4) DATE5) CONVERSION
1 ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ABsceil(>n)floor(<n)modpowersignsqrttruncround(SIN,COS,TAN,SINH,LOG,LN)
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2 CHARACTER FUNCTIONS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
INITCAPLOWERUPPERLPADRPADSOUNDEXLTRIMRTRIMSUBSTRLENGTHINSTR
CONCAT3 GENERAL FUNCTIONS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NVLDECODETRANSLATEREPLACEGREATESTLEAST
4 DATE FUNCTIONS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SYSDATEADD_MONTHSMONTHS_BETWEENLAST_DAYNEXT_DAY
5 CONVERSION FUNCTIONS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TO_DATETO_CHARTO_NUMBER
GROUP FUNCTIONS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
COUNTSUMMAXMINAVG
SYMBOL DEFINITION~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~D NUMBER OF DAY IN WEEK(1-7 STARTS WITH SUNDAY)DD DAY IN NUMBERSDDD NUMBER OF DAYS SINCE JAN1DAY DAY FULLY SPELT OUTDY FIRST 3 CHARACTERS OF THE DAY
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SQL Queries
MM MONTH IN NUMBERSMONTH MONTH FULLY SPELT OUTMON MONTH IN 3 LETTERSWW NUMBER OF WEEKS OVER SINCE JAN 1W NUMBER OF WEEKS OVER IN THAT MONTHY 1 DIGIT YEARYY 2 DIGIT YEARYYY 3 DIGIT YEARYYYY 4 DIGIT YEARYEAR YEAR FULLY SPELT OUTHH HOURMI MINUTESSS SECONDSSSSS MILLISECONDSHH24 24 HOUR FORMATHH12 12 HOUR FORMATFMDDTH 1ST,2ND,3RD ----(ORDINAL FORMAT)RM ROMAN NUMERAL MONTHFMDDSPTH SPELLED FORMAT (FIRST, SECOND, THIRD)
GROUP BY AND HAVING CLAUSE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1). NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES DEPTNOWISE2). SUM OF SALARIES DEPTNOWISE3). NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES JOBWISE4). SUM,MAX,MIN AND AVG OF SAL JOBWISE5). AVG(SAL) DEPTNOWISE WITH SAL>4000
query to select nth record~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Query to delete nth record~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ delete from emp where rowid in (select rowid from emp where rownum<=&nminusselect rowid from emp where rownum<=&n-1);HBN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
select * from emp where rowid in(select rowid from emp where rownum<=&nminusselect rowid from emp where rownum<=&n-1);
display n records in between~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CORRECT QUERY~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SELECT ROWNUM,ROWID,ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=&NMINUSSELECT ROWNUM,ROWID,ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=&N
(TRIALS)~~~~~~~~~select rownum,rowid,empno,ename,job FROM EMP A WHERE ROWID IN((SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM <= (SELECT COUNT(*)-&N FROM EMP)) minus(select rowid from emp where rownum<=(select count(*) -&n from emp)));
(SECOND TRIAL)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~select rownum,rowid,empno,ename,job FROM EMP A WHERE ROWID IN((SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM < (SELECT COUNT(*)-&N FROM EMP)) minus(select rowid from emp where rownum<=(select count(*) -&n from emp)));
(THIRD TRIAL)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DELETE FROM EMP A WHERE ROWID IN( ( SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=&N)MINUS(SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=&N));
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WHOSE JOB IS SAME AS THAT OF JONES.
1. Display the Details of all Employees along with their Department Information.
select e.* ,d.dname,d.deptno,d.locfrom emp e,dept dwhere e.deptno=d.deptno;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
2. Display the Details of all Employees who are Getting Salary Greater than the Salary of ADAMS
select a.ename,a.sal,b.ename,b.salfrom emp a,emp bwhere a.ename='FORD' AND B.SAL>A.SAL;
SELECT ENAME,SAL,JOBFROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='ADAMS');
3. Display the details of all employees who are joined before 'FORD'
SELECT A.ENAME,A.SAL,A.HIREDATE,B.ENAME,B.SAL,B.HIREDATEFROM EMP A,EMP BWHERE A.ENAME='FORD' AND B.HIREDATE<A.HIREDATE;
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE <(SELECT HIREDATEFROM EMP WHERE ENAME='FORD');
4. Display the details of all the employees who are joined After SMITH2 But Before Miller.
SELECT A.ENAME,A.HIREDATE ,B.HIREDATE,C.HIREDATEFROM EMP A,EMP B,EMP CWHERE B.ENAME='SMITH' AND C.ENAME='MILLER' ANDA.HIREDATE> B.HIREDATE AND A.HIREDATE<C.HIREDATE;
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE >(SELECT HIREDATE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='SMITH') ANDHIREDATE <(SELECT HIREDATE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='MILLER');
5. Display the Details of all employees along with their managers Name AND Employee Number.
SELECT A.EMPNO,A.ENAME,A.JOB,B.JOB"REPORT",B.ENAME "REPNAME"FROM EMP A ,EMP BWHERE A.MGR=B.EMPNO;
6. Display the Details of all employees working in the same Department as 'FORD'
select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp where ename='FORD');
select a.ename,a.sal,a.job,a.deptnofrom emp a,emp bwhere a.deptno=b.deptno and b.ename='FORD';
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
7. Display the details of all the employees who are Getting the Less commision than 'FORD.'. Consider NULL commision as '0'
SQL> SELECT A.ENAME,A.COMM,B.COMM,B.ENAME 2 FROM EMP A,EMP B 3 WHERE NVL(A.COMM,0) >NVL(B.COMM,0) AND B.ENAME='FORD';
ENAME COMM COMM ENAME---------- --------- --------- ----------ALLEN 300 FORDWARD 500 FORDMARTIN 1400 FORD
SELECT a.ename oriname,a.comm oricomm, b.ename,b.comm from emp a,emp b WHERE A.COMM < B.COMM AND B.ENAME='MARTIN';
SELECT a.ename oriname,a.comm oricomm,b.ename,b.comm from emp a,emp bwhere NVL(a.comm,0)<NVL(b.comm,0) and b.ename='MARTIN';
8. Display the details of all the employees for whom the Ford is the Manager.
SELECT A.ENAME ACTUALNAME,A.SAL,A.JOB,B.ENAME REPORTSTO ,B.SAL,B.JOBFROM EMP A,EMP B WHERE B.ENAME='FORD' AND A.MGR=B.EMPNO;
9. Display the Details of all the employees who are joined in the same month of FORD
SELECT A.ENAME,A.HIREDATE,B.ENAME,B.HIREDATEFROM EMP A,EMP BWHERE B.ENAME='FORD' AND TO_CHAR(A.HIREDATE,'MONTH')=TO_CHAR(B.HIREDATE,'MONTH');
10. Display the details of all the employees who are in the SALES Department
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME='SALES');
SELECT A.ENAME,A.DEPTNO,A.JOB,B.DEPTNO,B.DNAMEFROM EMP A,DEPT B WHERE B.DNAME='SALES' ANDA.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO;
11. Display the details of all the employees who are not ANALYSTS and Getting Salary Greeater than 'CLARK';
SELECT A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL,B.ENAME,B.SAL,B.JOBFROM EMP A,EMP BWHERE A.JOB!='ANALYST' AND A.SAL >B.SAL AND
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
B.ENAME='CLARK';
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB NOT IN 'ANALYST' AND SAL > (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='CLARK');
12. Display All the employee Names along with their Manager.
SELECT A.EMPNO,A.ENAME,A.JOB,B.ENAME MANAGER,B.JOB REPORTINGFROM EMP A,EMP BWHERE A.MGR=B.EMPNO;
13. Display the Names of all the employees who are all getting the
salary Greater than the salary of 'SMITH'
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL >(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='SMITH');
SELECT A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL,B.ENAME,B.SALFROM EMP A,EMP BWHERE B.ENAME='SMITH' AND A.SAL > B.SAL;
14. Display the Names of all the employees who are all getting the salary Greater than the salary of 'SMITH' along with the
difference in salary
SELECT A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL,B.ENAME,B.SAL,A.SAL-B.SALFROM EMP A,EMP BWHERE B.ENAME='SMITH' AND A.SAL>B.SAL ;
15. Display the details of all the employees whose sal is greater than the average salary of the employees in their respective deparments.
SELECT * FROM EMP A WHERE SAL > ( SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP B
WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO );
16. WRITE A QUERY TO PRINT THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE
SELECT &R || '*'||' ' ||LPAD(ROWNUM,4,' ')||' = '|| &R * ROWNUMFROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM <= 10;
17. LIST FOLLOWING DETAILS FOR EMPLOYEES WHO EARN 36000/- A YEAR OR ARE CLERKS
SELECT A.ENAME,A.JOB,A.SAL*12,B.DNAMEFROM EMP A,DEPT BWHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO AND A.SAL*12>30000OR A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO AND A.JOB='CLERK';
18. select ename,sal, decode(sal,least(sal,1000),'<1000', greatest(least(sal,2000)),'>1000 and <2000', greatest(least(sal,3000)),'>2000 and <3000') from emp;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
ENAME SAL DECODE(SAL,LEAS---------- --------- ---------------SMITH 800 <1000ALLEN 1600 >1000 and <2000WARD 1250 >1000 and <2000JONES 2975 >2000 and <3000MARTIN 1250 >1000 and <2000BLAKE 2850 >2000 and <3000CLARK 2450 >2000 and <3000SCOTT 3000 >2000 and <3000KING 5000TURNER 1500 >1000 and <2000ADAMS 1100 >1000 and <2000JAMES 950 <1000FORD 3000 >2000 and <3000MILLER 1300 >1000 and <2000
/*SILLY*/
select sal,count(*) aa, decode(sal,least(sal,1000),'<1000', greatest(least(sal,2000)),'>1000 and <2000', greatest(least(sal,3000)),'>2000 and <3000') from emp group by decode(sal,least(sal,1000),'<1000', greatest(least(sal,2000)),'>1000 and <2000', greatest(least(sal,3000)),'>2000 and <3000'),sal;
OR SELECT SAL,DECODE(FLOOR(SAL/1000),0,'<1000',1,'> 1000 AND < 2000', 3,'>2000 AND < 3000','> 3000') FROM EMP;
OR(SANJAYA) SELECT SAL,DECODE(GREATEST(SAL,1000),1000,'< 1000', LEAST(SAL,2000), ' > 1000 AND < 2000', LEAST(SAL,3000), '> 2000 AND < 3000', LEAST(SAL,4000),' = 3000',' > 3000 ') FROM EMP;
19. display the details of all the employees whose salary is equal to range as specified in grade 5.
select sal from emp where sal > (select losal from salgrade where grade=5) and sal< (select hisal from salgrade where grade=5);
20. CREATE A SEQUENCE AND GENERATE SOME NUMBERS .INSERT THESE NUMBERS INTO THE TABLE BY CONCATENATING IT WITH E.
create sequence s1start with 1increment by 1maxvalue 10
insert into EM3(A) values(concat('e',s12.nextval));
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
21.
select lpad(' ',level-1)||ename from emp START WITH job = 'PRESIDENT' CONNECT BY PRIOR EMPNO = MGR;
_________________________________________________________________________
END OF REPORT
________________________________________________________________________
select a.sal,a.ename,a.deptno from emp agroup by a.deptno having a.sal>all(select avg(sal) from emp b
from emp b group by deptno);
select distinct a.sal, a.ename, a.deptnofrom emp a,emp bwhere a.deptno=b.deptno anda.sal >all(select avg(sal) from emp b group by deptno);
-------------------------------------------------------------------
declarea number:=&a;b number:=&b;c number;beginc:=a*b;b:=a+b;a:=mod(c,b);dbms_output.put_line(' '||a);dbms_output.put_line(' '||b);dbms_output.put_line(' '||c);end;
declarea number:=&a;n number;beginfor i in 1..10 loopn:=a*i;dbms_output.put_line(a||'*'||i||'='||n);end loop;end;
declarea number:=&a;b number;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
c number:=2;beginfor i in 1..10 loopif a:=1 thenb:=c+2;elseb:=2+i;dbms_output.put_line(b);end if;end loop;end;
declarebeginfor i in 1..3 loopdbms_output.put_line('?');dbms_output.new_line;dbms_output.put(?);end loop;end;
declarea number(10);begina:=1;dbms_output.put_line(a);a:=12;dbms_output.put_line(a);a:=123;dbms_output.put_line(a);a:=1234;dbms_output.put_line(a);a:=12345;dbms_output.put_line(a);a:=123456;dbms_output.put_line(a);a:=1234567;dbms_output.put_line(a);a:=12345678;dbms_output.put_line(a);a:=123456789;dbms_output.put_line(a);a:=1234567890;dbms_output.put_line(a);end;
declaree1 number;e2 number;e3 number;val number;beginval:=&e3;select deptno into e2 from emp where empno=val;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
if e2=10 then update emp set comm=1000 where empno=val;elsif e2 = 20 then update emp set comm=2000 where empno=val;elsif e3=30 then update emp set comm=3000 where empno=val;end if;end;
declaretype type1 is record(eno number(4) not null:=7788,ena emp.ename%type);erec type1;beginselect empno,ename into erec from emp where empno=7788;dbms_output.put_line(erec.eno||erec.ena);end;
declaresalary emp.sal%type;mgr_num emp.mgr%type;emno emp.empno%type;enam emp.ename%type;beginselect ename,empno,sal, mgr into enam,emno,salary, mgr_num from emp where empno=7788;while salary<4000 loop
update emp set sal=1000 where empno=mgr_num; end loop;insert into emp1 values(null,salary,enam);commit;end;
declareno number;name varchar2(20);salary number(7,2);beginselect ename,sal into name,salary from emp where empno=&no;insert into emp1 values(name,salary);end;
declarestr varchar2(20);rev varchar2(20);beginstr:='&input';if length(str)=0 thendbms_output.put_line('null');elsefor i in 1..length(str)looprev:=substr(str,i,1);end loop;end if;dbms_output.put_line('rev string' ||rev);end;
declarea number;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
b number:=1;begina:=&no;for i in 1..aloopb:=b*i;end loop;dbms_output.put_line(b);end;
ORACLE WORKSHEET QUESTIONS
I. QUESTIONS BASED ON DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE COMMANDS :
1: CREATE A TABLE EMP AND DEPT USING THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:-
a. DEPT :
COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) ------------------------------- -------- -------------
DEPTNO NUMBER(2) DNAME VARCHAR2(14) LOC VARCHAR2(13)
--------------------------------------------------------b.EMP:
COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE)------------------------------- -------- ------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4) ENAME VARCHAR2(10) JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4) HIREDATE DATE SAL NUMBER(7,2) COMM NUMBER(7,2) DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
2: CHECK THE DEFAULT SIZE OF A NUMBER,CHAR AND DATE DATATYPES
3: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF THE DEPT TABLE AND EMP TABLE
4: ADD TWO COLUMNS TO THE TABLE EMP WITH THE FOLLOWINGINFORMATION IN ONE SINGLE ALTER COMMAND :-
COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) -------------------------------------------------------------- SEX CHAR(1)
PLACE CHAR(15)
5: MODIFY THE COLUMN JOB PRESENT IN THE EMP TABLE WITH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION GIVEN BELOW :- COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) -------------------------------------------------------
JOB VARCHAR2(15)
6: MODIFY THE COLUMN ENAME PRESENT IN THE EMP TABLE WITH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION GIVEN BELOW :- COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE)
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
------------------------------------------------------ ENAME CHAR(15)
7: DECREASE THE SIZE FOR THE COLUMN EMPNO WITH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION :- COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) --------------------------------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(2) 8: MODIFY THE COLUMN NAME OF EMPNO TO EMPLOYEE_NUMBER PRESENT IN THE EMP TABLE VERIFY THE RESULT
9: ADD A NEW COLUMN NATIONALITY PLACED BETWEEN JOB AND MGR COLUMNS
AND VERIFY THE RESULT 10: DROP THE TABLE DEPT AND EMP
11: WHAT IS THE DATA TYPE OF THE COLUMN HIREDATE AND HOW MANY BYTESIT OCCUPIES
QUESTIONS BASED ON CONSTRAINTS :
12: CREATE A TABLE EMP AND DEPT USING THE FOLLOWING INFORMATIOM a. DEPT :
COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE) ------------------------------- -------- -------------
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO PRIMARY KEY, DNAME VARCHAR2(14) LOC VARCHAR2(13)
EMP :
COLUMN NAME DATATYPE(SIZE)------------------------------- -------- ------------ EMPNO NUMBER(4)CONSTRAINT PK_EMPNO PRIMARY KEY, ENAME VARCHAR2(10)CONSTRAINT UQ_ENAME UNIQUE, JOB VARCHAR2(9), MGR NUMBER(4), HIREDATE DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE, SAL NUMBER(7,2)CONSTRAINT CK_SAL CHECK(SAL>0) NN_SAL NOT NULL, COMM NUMBER(7,2), DEPTNO NUMBER(2)CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO)
13: SELECT ALL THE CONSTRAINTS IN EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP';
14: SELECT THE OWNER,CONSTRAINT NAME,CONSTRAINT TYPE,TABLE NAME,STATUS
FOR DEPT TABLE
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SOL: SELECT OWNER,CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME,STATUSFROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME='DEPT';
15: DROP THE CONSTRAINT UQ_ENAME FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: ALTER TABLE EMP DROP CONSTRAINT UQ_ENAME;
16: ADD A NEW COLUMN PINCODE WITH NOT NULL CONSTRAINT TO THE EXISTING TABLE DEPT
SOL: ALTER TABLE DEPT ADD(PINCODE NUMBER(6) NOT NULL);
17: DISABLE THE CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO PRESENT IN DEPT TABLE
SOL: ALTER TABLE DEPT DISABLE CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO;
18: ENABLE THE CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO WHICH IS DEFINED IN THEDEPTNO COLUMN OF DEPT TABLE
SOL: ALTER TABLE DEPT ENABLE CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO;
II. QUESTIONS BASED ON DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE COMMANDS :-
PROBLEMS BASED ON INSERT COMMAND:-
19: INSERT THE GIVEN VALUES INTO THE TABLES:
EMP:(i)7369,SMITH,CLERK,7902,17-DEC-80,800,NULL,20(ii)7499,ALLEN,SALESMAN,7698,20-FEB-81,1600,300,30(iii)7521,WARD,SALESMAN,7698,22-FEB-81,1250,500,30(iv)7566,JONES,MANAGER,7839,02-APR-81,2975,NULL,20(v)7654,MARTIN,SALESMAN,7698,28-SEP-81,1250,1400,30(vi)7698,BLAKE,MANAGER,7839,01-MAY-81,2850,NULL,30(vii)7782,CLARK,MANAGER,7839,09-JUN-81,2450,NULL,10(viii)7788,SCOTT,ANALYST,7566,19-NOV-96,3000,NULL,20(ix)7839,KING,PRESIDENT,NULL,17-NOV-81,5000,NULL,10(x)7844,TURNER,SALESMAN,7698,08-SEP-81,1500,0,30(xi)7876,ADAMS,CLERK,7788,23-DEC-96,1100,NULL,20(xii)7900,JAMES,CLERK,7698,03-DEC-81,950,NULL,30(xiii)7902,FORD,ANALYST,7566,03-DEC-81,3000,NULL,20(xiv)7934,MILLER,CLERK,7782,23-JAN-82,1300,NULL,10(xv)7943,JOHN,CLERK,7943,10-DEC-83,2000,NULL,50
DEPT:
(i)10,ACCOUNTING,NEW YORK(ii)20,RESEARCH,DALLAS(iii)30,SALES,CHICAGO
(iv)40,OPERATIONS,BOSTON(v)50,COMPUTER,AMERICA
20: INSERT ONLY THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEE NUMBER,NAME,SALARYINTO EMP TABLE
SOL: INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,ENAME,SAL) VALUES('7955','PAUL',1200);
21: INSERT TWO ROWS INTO EMP TABLE USING PARAMETER SUBSTITUTION
SOL: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&JOB',&MGR,'&HIREDATE',
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
&SAL,&COMM,&DEPTNO);
22: INSERT THE CURRENT TRANSACTION DATE TEMPORARY TABLE
SOL: INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(SYSDATE);
PROBLEMS ON SELECT COMMAND:-
23: LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL EMPLOYEES
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP;
24: LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL THE DEPARTMENTS
SOL: SELECT * FROM DEPT;
25: LIST THE DEPARTMENT NUMBERS,EMPLOYEE NUMBERS AND THEIR MANAGERS
NUMBERS
SOL: SELECT DEPT.DEPTNO,EMP.EMPNO,EMP.MGR FROM EMP,DEPT;
26: LIST DEPARTMENT NAME AND LOCATIONS FROM DEPT TABLE
SOL: SELECT DNAME,LOC FROM DEPT;
27: LIST THE INFORMATION OF EMPLOYEES AND THEIR DEPARTMENTSIN A SINGLE DML COMMAND
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP;
28: COPY ALL THE RECORDS OF THREE COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,JOB FROM EMPTABLE AND INSERT THE RECORDS INTO A TEMP TABLE WITH COLUMN NAMESSAME AS EMPNO,ENAME,JOB
SOL: INSERT INTO TEMP(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB)SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,JOB
29: LIST THE DETAILS OF BOTH THE TABLES
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP,DEPT;
30: LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES PRESENT IN THE USERNAMED SCOTT
SOL: SELECT * FROM SCOTT.EMP;
31: LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL THE DEPARTMENTS FROM YOUR BATCHMATESDEPT TABLE
SOL: SELECT * FROM ORA252P.DEPT;
32: LIST OUT ALL THE TABLE NAMES IN YOUR SCHEMA
SOL: SELECT * FROM TAB;
33: LIST ALL THE SYSTEM TABLES
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SOL: SELECT * FROM SYS.DICTIONARY;
34: GET THE INFORMATION OF THE MAXIMUM AVAILABLE BLOCKS ALLOTED TO A PARTICULAR USER FOR CREATING TABLES FROM THE SYSTEM TABLES
SOL: SELECT * FROM USER_TS_QUOTAS;
35: LIST OUT ALL THE PRIVILAGES GIVEN TO A PARTICULAR USER
36: LIST OUT ALL THE TABLES WHICH START WITH 'S'
SOL: SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM USER_TABLES WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE 'S%';
37: COPY THE STRUCTURE OF DEPT TABLE ALONE TO A TEMPORARY TABLE CALLED TEMP1
SOL: CREATE TABLE TEMP1 AS SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE 1=2;
PROBLEMS ON UPDATE COMMAND:-
38: UPDATE THE SALARY BY 10% HIKE TO ANALYSTS WORKING IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 20 AND 30
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+(SAL*0.1) WHERE DEPTNO IN (10,20)AND JOB='ANALYST';
39: GIVE 5% RAISE IN SALARY TO ALL THE SALESMAN
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+(SAL*0.5) WHERE JOB='SALESMAN';
40: PROMOTE ALL THE EMPLOYEES DESCRIBED AS SALESMAN TO SALES OFFICER IF THEIR GROSS SALARY PER MONTH IS GREATER THAN 3000
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET JOB='SALES OFFICER' WHERE JOB='SALESMAN'AND SAL>3000;
41: GIVE ALL THE EMPLOYEES A COMMISSION OF RS.500
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET COMM=500;
42: CHANGE THE DEPARTMENT OF JAMES TO 20
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET DEPTNO=20 WHERE ENAME='JAMES';
43. CALCULATE ALL THE EMPLOYEES TOTAL SALARY WITH COMMISION
SOL: SELECT SAL+NVL(COMM) "TOTAL" FROM EMP;
PROBLEMS ON DELETE COMMAND:-44: DELETE ALL THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEES
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP;
45: GET BACK THE ORIGINAL RECORDS OF EMPLOYEES BACK
SOL: ROLLBACK;
46: DELETE ALLEN'S RECORD ONLY
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='ALLEN';
47: DELETE RECORDS OF ENAME COLUMN ONLY AND VERIFY IT
SOL: NOT POSSIBLE
48: DELETE THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEE NUMBER 7782
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7782;
49: DELETE THE EMPLOYEE'S RECORDS WHO DOES'NT HAVE COMMISION
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NULL;
50: GET BACK THE ORIGINAL RECORDS
SOL: ROLLBACK;
51: DELETE THE DUPLICATE RECORDS OF THE EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOl: DELETE FROM EMP AWHERE ROWID<>(SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM EMP B WHERE A.EMPNO=B.EMPNO);
52: DELETE THE FIRST FIVE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP XWHERE 5>(SELECT COUNT(ROWID) FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.ROWID<X.ROWID);
( OR )
DELETE FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM <6;
53: DELETE THE ROWS OF THE TEMP TABLE PERMANENTLY
SOL: TRUNCATE TABLE TEMP;
III. PROBLEMS ON TRANSACTIONAL COMMANDS :-
54: UPDATE A RECORD OF EMP TABLE AND SAVE THE CHANGES PERMANENTLYIN THE DATABASE
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+100 WHERE EMPNO=100;COMMIT;
55: SQL*PLUS HAS THE FACILITY TO AUTOMATICALLY SAVE ALL THE RECORDS, WITHOUT ISSUING THE TCL COMMAND WHICH IS THAT
SOL: SET AUTOCOMMIT ON
56: GIVE ALL THE PRIVILAGES YOU HAVE OF A DATABASE OBJECT TO ANOTHER USER
SOL: GRANT ALL ON EMP TO ORA253A;
57: GIVE ONLY SELECT,INSERT PRIVILAGES TO ANOTHER USER
SOL: GRANT SELECT,INSERT ON EMP TO ORA267A;
58: LIST THE USER'S ID AND WHICH DATABASE OBJECT YOU HAVE GRANTED
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SOL: SELECT * FROM USER_TAB_PRIVS;
59: GET BACK THE PRIVILAGES BACK FROM THE USER
SOL: REVOKE ALL ON EMP FROM ORA267A;
IV. PROBLEMS BASED ON OPERATORS :-
PROBLEMS BASED ON ARITHMETIC,RELATIONAL,LOGICAL ANDCHARACTER OPERATORS:-
60: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES SALARY WITH COMMISSION PROVIDE A NEWHEADING AS TOTAL SALARY
SOL: SELECT SAL+NVL(COMM,0) "TOTAL SALARY" FROM EMP ;
61: GIVE THE SALARY WITH A REDUCTION OF 10% FROM THEIR SALARY TOPERSONS WHOSE JOB IS CLERK AND AND BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT
NUMBER30
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL-(0.1*SAL) WHERE JOB='CLERK' AND DEPTNO=30;
62: LIST THE EMPLOYEES BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT 20
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20;
63: LIST THE NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS LESS THAN 3000
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL<3000;
64: LIST THE NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY ISGREATER THAN 3000
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>3000;
65: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND NAME OF MANAGERS
SOL: SELECT EMPNO,ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB='MANAGER';
66: LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS NOT EQUAL TO 3000
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL!=3000;
67: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAME AND SALARY WHOSE SALARY IS BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>=2000 AND SAL<=3000;
68: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO HAVE JOINED BEFORE 30TH SEPTEMBER 1981
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE<='30-SEP-81';
69: LIST THE NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WHO ARE NOT MANAGERS
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB<>'MANAGER';
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
70: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES BELONGING TO THE DEPARTMENT 10,30
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN(10,30);
71: LIST ALL EMPLOYEES NOT BELONGING TO MANAGER,PRESIDENT
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB NOT IN ('MANAGER','PRESIDENT');
72: LIST EMPLOYEES NAME AND JOB WHOSE SALARY IS BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000
SOL: SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000;
73: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES AND THEIR DESIGNATION WHO HAVE JOINEDBEFORE 30TH JUNE '81 AND AFTER DECEMBER '81
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN '30-JUN-81' AND'31-DEC-81';
74: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHO ARE NOT ELIGIBLE FOR COMMISSION
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NULL;
75: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHO ARE ELIGIBLE FOR COMMISSION
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL;
76: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEE NAMES BETWEEN THE LETTER 'M' AND 'O'
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME BETWEEN 'M' AND 'O';
77: LIST THE NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE AND JOB OF THE EMPLOYEE , WHO DOESNOT BELONGS TO ANY BODY
SOL: SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NULL;
78: LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE NAMES START WITH AN "S"
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE 'S%';
79: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES ENDING WITH "S"
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S';
80: LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE NAMES HAVE EXACTLY 5 CHARACTERS
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE '_ _ _ _ _';
81: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES HAVING 'I' AS THE SECOND CHARACTER
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE '_I%';
82: LIST THE DIFFERENT JOBS AVAILABLE IN THE EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP;
83: LIST THE DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP IN DEPARTMENT 30
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;
84: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAME,SALARY, WHOSE SALARY IS BETWEEN 2000 AND
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
3000
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>=2000 AND SAL<=3000;
85: LIST THE NAMES OF ANALYSTS AND SALESMAN
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB='SALESMAN' OR JOB='ANALYST';
86: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHOSE JOB IS CLERK AND DEPTARTMENT IS 30
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB='CLERK' AND DEPARTMENT=30;
87: DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEE NAMES IN THE FORMAT AS "NAME IS ALLEN"
SOL: SELECT 'NAME IS '||ENAME FROM EMP;
88: DISPLAY THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF -25
SOL: SELECT ABS(-25) "ABSOLUTE" FROM DUAL;
89: DISPLAY THE SMALLEST INTEGER GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 16.7
SOL: SELECT CEIL(16.7) "CEILING" FROM DUAL;
90: DISPLAY THE GREATEST INTEGER LESSER THAN OR EQUAL TO 15.34
SOL: SELECT FLOOR(15.34) "FLOOR" FROM DUAL;
91: DISPLAY THE COSINE OF THE ANGLE IN DEGREES
SOL: SELECT COS(180*3.14159265359/180)"COSINE OF 180 DEGREES" FROM DUAL;
92: DISPLAY THE HYPERBOLIC COSINE OF 0
SOL: SELECT COSH(0) "HYPERBOLIC COSINE OF 0 " FROM DUAL;
93: DISPLAY THE EXPONENTIAL POWER OF THE VALUE 7
SOL: SELECT EXP(7) "e TO THE 7TH POWER " FROM DUAL;
94: DISPLAY THE NATURAL LOGARITHM OF 75
SOL: SELECT LN(75) "NATURAL LOG OF 75" FROM DUAL;
95: DISPLAY THE LOGARITHM, BASE 10, OF 100
SOL: SELECT LOG(10,100) "LOG BASE 10 OF 100" FROM DUAL;
96: DISPLAY REMAINDER ZERO WHEN A NUMBER IS DIVIDED BY AN EVEN NUMBER
SOL: SELECT MOD(10,2) "MODULUS" FROM DUAL;
97: CHECK THE O/P WHEN A VALUE M>N IN A MOD FUNCTION AND NOTE DOWNTHE REASON FOR THAT KIND OF O/P
SOL: SELECT MOD(2,10) "MODULUS" FROM DUAL;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
98: DISPLAY THE VALUE WHEN 9 RAISED TO 2
SOL: SELECT POWER(9,2) "RAISED AS " FROM DUAL;
99: DISPLAY THE VALUE FOR 15.193 ROUNDED TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACE FORWARD
SOL: SELECT ROUND(15.193,1) "ROUND" FROM DUAL;
100: DISPLAY THE VALUE FOR 15.193 ROUNDED TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACE BACKWARDS
SOL: SELECT ROUND(15.193,-1) "ROUND" FROM DUAL;
101: DISPLAY THE SIGN OF -15
SOL: SELECT SIGN(-15) FROM DUAL;
102: DISPLAY THE SINE OF ANGLE 30 DEGREES
SOL: SELECT SIN(30*3.14159265359/180) "SINE OF 30 DEGREES" FROM DUAL;
103: DISPLAY THE HYPERBOLIC SINE OF 1
SOL: SELECT SINH(1) "HYPERBOLIC SINE OF 1 " FROM DUAL;
104: DISPLAY THE SQUARE ROOT OF THE VALUE 25
SOL: SELECT SQRT(25) "SQUARE ROOT " FROM DUAL;
105: DISPLAY THE TANGENT OF THE VALUE 135 IN DEGREES
SOL: SELECT TAN(135*3.14159265359/180)"TANGENT OF 135 DEGREES" FROM DUAL;
106: TRUNCATE THE VALUE 15.79 TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACES
SOL: SELECT TRUNC(15.79,1)" TRUNCATE " FROM DUAL;
107: TRUNCATE THE VALUE 15.79 TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACE N DIGITS LEFT TO THE DECIMAL POINT
SOL: SELECT TRUNC(15.79,-1)"TRUNCATE" FROM DUAL;
108: DISPLAY THE CHARACTER VALUE FOR THE NUMBER 75
SOL: SELECT CHR(75) "CHARACTER " FROM DUAL;
109: DISPLAY THE ENAME AND JOB OF EMPNO=7900 IN THE FORMAT eg:- ALLEN IS A SALESMAN
SQL: SELECT ENAME || ' IS A ' || JOB FROM EMP;
110: CAPITALISE THE FIRST LETTER OF "the soap "
SQL: SELECT INITCAP(' brainware infotech(p) ltd') from dual;
111: DISPLAY THE WORDS IN LOWER CASE LETTERS
SQL: SELECT LOWER('BRAINWARE INFOTECH(P) LTD') FROM DUAL;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
112: DISPLAY THE LEFT PADDED CHAR'S TO THE STRING BRAINWARE WHENTHE RETURN VALUE IS 15 AND PADDED CHARACTER IS '*'
SQL: SELECT LPAD('BRAINWARE',15,'*') FROM DUAL;
113: DISPLAY THE RIGHT PADDED CHAR'S TO THE STRING BRAINWARE WHENTHE RETURN VALUE IS 15 AND PADDED CHARACTER IS '*'
SQL: SELECT RPAD('BRAINWARE',15,'*') FROM DUAL;
114: REMOVE CHARAECTER 'RE' TOWARDS RIGHT OF THE STRINGFROM THE LETTER 'BRAINWARE'
SQL: SELECT RTRIM('BRAINWARE','RE') FROM DUAL;
115: REMOVE CHARAECTER 'IN' TOWARDS LEFT OF THE STRINGFROM THE LETTER 'BRAINWARE'
SOL: SELECT LTRIM('INFOTECH','IN') FROM DUAL;
116: REPLACE THE CHARACTER 'J' WITH 'BL' FROM THE WORD JACK AND JUE
SOL: SELECT REPLACE('JACK AND JUE','J','BL') FROM DUAL;
117: DISPLAY THE ENAME WITH THE PHONETIC REPRESENTATION OF 'SMYTHE' FROM TABLE EMP
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE SOUNDEX(ENAME)=SOUNDEX('SMYTHE');
118: DISPLAY THE FIRST THREE LETTERS OF THE EMPLOYEE NAMES
SOL: SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME,1,3) FROM emp;
119: DISPLAY THE CHARACTERS 'AR' FROM THE WORD 'BRAINWARE'
SOL: SELECT SUBSTR('BRAINWARE',-3,2) FROM DUAL;
120: CONVERT ALL THE CHARACTERS WHICH IS 'ABC..Z' TO LETTER 'T'AND ALL DIGITS '012..9' TO DIGIT '9' FROM THE GIVEN CHARACTER '0123KASL'
SOL: SELECT TRANSLATE('0123KASL','0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ',
'9999999999TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT') from dual;
121: DISPLAY THE ASCII VALUE OF THE CHARACTER 'A'
SOL: SELECT ASCII('A') FROM DUAL;
122: DISPlay THE ASCII VALUE OF CHARACTER'S 'AB' FROM DUAL
SOL: SELECT ASCII('AB') FROM DUAL HINT:ASCII WILL DISPLAY ONLY THE FIRST LETTER 'A' ONLY
123: DISPLAY THE 3RD OCCURRENCE OF CD AT THE THIRD OCCURRENCE OFWORD "ABCDABCDABCDJJ"
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SOL: SELECT INSTR('ABCDABCDABCDJJ','CD',3,3) FROM DUAL;
124: DISPLAY THE LENGTH OF THE WORD 'ALLEN'
SOL: SELECT LENGTH('ALLEN') FROM DUAL;
125: DISPLAY THE DATE OF THE NEXT TUESDAY AFTER MARCH 15,1992.
SOL: SELECT NEXT_DAY('15-MAR-92','TUESDAY') "NEXT DAY" FROM DUAL;
126: DISPLAY THE LAST DAY OF THIS MONTH
SOL: SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
127: DISPLAY THE DIFFERENCE DATE BETWEEN CURRENT DATE AND LAST DAYOF THE SYSDATE
SOL: SELECT SYSDATE,LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) "LAST",LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-SYSDATE"DAYS LEFT" FROM DUAL;
128: DISPLAY THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO DATES "02-02-1992" AND "01-01-1992"
SOL: SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE('02-02-1992','DD-MON-YYYY'),TO_DATE('01-01-1992','DD-MON-YYYY')) FROM DUAL;
129: DISPLAY THE CURRENT DATE AND TIME
SOL: SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YY HH24:MI:SS') FROM DUAL;
130: ADD TWO MONTHS TO SYSDATE
SOL: SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,2) FROM DUAL;
131: ADD 10 DAYS TO SYSDATE
SOL: SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YY'),'DD')+10 FROM DUAL;
132: DISPLAY THE NUMBER FORMAT OF THE NUMBER 1234
SOL: SELECT TO_NUMBER('1234') FROM DUAL;
133: CONVERT ROWID OF EMPLOYEE NAME SMITH TO EMPLOYEE NAME
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE ROWID='00000707.0000.000D';
134: DISPLAY THE SYSTEM DATE AS "MON DD YYYY"
SOL: SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MON DD YYYY') FROM DUAL;
135: DISPLAY THE CURRENT DATE IN THE FORMAT DDTH MONTH YYYY
SOL: SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'FMDDTH MONTH YYYY') FROM DUAL;
136: CONVERT THE FOLLOWING STRING TO ORACLE DATE FORMAT."12-AUGUST-97"
SOL: SELECT TO_DATE('12-AUGUST-97','DD-MONTH-YY') FROM DUAL;
137: DISPLAY THE USERNAME IN WHICH YOU ARE WORKING
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SOL: SELECT USER FROM DUAL;
138: DISPLAY TH USERID NUMBER IN WHICH YOU ARE WORKING
SOL: SELECT UID FROM DUAL;
139: DISPLAY THE GREATEST OF THE LIST OF EXPRESSIONS "HARRY" "HARRIOT""HAROLD"
SOL: SELECT GREATEST('HARRY','HARRIOT','HAROLD') FROM DUAL;
140: DISPLAY THE LEAST OF THE LIST OF EXPRESSIONS "HARRY" "HARRIOT""HAROLD"
SOL: SELECT LEAST('HARRY','HARRIOT','HAROLD') FROM DUAL;
141: DISPLAY ALL THE ENAMES WHERE COMMISSION IS NULL AND PLACETHE EXPRESSION " NOT POSSIBLE " IN DEPTARTMENT 30 WHERE COMMISSIONIS NULL ELSE DISPALY THEIR COMMISSION
SOL: SELECT ENAME,NVL(TO_CHAR(COMM),'NOT POSSIBLE') "COMMISSION"FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;
142: DISPLAY THE GREENWICH TIME OF 05:15 A.M
SOL: SELECT TO_CHAR(NEW_TIME(TO_DATE('05:15','HH24:MI'),'PST','GMT'),'HH24:MI') FROM DUAL;
143: DISPLAY THE LANGUAGE AND TERRITORY CURRENTLY USED BY YOUR SESSION
SOL: SELECT USERENV('LANGUAGE') FROM DUAL;
144: DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF BYTES EACH EMPLOYEE OCCUPIES INTERNALLY
SOL: SELECT VSIZE(ENAME) "BYTES" FROM EMP;
145: DISPLAY THE AVERAGE SALARY DEPARTMENTWISE
SOL: SELECT AVG(SAL),DEPTNO FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;
146: DISPLAY THE SUMMATION OF SALARIES DEPARTMENTWISE
SOL: SELECT SUM(SAL),DEPTNO FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;
147: DISPLAY THE SUMMATION OF SALARIES OF FIRST FIVE RECORDS
SOL: SELECT SUM(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=5;
148: DISPLAY THE MINIMUM SALARY IN THE TABLE EMP
SOL: SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP;
149: DISPLAY THE MAXIMUM SALARY FROM THE TABLE EMP
SOL: SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP;
150: DISPLAY ALL THE SALARIES SUPRESSING THE DUPLICATES
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP;
151: DISPLAY ALL THE JOB SUPRESSING THE DUPLICATES
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP;
152: DISPLAY NUMBER OF RECORDS PRESENT IN EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMP;
153: DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF JOBS IN EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT COUNT(JOB) FROM EMP;
154: DISPLAY NUMBER OF RECORDS FOR DESIGNATION SUPRESSING THE DUPLICATES
SOL: SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT JOB) FROM EMP;
155: DISPLAY THE MINIMUM HIREDATE HIRED FOR EMPLOYEES
SOL: SELECT MIN(HIREDATE) FROM EMP;
156: CALCULATE THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF SALARIES FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT STDDEV(SAL) FROM EMP;
157: CALCULATE THE VARIANCE OF ALL THE SALARIES FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT VARIANCE(SAL) FROM EMP;
158: DISPLAY THE YEAR 2017
SOL: SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('27-NOV-25','DD-MON-RR'),'YYYY') FROM DUAL;
159: IF DEPARTMENT NUMBER IS 10 DISPLAY GOODCHOICE ELSEDISPLAY BADCHOICE IN ALL OTHER DEPARTMENT FIELDS
SOL: SELECT DECODE(DEPTNO,10,'GOODCHOICE','BADCHOICE') FROM EMP;
PROBLEMS ON JOINS:-
160: LIST THE DEPARTMENT NAME,EMPLOYEES NAME,EMPLOYEE NUMBER
SOL: SELECT EMP.EMPNO,EMP.ENAME,DEPT.DNAME FROM EMP,DEPT;WHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO;
161: LIST THE TOTAL SALARIES OF EACH DEPARTMENT
SOL: SELECT EMP.DEPTNO,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP,DEPTWHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO GROUP BY EMP.DEPTNO;
162: LIST THE TOTAL EMPLOYEES SALARIES WHO DOES NOT BELONG TO ANY DEPARTMENT
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP,DEPTWHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO(+);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
163: LIST THE MANAGER'S NAME AND EMPLOYEES NAME WHO BELONGS TOTHEIR MANAGER'S
SOL: SELECT M.ENAME||' '||'IS THE MANAGER FOR'||' '|| E.ENAME FROM EMP E,EMP M WHERE E.MGR=M.EMPNO;
164: LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARIESBETWEEN 2000 AND 3000
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000);
165: LIST THE DEPARTMENT NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE WHOSE NAME IS OF JONES
SOL: SELECT DEPT.DNAME FROM EMP,DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO AND ENAME LIKE 'JONES%';
166: LIST THE DEPARTMENT OF THE EMPLOYEES
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO =ANY(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT);
167: FIND OUT THE EMPLOYEES WITH SAME JOB AS JONES
SOL: SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP INTERSECT
SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMPWHERE JOB IN (SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE 'JONES%');
168: DISPLAY INFORMATION ABOUT EMPLOYEES WHO EARN MORE THAN ANY EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT 30
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL>ALL(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30);
169: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 10 WITH THE SAME JOB AS IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 30
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10 INTERSECTSELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE JOB IN (SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30);
170: LIST THE EMPLOYEES WITH EITHER THE SAME JOB AS JONES OR SALARY GREATER THAN OR SAME AS FORD
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP INTERSECT SELECT ENAME FROM EMPWHERE JOB IN(SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE 'JONES%'OR SAL>=(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE 'FORD%'));
171: LIST THE EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT 10 WITH THE SAME JOB AS ANY ONE IN SALES DEPARTMENT
SOL: SELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMP
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
WHERE JOB IN (SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10)INTERSECTSELECT ENAME,JOB FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE JOB='SALESMAN');
172: LIST EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS SAME AS THAT OF SCOTT OR WARD
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP
173: TO LIST THE DEPARTMENT THAT HAS NO EMPLOYEES
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPTMINUSSELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP;
(OR)
SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPTWHERE DEPTNO NOT IN
(SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP);
174: TO LIST THE DEPARTMENT AND COUNT OF JOB IN WHICH THERE ARE MORE THAN ON SALESMANS.
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO,JOB,COUNT(*) FROM EMPWHERE JOB='SALESMAN'
GROUP BY DEPTNO,JOB HAVING COUNT(*)>1;
175: LIST THE DEPARTMENT IN WHICH THEIR ARE MORE THAN ONE
SALESMAN
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO,JOB FROM EMP WHERE JOB='SALESMAN'AND DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNOHAVING COUNT(JOB)>1);
176: SELECT THE EVEN NUMBER OF ROWS FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMPWHERE ROWID IN
(SELECT DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,ROWID,NULL) FROM EMP);
177: LIST THE ODD NUMBER OF ROWS FROM EMPLOYEE TABLESELECT * FROM EMPWHERE ROWID IN
(SELECT DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),1,ROWID,NULL) FROM EMP);
178: DELETE THE ODD NUMBER ROWS FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: DELETE FROM EMPWHERE ROWID IN
(SELECT DECODE (MOD(ROWNUM,2),1,ROWID,NULL) FROM EMP);
179: DELETE THE EVEN NUMBER ROWS FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: DELETE FROM EMPWHERE ROWID IN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
(SELECT DECODE (MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,ROWID,NULL) FROM EMP);
180: LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS GREATER THAN THEAVERAGE SALARY OF HIS DEPARTMENT
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO,EMPNO,SAL FROM EMP X WHERESAL>(SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP Y WHERE X.DEPTNO=Y.DEPTNO);
181: QUERY DEPARTMENTWISE AVERAGE/MAXIMUM/MINIMUM SALARIES
SOL: SELECT EMP.DEPTNO,DNAME,MAX(SAL),MIN(SAL),AVG(SAL)FROM EMP,DEPTWHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNOGROUP BY EMP.DEPTNO,DNAME;
182: COUNT THE NUMBER OF MALE AND FEMALE EMPLOYEES
SOL: ALTER TABLE EMPADD (SEX CHAR(1));
SELECT SEX,COUNT(*)FROM EMPGROUP BY SEXHAVING SEX ='M';UNION
SELECT SEX,COUNT(*)FROM EMPGROUP BY SEXHAVING SEX='F';
183: DISPLAY THE YEAR AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES FOR THE YEARIN WHICH MORE THAN ONE EMPLOYEE WAS HIRED
SOL: SELECT TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'YYYY') YEAR,COUNT(*)FROM EMP GROUP BY TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'YYYY')HAVING COUNT(*)>1;
184: DELETE THE DUPLICATE ROWS FROM DEPT TABLE.
SOL: DELETE FROM DEPTWHERE DEPTNO IN(SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING COUNT(DEPTNO)>1);
185: DELETE THE DUPLICATE ROWS EXCEPT ITS MINIMUM VALUE
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP AWHERE ROWID<>(SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM EMP BWHERE A.EMPNO=B.EMPNO);
186: LIST LAST FIVE RECORDS FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP MINUS SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<(SELECT MAX(ROWNUM)-4 FROM EMP );
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
187: LIST THE THIRD HIGHEST SALARY FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP WHERESAL<(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP WHERESAL<(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP));
188: LIST FIVE EMPLOYEES IN LOWEST ORDER OF SALARY
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMPMINUS SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERESAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP))));
189: LIST THE GIVEN RANGE OF RECORDS AS PER THE STORAGE OF ROWS IN A GIVEN DATABASE TABLE NAMED EMP
SOL: SELECT ROWID FROM EMP X WHERE NOT &N>(SELECT COUNT(ROWID)FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.ROWID<X.ROWID)INTERSECTSELECT ROWID FROM EMP X WHERE &M>=(SELECT COUNT(ROWID)FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.ROWID<X.ROWID);
190: LIST THE NTH HIGHEST SALARY IN THE EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL=(SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP X WHERE &N=(SELECTCOUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.SAL>X.SAL));
191: LIST THE NTH LOWEST SALARY IN THE EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP X WHERE&N=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP YWHERE X.SAL>Y.SAL);
192: LIST EMPLOYEES IN THE EMPLOYEE TABLE ACCEPTING THOSEFIRST FIVE AND LAST THREE IN THE ORDER OF DATA STORAGE
SOL: SELECT ROWID FROM EMP X WHERE 5>(SELECT COUNT(ROWID)FROM EMP Y WHERE Y.ROWID<X.ROWID)UNION SELECT ROWID FROM EMP X WHERE 3 >(SELECT COUNT(ROWID)FROM EMP YWHERE Y.ROWID>X.ROWID);
193: LIST THE TREE STRUCTURED QUERY WITH EMPLOYEE NAME STARTING WITH KING ( HIERARCHY )
SOL: SELECT LPAD(' ',6*(LEVEL-1))||ENAME NAME FROM EMPSTART WITH ENAME='KING'CONNECT BY MGR=PRIOR EMPNO;
194: LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO AVERAGE SALARY OF DEPARTMENT NUMBER 10
SOL: SELECT SAL,ENAME FROM EMPWHERE SAL>=(SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING DEPTNO=10);
195: SELECT ALL THE ENAMES WITH THE OCCURANCES OF THE LETTER 'S'
SOL: SELECT INSTR(ENAME,'A') FROM EMP;
196: LIST THE DIFFERENT DESIGNATIONS IN DEPARTMENT 20 AND 30
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=20UNIONSELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=30;
197: LIST THE JOBS COMMON IN DEPARTMENT 20 AND 30
SOL: SELECT JOB FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=20INTERSECTSELECT JOB FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=30;
198: LIST THE JOBS UNIQUE TO DEPARTMENT 20
SOL: SELECT JOB FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=20MINUSSELECT JOB FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=10MINUSSELECT JOB FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=30;
199: LIST THE EMPLOYEES IF AND ONLY IF MORE THAN 10 EMPLOYEES ARE PRESENT IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 10
SOL: SELECT * FROM EMPWHERE EXISTS (SELECT DEPTNO,COUNT(*) FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=10 GROUP BY DEPTNOHAVING COUNT(*)>=3);
200: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHOSE SALARY IS GREATER THAN THELOWEST SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT 20
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMPWHERE SAL>ANY(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20);
201: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES WHOSE SALARY IS GREATER THAN THEHIGHEST SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT NUMBER 20
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMPWHERE SAL>ALL(SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20);
202: CREATE A VIEW WITH COLUMNS EMPNO AND A 10% HIKE SALARY COLUMN
AND TRY TO INSERT A ROW IN THIS VIEW AND VERIFY IT
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SOL: CREATE VIEW EMPSAL AS SELECT EMPNO,SAL*.1 TOT_SAL FROM EMP;
HINT: THE FOLLOWING VIEWS ARE READ - ONLY VIEWS i.e NO INSERT OR UPDATE THROUGH THESE VIEWS IS POSSIBLETHIS IS A READ - ONLY VIEW BECAUSE OF THE PRESENCEOF AN AGGREGATE FUNCTION
203: CREATE A VIEW WITH THE COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO SELECTEDFROM THE TABLE EMP AND CORRESPONDING DEPARTMENT NUMBER 30INSERT ROWS INTO THIS VIEW AND VERIFY THE RESULT
SOL: CREATE VIEW EMPDEPT AS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;
HINT: THIS IS NOT A READ - ONLY VIEW. ROWS CAN BE INSERTEDINTO THE EMP TABLE USING THIS VIEW , BUT CANNOT BE VIEWEDBY THE EMPDEPT VIEW AS THE VIEW CAN ONLY RETRIEVE ROWS BELONGING TO DEPARTMENT 30
204: CREATE A VIEW WITH COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO AND DEPTNO=30WITH A CHECK OPTION AND INSERT A ROW INTO THE VIEW WITHDEPARTMENT NUMBER 20 AND VERIFY THE RESULT
SOL: CREATE VIEW EMPDEPT1 ASSELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=30WITH CHECK OPTION;
205: DERIVE A VIEW FROM ANOTHER VIEW HAVING CHECK OPTION
SOL: CREATE VIEW EMPDEPT2 ASSELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMPDEPT1;
206: LIST ALL THE VIEW NAMES CREATED IN YOUR LOGIN
SOL: SELECT * FROM USER_VIEWS;
207: CREATE A SIMPLE SEQUENCE
SOL: CREATE SEQUENCE S1 INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1000;
208: INSERT THE SEQUENCE NUMBER INTO THE EMPNO COLUMNOF EMP TABLE
SOL: INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO) VALUES(S1.NEXTVAL);
209: CREATE A SEQUENCE WITH STEP VALUE=1;START VALUE=2;MINIMUM VALUE=1;MAXIMUM VALUE=22AND THE SEQUENCE TO RESET AUTOMATICALLY WHEN IT COMESTO START VALUE
SOl: CREATE SEQUENCE S2INCREMENT BY 1START WITH 2MINVALUE 1MAXVALUE 22CYCLE;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
210: DROP THE SEQUENCE
SOL: DROP SEQUENCE S2;
211: LIST ALL THE SEQUNCES CREATED IN YOUR LOGIN
SOL: SELECT * FROM USER_SEQUENCES;
212: CREATE AN INDEX ON COLUMN ENAME OF EMP TABLE
SOL: CREATE INDEX ID1 ON EMP(ENAME);
213: CREATE INDEX ON TWO COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME
SOL: CREATE INDEX ID2 ON EMP (EMPNO,ENAME);
214: DROP THE INDEX YOU HAVE CREATED
SOL: DROP INDEX ID1;
215: LIST THE INDEXES CREATED ON THE TABLE EMP
SOL: SELECT * FROM USER_INDEXES WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP';
216: CREATE A CLUSTER BASED ON THE DEPT AND EMP TABLE FORTHE FIELD DEPTNO
SOL: CREATE CLUSTER C1 (DEPTNO NUMBER(2));CREATE INDEX ID3 ON CLUSTER C1;CREATE TABLE DEPT1(DNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,DNAME CHAR(15),LOC CHAR(15))CLUSTER C1(DNO);
CREATE TABLE EMP1(EMPNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,ENAME CHAR(15),HIREDATE DATE,SALARY NUMBER(9,2),DEPTARTMENTNO NUMBER(2) REFERENCES DEPT1(DNO))CLUSTER C1(DEPTARTMENTNO);
217: INSERT INTO TABLES DEPT1 AND EMP1 EACH THREE ROWS AND CHECK THE ROWID OF THE TWO CLUSTER TABLES;
SOL: INSERT INTO DEPT1 VALUES(&DNO,'&DNAME','&LOC');INSERT INTO EMP1 VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&HIREDATE',&SALARY,&DEPARTMENTNO);SELECT DEPT1.ROWID,EMP1.ROWID FROM DEPT1,EMP1;
218: LIST ALL THE CLUSTERS CREATED IN YOUR LOGIN
SOL: SELECT * FROM USER_CLUSTERS;
219: CREATE A SYNONYM FOR TABLE EMP
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SOL: CREATE SYNONYM SY1 FOR EMP;
220: LIST INFORMATION OF SYNONYM
SOL: SELECT * FROM SY1;
221: LIST ALL THE SYNONYM CREATED IN YOUR LOGIN
SOL: SELECT * FROM USER_SYNONYMS;
222: DROP THE SYNONYM CREATED
SOL: DROP SYNONYM SY1;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
223: CREATE THE EMPLOYEE REPORT OF THE COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,JOBMGR,HIREDATE,SAL,COMM,DEPTNO IN THE FORMAT BELOW:
HEADER: BRAINWARE INFOTECH(P) LTD
EMPLOYEES REPORT
COLUMN:NAMES EMPLOYEE EMPLOYEE DESIGNATION MANAGER DATE OF CURRENT NUMBER NAME NUMBER JOINING SALARY
COMMISION DEPARTMENT NUMBER
FOOTER: HAVE A NICE DAY !
SOL: TTITLE LEFT'BRAINWARE INFOTECH(P) LTD| CENTER 'EMPLOYEES REPORT'BTITLE 'HAVE A NICE DAY!'COLUMN EMPNO HEADING 'EMPLOYEE | NUMBER'COLUMN ENAME HEADING 'NAME OF | EMPLOYEE'COLUMN JOB HEADING ' DESIGNATION'COLUMN MGR HEADING 'MANAGER | NUMBER'COLUMN HIREDATE HEADING ' DATE OF | JOINING 'COLUMN SAL HEADING ' CURRENT | SALARY 'COLUMN COMM HEADING 'COMMISION 'COLUMN DEPTNO HEADING 'DEPARTMENT | NUMBER'
Package Specification
The package specification contains public declarations. The scope of these declarations is local to your database schema and global to the
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package. So, the declared objects are accessible from your application and from anywhere in the package.
#****************#
PACKAGES
#****************#
#****************##****************##****************##****************#
1. WRITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN MAX(EMPNO)+1 .
WRITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE DETAILS WHEN EMPNO=RESULT OF FUNCTION.
WRITE A FUNCTION TO PASS EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND GET THE JOB
WRITE A PROCEDURE TO ACCEPT DEPTNO AND DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES OF THAT PARTICULAR DEPARTMENT.(HINT : CURSOR)
WRITE A PACKAGE WHICH INCLUDES ALL THESE PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS
_________________________________________________________________-
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE EMP_PACK ISFUNCTION NEXTEMP RETURN NUMBER;PROCEDURE P1;FUNCTION F2(ENO NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR;PROCEDURE P2(DNO NUMBER);CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP;
END emp_pack;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY EMP_PACK IS
FUNCTION NEXTEMP RETURN NUMBER ISCURR_MAX NUMBER:=0;
BEGINSELECT MAX(EMPNO) INTO CURR_MAX FROM EMP;CURR_MAX:=CURR_MAX+1;RETURN CURR_MAX;
END NEXTEMP;
PROCEDURE P1 ISENO NUMBER;NAME VARCHAR2(10);DEPNO NUMBER;SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE;
BEGINENO:=EMP_PACK.NEXTEMP;PRINT('NEW EMPLOYEE NUMBER IS'||ENO);
SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO INTO NAME,SALARY,DEPNO FROM EMP WHERE
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EMPNO=ENO;PRINT(ENO||' '||NAME||' '||DEPNO||' '||SALARY);
EXCEPTIONWHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THENPRINT('NO DATA FOUND');END P1;
PROCEDURE P2(DNO NUMBER) ISCURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=DNO;BEGINFOR I IN C1 LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I.ENAME||' '||I.JOB||' '||I.DEPTNO);END LOOP;
EXCEPTIONWHEN NO_dATA_FOUND THENPRINT('NO DATA FOUND');END P2;
FUNCTION F2(ENO NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR ISDESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE;BEGINSELECT JOB INTO DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO;RETURN DESIG;END F2;
END EMP_PACK;
CALLING PACKAGE :
DECLARENEXTEMP NUMBER;F2 EMP.JOB%TYPE;
BEGINNEXTEMP:=EMP_PACK.NEXTEMP;PRINT('NEXTEMP IS '||NEXTEMP);EMP_PACK.P1;F2:=EMP_PACK.F2(&EMPNO);PRINT('PRINTING JOB FROM F2 '||F2);EMP_PACK.P2(&DEPTNO);
END;
#****************##****************##****************##****************#
1. Create a package that contains the following sub programs(a) Procedure NEW_EMP to add a new employee to the emp table.(b) Procedure UPDATE_EMP to update the employee details (display error message if i.e error)(c) Function CHECK_EMP to check if an employee is
existing in the table
_________________________________________________________________________
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE GEEPACK IS
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PROCEDURE NEW_EMP(eno number,dno number,mg number,name varchar2);PROCEDURE UPDATE_EMP(N NUMBER);FUNCTION CHECK_eMP(N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER;END GEEPACK;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY GEEPACK IS
PROCEDURE NEW_EMP(ENO NUMBER, DNO NUMBER,MG NUMBER,NAME VARCHAR2) ISBEGININSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO,MGR,ENAME) VALUES(ENO,DNO,MG,NAME);END NEW_EMP;
PROCEDURE UPDATE_EMP (N NUMBER) ISDESIG VARCHAR2(10);BEGINSELECT JOB INTO DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPNO = '||N||' JOB = '||DESIG);IF DESIG='CLERK' THENUPDATE EMP SET JOB='FDC' WHERE EMPNO=N;print('job updated to fdc');ELSIF DESIG='MANAGER' THENUPDATE EMP SET JOB='DGM' WHERE EMPNO=N;print('job updated to dgm');END IF;END UPDATE_EMP;
FUNCTION CHECK_eMP (N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER ISN1 NUMBER;BEGINSELECT COUNT(*) INTO N1 FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N;IF n1=0 thenPRINT('EMPLOYEE '||n||' does not EXISTS ');ELSEPRINT('EMPLOYEE '||n||' EXISTs');END IF;return n1;END CHECK_EMP;
END GEEPACK;
declareeno number:=&empno;dno number:=&deptno;mg number:=&mgr;name varchar2(10):='&name';res number;beginprint('new_emp is called and values will be inserted');geepack.new_emp(eno,dno,mg,name);geepack.update_emp(&updateno);res:=geepack.CHECK_eMP(&checkno);print(res);end;
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#****************##****************##****************##****************#
WRITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN MAX(EMPNO)+1 .WRITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE DETAILS WHEN EMPNO=RESULT OF FUNCTION.
WRITE A PROCEDURE TO ACCEPT DEPTNO AND DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF ALLEMPLOYEES OF THAT PARTICULAR DEPARTMENT.(HINT : CURSOR)
WRITE A PACKAGE WHICH INCLUDES ALL THESE PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE PACK ISFUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER ;
PROCEDURE P1(N NUMBER);PROCEDURE P2(DNO NUMBER);END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY PACK ISFUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER ISZ NUMBER;BEGINSELECT MAX(EMPNO)+1 INTO Z FROM EMP;RETURN Z;END;
PROCEDURE P1(N NUMBER) ISA NUMBER;NAME VARCHAR2(10);BEGINA:=F1;SELECT ENAME INTO NAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=A;PRINT('THE NAME IS '||A);EXCEPTIONWHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THENPRINT('NO DATA');END;
PROCEDURE P2(DNO NUMBEr) IS CURSOR C2 IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=DNO;BEGINFOR I IN C2 LOOPPRINT(I.ENAME||' '||I.DEPTNO);END LOOP;END ;
END;
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DECLAREF1RES NUMBER;BEGINF1RES:=PACK.F1;PRINT('THE RESULT OF FUNCTION IS '||F1RES);PACK.P1(F1RES);PACK.P2(&DEPTNO);END;
create table OrdTab(
OrdId Number,Customer_Name varchar2(10),OrdDate Date,Total Number
)Partition By Range(OrdId)(
Partition P1 VAlues Less Than (100),Partition P2 Values Less Than (200),partition p3 values less than(300)
);
For the column ordid of the ordtab table i have inserted the belowspecified values 99 98 100 150 199 200 250 290
when i was above to insert 300 this is what happened
insert into ordtab(ordid) values(300) *ERROR at line 1:ORA-14400: inserted partition key is beyond highest legal partition key
So,to overcome this
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create table OrdTab(
OrdId Number,Customer_Name varchar2(10),OrdDate Date,Total Number
)Partition By Range(OrdId)(
Partition P1 VAlues Less Than (100),Partition P2 Values Less Than (200),Partition P3 Values Less Than (MaxValue)
);NOW I INSERTED THE VALUES
90 1000 250 350 450 200
SELECT * FROM ORDTAB PARTITION (P1);
ORDID CUSTOMER_N ORDDATE TOTAL--------- ---------- --------- --------- 90
TRY THE SAME THING WITH P2 AND P3.
SQL> SELECT PARTITION_NAME FROM USER_TAB_PARTITIONS;
PARTITION_NAME------------------------------P1P2P3
SQL> ALTER TABLE ORDTAB SPLIT PARTITION P1 AT (50);
Table altered.
SQL> SELECT PARTITION_NAME FROM USER_TAB_PARTITIONS;
PARTITION_NAME------------------------------P2P3SYS_P61SYS_P62
SQL> SELECT * FROM ORDTAB PARTITION(SYS_P61);
ORDID CUSTOMER_N ORDDATE TOTAL--------- ---------- --------- --------- 45
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SQL> SELECT * FROM ORDTAB PARTITION(SYS_P62);
ORDID CUSTOMER_N ORDDATE TOTAL--------- ---------- --------- --------- 90 65
ALTER TABLE ORDTAB SPLIT PARTITION P2 AT(150) INTO (PARTITION P5,PARTITION P6);
Table altered.
SQL> SELECT PARTITION_NAME FROM USER_TAB_PARTITIONS;
(ALSO GIVE THE COMMANDSELECT PARTITION_NAME,TABLE_NAME FROM USER_tAB_PARTITIONS)
SELECT TABLE_NAME,PARTITION_NAME,HIGH_VALUE FROMUSER_tAB_PARTITIONS;
PARTITION_NAME------------------------------P5P3SYS_P61SYS_P62P6
ADD PARTITION~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CREATE TABLE GG ( ACNO NUMBER(3), actype varchar2(3), acbal number(4)) partition by range(acbal) (partition p1 values less than(5000), partition p2 values less than(6000));
Table created.
SQL> alter table gg add partition maxp values less than(maxvalue);
Table altered.
DROP PARTITION~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ALTER TABLE GG DROP PARTITION P1;ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> DROP PARTITION <PARTITION NAME>
RENAME PARTITION~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ALTER TABLE EMP RENAME PARTITION P5 TO P6;
create table ordtab( ordid number(4), prdid number(4),
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ordname varchar2(10))partition by range(ordid,prdid)( partition p1 values less than(25,50), partition p2 values less than(50,75), partition p3 values less than(75,100));
************************************************************************
TO CREATE AN INDEXED PARTITION
create table OrdTab(
OrdId Number,Customer_Name varchar2(10),OrdDate Date,Total Number
)Partition By Range(OrdId)(
Partition P1 VAlues Less Than (100),Partition P2 Values Less Than (200),partition p3 values less than(MAXVALUE)
);
CREATE INDEX ORDID ON ORDTAB(ORDID)LOCAL(PARTITION P1,PARTITION P2,PARTITION P3);
CREATE INDEX ORDID ON ORDTAB(ORDID)GLOBAL PARTITION BY RANGE(ORDID)(PARTITION P1 VALUES LESS THAN(10), PARTITION P2 VALUES LESS THAN(20), PARTITION P3 VALUES LESS THAN(MAXVALUE));
LIST THE TREE STRUCTURED QUERY WITH EMPLOYEE NAME STARTINGWITH KING
SOL: SELECT LPAD(' ',6*(LEVEL-1))||ENAME NAME FROM EMPSTART WITH ENAME='KING'CONNECT BY MGR=PRIOR EMPNO;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SIMPLE PL/SQL BLOCKS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
declarea number;
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b number;beginA:=25;B:=50;dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF A IS'||A);dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF B IS'||B);end;
declarea number:=&A;b numbeR:=&B;begindbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF A IS '||A);dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF B IS '||B);end;
declarea number:=&A;b numbeR:=&B;PROD NUMBER;beginPROD:=A*B;dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF A IS '||A);0dbms_output.put_line('THE CONTENT OF B IS '||B);dbms_output.put_line('THE PRODUCT IS '||PROD);end;
declarea number:=10;b number:=20;res number;beginres:=a+b;dbms_output.put_line(a|| ' '||b);dbms_output.put_line('The sum is '||res);end;
declarea number:=&a;b number:=&b;res number;beginres:=a+b;dbms_output.put_line(a|| ' '||b);dbms_output.put_line('The sum is '||res);end;
declarea number:=&a;b number:=&b;beginif (a>b) thendbms_output.put_line('Biggest number is'||' '||a);else
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dbms_output.put_line('Biggest number is'||' '||b);end if;end;
declarea number:=&a;beginif mod(a,5)=0 thendbms_output.put_line('It is divisible by 5');elsedbms_output.put_line('It is not divisible by 5');end if;end;
declaren char(10):='&n';beginSELECT UPPER(N) INTO N FROM DUAL;if n='F' thendbms_output.put_line('FIRST CLASS');ELSIF N='S' THENdbms_output.put_line('SECOND CLASS');ELSIF N='T' THENdbms_output.put_line('THIRD CLASS');elsedbms_output.put_line('FAILED');END IF;END;
declaren number:=1;beginloopdbms_output.put_line(n);n:=n+1;exit when n=11;end loop;end;
declarea number:=1;beginwhile (a<=10) loopdbms_output.put_line(a);a:=a+1;end loop;end;
declarebeginfor a in 1..10 loopdbms_output.put_line(a);end loop;end;
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declarebeginfor a in reverse 1..10 loopdbms_output.put_line(a);end loop;end;
declaren number:=&n;i number:=1;beginwhile i<=n loopdbms_output.put_line(i);i:=i+2;end loop;end;
declaren number:=&n;i number:=1;beginwhile i<=n loopdbms_output.put(i);i:=i+2;end loop;dbms_output.new_line;end;
DECLAREBEGINFOR I IN 1..10 LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I);IF I=5 THENEXIT;END IF;END LOOP;END; declare n number:=&n; begin dbms_output.put_line('even numbers are'); for i in 1..n loop if mod(i,2)=0 then dbms_output.put_line(i); end if; end loop; end;
to display numbers from 1 to n in same line.
declaren number:=&n;beginfor i in 1..n loopdbms_output.put(i);end loop;
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dbms_output.new_line;end;
to display the sum of n numbers
declare n number:=&n;sum1 number:=0;begindbms_output.put_line('the numbers are');for i in 1..n loopdbms_output.put_line(i);sum1:=sum1+i;end loop;dbms_output.put_line('SUM IS '||SUM1);END;
DECLAREN NUMBER:=&N;RES NUMBER;BEGINFOR I IN 1..10 LOOPRES:=N*I;
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(N || ' * '|| I || ' = '|| RES );END LOOP;END;
GENERAL PROBLEMS
1 . Write a PL/SQL Program to display all the EVEN Number from 1 to 100.
2. Write a PL/SQL Program to list all the EVEN & ODD Number from 1 to 100 as Follows
Even Numbers Odd Numbers------------------- -----------------
0 12 34 5. .. .
3. Write a PL/SQL Program to Find the sum of numbers between 1 and 100 that are divisible by 5 but not divisible by 7
4. Write a PL/SQL Script to find all the PRIME NUMBERS from 1 to 100
5. Write a PL/SQL program to find ARMSTRONG NUMBERS from 100 to 999.
6. Write a PL/SQL program to List to FIBBNOCI SERIES FROM 0 TO 100
7. Write a PL/SQL Program to Display the Multiplication Table for the given input.
8. Write a PL/SQL Program to Display the given input string is PALINDROME OR NOT.
9. Write a PL/SQL Program to REVERSE the given input string.
10. Write a PL/SQL Program to Find out the Given Input data is LEAP YEAR OR NOT.
11. Write a PL/SQL Program to display First, Second,Third Greatest number From give three numbers
12. Write a PL/SQL Program to find out the RAMAN NUMBER between 1000 and 9999
ex : 1233 , 12*12+33*33 = 123313. Write a PL/SQL Program to display the vowels from the input string
14. Write a PL/SQL Program to display the vowels, No.of vowels,position of each vowels and occurrences of each vowels.
15. Write a PL/SQL Program to find out a given sub string from the given Main string.(Without using INSTR FUNCTION).
16. Write a PL/SQL Program to find out No.of characters, No.of
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digits, No.of special Characters from the given input.
*****************************************************************************
CURSOR PROBLEMS
1. Write a PL/SQL Program to Copy the data from One table to another which has the same structure with the RECORD NUMBER.
2. Assume the following table for the given problem :
ID NAME MARK1 MARK2 MARK3 MARK4
1000AYYAPPAN 100 99 90 95
1002BASKER 30 20 25 70
1001N.B.SING 90 60 50 35
Write a PL/SQL Program to display all the student information with the TOTAL, AVERAGE, GRADE. The GRADE is base on the following condition.
1 . between 100 and 90 A GRADE2. between 89 and 80 B GRADE3. between 79 and 70 C GRADE4. otherwise WASTE.
3. Write a PL/SQL Program to display the following output base on the department :
Department No. Department Name Loc10 computer Bangalore
Empno Ename Sal Comm
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Hiredate1000 john 5000 100
12-MAR-981001 SMITH 6000 NULL
30-JAN-98....... ......... ....... .........
...........
4. Write a PL/SQL Program to display the following output :job : MANAGER
No. of Managers Sum of Salary Names 3 54000 John,smith,miller
job : CLERK------- -------- -------------
5. Write a PL/SQL Program to Display the First 5 Maximum Salary by using Parameter to The cursor
6. Write a PL/SQL Program to display all the salary in the descending order without using the order by clause in the CURSOR SELECT statement
*****************************************************************************
EXCEPTION
Assume the following table for the problems given below:
Table Name : BANKAcc_no number(6)Acc_name varchar(40)Curr_balance number(20,4)
1. Write a PL/SQL Program to WITHDRAW money from a particular account. The Acc_no and Curr_balace should be entered from keyboard. The exceptions raised are
a) Acc_no not foundb) Over Drawnc) too many rows returned
2. Write a PL/SQL Program to CREDIT money to a particular account and return the current balance. The account number and amount should be entered through keyboard. The exceptions are :
a) account number not foundb)
3. Write a PL/SQL Program to add a NEW account holder by getting the input from the user using the exception
a) duplicate account numberb) too many rowsc) invalid number and value error
4. Write a PL/SQL Program to DELETE account holder by entering the account number. The exception
a)no data foundb)Before delete display the current balance
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*****************************************************************************
SUBPROGRAM
1. Write a PL/SQL Program to SWAP the two input number without using the temporary variable, by using the PROCEDURE.
2. Write a PL/SQL Program to find out the factorial of a given input number using recursive function.
*****************************************************************************
DATABASE TRIGGERS
1. Write a database trigger to implement the PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT.
2. Write a database trigger to implement the FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT.
3. Write a database trigger to implement the ON DELETE CASCADE.
4. Write a database trigger to disallow the DELETE operation from others User except Owner.
5. Write a database trigger to automatically convert the lower case employee name to UPPER CASE employee name while entering.
6. Write a database trigger to disallow any operation on SUNDAY and any day BEFORE 9 AM AND AFTER 6 PM
7. Write a database trigger to copy the record which has been deleted with USER,DATE,TIME
8. Write a database trigger to generate the serial number for the particular table.
9. Write a database trigger to validate the empno as a 4 digit number.
10. Write a database trigger to validate the comm may be NULL or less then 1/4 of the salary and must not be negative
*****************************************************************************
PACKAGES
1. Create a package that contains the following sub programs(a) Procedure NEW_EMP to add a new employee to the emp table.(b) Procedure UPDATE_EMP to update any empoyees details with proper
error message(c) Function CHECK_EMP to check if an employee is existing the table
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(d) Procedure DELETE_EMP to delete an employee `s record.(e) Procedure ERROR_MESSAGE to display error message generated by any
of the above procedure or functions.
2. Create a package to conduct bank transactions involving the following procedures and functions.
(a) Debit(b) Credit(c) New account(d) Journal entry recording all transaction(Acct_id, Trans_type,
sysdate)(e) Enter the transactions with status pending
BLOCKS CREATED ON
1. GOTO2. EXIT3. EXIT WHEN4. GENERATE EVEN/ODD SERIES5. GENERATE MULTIPLICATION TABLES6. REVERSE OF NUMBER7. REVERSE OF STRING8. PRIME OR NOT9. SQUARE10. M TO POWER N11. ODD AND EVEN SERIES TOGETHER12. ACCEPT SYMBOL FROM USER AND DEPENDING ON THAT ADD,SUBTRACT,MULTIPLY OR DIVIDE 2 NUMBERS.13. GENERATE NUMBERS IN FIBONACCI SERIES.14. FACTORIAL OF NUMBER
1.---------GOTO STATEMENT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DECLAREBEGINFOR I IN 1..10 LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I);IF I=5 THENGOTO AA;END IF;END LOOP;<<AA>>DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('OUTSIDE THE LOOP');END;
OUTPUT IS12345HELLO
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SQL Queries
DECLAREA NUMBER:=&A;
B NUMBER:=&B;BEGIN
a:=a+b+100;if a>1000 then goto zz;else dbms_output.put_line('out put not greater than 1000');end if;<<zz>>dbms_output.put_line(a);
END ;
2.-----------------EXIT STATEMENT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DECLAREBEGINFOR I IN 1..10 LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I);IF I=5 THENEXIT;END IF;END LOOP;END;
OUTPUT IS12345
3.----------------EXIT WHEN STATEMENT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DECLAREBEGINFOR I IN 1..10 LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I);EXIT WHEN I=5;END LOOP;END;
OUTPUT IS12345
4.-----------------------WHILE LOOP~~~~~~~~~~GENERATE ODD/EVEN NUMBERS
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DECLAREN NUMBER:=&N;I NUMBER:=1;BEGINWHILE(I<N) LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I);I:=I+2;END LOOP;END;
(FOR EVEN SERIES REPLACE 1 WITH 0);
DECLAREN NUMBER:=&N;BEGINFOR I IN 1..N LOOPIF MOD(I,2)=0 THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE(I);END IF;END LOOP;END;
5.--------------------MULTIPLICATION TABLES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DECLARE N NUMBER:=&N; RES NUMBER;BEGINDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE IS');FOR I IN 1..10 LOOPRES:=N*I;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(N ||' * '||I ||' = '||RES); END LOOP;END;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6.----------------REVERSE OF A NUMBER~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE N NUMBER:=&N; R NUMBER:=0;L NUMBER;BEGINL:=LENGTH(N);FOR I IN 1..L LOOPR:=R*10+MOD(N,10);N:=FLOOR(N/10);END LOOP;--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(N);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(R);END;
DECLARE
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N NUMBER:=&N; R NUMBER;L NUMBER;BEGINDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE NUMBER IS '||N);L:=LENGTH(N);FOR I IN 1..L LOOPR:=R||MOD(N,10);N:=FLOOR(N/10);END LOOP;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE REVERSE OF THE NUMBER IS '||R);END;
7. ------------------REVERSE OF A STRING
DECLARE N VARCHAR2(12):='&N';REV VARCHAR2(12);LEN NUMBER;BEGINDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('STRING IS '||N);LEN:=LENGTH(N);FOR I IN REVERSE 1..LEN LOOPREV:=REV||SUBSTR(N,I,1) ;END LOOP;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('REVERSED STRING IS '||rEV);END;
8---------------------PRIME OR NOT~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE N NUMBER:=&N; FLAG NUMBER:=1;BEGINFOR I IN 2..N-1 LOOPIF MOD(N,I)=0 THENFLAG:=0;EXIT;END IF;END LOOP;IF FLAG=0 THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NUMBER IS NOT PRIME');ELSEDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('NUMBER IS PRIME');END IF;END;
9.------------------DRAW A SQUARE
DECLAREBEGINFOR I IN 1..10 LOOP
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT('?');DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT(' ');END LOOP;DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE;FOR I IN 1..10 LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('? ?');END LOOP;FOR I IN 1..10 LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT('?');DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT(' ');END LOOP;DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE;END;
10.-----------------M RAISED TO NTH POWER
DECLAREM NUMBER:=&M;N NUMBER:=&N;RES NUMBER;BEGINRES:=POWER(M,N);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('M TO POWER OF N IS '||RES);END;
11.----------------DISPLAY ODD AND EVEN SERIES
DECLARE BEGINDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ODD-----------EVEN');DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('__________________'); FOR I IN 1..20
LOOP IF MOD(I,2) = 0 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' '||I); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT(I); END IF; END LOOP; END;
12.--------------------------- ACCEPT SYMBOL FROM USER AND DEPENDING ON THAT ADD,SUBTRACT,MULTIPLY OR DIVIDE 2 NUMBERS.
DECLARE NUM1 NUMBER:=&NUMBER1; SYB CHAR:='&SYMBOL'; NUM2 NUMBER:=&NUMBER2; RESULT NUMBER;
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BEGIN IF SYB='+' THEN RESULT:=NUM1+NUM2; ELSE
IF SYB='-' THEN RESULT:=NUM1-NUM2; ELSE
IF SYB='*' THEN RESULT:=NUM1*NUM2; ELSE IF SYB='/' THEN RESULT:=NUM1/NUM2; END IF; END IF; END IF; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RESULT);END;
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PL/SQL Tables
Objects of type TABLE are called "PL/SQL tables," which are modelled on (but not the same as) database tables. PL/SQL tables use a primary key to give you array-like access to rows. The size of a PL/SQL table is unconstrained. That is, the number of rows in a PL/SQL table can increase dynamically.
PL/SQL tables can have one column and a primary key, neither of which can be named. The column can belong to any scalar type, but the primary
key must belong to type BINARY_INTEGER.
Declaring PL/SQL Tables
PL/SQL tables must be declared in two steps. First, you define a TABLE type, then declare PL/SQL tables of that type. You can declare TABLE types in the declarative part of any block, subprogram, or package using the syntax
TYPE type_name IS TABLE OF
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{ column_type | variable%TYPE | table.column%TYPE 'D [NOT NULL]
INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
where "type_name" is a type specifier used in subsequent declarations of PL/SQL tables and "column_type" is any scalar datatype such as CHAR, DATE, or NUMBER. You can use the %TYPE attribute to specify a column datatype.
In this example, you declare a TABLE type called "EnameTabTyp":
DECLARE TYPE EnameTabTyp IS TABLE OF CHAR(10) INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
You could have used %TYPE to provide the column datatype, as follows:
DECLARE TYPE EnameTabTyp IS TABLE OF emp.ename%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
Once you define type "EnameTabTyp," you can declare PL/SQL tables of that type, as follows:
ename_tab EnameTabTyp;
The identifier "ename_tab" represents an entire PL/SQL table.
Like scalar variables, PL/SQL tables can be declared as the formal
parameters of procedures and functions. Some packaged examples follow:
PACKAGE emp_actions IS TYPE EnameTabTyp IS TABLE OF emp.ename%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; TYPE SalTabTyp IS TABLE OF emp.sal%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; ename_tab EnameTabTyp; sal_tab SalTabTyp; ... PROCEDURE hire_batch (ename_tab EnameTabTyp,
sal_tab SalTabTyp, ...); PROCEDURE log_names (ename_tab EnameTabTyp, num BINARY_INTEGER); ... END emp_actions;
Referencing PL/SQL Tables
To reference rows in a PL/SQL table, you specify a primary key value using the array-like syntax
plsql_table_name(primary_key_value)
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where "primary_key_value" belongs to type BINARY_INTEGER. For example,
you reference the third row in PL/SQL table "ename_tab" as follows:
ename_tab(3) ...
You can assign the value of a PL/SQL expression to a specific row using the following syntax:
plsql_table_name(primary_key_value) := plsql_expression;
In the next example, you assign the sum of variables "salary" and "increase" to the fifth row in PL/SQL table "sal_tab":
sal_tab(5) := salary + increase;
Until a row is assigned a value, it does not exist. If you try to reference an uninitialized row, PL/SQL raises the predefined exception NO_DATA_FOUND. Consider the following example:
DECLARE TYPE JobTabTyp IS TABLE OF CHAR(14) INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; job_tab JobTabTyp; BEGIN job_tab(1) := 'CLERK'; IF job_tab(2) = 'CLERK' THEN -- raises NO_DATA_FOUND
... END IF; ... EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN -- here because job_tab(2) does not exist ... END;
Inserting/Fetching Rows
You must use a loop to INSERT values from a PL/SQL table into a database column. Likewise, you must use a loop to FETCH values from a database column into a PL/SQL table. For example, given the declarations
DECLARE TYPE EmpnoTabTyp IS TABLE OF NUMBER(4) INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; TYPE EnameTabTyp IS TABLE OF CHAR(10) INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; ... empno_tab EmpnoTabTyp; ename_tab EnameTabTyp; ...
you might use the following procedure to INSERT values from the PL/SQL
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tables into the "emp" database table:
PROCEDURE insert_emp_data (rows BINARY_INTEGER, empno_tab EmpnoTabTyp, ename_tab EnameTabTyp, ...) IS BEGIN FOR i IN 1..rows LOOP INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, ...) VALUES (empno_tab(i), ename_tab(i), ...); END LOOP; END;
Conversely, you might use the next procedure to FETCH all rows from the
database table into PL/SQL tables "empno_tab" and "ename_tab":
PROCEDURE fetch_emp_data (rows OUT BINARY_INTEGER, empno_tab OUT EmpnoTabTyp, ename_tab OUT EnameTabTyp, ...) IS BEGIN rows := 0; FOR emprec IN (SELECT * FROM emp) LOOP rows := rows + 1; empno_tab(rows) := emprec.empno;
ename_tab(rows) := emprec.ename; ... END LOOP; END;
However, you cannot reference PL/SQL tables in the INTO clause. For example, the following SELECT statement is illegal:
PROCEDURE fetch_emp_data (rows OUT BINARY_INTEGER, empno_tab OUT EmpnoTabTyp, ename_tab OUT EnameTabTyp, ...) IS
BEGIN SELECT empno, ename INTO empno_tab, ename_tab -- illegal FROM emp; ... END;
Deleting Rows
You cannot delete individual rows from a PL/SQL table because the DELETE statement cannot specify PL/SQL tables. However, you can use a simple workaround to delete entire PL/SQL tables. When you want to delete a PL/SQL table, simply assign a null to it, as shown in the
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following example:
DECLARE TYPE NumTabTyp IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; sal_tab NumTabTyp; ... BEGIN /* Load salary table. */ FOR i IN 1..50 LOOP sal_tab(i) := i; END LOOP; ... /* Delete salary table. */ sal_tab := NULL; -- releases all PL/SQL table resources
... END;
See also: Datatypes, Variables and Constants, Records, FETCH Statement, INSERT, DELETE
1. pl/sql block to print details of employees when number=7788;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
declarenum number(5);name varchar(10);sal number(7,2);beginselect empno,ename,sal into num,name,sal from emp where empno=7902;dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||sal);end;
2. pl/sql block to print details of employees when number=n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
declarenum number(5);name varchar(10);sal number(7,2);beginselect empno,ename,sal into num,name,sal from emp where empno=&n;insert into areas values(100,4000);dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||sal);end;
DECLARE NAME VARCHAR2(10):='&NAME'; DESIG VARCHAR2(12); SALARY NUMBER(7,2); NETSAL NUMBER(7,2); BEGIN SELECT JOB,SAL INTO DESIG,SALARY FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=NAME; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||DESIG||' '||SALARY);
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IF DESIG='CLERK' THEN UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SALARY*0.1 +SALARY WHERE ENAME=NAME; NETSAL:=SALARY*0.1+SALARY; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE NET SALARY IS '||NETSAL); ELSE UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SALARY*0.2 +SALARY WHERE ENAME=NAME; NETSAL:=SALARY*0.1+SALARY; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE NET SALARY IS '||NETSAL); END IF; END;3. update statement in pl/sql
block~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
declarenum number(5):=&EMPNO;name varchar(10);salary number(7,2);desig varchar2(10);beginselect empno,ename,sal,job into num,name,salary,desig from emp where empno=NUM;dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||salARY||' '||DESIG);if desig='CLERK' THENUPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+200 WHERE EMPNO=NUM;ELSIF DESIG='MANAGER' THENUPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+300 WHERE EMPNO=NUM;END IF;COMMIT;end;
4. DELETE STATEMENT IN PL/SQL BLOCK~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
declarenum number(5);name varchar(10);salary number(7,2);desig varchar2(10);beginselect empno,ename,sal,job into num,name,salary,desig from emp where empno=&n;IF desig='CLERK' THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD DELETED');DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=NUM;
ELSEDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD NOT DELETED');
END IF;dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||salARY||' '||DESIG);end;
5. INSERT STATEMENT IN PL/SQL BLOCK~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
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ENO NUMBER(4);MGR NUMBER(4);DEPNO NUMBER(3);BEGININSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,MGR,DEPTNO)VALUES(&ENO,&MGR,&DEPNO);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ENO||' '||MGR||' '||DEPNO);COMMIT;END;
6. SELECTING THE VALUES FROM EMP & INSERTING TO TEMP TABLE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
declarenum number(5);name varchar(10);salary number(7,2);desig varchar2(10);beginselect empno,ename,sal,job into num,name,salary,desig from emp where empno=&n;if desig='CLERK' THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RECORD INSERTED');INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(NUM,NAME,SALARY,DESIG);END IF;dbms_output.put_Line(num||' '||name||' '||salARY||' '||DESIG);COMMIT;end;
7. DISPLAY NAME AND DESIGNATION OF MANAGERS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(THE BLOCK GIVES ERRORS. IT IS JUST TO ILLUSTRATE THAT exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows )
DECLAREN NUMBER;NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE;DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE;BEGINSELECT COUNT(*) INTO N FROM EMP WHERE JOB='MANAGER';FOR I IN 1..N LOOPSELECT ENAME,JOB INTO NAME,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE JOB='MANAGER';DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||DESIG);END LOOP;END;
EXAMPLE FOR SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE STATEMENTS IN PL/SQL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CREATE TABLE TEMP( ENAME VARCHAR2(10), DESIG VARCHAR2(10), SAL NUMBER(7,2));
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DECLARENAME VARCHAR2(10);DESIG VARCHAR2(10);SALARY NUMBER(7,2);ENO NUMBER(4):=&EMPNO;BEGINSELECT ENAME,JOB,SAL INTO NAME,DESIG,SALARY FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ENO||' '||NAME||' '||SALARY||' '||DESIG);IF DESIG='CLERK' THENDELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO;INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(NAME,DESIG,SALARY);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('DELETED FROM EMP AND INSERTED TO TEMP');COMMIT;ELSIF DESIG='MANAGER' THENUPDATE EMP SET SAL=SALARY+200 WHERE EMPNO=ENO;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('INCREMENTED SALARY IS '||TO_CHAR(SALARY+200));END IF;END;
8.SELECT MAX(DEPTNO) FROM DEPT TABLE AND INSERT TO TEMP TABLE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLAREMDEPNO NUMBER(3);BEGINFOR I IN 1..4 LOOPSELECT MAX(DEPTNO) INTO MDEPNO FROM DEPT5;INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(MDEPNO);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(MDEPNO);DELETE FROM DEPT5 WHERE DEPTNO=MDEPNO;COMMIT;END LOOP;END;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9. 2 tables are created. In one table the quantiy and the product nameis stored and the other table is dummy table. If we give product name the details will be displayed.If the number of products is below 5 theninsert into temp table out of stock and sysdate~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~inventory table (inv)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~quantity prodname9 Racket8 Book5 Pencil1 Marker
create table inv(quantity number(3),prodname varchar(10));
temp~~~~prodname comment date1
create table temp( prodname varchar2(10), comm varchar2(16), date1 date);
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declareqty NUMBER(5);pname VARCHAR2(10);beginselect quantity,prodname into qty,pname from inv whereprodname='&productname';if qty>5 thenDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THANK U FOR THE PURCHASES MADE VISIT AGAIN');update inv set quantity=quantity-1 where prodname=pname;commit;elseDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('STOCK LEVEL IS BELOW ORDER LEVEL');insert into temp values(pname,'out of stock',sysdate);commit;end if;end;
10. example for constant~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ declare a constant number:=5; begin dbms_output.put_Line(a); end;
(If we make a as an constant we cannot use a as a assignment target.We can just print a+2,a+3 etc.....)
declare a constant number:=5; begin dbms_output.put_Line(a); dbms_output.put_Line(a+2); end;
11.example for default***********************
declare a number default 3; begin dbms_output.put_Line(a); end;(hERE A CAN BE USED AS ASSIGNMENT TARGET).
12. Write a pl/sql block to fetch the details of all the employees whose number is 7902. Now if his sal is less than 4000 then fetch salary mgr and name of the employees whose empno should be equal to MGR.
13. WAP TO CHECK THE BANK DETAILS. IN BANK TABLE ACCNO AND BALANCE IS STORED. USER HAS TO ENTER THE ACCOUNT NUMBER AND WITHDRAW AMOUNT.
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IF WITHDRAWL AMOUNT < BALANCE THEN UPDATE BALANCE OF BANK TABLE AND SUBTRACT THE WITHDRAWL AMOUNT FROM BALANCE ELSE INSERT A MESSAGE LIKE INSUFFICIENT FUNDS TO TEMP TABLE create table bank( accno number(3), bal number(6));
ACCNO BAL-------- --------- 10 5000 20 6000 30 20
create table temp( accno number(3), bal number(6), rem varchar2(20));
declareawith number(3):=&awith;ac_no number(3):=&accno;abal number(6);beginselect bal into abal from bank where accno=ac_no;if abal>awith thenupdate bank set bal=bal-awith where accno=ac_no;commit;elseinsert into temp values(ac_no,abal,'insuffunds');commit;end if;end;
14. ILLUSTRATE %TYPE*********************declarea emp.deptno%type;beginselect deptno into a from emp where empno=&A;dbms_output.put_line(a);end;
15.ILLUSTRATE %ROWTYPE***********************
declarea emp%ROWtype;beginselect * into a from emp where empno=&N;dbms_output.put_line(A.ENAME||' '||A.SAL||' '||A.COMM);end;
16write a pl/sql block to calculate the sum and average salaries of~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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all the employees of a particular department.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARENO NUMBER:=&DEPTNO;SUM1 NUMBER(7,2);AVG1 NUMBER(7,2);
BEGINSELECT SUM(SAL),AVG(SAL) INTO SUM1,AVG1FROM EMPWHERE DEPTNO=NO;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_line('Sum of salary is'||SUM1);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_Line('Average salary is'||AVG1);END;
NESTED TABLE CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE EMPLOYEE AS OBJECT _ CREATE TYPE EMPLOYEE AS OBJECT(NO NUMBER(4), NAME VARCHAR2(20), JOB VARCHAR2(10), SAL NUMBER(7,2));
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-------------------------------------------
CREATE TYPE EMPTAB AS TABLE OF EMPLOYEE;
-------------------------------------------
CREATE TABLE DEPTNEST(DNO NUMBER(2), DNAME VARCHAR2(20), EMPL EMPTAB) NESTED TABLE EMPL STORE AS EMPNEST;
---------------------------------------------
INSERT INTO DEPTNEST VALUES (10,'ACCOUNTS',EMPTAB( EMPLOYEE(1,'RAJ','CLERK',1000),
EMPLOYEE(2,'SARAV','SALES',2000)));
-------------------------------------------------------------
INSERT INTO THE(SELECT EMPL FROM DEPTNEST WHERE DEPTNO=10) VALUES (EMPTAB(3,'SHIV','SUPERV',2300));
SELECT X.EMPL.NAME FROM DEPTNEST X WHERE X.DNO=10;
-----------------------------------------------------SELECT TYPE_CODE,ATTRIBUTES FROM USER_TYPES WHERE TYPE_NAME='DEPTNEST';
SELECT COLL_TYPES,ELEM_TYPE FROM USER_COL_TYPES WHERE TYPE_NAME=' ';
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VARRAY:-------------CREATE TYPE PHONE AS OBJECT(NO NUMBER(6));
----------CREATE TYPE PHONETYPE AS VARRAY(5) OF PHONE;----------CREATE TABLE CUST(NAME VARCHAR2(20),PHONENO PHONETYPE);
-----------INSERT INTO CUST VALUES ('XXXX', PHONETYPE(PHONE(232322),PHONE(345345));
-----------
SELECT COLumn_NAME,DATA_TYPE_NAME FROM USER_TAB_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME=' ';
SELECT TYPE_CODE,ATTRIBUTES FROM USER_TYPES WHERE TYPE_NAME=' ';
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------
#**************# PROCEDURES#**************#
#**************##**************##**************##**************##**************#
1. WRITE A PROCEDURE TO DRAW A LINE2. WRITE A PROCEDURE WHICH ACTS JUST LIKE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE3. WRITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE NAME AND JOB WHEN NO IS PASSED
(this is to illustrate both in and out parameters)4. WRITE A PROCEDURE TO PASS THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND THE AMOUNT TO
BE INCREMENTED.example to illustrate in out parameter.
5. EXAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE LOCAL PROCEDUREI.E DYNAMIC CREATION OF PROCEDURES.(PROCEDURE WITHIN A BLOCK)
#**************##**************##**************##**************##**************#
1.---------- WRITE A PROCEDURE TO DRAW A LINE
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE LINE ISBEGINFOR I IN 1..40 LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT('_');END LOOP;DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE;END;
EXEC LINEOR
DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB='CLERK'; CURSOR C2 IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB='MANAGER'; BEGIN LINE; LINE; FOR I IN C1 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I.ENAME||' '||I.JOB); END LOOP;
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LINE; LINE; FOR I IN C2 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I.ENAME||' '||I.JOB); END LOOP; LINE; LINE; END;__________________________________________________________________________
2---------------WRITE A PROCEDURE WHICH ACTS JUST LIKE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE PRINT( N VARCHAR2) isbegindbms_output.put_line(n);end;
declareA NUMBER:=25;beginPRINT(A);print('BRAINWARE');end;
________________________________________________________________________
3------------WRITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE NAME AND JOB WHEN NO IS PASSED
-------(this is to illustrate both in and out parameters)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DISP(N NUMBER)ISNAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE;DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE;BEGINSELECT ENAME,JOB INTO NAME,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||DESIG);END;
EXEC DISP(7499)
DECLAREBEGINDISP(&N);END;
OR
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DISP1(ENO NUMBER,NAME OUT VARCHAR,DESIG OUT VARCHAR)ISBEGINSELECT ENAME,JOB INTO NAME,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO;END;
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DECLARENAME1 VARCHAR2(30);DESIG1 VARCHAR2(10);N NUMBER:=&EMPNO;BEGINDISP1(N,NAME1,DESIG1);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME1||' '||DESIG1||' '||N);END;
__________________________________________________________________________
4---------------WRITE A PROCEDURE TO PASS THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND THE AMOUNT TO
BE INCREMENTED.example to illustrate in out parameter.
create or replace procedure hike_sal(a in out number,incre number)isbeginupdate emp set sal=sal+incre where empno=a;if sql%found thena:=1;elsea:=0;end if;end;
declaren number:=&empno;incre number:=&increment;begindbms_output.put_line('n = '|| n||' '||' increment='||incre);hike_sal(n,incre);dbms_output.put_line('n = '|| n||' '||' increment='||incre);if n=1 thendbms_output.put_line('salary incremented');elsedbms_output.put_line('salary is not incremented');end if;end;______________________________________________________________________
5-----------EXAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE LOCAL PROCEDURE------------I.E DYNAMIC CREATION OF PROCEDURES.(PROCEDURE WITHIN A BLOCK)
DECLARE A NUMBER:=10; J VARCHAR2(10); ENO NUMBER; PROCEDURE DISPJOB(N NUMBER,J OUT VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN SELECT JOB INTO J FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=N; END;
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BEGIN ENO:=&EMPNO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPLOYEE NUMBER IS'||ENO); DISPJOB(ENO,J); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('EMPNO='||ENO||' JOB='||J);
EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('MESSAGE');PRINT('SORRRY NO EMPLOYEE EXISTS WITH THAT NUMBER');
END;
_______________________________________________________________________
CURSORS-------
DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT ENAME,COMM FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7900;NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE;COMMISSION EMP.COMM%TYPE;BEGINOPEN C1;FETCH C1 INTO NAME,COMMISSION;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE VALUES ARE'||' '||NAME||' '||COMMISSION);CLOSE C1;END;
DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME ,DEPTNO FROM EMP;EMPNUM EMP.EMPNO%TYPE;EMPNAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE;DEPTNUM EMP.DEPTNO%TYPE;BEGINOPEN C1;LOOPFETCH C1 INTO EMPNUM,EMPNAME,DEPTNUM;if c1%notfound thenexit;elsedbms_output.put_line(EMPNUM||' '||EMPNAME||' '||DEPTNUM);end if;END LOOP;end;
DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME ,SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10;EMPNUM EMP.EMPNO%TYPE;NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE;SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE;BEGINOPEN C1;LOOPFETCH C1 INTO EMPNUM,NAME,SALARY;IF C1%NOTFOUND THEN EXIT;END IF;INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(EMPNUM,NAME,SALARY);
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END LOOP;--CLOSE C1;END;
//CURSOR ALREADY OPENDECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMP;EMPNUM EMP.EMPNO%TYPE;EMPNAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE;DEPTNUM EMP.DEPTNO%TYPE;BEGINOPEN C1;OPEN C1;FOR I IN 1..5LOOPFETCH C1 INTO EMPNUM,EMPNAME,DEPTNUM;IF C1% NOTFOUND THENEXIT;END IF;--INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(EMPNUM,EMPNAME,DEPTNUM);END LOOP;CLOSE C1;END;
DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,SAL,COMM FROM EMP;EMPCODE EMP.EMPNO%TYPE;SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE;COM EMP.COMM%TYPE;BEGINOPEN C1;LOOPFETCH C1 INTO EMPCODE,SALARY,COM; EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND; INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(EMPCODE,SALARY,COM);END LOOP;CLOSE C1;END;////////(ISOPEN WITH CLOSE)
DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,SAL,COMM FROM EMP;EMPCODE EMP.EMPNO%TYPE;SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE;COM EMP.COMM%TYPE;BEGINLOOPIF C1%ISOPEN THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS OPEN');EXIT;ELSEOPEN C1;FETCH C1 INTO EMPCODE,SALARY,COM;EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND;INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(EMPCODE,SALARY,COM);END IF;
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END LOOP;CLOSE C1;END;
DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,COMM FROM EMP;BEGIN--OPEN C1;FOR I IN C1LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I.EMPNO||' '||I.ENAME||' '||I.COMM);INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I.EMPNO,I.ENAME,I.COMM);END LOOP;--CLOSE C1;END;
%ROWTYPE--------
DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP;TEMPROW EMP%ROWTYPE;BEGINOPEN C1;LOOPFETCH C1 INTO TEMPROW;EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TEMPROW.EMPNO||' '||TEMPROW.SAL);END LOOP;CLOSE C1;DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL FROM EMP;TEMPROW C1%ROWTYPE;BEGINOPEN C1;LOOPFETCH C1 INTO TEMPROW;EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TEMPROW.EMPNO||' '||TEMPROW.SAL);END LOOP;CLOSE C1;END;END;
IMPLICIT CURSOR----------------
BEGINUPDATE EMP SET HIREDATE='01-SEP-98' WHERE DEPTNO=20;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT||'ROW UPDATED');END;
ROWCOUNT--------DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP;A C1%ROWTYPE;
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BEGINIF NOT C1%ISOPEN THENOPEN C1;END IF;LOOPFETCH C1 INTO A;IF C1%FOUND THENIF C1%ROWCOUNT<5 THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.EMPNO||' '||A.ENAME||' '||A.DEPTNO);ELSEEXIT;END IF;ELSEEXIT;END IF;END LOOP;CLOSE C1;END;
EXCEPTION;----------(ZERO_DIVIDE)------------
DECLAREA NUMBER:=&A;B NUMBER:=&B;C NUMBER;BEGINC:=A/B;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C);EXCEPTIONWHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE DENOMINATOR IS ZERO');B:=A;C:=A/B;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C);END;
VALUE error;---------------
DECLAREEMPNUM NUMBER(3);NAME VARCHAR2(10);NO NUMBER:=&NO;BEGINSELECT EMPNO,ENAME INTO EMPNUM,NAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=NO;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(EMPNUM||' '||NAME);EXCEPTIONWHEN VALUE_ERROR THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('WIDTH IS NOT SUFFICIENT');DECLAREENUM EMP.EMPNO%TYPE;BEGINSELECT EMPNO,ENAME INTO ENUM,NAME FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=NO ;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ENUM||' '||NAME);END;
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END;
INVALID NUMBER;---------------
DECLARENAME VARCHAR2(10):='&NAME';NUM NUMBER(3);BEGINSELECT TO_NUMBER(NAME) INTO NUM FROM DUAL;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NUM);EXCEPTIONWHEN INVALID_NUMBER THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('INVALID NUMBER IS RAISED');END;
TOO MANY ROWS:--------------DECLARE
NAME emp.ENAME%type; EJOB EMP.JOB%TYPE:='&JOB';
BEGINselect ENAME into NAME from emp WHERE JOB=EJOB;dbms_output.put_line(NAME);exception when too_many_rows thendbms_output.put_line('too many rows are found');DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT ENAME,JOB,SAL FROM EMP WHERE JOB=EJOB;BEGIN
IF C1%ISOPEN THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CURSOR IS OPEN');END IF;FOR I IN C1 LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(I.ENAME||' '||I.JOB||' '||I.SAL);END LOOP;END;
END;
NO_DATA_FOUND-------------DECLARENO EMP.EMPNO%TYPE;NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE;SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE;DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE;BEGINSELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,JOB INTO NO,NAME,SALARY,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO;IF SQL%FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NO||' '||NAME||' '||SALARY||' '||DESIG);END IF;EXCEPTIONWHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NO DATA FOUND'); DECLARE
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NEWNO EMP.EMPNO%TYPE; NAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE; DESIG EMP.JOB%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT ENAME,JOB INTO NAME,DESIG FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&NEWNO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(NAME||' '||dESIG); END; END;
INVALID CURSOR(OPENING IN LOOP)--------------DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP;A EMP%ROWTYPE;BEGINLOOPFETCH C1 INTO A;OPEN C1;EXIT WHEN C1%NOTFOUND;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.ENAME||' '||A.JOB||' '||A.SAL);END LOOP;CLOSE C1;EXCEPTIONWHEN INVALID_CURSOR THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('INVALID CURSOR');END;
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN--------------------DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM EMP ;A C1%ROWTYPE;BEGINopen c1;LOOPOPEN C1;FETCH C1 INTO A;EXIT WHEN C1%NOtFOUND;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(a.sal||' '||a.ename);END LOOP;CLOSE C1;exceptionwhen cursor_already_open thendbms_output.put_line('cursor already openED');END; WHEN OTHERS------------DESC TEMPA VARCHAR2(10)B VARCHAR2(25)C VARCHAR2(25)
DECLARE
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
ENO NUMBER(4);NAME VARCHAR2(10);DEPNO NUMBER(3);ACODE NUMBER(4);BMSG VARCHAR2(40);EMPNO NUMBER(4);BEGINSELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO INTO ENO,NAME,DEPNO FROM EMP WHERE empno=&empno;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ENO||' '||NAME||' '||DEPNO);EXCEPTIONWHEN OTHERS THENACODE:=SQLCODE;BMSG:=SQLERRM;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ACODE:'||' '||ACODE||' '||BMSG);--INSERT INTO temp VALUES(ACODE,BMSG ,'asds');END;
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX-----------------create table temp(a number(3) primary key,b varchar2(10),c varchar2(10));
declaredno dept.deptno%type;dname dept.dname%type;loc dept.loc%type;begininsert into DEPT values(&deptno,'&dname','&loc');exceptionwhen dup_val_on_index thendbms_output.put_line('DUP_VALUES_ON_INDEX');end;
USER_DEFINED_EXCEPTION----------------------
DECLARESALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE;COM EMP.COMM %TYPE;MIS_COMM EXCEPTION;NETSAL NUMBER(7);BEGINSELECT SAL,COMM INTO SALARY,COM FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&N;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SALARY||' '||COM);IF COM IS NULL THENRAISE MIS_COMM;ELSENETSAL:=SALARY+COM;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SALARY||' '||COM||' '||NETSAL);END IF;EXCEPTIONWHEN MIS_COMM THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_lINE('ORA421'||' '||'MISS_COMM EXCEPTION');END;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
PARAMETER(ERROR)----------DECLAREI EMP%ROWTYPE;CURSOR C1(TEMPENO NUMBER) IS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=TEMPENO;BEGINOPEN C1(7499);FETCH C1 INTO I ; INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO) VALUES(I.EMPNO,I.ENAME,I.DEPTNO);--EXIT WHEN C1%NOT FOUND;--END LOOP;END;
WEAK CURSOR(NO RETURN TYPE DECLARATION)---------------------------------------DECLARETYPE T1 IS REF CURSOR;T2 T1;A EMP%ROWTYPE;BEGINOPEN T2 FOR SELECT * FROM EMP;LOOPFETCH T2 INTO A;EXIT WHEN T2%NOTFOUND;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A.EMPNO);END LOOP;CLOSE T2;END;
DATA BASE TRIGGER:------------------ BEFORE/AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON TABLENAME FOR EACH ROW
(ERROR)
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T1 BEFORE INSERT ON EMP DECLARE A VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY') INTO A FROM DUAL; IF A ='TUESDAY' THENRAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20909,'INSERTION NOT POSSIBLE');END IF;END;
ERROR NO: -20000 TO -20999
(FIND T1 OR T2 )(OK) CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T2 BEFORE INSERT ON EMP FOR EACH ROW DECLARE A NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO; IF A>=1 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20101,'PRIMARY KEY VIOLATION'); END IF; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER DELDEPT AFTER DELETE ON DEPT FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DELETE EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:OLD.DEPTNO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('PARENT CHILD DELETED'); END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER CHECK_SAL BEFORE update ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF :NEW.SAL<1000 OR :NEW.SAL>5000 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001,'CHECK SAL '); END IF; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T1 BEFORE INSERT ON DEPT FOR EACH ROWDECLAREA DEPT.DEPTNO%TYPE;BEGINSELECT COUNT(DEPTNO) INTO A FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO=:NEW.DEPTNO;IF A>=1 THENRAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001,'MASTER EXIST');END IF;
EXCEPTIONWHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('-20001 NO MASTER RECORD');END;
(MUTATING ERROR) CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER T3 AFTER UPDATE ON EMP FOR EACH ROW
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
DECLARE A NUMBER(1); BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:old.DEPTNO; dbms_output.put_line('new.depttno'||' '||:old.deptno); IF A>1 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001,'UPDATED'); END IF; END ;
VARRAY SELECT STATEMENT-----------------------/*DECLARECURSOR C1 IS SELECT * FROM TABLENAME;A CI%ROWTYPE;BEGINFOR I IN C1LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SDFS :'|| );FOR I IN C1.COUNTLOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SDA);END LOOP;END LOOP */END;
NESTED TABLES:--------------
SELECT X.NAME FROM THE (SELECT EMPL FROM DEPTNEST WHERE DNO=10) X WHERE X.NAME='YYYY';
SUBPROGRAMS
1. PROCEDURE Syntax:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE <PROCNAME> (PARAMETERLIST) IS<DECLARATION>BEGIN EXECUTABLE STATEMENTS EXCEPTION HANDLERSEND;
Eg.:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P1 (A NUMBER,B NUMBER) ISCOMMISSION NUMBER;
NULL_COMM EXCEPTION; BEGIN
SELECT COMM INTO COMMISSION FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=A; IF COMMISSION IS NULL THEN
RAISE NULL_COMM; ELSE
UPDATE EMP SET COMM=SAL+B WHERE EMPNO=A; END IF;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
EXCEPTION WHEN NULL_COMM THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE VALUE COMM IS NULL');END;
EXEC P1(7499,1000);
1.1 IN PARAMETER
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P2 (NO IN NUMBER) IS PRICE NUMBER;BEGIN
SELECT ACTUALPRICE INTO PRICE FROM ITEM WHERE ITEMID=NO; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ORIGINAL PRICE IS'||'
'||TO_CHAR(PRICE)); IF PRICE IS NULL THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('PRICE IS NULL'); END IF;
END;
EXEC P2(10);
1.2 IN OUT PARAMETER
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P3 (INNER IN NUMBER, A OUT NUMBER) IS ID NUMBER;
BEGIN SELECT DEPTNO INTO ID FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=INNER;
IF ID<40 THEN A:=50; END IF;
END;
DECLARE INNER NUMBER;
A NUMBER; BEGIN
P3 (7499,A); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE OUT VALUE IS '||' '||TO_CHAR(A)); END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE SAMPLE (A IN NUMBER,B IN OUT NUMBER) IS ID NUMBER;
BEGIN SELECT ORDID,PRODID INTO ID ,B FROM ITEM WHERE ITEMID=A; IF B<500 THEN B:=B+100; END IF;
END;
DECLAREA NUMBER;B NUMBER;
BEGINSAMPLE(10,B);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('B VALUE IS'||' '||B);END;
FUNCTIONS---------<CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION NAME> {(ARGUMENT) - IN ,OUT ,IN OUT}RETURN DATATYPE IS > DECLARATIONBEGIN EXECUTABLE STATEMENTSEXCEPTION EXCEPTION HANDLERSEND;
create or replace function f1 return number isa emp.sal%type;beginSELECT SAL INTO A FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='ALLEN';RETURN A;END;
DECLAREB NUMBER;BEGINB:=F1;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(B);END;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN(ID NUMBER,AMOUNT NUMBER) RETURN BOOLEAN IS MINI NUMBER; MAXI NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT MINPRICE,STDPRICE INTO MINI,MAXI FROM PRICE WHERE PRODID=ID; RETURN (MINI>=AMOUNT) OR (MAXI>=AMOUNT); END;
TO EXECUTE IT:
DECLAREID NUMBER;AMOUNT NUMBER;REMARK BOOLEAN;
BEGINID:=&A;AMOUNT:=&B;REMARK:=FUN(ID,AMOUNT);IF REMARK=TRUE THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('TRUE');
ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('FALSE');END IF;END;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN(N VARCHAR2)RETURN VARCHAR2 ISJ VARCHAR2(10);BEGINSELECT JOB INTO J FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=N;RETURN J;END;
SELECT FUN('BLAKE') FROM DUAL;
IN PARAMETER-------------CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION F1(NAME IN VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER IS A EMP.SAL%TYPE;BEGINSELECT SAL INTO A FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=NAME;RETURN A;END;
DECLAREB NUMBER;BEGINB:=F1('&A');DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(B);END;
IN AND OUT----------CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION F1(NAME IN VARCHAR2,B OUT VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER ISA EMP.SAL%TYPE;BEGINSELECT SAL,JOB INTO A,B FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=NAME;RETURN A;END;
DECLAREA NUMBER;JOB VARCHAR2(20);BEGINA:=F1('&c',JOB);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(A||' '||JOB);END;
IN OUT------CREATE OR REPLACE function F1(A IN number,c OUT NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER ISB EMP.COMM%TYPE; BEGINSELECT SAL,COMM INTO sal1,comm1 FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=A;RETURN sal1;END;
/* ERROR */DECLAREM2 NUMBER(5);M3 NUMBER;M1 NUMBER;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
SALARY NUMBER;BEGINM1:=F1(&M2,M3);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(M2||' '||SALARY);END;
PACKAGE SPECIATION-------------------CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE PACK1 ISPROCEDURE P1;FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER;A NUMBER;END PACK1;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY PACK1 IS PROCEDURE P1 IS BEGINDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('P1 PACKAGE');END P1;FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER ISBEGINA:=1000;RETURN A;END F1;END PACK1;
DECLAREN NUMBER;BEGINN:=PACK1.F1;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(N);PACK1.P1;END;
/*CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE PACK2 ISPROCEDURE DDEP;FUNCTION BALANCE RETURN NUMBER;NAME VARCHAR2(15); END PACK2;
CREATE PACKAGE BODY PACK2 ISFUNCTION BALANCE (NAME IN VARCHAR2)RETURN NUMBER ASBALANCE NUMBER(10,2);BEGINSELECT SAL INTO BALANCE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=NAME;RETURN(BALANCE);EXCEPTIONSWHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THENRAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20101,'NO WORKER ON THAT NAME');END PACK2;PROCEDURE DDEP(NAME IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
INSERT INTO DEPT(DEPTNO,DNAME,LOC) VALUES(10,NAME,NULL);END DDEP;END PACK2; */
PL/SQL COMPOSITE DATA TYPE--------------------------
DECLARETYPE T1 IS TABLE OF EMP.sal %TYPEINDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;M BINARY_INTEGER :=1;T2 T1;BEGINFOR I IN 1..20LOOPT2(M) :=I*10;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(T2(M)||' '||m);M:=M+1;END LOOP;END;
DECLARETYPE T1 IS TABLE OF EMP.ENAME%TYPEINDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;M BINARY_INTEGER:=0;T2 T1;BEGINFOR I IN (SELECT ENAME FROM EMP )LOOPT2(M):=I.ENAME;--INSERT INTO DEPT1(DNAME) VALUES(T2(M));dbms_output.put_line(t2(m)||' '||m);M:=M+1;END LOOP;END;
DECLARETYPE T1 IS TABLE OF EMP.ENAME%TYPEINDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;M BINARY_INTEGER :=1;T2 T1;T3 T1;BEGINFOR I IN(SELECT ENAME FROM EMP)LOOPT2(M) :=I.ENAME;T3(M):=T2;DELETE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=T2(M);DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(T3(M));M:=M+1;END LOOP;END;
DECLARE TYPE T1 IS TABLE OF DEPT%ROWTYPEINDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;T2 T1;M BINARY_INTEGER :=1;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
BEGINFOR I IN (SELECT * FROM DEPT)LOOPT2(M).DEPTNO :=I.DEPTNO;T2(M).DNAME :=I.DNAME;T2(M).LOC :=I.LOC;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(T2(M).DEPTNO||' '||T2(M).DNAME||' '||T2(M).LOC);M :=M+1;END LOOP;END;
--RECORD(ONE ROW)
DECLARETYPE T1 IS RECORD (A NUMBER(3),B VARCHAR2(30),C VARCHAR2(30));T2 T1;BEGINSELECT * INTO T2 FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO=10;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(T2.A||T2.B||T2.C); END;
BEGINSELECT * FROM EMP;
END;
-----------------------------------------
BEGINUPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+2000;
END;
-----------------------------------------
DECLAREI NUMBER :=7788;J NUMBER :=10000;BEGINUPDATE EMP SET SAL=J WHERE EMPNO=I;END;
-----------------------------------------
DECLARE I NUMBER:=&I;J NUMBER:=&J;BEGINUPDATE EMP SET SAL=J WHERE EMPNO=I;
------------------------------------------
DECLAREI NUMBER;J NUMBER;BEGINUPDATE EMP SET SAL=&J WHERE EMPNO=&I;END;
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
------------------------------------------
FOR LOOP--------
FOR <VAR> IN <MIN>..<MAXVALUE>LOOP---END LOOP;
-------------------------------------------declarebeginFOR I IN 1..5LOOPINSERT INTO TEMP VALUES (I);END LOOP;end;
-------------------------------------------
WHILE LOOP----------
WHILE <CONDITION>LOOP---END LOOP;
-------------------------------------------
DECLAREA NUMBER(2);BEGINA:=&A;FOR COUNT IN 1..ALOOPINSERT INTO TEMP VALUES (COUNT);END LOOP;END;
-------------------------------------------
DECLAREI NUMBER:=10;BEGINWHILE I <=15LOOPINSERT INTO TEMP VALUES (I);I:=I+1;END LOOP;END;-------------------------------------------
DECLARE
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
I NUMBER:=1;BEGINWHILE I<=10LOOPINSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I,'XXXX');IF I>5 THENEXIT;END IF;I:=I+1;END LOOP;INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I,'YYYY');END;
-------------------------------------------
GO TO STATEMENT---------------
DECLAREI NUMBER:=1;BEGINWHILE I<=10LOOPINSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I,'XXXX');IF I=5 THENGOTO PROC;END IF;I:=I+1;END LOOP;<<PROC>>INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(I,'PROC');END;
------------------------------------------------------------
USING INTO CLASS ----
DECLARE TEMP NUMBER: = &TEMPNO;TEMPSAL NUMBER;
BEGINSELECT SAL INTO TEMPSAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=TEMP;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TEMPSAL);
END;
SET SERVEROUT ON;------------------------------------------------------------////////////////(UPDATE ERROR)DECLARE
TNO NUMBER:=&TEMPNO;TEMPSAL NUMBER;TEMPCOMM NUMBER;
BEGIN SELECT SAL,COMM INTO TEMPSAL,TEMPCOMM FROM EMP WHERE
EMPNO=TNO;IF TEMPCOMM >1000 AND TEMPSAL <=5000 THEN
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+2000 WHERE EMPNO=TNO;ELSIF TEMPSAL >2000 THEN
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+1000 WHERE EMPNO=TNO;END IF;END;
-------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARETEMPEMPNO NUMBER:=&TEMPEMPNO;TEMPHIREDATE DATE;TEMPNAME VARCHAR2(20);
BEGINSELECT HIREDATE,ENAME INTO TEMPHIREDATE,TEMPNAME FROM EMPWHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO;IF TEMPHIREDATE >='01-JAN-80' AND TEMPHIREDATE <='30-JAN-85' THENUPDATE EMP SET COMM=COMM+COMM*0.1 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO;END IF;END;
-------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARETEMPEMPNO NUMBER:=&TEMPEMPNO;TEMPDEPTNO NUMBER;
BEGINSELECT DEPTNO INTO TEMPDEPTNO WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO;IF TEMPDEPTNO=10 THENUPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+1000 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO;ELSIF TEMPDEPTNO=20 THENUPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+2000 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO;ELSIF TEMPDEPTNO=30 THENUPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+3000 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO;ELSE UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+4000 WHERE EMPNO=TEMPEMPNO;END IF;
END;
-------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLAREA NUMBER;B NUMBER;C NUMBER;
BEGINA:=&A;B:=&B;C:=A+B;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C);END;-------------------------------------------------------------------------%TYPE--------
DECLARE SALARY EMP.SAL%TYPE;DOJ EMP.HIREDATE%TYPE;
BEGINSELECT SAL,HIREDATE INTO SALARY,DOJ FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7900;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SALARY||' '||DOJ);
Krishna Prasad T.K.
SQL Queries
END;------------------------------------------------------------------------
Krishna Prasad T.K.
