ABOUT THE AUTHORS

BONSIEPEN, WOLFGANG (1946): Research Fellow, the Hegel Archive, Bochum; co-editor of Hegel's Phenomenology (1980), 1827 Encyclope­dia (1989); research interests - post-Kantian philosophy of nature; address - Hegel-Archiv, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Overbergstrasse 17, Postfach 102148,44801 Bochum 1, Germany.

BORZESZKOWSKI, HORST-HEINO VON (1940): Professor of Theoretical Physics, East Berlin; research interests - history of science, epistemology, theoretical physics; address - the former Einstein Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse 17a, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.

BRACKENRIDGE, J. BRUCE (1927): Professor of Physics, Lawrence Universi­ty; research interests - Newton's early dynamics and the opening sections of the Principia; address - Department of Physics, Lawrence University, Post Box 599, Appleton, Wisconsin 54912, U.S.A.

BRONGER, PATRICK P.A. (1972): is studying Philosophy and Econometrics at the Erasmus University Rotterdam; special interests - methodology and the philosophy of mind; address - Struissenburgdwarsstraat 128, 3063 BV Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

BUCHDAHL, GERD (1914): Readerin the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, emeritus; research interests - metaphysics and the philosophy of science, especially Kant and the dynamics of reason; address - Department of the History and Philosophy of Science, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH, England.

BURBIDGE, JOHN W. (1936): Professor of Philosophy, Trent University; President of the Hegel Society of America 1988/90, author of Hegel's Logic (1981), Within Reason (1990), Logic and Religion (1992); address -'- 379 Stewart Street, Peterborough, Ontario K9H 4A9, Canada.

M. J. Petry (ed.), Hegel and Newtonianism, 721-726, 1993.

722 About the Authors

BunNER, STEFAN (1958): Research Assistant, Research Institute for Phi­losophy, University of Hanover; research interests - Hegel's philosophy of nature, Spinoza's concept of space; address - St.-Peter-Strasse 2, 69126 Hei­delberg, Germany.

DREES, MARTIN (1955): Member of the Arbeitskreis zu Hegels Naturphiloso­phie; research interests - Hegel's and Holderlin's development, the founda­tions of philosophy, the theory of dialectic; address - Wittelsbacherring 27, 53115 Bonn, Germany.

ENGELHARDT, DIETRICH VON (1941): Director of the Institute for the History of Medicine and Science, University of Lubeck; author of Hegel und die Chemie (1976), Historisches Bewusstsein in der NaturwissenschaJt (1979), Klassiker der Medizin (1991); research interests - philosophy of medicine, medical ethics; address - Konigstrasse 42, 23552 Lubeck, Germany.

FALKENBURG, BRIGITTE (1953): Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Constance; trained in both Philosophy (Bielefeld) and Physics (Heidelberg); research interests - traditional natural philosophy, especially Kant and Hegel; modern philosophy of science, especially the problems of particle physics; address - Monchhofstrasse 5a, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

FLEISCHHACKER, LOUK E. (1936): Associate Professor of Logic and the Phi­losophy of Mathematics, Technical University Twente; trained in mathemat­ics and mathematical logic at Amsterdam; research interests - mathematical thought in technology and philosophy; address - Faculty WMW, P.O. Box 217, Twente University, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

GARRISON, JAMES W. (1950): Professor of Philosophy, Virginia Polytechnic; research interests - mathematical logic and the history and philosophy of sci­ence; address - 226 War Memorial Hall, Virginia Polytechnic, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0317, U.S.A.

GJERTSEN, DEREK (1933): Research Fellow in Philosophy, University of Liverpool; author of The Classics of Science (1984), The Newton Handbook (1986), Science and Philosophy (1989); research interest - science and mod­ern irrationalism; address - 1 Ash Grove, Formby, Merseyside L37 2DT, England.

GOWER, BARRY (1941): Lecturer in the Philosophy of Science, University of Durham; research interests - early nineteenth-century German science and

About the Authors 723

philosophy, the development of probabilistic reasoning in science; address - Philosophy Department, Durham University, 50 Old Elvet, Durham DHI 3HN, England.

GRATIAN-GUINNESS, IVOR (1941): Reader in Mathematics, Middlesex Uni­versity; edited the Annals of Science 1974/81, founder-editor of History and Philosophy of Logic 1980-, author of Convolutions in French Mathematics (1990); research interests - the foundations of mathematics; address - 43 St. Leonard's Road, Bengeo, Hertfordshire SG14 3JW, England.

GUICCIARDINI, NICCOLO (1957): Research Fellow in Philosophy, University of Bologna; author of The Development of Newtonian calculus in Britain (1989); research interests - the history ofthe calculus and applied mathemat­ics; address - via Polibio 5, 20144 Milan, Italy.

IHMIG, KARL-NORBERT (1958): Research Fellow, Ecclesiastical University of Bethel, formerly Research Fellow in the philosophy of mathematics at the University of Bielefeld; author of Hegels Deutung der Gravitation (1989); research interests - the history and philosophy of mathematics; address -Kollwitzstrasse 1,33613 Bielefeld 1, Germany.

ILLETIERATI, LUCA (1963): Research Fellow in Philosophy, University of Padua; research interests - philosophy and science during the nineteenth cen­tury, Hegel's conception of nature and of the organism; address - 94 Viale Verona, 36100 Vicenza, Italy.

KLurr, PETER MARTIN (1959): Research Fellow, European Laboratory for Particle Physics, Geneva; trained in both High Energy Physics and Philoso­phy (Amsterdam); research interests - the foundations of physical science, the history and philosophy of nature; address - 29 Ie Clos des Vignes, 01630 St. Genis-Pouilly, France.

LUNTEREN, FRANS VAN (1958): Lecturer in the History of Science, Universi­ty of Utrecht; research interest - the history of physics since the eighteenth­century; address -Institute for the History of Science, University of Utrecht, Nieuwegracht 187, 3512 LM Utrecht, The Netherlands.

MELICA, CLAUDIA (1961): Research Fellow in Philosophy, University of Rome La Sapienza; has published on Hemsterhuis's optics, KoynS's interpre­tation of Hegel, Italian philosophy; present research - Hegel's philosophy of religion; address - Via L. Rizzo 14,00136 Rome, Italy.

724 About the Authors

MENSE, ANDRE (1963): is studying Philosophy and Jurisprudence at the Erasmus University Rotterdam; special interests - methodology, ethics and the history of philosophy; address - Koppeldijk 78, 3079 IT Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

MILLER, ARNOLD VINCENT (1899-1991): Member of the Hegel Society of Great Britain; widely known on account of his translations of Hegel's Science of Logic (1969), Philosophy of Nature (1970), Phenomenology (1977) etc.; his daughter Mary Lettington now has care of his papers; address - 17 Lower Street, Stroud GL5 2HT, Gloucestershire, England.

MOORE, A.W. (1956): Tutorial Fellow and University Lecturer in Philosophy, St. Hugh's College, Oxford; research interests - metaphysics, philosophical logic, philosophy of mathematics; author of The Infinite (1990); address - St. Hugh's College, Oxford OX2 6LE, England.

MORETTO, ANTONIO (1943): Associate Professor of Philosophy at the Uni­versity of Sassari; author of Hegel e la Matematica dell'Infinito (1984), and of numerous articles on Hegel's philosophy of mathematics; research inter­ests - history and philosophy of mathematics and physics, German Idealism; address - Facolta di Lettere e Filosofia, Universita di Sassari, via M. Zanfari­no 62, 07100 Sassari, Italy.

NEUSER, WOLFGANG (1950): Guest Professor of the Philosophy of Sci­ence, University of Cassel (1990), Catholic University of Rio Grande (1992), Chairman of the Arbeitskreis zu Hegels Naturphilosophie; widely known on account of his edition of Hegel's De Orbitis Planetarum (1986), Newtons Universum (1990), Die Schriften Giordano Brunos (1991) etc.; address -Unterer Fauler Pelz 6, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

PATER, CEES DE (1943): Lecturer in the History of Science, University of Utrecht; author of works on Musschenbroek(1979) and S Gravesande(1988); research interest - the history of Newtonianism in the Netherlands; address - Institute for the History of Science, University of Utrecht, Nieuwegracht 187,3512 LM Utrecht, The Netherlands.

PETRY, MICHAEL JOHN (1933): Professor ofthe History of Philosophy, Eras­mus University Rotterdam; edited Hegel und die Naturwissenschaften (1987), co-edited Hegels Philosophie der Natur (1986); research interests - the histo­ry and philosophy of mathematics and the natural sciences; address - Maarten Dijkshoornlaan 33,3055 AS Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

About the Authors 725

Pozzo, RICCARDO (1959): Research Fellow, University of Trier; author of Kant und Logik (1989), Hegel: Introductio in philosophiam (1989); research interests - the history of logic, the methodology of science - Corso di Porta Ticinese 87, 20123 Milan, Italy.

PRIEST, STEPHEN MARTIN (1954): Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Ed in­burgh; author of The British Empiricists (1990), Theories of Mind (1991), Merleau-Ponty (1993), editor of Hegel's Critique of Kant (1987,19922);

address - Department of Philosophy, University of Edinburgh, David Hume Tower, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JX, Scotland.

SARLEMIJN, ANDRIES (1938): Professor of the Methodology, History and Philosophy of Technology, Eindhoven Technical University; research inter­ests - the history of science and technology; address - De Dijkakker 8, 5511 KX Knegsel, The Netherlands.

SNELDERS, H.A.M. (1930): Professor of the History of Science, University of Utrecht; research interests - a book on the history of chemistry in the Nether­lands has been completed, and a corresponding work on natural science in Germany around 1800 is in preparation; address - Institute for the History of Science, University of Utrecht, Nieuwegracht 187, 3512 LM Utrecht, The Netherlands.

STEINLE, FRIEDRICH (1957): Rese,arch Assistant, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Gottingen; research interests - the foundations of New­ton's mechanics, experimentation and theory in the work of Faraday and Ampere; address - Philosophisches Seminar der Georg-August-UniversiUit, Humboldtallee 19, 37027 Gottingen, Germany.

TOTH, IMRE (1921): Professor of Philosophy, University of Regensburg, emeritus; widely known on account of his work on the history and philoso­phy of mathematics, which is still his main research interest; address - 64, rue Damremont, Paris 18e, France.

WAHSNER, RENATE (1938): Professor of the History and Philosophy of Sci­ence, East Berlin; research interests - history of science, epistemology, the philosophy of nature; address - the former Einstein Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse 17a, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.

WANDSCHNEIDER, DIETER (1938): Professor of Philosophy, University of Aachen; research interests - dialectical logic, philosophy of nature, artificial

726 About the Authors

intelligence, ecological ethics, objective idealism; address - Theresienstrasse 18, 52072 Aachen, Germany.

WEHRLE, WALTER E. (1946): Assistant Professor of Philosophy, George Mason University; research interests - logic and metaphysics, Classical philosophy, especially Aristotle; address - Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444, U.S.A.

WEINSTOCK, ROBERT (1919): Professor of Physics, Oberlin College, emeri­tus; widely known on account of his Calculus of Variations (1952), his general work on mechanics and physics, and his controversial approach to Newton's Principia; address - Department of Physics, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, U.S.A.

WOLF-GAZO, ERNEST (1947): Professor of Philosophy, American University, Cairo; research interests - Whitehead, the history and philosophy of science, Islamic philosophy; address - Department of Philosophy, The American Uni­versity in Cairo, 113 Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt.

ZIGGELAAR, AUGUST S.l. (1928): Associate Professor of Physics, Royal Danish School of Educational Studies, Copenhagen; author of Le physicien Ignace Gaston Pardies (1971), and of numerous articles on the history of optics; research interest - the history of physics; address - Emdrupvej 115B, 2400 Copenhagen NY, Denmark.

Newton Opticks p. 404.

Newton Principles 1.40.

Newton Principia 11.20.

Newton Horsley III.20.

Newton MP VII.249.

Newton C IIL205-214.

Newton PLNP.42.

Newton USP.146-147

ABBREVIATIONS

NEWTON

Opticks or A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections & Colours of Light (London, 1730; preface LB. Cohen, New York,1952).

Sir Isaac Newton:SO Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and his System of the World (tr. A Motte, ed. E Cajori, 2 vols. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1962).

Isaac Newton:SO Philosophiae naturalis prin­cipiae mathematica (ed. A Koyre & LB. Cohen, 2 vols. Cambridge, 1972).

Isaaci Newton opera quae existant omnia (ed. S. Horsley, 5 vols. London, 1779-1785; reprint Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1964).

The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton (ed. D.T. Whiteside, 8 vols. Cambridge, 1967-1981).

The Correspondence of Isaac Newton (ed. H.W. Thmbull, J.E Scott, AR. Hall, 7 vols. Cambridge 1959-1977).

Isaac Newton:SO Papers and Letters on Natu­ral Philosophy (ed. LB. Cohen, Cambridge, Mass., 1978).

Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac New­ton (ed. AR. and M.B. Hall, Cambridge, 1962).

M. J. Petry (ed.), Hegel and Newtonianism, 727-730,1993.

728 Abbreviations

HEGEL

Hegel WL II.466; tr. Miller Wissenschaft der Logik (ed. G. Lasson, 2 p.808. vols., Hamburg, 1932).

Hegel Encyclopedia § 38 Remark; tr. Wallace p. 62.

Science of Logic (tr. A V. Miller, London and New York, 1969).

System der Philosophie. Erste Teil. Die Logik (ed. L. von Henning, Stuttgart, 1964).

Hegel's Logic (tr. W. Wallace, Oxford, 1975).

Hegel Encyclopedia § 270 System der Philosophie. Zweiter Teil. Die Remark; tr. Petry 1.264,26; Naturphilosophie (ed. K.L. Michelet, Stutt-tr. Miller p. 66. gart, 1964).

Hegel's Philosophy of Nature (ed. & tr. M.J. Petry, 3 vols., London & New York, 1970).

Hegel's Philosophy of Nature (tr. AV. Miller, Oxford, 1970).

Hegel Encyclopedia § 380; System der Philosophie. Dritter Teil. Die tr. Petry 11.31,18; tr. Miller Philosophie des Geistes (ed. L. Boumann, p.7. Stuttgart, 1965).

Hegel PhR § 280; tr. Knox p.184.

Hegel LPR II1.341; Jub. 16.529.

Hegel's Philosophy of Subjective Spirit (ed. & tr. M.J. Petry, 3 vols., Dordrecht & Boston, 1979).

Hegel's Philosophy of Mind (tr. W. Wallace & AV. Miller, Oxford, 1971).

Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (ed. E. Gans, Stuttgart, 1968).

Hegel's Philosophy of Right (ed. & tr. T.M. Knox, Oxford, 1942).

Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of Reli­gion (tr. E.B. Spiers & J.B. Sanderson, 3 vols., London, 1962).

Vorlesungen uber die Philosophie der Reli­gion: JubiHiumsausgabe vols. 15, 16 (ed. H. Glockner, Stuttgart, 1968).

Abbreviations 729

Hegel LHP Ill.322-324; Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy Jub.19.446-449. (tr. E.S. Haldane, 3 vols. London & New

York,1963).

Vorlesungen Uber die Geschichte der Philoso­phie: JubiUiumsausgabe vols. 17,18,19 (ed. H. Glockner, Stuttgart, 1968).

Hegel lliP.117; ed. Hoff­meister p. 159.

Hegel's Introduction to the Lectures on the History of Philosophy (tr. T.M. Knox & A.v. Miller, Oxford, 1985).

Hegel, Einleitung in die Geschichte der Phi­losophie (ed. J. Hoffmeister & F. Nicolin, Hamburg, 1966).

Hegel TJ.15; tr. Knox p. 21. Hegels theologische Jugendschrijten (ed.

Hegel DOP.32; tr. p.302.

Hegel JS I, II, III.

Hegel PhG.92; tr. p.91.

H. Nohl, Tiibingen, 1907).

Hegel's Early Theological Writings (tr. T.M. Knox & R Kroner, Chicago, 1948).

Adler Hegel. Dissertatio Philosophica de Orbitis Planetarum (ed. & tr. W. Neuser, Weinheim, 1986).

Hegel on the Orbits of the Planets (ed. & tr. P. Adler, Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal, vol. 12, nos. 1 & 2, pp. 269-309, New School for Social Research, New York, 1987).

Jenaer SystementwUrfe I (ed. K. Dusing & H. Kimmerle, Hamburg, 1986).

Jenaer SystementwUrfe II (ed. R-P. Horst­mann, Hamburg, 1982).

Jenaer SystementwUrfe III (ed. R-P. Horst­mann, Hamburg, 1987).

Miller Phiinomenologie des Geistes (Bamberg & Wurzburg, 1807).

Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (tr. A.V. Miller, Oxford, 1977).

730 Abbreviations

Hegel Werke VIII. 97.

Hegel Jub. 9.123.

Hegel MM 9.86.

Hegel GW 19.207.

G. w.F. Hegets Werke. Vollstiindige Aus­gabe durch einen Verein von Freunden des Verewigten. (18 vols. Berlin, 1832-1845).

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Siimtliche Werke. Jubiliiumsausgabe (ed. H. Glockner, 26 vols. Stuttgart, 1927-1940).

G. w.F. Hegel. Werke (ed. E. Moldenhauer & K.M. Michel, 20 vols. FrankfurtlM., 1969ff.

G. w.F. Hegel. Gesammelte Werke. In Verbin­dung mit der Deutschen Forschungsgemein­schaft herausgegeben (Hamburg, 1968ff.).

BffiLIOGRAPHY

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INDEX

absolute, mind, 125,132,134; idealism, 110 abstraction, 304,307 acceleration, 87, 212, 231, 239, 335, 393,

409,415 Accum, F., 695 Achilles, ,190, 191 acid, 640, 659: and alkali, 615; base, 640;

metal, 623; process, 616: Newton, 649: acidification, 616

action at a distance, 348, 350, 364, 366, 605, 620

active principle, 652 actual infinite, 321 Adams, G., 360 Adelard of Bath, 292, 298 Aesop, 180 aesthetics, 55, 384 affinity, 627; chemical, 604, 619, 625;

elective, 615, 632, 634; table, 624, 628 agnosticism, 346 Agricola, R, 35 air, 603, 605, 619, 645; resistance, 298 Airy, G.B., 312 alchemy, 57, 285, 620, 650: and force, 653;

Hegel, 607: Newton's, 595, 597, 653 Alembert, lL.R. d', 78, 162, 163, 164, 203,

206, 289, 326, 345, 357, 392, 393, 394, 401

algebra, 19,23,442,457,600: and calculus, 203, 323; geometry, 13: Cartesian, 460: algebraic deduction of inverse-square law, 503

alkali, and acid, 615 alloy, 636 Alps, Swiss, 584 amalgam, 616, 636 Amsterdam, 711 analogy, 369, 621, 647 analysis, 17, 216, 323, 440, 441: and

dynamics, 325; synthesis, 17, 27, 33, 36, 109,272,466,479,660: architectonic of, 485: of categories, 488: Newtonian, 174, 496

analytical function, 325 anamnesis, 197 Anglicanism, 127, 128, 131, 132, 135, 348,

351,361,455,466 animal, 652; 654, 661; animistic explana-

tion,619 Anjema, H.D., 676 Anne, Queen, 438 anthropology, 567 anti-matter, 230 antinomy, 45, 50 antimony, 653 antipathy, 619, 620 antipodes, 293 aphelion, 391,453 Apollonius ofPerga, 320, 440 apple, Newton's, 429, 434, 489 applied mathematics, 201 Arago, F. 529 archetypal phenomenon, 554, 558 Archimedes, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147,

149, 154, 158, 159, 160, 164, 320, 481, 670: and exhaustion, 170; Kepler, 480: on the sphere and cylinder, 152

architectonic, of analysis and synthesis, 485 area, and ellipse, 450; law, 454 . Arianism, 718 Aristaeus the Elder, 440 Aristotle, xii, 17,26,33,184,189,219,221,

224, 286, 476, 568, 619: and Galilei, 329; Newton, 488: Kepler on, 443; logic, 149; Metaphysics, 458: on categories, 302,443; colour, 547; element of earth, 367; equalisation, 194; matter, 645; motion, 317, 318; occult qualities, 621;

767

768 Index

quantity, 210, 444; Physics, 21, 687, 690; Posterior Analytics, 20, 34, 327; Prior Analytics, 20; Pseudo-Aristotle, 188; refutation of, 304

Aristotelian analysis, 20; concept of mathematics, 464; cosmology, 294; middle, 470; motion, 180; physics, 292; science, 216; tradition, 317

Aristotelianism, 35, 400, 599 arithmetic, 216; and geometry, 490 armilla, 448 Armstrong, D.M., 117 artificial intelligence, 122 artist, 580 ascension, right, 448 assimilation, 661, 662 Ast, F., 673 astrology, 653 astronomy and chemistry, 655; hypotheses,

479; mathematics, 490: Hegel on, 476: practical, 449, 454

atheism, 605, 651 atmosphere, 584 atom, 362, 600, 603, 642; poles of, 641:

atomic theory, 599, 605, 607, 609; weight, 617: atomism, 247, 573, 595, 608, 620; Newtonian, 604

attraction, 283, 455, 504, 621, 628; and gravity, 371; mass, 503; matter, 363; repulsion, 66, 334, 375, 601, 623: attractive force, 366, 370

Australia, 237 axial pole, 257 axiom, 155,217,368

Baader, F.x. von, 696 Bacon, F., xiv, 58, 59, 127, 448: and

Newton, 496 Baconianism, 203, 412, 457, 465, 715 Baer, N., 445, 446, 447 Bakerian lectures, 527 ballistics, 354 balloon, air, 282 Bardili, C.G., 150, 152 Barrow, I., 480 Bartholdy, G.w., 636 base and acid, 640 battering-ram, 292 Bauer, B., 133

Baume, A, 629 Baxter, A, 348 becoming, sea of, 442 Beer, W., 695 behaviourism, 117 being, and non-being, 199 bell,293 Benedetti, G.B., 230, 238 benevolence, 55 Bentley, R., 127, 129, 130,285,348,650 Benzenberg, J.F., 270 Berger, lE. von, 691 Bergman, T.O., 628, 629, 630, 631, 633,

636, 657: and Newton, 628; Schelling, 637: Hegel on, 637, 638

Berkeley, G., xiii, 162, 163, 164, 361: criticism of calculus, 145, 146, 176: idealism, 51

Berlin, 345, 399: Academy, 359, 691; Germanist Society, 695; Observatory, 695

Bernhardy, G., 640 Bernoulli, D., 326, 393 Bernoulli, Johann, 431 Berry, M., 271 Berthollet, C.L. de, 604, 607, 608, 630, 631,

633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 641, 643, 657,705

Berzelius, ll, 640, 641, 657, 705 Bessel, F.W., 208, 303 Bevis, J., 351 Bible, 343, 352 biology, 384, 566, 658, 661: and Car­

tesianism, 658; chemistry, 617, 661, 663, 665

Biot, lB., 313, 314 Bischof, C.G.C., 706 black,584 Blake, W., xiii BlOde,K.A,705 blood, 652, 654 Bloom, L., 194 blue, 565, 580, 581 Blumenbach, IF., 658 Boas, M., 596 Bode, J.E., 476, 694 body, 614: and light, 520; soul, 576: living,

660: Newton's conception of, 387 Boehme, J., 57, 58, 59, 696

Bok, A.F., 686 Boerhaave, H., 132 Bohnenberger, J.G.F., 676 Bolland, G.J.P.I., 579 Bologna, 270 Bolzano, B., xii Bonnet, C., 654, 658 Bonsiepen, W., 721 book of nature, 224, 655 Borelli, G.A., 470, 480 Borzeszkowski, H.-H. von, 721 Bosanquet, B., 108 Boscovich, R.I., 51, 52, 359, 362, 363, 395,

396,604,605,607: and Kant, 364 botany, 662 Bouguer, P., 312 Boulliau, I., 454, 500 Boyle, R., 127, 276, 349, 434, 572, 573,

605, 620, 645: and alchemy, 598; Newton, 600, 623: on clockwork, 646; hierarchy, 599; colour, 548: lectures, 131: Newton on, 277

brachistochrone, 294, 295 Brackenridge, IB., 721 Brahe, T., 280, 448, 449, 476, 500: and

Kepler, 446 Brera Observatory, Milan, 312 Brewer, J.P., 688 Brewster, D., xii, 595, 698 brightness, 587 Bristol, 271 Bronger, P.P.A., 693, 700, 721 Brougham, H., 527, 528 Brouwer, L.E.I, 216 Buchdahl, G., 721 Biirgi, J., 306 Biittner, S., 722 Buffon,G.L.L.de,604,627,628,658 Buhle, J.G., 688 Buquoy, G.F.A. de L., 688 Burbidge, J.W., 721 Burdach, KF., 658 Buridan, J., 292, 293 Burke, E., 55 Burton, R., 448 Buzengeiger, KH.I., 477, 681 Byron, Lord, 190

Cairo, 635

Index 769

calculation, 347 calculus, 19: and algebra, 203, 323; circle,

492; exhaustion, 139; kinematics, 169; limits, 483; motion, 167, 509; physics, 477; space and time, 483: foundations, 141, 167, 476: Hegel on, 400, 483, 487: history, 144: infinitesimal, 73, 75, 76, 324,327

calcite, 523, 524, 528 Calvinism, 108, 354 Camborne, Cornwall, 312 Cambridge, 127, 279, 429, 711; Platonists,

380; University Library, 416 Campe, J.H., 695 Camerarius, J., 672 Campanus, J., 480 candlelight, 586, 589 cannon-balls, 273 Cantor, G., xii, 76, 182, 196, 199,218, 219,

267 capillarity, 622 Cardan, G., 678 Carlini, F., 312 Carnap, R., 332 Carnot, L.N.M., 204, 207, 673, 681 Carre, L., 674 Cartesianism, 278, 286, 353, 715: and the

inverse-square law, 368; pendulum, 272: Cartesian, biology, 658; confusions, 504; co-ordinates, 407; dynamics, 422; materialism, 652; physics, 344; vortex, 330,469

cartography, 205 Cartwright, N., 542 Casaubon, I., 687 Cassel Observatory, 306 Cassini, J.-D., 522 category, 302, 333; analysis of, 488: and

phenomena, 373: barbarous, 541; metaphysical, 85; mistake, 402, 480; of science, 372; system of categories, 103, 401

Cauchy, A.L., xii, 76, 147, 164, 170, 172, 401,484

cause, 10, 288 Cavendish, H., 312 celestial, motion, 448; physics, 450; spheres,

412 Cenis, Mount, 312

770 Index

centre, of gravity, 234; motion, 385 centrifugal force, 55, 371, 385, 386, 391,

434,491: and centripetal force, 385, 390, 403, 488, 493; inertial force, 406; mass, 255; quantification, 391; tangential component, 474; tangential force, 387; tangential motion, 392; vortex, 521

centripetal force, 352, 353, 369, 385, 386, 402,409,463,467: and centrifugal force, 235, 390, 403, 488, 491, 492, 493: Newtonian, 323

Ceres, 510 CERN,237 Chiitellet, G. du, 390 chemism, 510, 610, 611: and colour, 561;

logic, 612 chemistry, 308, 384: and astronomy, 655;

biology, 617, 665; geology, 662; life, 660; logic, 609, 611; mathematics, 603, 604, 661; meteorology, 606, 607, 612; organism, 657, 659: dynamical, 632; inorganic, 660; Fichte on, 708; Hegel on, 606; Kant on, 708; of forces, 634: chemical, affinity, 604, 619, 625, 631, 641; combination, 615, 619; compound, 657; element, 607; force, 622; process, 604,613, 636, 659,661; reaction, 629

Chimborazo, Mount, 312 Christ, divinity of, 362, 719 Christianson, G.E., xii Christmann, W.L., 477, 678 chromatic spectrum, 590 circle, 492; area of, 480: and ellipse, 453,

512; polygon, 139: construction of, 482; osculating, 422: circular, motion, 252, 391

cither, 293 Clairaut, AC., 177,311,477,678 Clarke, AC., 676 Clarke, E., 462 Clarke, S., 125, 127, 131, 348, 572; and

Leibniz, 125,652 classical mechanics, 229, 243 classification, 329, 617, 627, 657 Clavius, C., 480 clock, 271, 645; magnetic, 308; clockwork,

646 coevality, 194 Cohen, I.B., xii, 125, 281, 283, 287, 367,

413,436,625,626 cohesion, 54; line of, 306 Colden, c., 349, 350, 351 Collins, A, 361 Collins, J., 457 collision, 233 Cologne, 674 colour, 531: and chemism, 561; force, 402;

grey, 565; physiology, 575; refraction, 549, 552, 574; sense-perception, 572; shade, 588; shadow, 548, 553, 591; sound, 574; wave-frequency, 526: compound, 574; complementary, 590; defined, 563; dioptical, 589; modification theory, 547; physiological, 566: theory, Goethe's, 557, 561; Hegel's, 557,583

combination, chemical, 615, 619, 634 combinatorics, 208 comet, 329, 524, 647 Commandino, F., 441, 480 Commercium Epistolicum, 173, 176 common-sense philosophy, 353 compass, magnetic, 300 complementary colour, 590 compound, chemical, 657 Condarnine, C.-M. de la, 302 Condillac, B.B. de, 29, 30 conformity, and nature, 645, 647, 654 conic, 323,422,429; cubature, 186; motion,

427, 506; section, 411, 464, and centripetal force, 464; theory of, 320

consciousness, 117; and laws, 495; discipline of, 442

conservation, of energy, 261, 320; force, 389 contingency and logic, 96 continuity, 372; of nature, 616 Copernicus, N., 104, 288; and Ptolemy, 446;

on gravity, 367: Copernican hypothesis, 430,446,470: Copernicanisrn, 269, 294

Copley medal, 303 copper, 622, 624,651 Coriolis, G.G. de, 204; force, 386 corpuscle, 531, 599, 602, 650; corpuscular

theory, 570, 620 Corti, A, 654 cosmogony, 372 cosmology, 622 Coste, P., 716 Cotes, R., 322, 521

C.oul.omb, c.A., 205 c.ounting, 150 C.ousin, V., 695, 697 creati.on, 328, 380, 443 critics, .of Hegel, 400 Crusius, S.L., 693 crystal, 402, 523 cubature, 186,460,481 curve,296,385,423,461,462,480,509 cycl.oid, 282, 305,471

Dalt.on, J., 599, 605, 608, 609, 610, 617, 657,706

darkness and light, 564, 584 Davy, H., 608, 655, 657 Darwin, C., 105, 129 Darwin, E., 700 daylight, 580 death, 660, 661 declinati.on, 448 Dedekind, R., 76,197 deducti.on,34,211,328,472,495,503 Dee, J., 441, 442, 443, 444 De Gandt, F., 400, 403 deism, 361 Delambre, J.B.J., 694 Deluc, J.-A., 358, 359 Dem.ocritus, 53, 186, 199, 262 De M.organ, A., 175 density .of Earth, 312 Derham, W., 348 Descartes, R., 27, 33, 38, 119, 126, 127,

128, 133, 141,224,276,278,294,317, 328, 385, 453, 521, 525, 573, 674, 695, 697: and calculus, 144; G.od, 456; Huygens, 491; Newt.on, 576, 600: Dioptrics, 518; dynamics, 400; explanati.ons, 651; Geometry, 457; mechanistic phil.os.ophy, 520; Newt.on's view .of, 651: .on, analysis, 28; cl.ock­w.ork, 646; c.ol.our, 548, 549, 554; c.orpuscles, 599; extensi.on, 222; f.orce, 383, 393; God,380; inertia, 417; mathematics and physics, 272; matter, 356,620,645; sine law, 517: Principles, 272, 275, 518; refutati.on .of, 304; Rules, 34; v.ortex the.ory, 330, 470, 517, 527

determinism, 116 Deventer,672

Index 771

dialectic, 31, 34, 36, 247, 337, 661: and f.orce, 56; mathematics, 222; Zen.o's arguments, 179: .of nature, 53; Hegelian, 131: dialectical, c.ontradicti.on, 184; l.ogic, 165; meth.od, 41,43

dich.ot.omy, 179, 183,185,321,489 diffracti.on,517,522,531,536,541,546 Digby, K., 276, 598 digesti.on, 662 Dijksterhuis, E.J., xiii, 475 Dilling, C.A.A., 671 Dilw.orth, C., 210, 218 dimming, 585 Di.ophantus .of Alexandria, 671, 678 di.optrical c.ol.ours, 589 dipping needle, 308 direct Kepler pr.oblem, 415 Dirksen, E.H., 485, 675, 682 discipline .of c.onsci.ousness, 442 disease, 448, 510, 661, 662, 663 divisibility .of matter, 263 D.obbs, BJ.T., xii, 277, 596, 597, 598, 653 D.olc.oath mine, 312 D.orling, J., 3, 4, 5 d.ouble-refracti.on, 519, 523, 526, 528, 531,

546 D.ove, H.W., 687 D.oz, A., 403 Drees, M., 722 dualism, 55 Dubarle, D., 400 Diihring, E.C., 736 Diisse1d.orf, 688 du.odecimal system, 690 Duperney, L.-I., 313 Dupuis, C.F., 695 Dutch g.overnment, 268 dyad, 194 dynamics, 422; and analysis, 325; axi.om .of,

319; Cartesian, 329; Galilean, 318, 330; Newt.onian, 400; rati.o, 421; science .of, 317: dynamical chemistry, 632

dynamism, 363

earth, 603, 605, 619, 645 Earth, 204: and magnetism, 313, 355; Sun,

472,648: density .of, 312; -M.o.on t~st, 11, 12, 300, 373, 507; .our h.ome, 104; r.otati.on .of, 311; shape .of, 205, 206, 298,

772 Index

311,345,353,390 earthquake, 271 eccentricity of orbit, 449 Eckermann, J.P., 561 eclipse, 449 Edinburgh, Royal Society of, 499 effect, and cause, 10 effluvia, 524 ego, 34, 104, 133, 196 Egyptians, 693 Eindhoven, 268 Einstein, A., 229, 235, 366 elasticity, 205, 351, 353, 356 elective affinity, 609, 615, 632, 634, 637 electricity, 54, 285, 374, 396, 510, 603, 606,

621,622,623,641,648,649,657,664 electro-dynamics, 78 electro-magnetism, 260, 366 electron, 237 element, 105,292,352,605,619,645,657;

and geometry, 440; chemical, 607; transmutation of, 599, 607, 608

ellipse, 305, 411, 430, 461, 470, 472, 509: and area, 450; circle, 453, 512; inverse­square law, 475: centre of, 422; Newton's exposition of, 464

ellipsing, 268 elliptical, motion, 488, 505, 506, 507; orbits,

415,416 emission, absorption model, 260 empiricism, 33, 42, 70, 85, 86, 89, 90, 121,

298, 534, 559, 561, 562, 567: empirical, astronomy, 112; chemistry, 640; basis of natural science, 84; enquiry, 489; knowledge, 61, 465; phenomena, 542

Empedocles,619 empyrean, 598 Encke, J.F., 208,694 encyclopedia, 214, 606 energy, 206, 207, 259, 261, 320, 395 Engelhardt, D. von, 722 Engfer, H.-J., 28, 31, 32 engineering, and mechanics, 204, 205 England, 383, 455; the English, 122, 304,

558 entropy, 396 Eotvos, R. von, 229, 236 Epicurus,372 epicycloid, 282, 305

epigenesis, 658 epistemology, 82,131,215,361,362 equator, 311, 406 equilibrium, 204, 391, 394, 521, 633, 689 equivalence, 241, 243 Erasmus, D., 687 Erman, G.A., 687, 707 Erxleben, J.C.P., 345, 633 Eschenbach, e.G., 707 Eschenmayer, A.C.A., 150, 152 Espagnet, J. d', 598 ether, 54, 279, 280, 304,347,521,601,607,

645: and gravitation, 352; light, 520, 521, 526; spirit, 603; waves, 529: Euler on, 525, luminiferous, 366; Maxwell's, 543; nervous, 353; theory, 602, 603

ethics, 384 Euclid of Alexandria, 13, 38, 149, 153, 154,

157, 158, 219, 440, 444, 452, 457, 460, 461, 672, 676: and Huygens, 296; Pfleiderer, 480; phenomenology, 473; Proclus, 327; syllogism, 480: editions of, 479; Elements, 34, 152, 156, 441, 443, 445, 479, 481, 485; manner, 172; parallel-postulate, 155; Platonic interpre­tation of, 439; proof, 11; regular solids, 478; synthetic method, 153

Euclid of Megara, 440, Eudoxus, 139, 140, 147, 158 Euler, L., xii, 146, 162, 164,203,313,317,

325, 329, 330, 351, 354, 356, 392, 393, 526, 527, 678, 682, 683, 684, 689: and Taylor, 481; on analytical mechanics, 323; colour, 555; elasticity, 205; ether, 525; light-waves, 531; matter, 356; motion, 395: mechanics, 328

evolution, 105, 663 exhalation, 648 exhaustion, 139, 159, 170,462,480 experience, 97,216,504,560 experiment, 230, 237, 239, 598, -626:

experimental, Newtonianism, 603; philosophy, 501, 646; physics, 269; principle, 213; proof, 18; verification, 329: experimentation, 209, 329, 465, 466,532,621

extension, 222, 378 externality, 82 eye, 576

Falck, G., 693 Falkenburg, B., 577, 722 fall, 233, 317, 335, 370; free, 211, 217, 225;

Galilei on, 331; Hegel on, 331; law of, 79,336

fallacy, Newton's, 432 Faraday, M., 365, 366, 648 Farrar, l, 682 Fatio de Duillier, N., 357 Feder, lG.H., 29 Feigl, H., 117 Fermat, P., 141, 144 fermentation, 599, 621, 647, 652 fermion, 259 Feuerbach, L., 129, 133 Fevre, N. de, 598 Feyerabend, P.K., 116 Fichte, J.G., 29, 30, 45, 133, 659; on

chemistry, 708 field, 231, 235 Figala, K., xii Finaeus, 0.,480 Findlay, IN., 264 fire, 605, 619, 645 Fischbach, E., 229, 236, 237 Fischer, E.G., 636, 639, 640, 643, 683 Fischer, N.W., 706 fixed star, 294 flame, 589 Flamsteed, l, 471, 694 Flatt, IF., 28 Fleischhacker, L.E., 722 Fludd, R., 444 fluent, 144, 168, 173 fluid, 326, 385, 622; elastic, 351, 353;

imponderable, 603; mechanics, 518 fluxion, 144, 168, 173, 175, 177, 509;

Maclaurin on, 392 Fodor, lA., 118 force, 234, 236, 237, 323, 365, 371, 401,

654; accelerative, 393: and, alchemy, 653; chemistry, 634; dialectic, 56; geometry, 491; idea, 395; impulse, 384; mass, 245, 412; mathematics, 392; matter, 413, 604, 605; motion, 297; Newtonian chemistry, 619; phenomena, 647; plants, 414: centrifugal, 55, 235, 371,385,386,391,434,488; centripetal, 235, 352, 353, 369, 385, 467, 488;

Index 773

concept of, 383; conservation of, 389; Coriolis, 204, 386; equilibrium of, 521; expansive, 604; impressed, 387, 393; innate, 371, 388; Lagrange on, 395; living, 388, 389, 393; Newtonian, 600, 620; nexus of, 600; of inertia, 405; of particles, 621; organic, 658; prolifera­tion, 493; quantification, 408; repulsive, 372; short-range, 635; vegetative, 54

form, and matter, 305 Fossombroni, V., 688 Foster, H., 313 Foucault, lB.L., 268, 269, 271, 311, 386 Fourcroy, A.F. de, 633,707 Fourier, l, 688 Fraassen, B.C. van, 542 France, 383, 389; French, mathematics, 347;

revolution, 126 Francoeur, L.B., 371,475,689 Franeker,676,689 Franke, H., 702 Franklin, B., 396 Frederick the Great, 345, 355 free, fall, 225; motion, 376 freedom, 117,123, 185,200 freethinkers, 355 Freind, J., 601 Fresnel, A.-l,366, 528, 531, 542 friction, 205, 298, 307, 308 friendship, 612 frog, 647 Fromherz, C., 701 Frost, P., 424 functionalism, 117

Galen, C., 38 Galilei, G., 77, 79, 224, 230, 238, 239, 245,

246,269,270,277,308,415,417,496, 573, 654: and, Aristotle, 329; Huygens, 273, 294; Platonism, 328; the Moon, 645; pendulum, 280; pendulum clock, 274: dynamics, 318, 330, 422: on, acceleration, 419; deduction, 328; fall, 105, 317, 322, 336, 358; infinite, 327; projectiles, 329; thought experiments, 210

galvanism, 617, 641, 702,704 Gargano, A., xiv Garnison, J.W., 722

774 Index

Garve, C., 29 gas, kinetical theory of, 366; lighting, 695 Gassendi, P., 276, 284, 573, 620; and

Newton, 600; on corpuscles, 599 Gauss, KF., 208, 313, 510, 511, 512, 676,

678 Gehler, J.S.T., 360, 390, 704, 706 generation, 200, 645, 661 Geneva, 311 geocentric theory, 445 geodesy, 291, 311 Geoffroy, E.F., the elder, 633 Geoffroy, E.F., the younger, 624, 625, 627,

629,630; on Newton, 626 geology, and chemistry, 662 geomagnetism, 313, 314 geometry, 23; analytic, 19: and, algebra, 13;

arithmetic, 490; elements, 440; force, 491; God, 442; mechanics, 294, 459; motion, 297, 305; physical reality, 492; syllogism, 480: non-Euclidean 478; plane and solid, 442: geometrical, progression, 640; proof, 444, 481; proportions, 653; synthesis, 22

Germany, 383; German idealism, 209, 214; mathematics, 208

Gies, M., 583 Gilbert, W., 308, 309, 313, 450, 501 Giza, pyramid, 299 Gjertsen, D., 722 Glaucon, 190 Glockner, H., 711, 717 Gmelin, L., 642, 643 God, 120, 127, 128, 129,288,350,444,488,

579, 652, 718: and, creation, 620; geometry, 442; gravitation, 345, 347, 381; gravity, 354; mathematics, 443; matter, 599; mechanics, 207; nature, 651; world, 328, 621: Descartes on, 380, 456; existence of, 106; hand of, 650; omnipotence, 346; powers of, 360; transcendence, 352

Gadel, K, 217, 218 Goethe, J.W. von, 659, 699: and, Hegel,

531, 557, 560, 567, 585; Newton, 690; Schultz, 700: on, colour, 542, 554,. 556, 557,561,582,586,591; light, 541, 550; physiological colours, 589; science, 559

Gattingen Observatory, 676

Gattling, J.F.A., 631, 632, 635 Gower, B., 722 Graham, G., 310 graph, 141, 142,318 Grashof, KF.A., 674 Grattan-Guinness, I., 723 Gravesande, W.J. 's, 132,344,716 gravitation, 336, 415, 452, 621: and, ether,

352; force, 235; God, 345, 347, 381; gravity, 252; Kepler's laws, 87, 502; magnetism, 355; mass, 246, matter, 229, 246, 360, 378: eighteenth century conceptions of, 343; field-concept of, 366; Hegel on, 365, 368; Newton on, 495,502; variability of, 410

gravitational, field, 236, 243, 322; mass, 229,231

gravity, 54, 68, 212, 285, 365, 410, 489, 623: and, attraction, 371; God, 354; gravitation, 252; magnetism, 309

Greek mathematics, 327,670 Green, R., 51, 52, 361, 604, 605, 607 Greenland,237 Gregory, D., 474, 649, 672 grey, 564, 565 Grimm, J., 695 Grimaldi, F.-M., 517, 519, 522, 523 Griison, J.P., 684, 685 Grynaeus, S., 690 Guglielmini, G.B., 270 Guicciardini, N., 723 Guyton de Morveu, L.B. de, 604, 607, 639 gyration, 250, 255

Haarlem, 711 Hall, A.R., xii, 596, 597 Hall, F., 308 Haller, A. von, 658 Halley, E., 279, 429, 430, 436, 463, 520 Hamburg, 270 Hamilton Jacobi method, 270 Hamilton, W.R., 393 Hammer, J.W., 179 Hankins, T.L., 206 Hannay, J., 271 Hansteen, c., 313 harmony, and instinct, 448; planetary, 453;

political, 448, 455: harmonic, motion, 293; proportion, 452, 470

Harris, J., 174, 175, 521 Hartley, D., 54, 353 Hauber, K.F., 477, 671 Hauff, J.K.F., 155,682,692 healing, 663 health, 663 heart, 652 heat, 54, 525, 603, 606, 621, 629, 657 Heath, R., 474 heavenly bodies, 645 Hector, 192 Hegel Archive, Bochum, 111 Hegel, Christiana, 476 Hegel, G.W.F., algebraic deduction of

inverse square law, 503; analysis and synthesis, 27: and, alchemy, 607; Aristotle, 24; Berthollet, 631; Boehme, 58; calculus, 146; empiricism, 535; experimentation, 209; Goethe, 521, 557, 560, 567, 579, 585; Kant, 63, 70; Lagrange, 487; Leibniz, 379; Newton, 331; romantic science, 664; Schelling, 209, 562, 631; Seebeck, 563; Spinoza, 34; Stahl, 608: Anthropology, 580: at, Jena, 629, 631; Tiibingen, 477, 479: Berlin Phenomenology, 494, 495; books on chemistry, 633; critics of, 400; critique of Newton, 120; crucial mistake, 88; diary, 478; Dissertation, 28, 30, 219, 254, 304, 370, 371, 392, 399, 439, 489, 631; Encyclopedia, 31, 377, 558, 563, 615; Geometrical Studies, 481, 482; History of Philosophy, 81; Jena courses, 30, 484, 638, 643; library, 475; Logic, 37, 375, 401, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488; mechanics, 373, 379; Newton editions, 711: on, Aristotle, 568; astronomy, 476; Bergman, 637, 638; Berzelius, 641; blue, 579; calculus, 400, 483, 487; chemistry, 606, 608, 631, 635, 640, 642, 657, 659; colour, 556, 583; curvature, 423; elective affinity, 637; elliptical motion, 506, 507; empirical enquiry, 489; Euclid, 153, 156; fall, 331, 334, 337; force, 235, 392, 399, 401,406,491; geometry, 482; Goethe's colour-theory, 557, 566; gravitation, 365, 367, 368; Greek geometry, 149; Kepler, 499; Kepler's laws, 309,439, 497; light, 531, 537, 539; logic, 591; mass, 249;

Index 775

mathematics, 154, 483, 490; mechanistic ontology, 543; method, 34; Newton, 81, 163, 481, 487, 489, 492; organic life, 224; parallels, 155; pendulum, 291, 310; Pythagoras' theorem, 482; religion, 580, 581; Richter, 639; shadows, 579; theoretical entities, 542: Phenomenology, 31,35,44,132,161,219,224,495,566; Philosophy of Right, 495; Physics, 532, 545; schooling, 27, 476, 477, 478, 479; Trinitarianism, 719; Tiibingen fragment, 29

Hegel, Immanuel, 669 Hegel, Karl, 669 Hegelianism, and physics, 532 Heidegger, M., 116 Heimann, P.M., 361 Heisenberg, W., 259, 289, 567 heliocentric theory, 445 Helmholtz, H. von, 396, 399,400, 577 Hempel, c., 117 Hemsterhuis, F., 55 Henning, L. von, 579 Henrion, D., 480 Herder, J.G. von, 54, 55 Herigonus, P., 480 Herival, J., 418 Hermann, J., 324 Herschel, F.W., 693 Herter, F., 687, 707 Hertz, H.R., 210, 366,379,401,542 hierarchy, 534, 535, 545, 598, 599 Higgins, W., 706 Hildebrandt, G.F., 642, 706 Hindenburg, C.F., 684 Hintikka, J., 18, 19,21 Hipparchus, 694 Hippasus, 442 Hippocrates, 619 Hirsch, M., 679 Hobbes, T., 127,272 HOlderlin, F., 30 Hoffmann, F., 697 holism, 115 Holland, Newtonianism in, 344, 715 Homer, 194 Hooke, R., 19,271,284,385,437,463,470,

527; and Newton, 269, 407, 435, 436, 520: on colour, 548, 549; wave-theory,

776 Index

518 Hopf, P.H., 477 Horkheimer, M., 332 Horrocks, J., 306, 471 Humboldt, F.W.H.A. von, 313, 659 Hume, D., xiii, 42, 353, 361 Hutcheson, P., 55 Hutchinson, J., 288, 351, 352, 360, 605 Hutton, J., 361, 605, 606, 608 Huxley, Lady, xiv Huygens, c., 284, 301, 322, 385,416, 521,

526, 527, 528, 715: and Descartes, 491; Euclid, 296: on circular motion, 415; gravity, 285; pendulum clock, 274, 279, 294, 295, 460, 461; reflection, 522: phenomenological approach, 281; Trea­tise on Light, 519, 524; wave theory, 519

hydrate, 615 hydraulics, 205; hydraulic ram, 691 hydrochloric acid, 640 hydrodynamics, 205, 385 hydrogen, 660 hydrostatics, 205, 351 hyperbola, and force, 385 hypocycloid, 282, 305 hypothesis, 7, 10, 217, 285, 473, 479, 498,

524, 642, 645, 646: and experimentation, 466; Newton, 646: Copernican, 430, 446; feigning of, 287; scientific, 445; vicarious, 449

Iamblichus, 672, 673 Iceland spar, 519, 523, 528 idea, absolute, 93, 95, 110: and force, 395;

otherness, 82, 95 idealization, 270 ignorance, 447 Ihmig, K.-N., 723 Illetterati, L., 723 impact, 207, 233, 335, 362 impenetrability, 251, 361 impetus, 293, 387 imponderable substances, 657 impressed force, 387, 393 impulse, 384, 403, 456, 504 incommensurability, 186, 189, 442, 444,

481 indifference, 221 induction, 3,4,6,14,17,21,73,232,465

inertia, 233, 292, 307, 333, 335, 368, 387, 394, 401: and centrifugal force, 406; mass, 229, 243, 244, 412; matter, 369; motion, 605; substance, 52; weight, 230: Descartes on, 417; force of, 405; law of, 321,507; Newton on, 330

infinite, actual, 321, 327; mathematical, 215, 486; potential, 321, 327: smallness, 402

infinitesimal, calculus, 75, 76, 324, 327: existence of, 477; heuristic use of, 161; method, 158; Newton on, 171

infinitude, 151,328,482,505 inflexion, 522 innate, force, 371, 388, 413 inorganic, being, 106, chemistry, 660 instinct, 448, 650 instrumentalism, 354, 445 integration, 169 1nternationale Hegel-Vereinigung, xi inter-subjectivity, 133 intuition, 560 inverse cubed distance law, 309, 391 inverse Kepler problem, 415 inverse square law, 6, 10, 11,367, 370, 464,

468, 635, 654; algebraic deduction of, 503: and ellipse, 475; Kepler, 469; orbits, 430

iron filings, 648 irrational numbers, 442, 444 irritability, 658, 660 isochrony, 293, 295 Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, xi,

xiv

Jacobi, K.GJ., 393 James, I., 455, 465 Jena, Hegel at, 631 Jones, W., 174, 175, 605, 606 Joyce, J., 194 Jupiter, 11, 12, 379, 380, 471, 472, 494,

508; satellites, 305, 373

Kastner, A.G., 28, 29, 30, 208, 351, 359, 47~478,479,481,693

Kamerlingh Onnes, H., 270, 271 Kant, I., xii, xiii, 15, 27, 45, 52, 63, 65, 82,

89, 261, 643, 659, 687: and, Boscovich, 364; categories, 473; dynamism, 363; Hegel, 63, 70; phenomenology, 473;

Richter, 604: Critique of Pure Reason, 28, 210; dynamical theory of matter, 360; Metaphysical Foundations, 49, 53, 64, 411: on, axioms, 156; categories, 302; chemistry, 708; counting, 150; force, 383; logic, 149; mass, 250; mathematics, 154, 155; matter, 234, 364, 365, 485, 642; metaphysics, 558; substance, 378: return to, 399; second antinomy, 23; transcendentalism, 133; Universal Natu­ral History, 52, 54, 372

Kantian dichotomy, 489; Kantianism, 41 Karsten, C.J.B., 642, 699 Karsten, H.G., 699 Kater, H., 303 Keill, l, 474 Kepler, l, 15, 77, 88, 160, 439, 469, 670:

and, Archimedes, 480; Brahe, 446; Copernicus, 430; Gilbert, 313; inverse square law, 469; Newton, 75, 78, 489, 493, 499; phenomenology, 473; Ramus, 480, 498: astronomy, 73; epistemology, 445; guess, 472: laws, 8, 9, 68, 86, 87, 105, 110, 254, 272, 279, 280, 304, 368, 370, 411, 439, 448, 484, 496, 542, 704; area law, 12,402,405, 417,454,461; third law, 358, 452, 454, 463, 468, 494, 501; and abstraction, 512; gravitation, 502; magnetism, 510; mathematics, 482, 505; Newton's theory, 378; deduction of, 495; Gauss on, 511; Hegel on, 309; inaccuracy of, 694; proof of, 512, 513: mathematics, 442; New Astronomy, 450: on Aristotle, 443; Copernicus, 470; God, 488; gravitation, 499; gravity, 367; magnetism, 308, 473; mathematics, 451; perturbation, 509; quantification, 445; stereometry, 481: problem, 415; stereometry, 480; The Harmony, 444; views of, 475; war on Mars, 447, 498

Keynes, J.M., 596 Kie1,691 Kielmeyer, c.P., 658 Kies, J., 477 Kinckhuysen, G., 457 kinematics, and the calculus, 169;

mechanics, 379 Kircher, A, 308, 591 Kirchhoff, G.R., 379, 401, 542

Klaproth, M.H., 636, 707 Klugel, S., 208 Kluit, P.M., 723 Knight, G., 604, 605, 607 knowledge, scientific, 215 Koenig, S., 480, 689 Koyre, A, 287 Krafft, G.W., 477, 699

Index 777

Kuhn, T.S., 62, 69, 71,116,126,532

Labey, lB., 682 labyrinth, 654 LaCaille, N.L. de, 689 Lacroix, S.P., 164,684 Lagrange, J.L., xii, 63, 70, 78, 158, 159,

160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 177,203,208, 211, 223, 326, 329, 330, 357, 392, 393, 401, 678, 679, 685, 686; analytical functions, 218, 325,407; Hegel on, 488; mechanics, 207, 328: on force, 395; perturbation, 509

Lakatos, I., 62, 68, 216 Lalande, J.J. de, 694 Lamarck, lB.P.A. de, 658 Lambert, lH., 358 Laplace, P.S. de, 63, 208, 345, 371, 401,

531, 688, 692; and Newton, 655: on Kepler, 500; light, 542, perturbation, 509; refraction, 529

Lapland,312 Laugwitz, D., 162 Lavoisier, A-L., 654, 657, 705 law, and, consciousness, 495; musical

harmony, 499: Keplerian, 254, 411; mathematical, 213, 217, 368; objectivity of, 496: of fall, 336, 339; motion, 322; nature, 232: proof of, 496; quantitative, 210; stoichiometric, 640

Leadbetter, C., 474 leaden ball, 307, 308 least action, 223, 392 Leeuwenhoek, A van, 285 Leibniz, G.W. von, 162,284,286,344,385,

389: and, calculus, 144, 145, 174; Clarke, 328, 572, 651; Hegel, 379; Maupertuis, 392, 689; Newton, 172, 384, 646, 685: combinatorics, 27; dynamics, 400; law of continuity, 362: on, force, 383, 388, 393; Kepler, 453; Pantokrator,

778 Index

131; vortices, 470: sufficient reason, 330; -Wolff school, 533

Leiden, University of, 132 length, 296 Leodamas, 440 Le Sage, G.-L., 354, 357, 359, 362, 365, 675 Lettington, M., 103 Leusden, xi lever, 309 L'Hospital, G.FA de, 146, 162, 174, 674,

684 L'Huillier, SAl, 164,358,675 Lichtenberg, G.c., 360, 633 life, and chemistry, 660, 661; sciences, 658 light, 54, 374, 563, 606, 657: and, body,

520; crystals, 523; darkness, 564, 580, 584; ether, 520, 521, 526; mass, 246; matter, 538; shadow, 523, 548, 550, 551, 555; sound, 525, 527; space-time, 539; Sun, 539: -bundle, 553; compound nature of, 571; corpuscles, 570; diffraction, 522; Fresnel on, 542; Goethe on, 541; Hegel on, 531, 537, 539; kinds of, 538; Laplace on, 542; nature of, 562; particles, 528; pressure, 350; -ray, 523, 524, 541, 570; shaded, 588; speed of, 244, 522, 534; Spinoza on, 540; undulation, 526; -wave, 517,529

limit, 140, 170,401,477,483 line,curved,423,461 linear dynamics, 422 Littrow, lJ. von, 692 living force, 388, 389, 393, 491,660 Locke, J., xiii, 7, 33, 42, 86, 131, 285, 304,

361,464; on Newton, 462 Lowith, K, 129,562 logarithmic tables, 205 logic, and chemism, 612; chemistry, 609,

611; contingency, 96; mathematics, 485, 488; nature, 91, 103, 109, 214, 224, 307, 332, 493, 616; phenomenology, 665: deduction, 503; of Newton's Principia, 281; subject-predicate, 378; systematic, 291

longitude, determination of, 350 Lorentz-invariance, 244, 245 Lorenz, J.F., 155,478,479,484,672 love and friendship, 612 Lucian, 36

Lucretius, 53, 413 Lull, R., 27 luminosity, 521; of ether, 366; matter, 538 lunar motion, 299, 499 Lunteren, F. van, 723 lye, 659

Macclesfield Collection, 416 Mach, E., xiii, 63,125,126,379,401,542 Maclaurin, c., 30, 174,176, 177,348,369,

391,392,401,475,692 Macquer, PJ., 604, 627 Mlidler, J.H. von, 695 Maestlin, M., 444 Magdeburg, 478,484 magic, 56, 621 magnet, 653: magnetic, clock, 308;

compass, 300; conception, 470; emanation, 450; field, 313; needle, 560; theory, 451, 501: magnetism, 54, 308, 374, 505, 529, 603, 621, 622, 623, 625, 649,657,664, 704;and,Earth,313, 355; gravity, 309; Kepler's laws, 473, 510; pendulum, 306

Magnus, H.G., 707 Malebranche, N. de, 354, 521, 526, 674 Mallett, M., 311 Malus, E.L., 698, 528, 529 Manchester College, 441 Manuel, F., xii, 125 many and one, 48, 67, 375 Marianini, S.G., 704 Mars, 447,449, 450, 497 Martin, B., xiii, 401, 475, 693 Marum, M. van, 697 Marx, K., 129, 133 Maskelyne, N., 312 mass, 23, 242, 249, 261, 263, 264: and,

acceleration, 335; attraction, 503; chemical process, 604; force, 245, 255; matter, 379; motion, 467: inertial and gravitational, 229, 235, 238; Newton and Hegel on, 536; of Sun, 472

materialism, 116,360,652 mathematics, 532: and, astronomy, 490;

book of nature, 224, 655; chemistry, 603, 604, 661; dialectic, 165, 222; em­piricism, 298; experimentation, 209; force, 392; God, 443; Kepler's laws, 482,

505; logic, 485, 488; metaphysics, 486; Notion, 14; ontology, 471; physics, 8, 14, 327, 371, 455, 503, 504: applied, 201; Greek, 327, 670; Hegel on, 483, 490; pure and applied, 456, 458, 478: mathematical, infinite, 215; law, 368; model, 215; Newtonianism, 384; proof, 493; rigour, 161; science, 220

matter, 23, 64, 68, 79, 230, 247, 334, 335, 356: and, attraction, 363; force, 413, 604, 605; form, 305; God, 599; gravitation, 229, 246, 360, 378; inertia, 369; light, 538; mass, 379; motion, 254, 380, 647; space, 247; time, 23; unity, 375; weight, 229,234,304: active, 604; celestial, 645; divisibility of, 263; dynamical view of, 361; Kant's conception of, 485, 642; luminous, 538; mechanical laws of, 653; Newton on, 368, 601, 652; Notion of, 375; terrestrial, 645

Maupertuis, P.L.M. de, 311, 326, 345, 392, 689

Maxwell, J.e., 542 Mayer, J.T., 360 McGuire, J.E., 361, 378, 652 measure, 77,,117, 217, 220, 224, 292,303,

376, 409, 411: and incommensurability, 189; pendulum, 301: categories of, 105, 111; Notion of, 377; of force, 408; realization of, 410; theory of, 74: measurement, 83, 198, 211, 488, 532, 533, 534; curvilinear, 480; of space and time, 460

mechanics, 202, 204, 207, 383: and, force, 384; geometry, 294; 459; inertia, 333; kinematics, 379; physics, 490, 540: classical, 73, 229; history of, 201; levels of, 460; of D' Alembert, 394; of particles, 206; systematic, 439: mechanical laws, 653; philosophy, 650: mechanism, 74, 80,645

mechanism, 74, 80, 83, 86, 645; and atheism, 651: mechanistic, explanation, 619; ontology, 543; philosophy, 282, 520; theory, 520

medicine, 384 medieval philosophy, 599, 619 Melanchthon, P., 34, 35 Melica, C., 723

Mense, A, 724 Mercator, N., 471 mercury, 624; pendulum, 310 Mersenne, M., 34 Mertonian theorem, 318, 319 metal,560, 600, 623 metamorphosis, 106 metaphor, 591

Index 779

metaphysics, 15, 16, 82, 373, 395,504, 544, 565, 568: and empiricism, 89; mathe­matics, 486; progress, 546: atomistic, 609; categories of, 85; Kant on, 558

meteorology, 589, 606, 607, 612 method, Hegelian, 34 Methusaleh, 206 metre, 303; metric system, 303 Michelet, K.L., 314, 560 Michell, J., 52 Michelsen, J.A.C., 683 middle ages, 405 Milan Observatory, 312 military, engineering, 205; mathematics, 208 Mill, J.S., 497, 498,500,502 Miller, AV., 724 miracle, continual, 649 Mitscherlich, E., 707 model, mathematical, 215 modification theory, 547,556 molecular mechanics, 207 Moll, G., 303 monadology, 354, 364 Monge, G., 685 monism, 101 Montucla, J.E., 475 Moon, 456, 494, 647; and Earth, 11, 12,

300; as planet, 205; Galilers observa­tions, 645; motion of, 299

moonshine, Newtonian, 435; physical, 587 Montgolfier, J.M., 691 Moore, AW., 724 Moore, W., 310 More, H., 127,276,295,652 Moretto, A, 724 Morichini, D.P., 698 Mosaic age, 106 Moser,L.F., 697 motion, 308, 652: and, calculus, 167, 509;

force, 297, geometry, 297, 305; matter, 254, 380, 647; place, 249; rest, 307;

780 Index

telos, 179: central, 385; circular, 251, 391; conic, 427, 506; classified, 318; curvilinear, 74; elliptical, 488; free, 376; inertial, 605; laws of, 322; pendular, 309; perpetual, 276, 320; rectilinear, 412; science of, 328; vortical, 354

Motte, A., 7 Mouton, G., 302 Moyer, A., 434 Miiller, J.W., 673, 680 Miiller, K.R., 677 musical harmony, 499 Musschenbroek,P. van, 344, 716 Mylius, C., 678 mysticism, 59

Nagel, T., 117 Napoleon, 127, 128,705 natural, magic, 621; philosophy, 203, 232,

412, 532, 605: science, and empiricism, 84, 90; absolute spirit, 88; philosophy, 664; theology, 658

nature, analogy of, 621: and, conformity, 645, 647; God, 651; logic, 91, 103, 109, 214, 307, 332, 493, 616; physics, 346; subject, 339; thought, 332, 610: bifurcation of, 134; circulatory, 649; continuity of, 616; importance of, 69; laws of, 232; secrets of, 624; temporalizing of, 658

Needham, J.T., 54 neo-Platonism, 58, 127,295,381, 598, 672,

673,690 nerve, 575, 654; nervous ether, 353 Netherlands, 303, 715 Neumann, c., 702 Neumann, F.E., 675, 701 Neuser, W., 30, 724 neutron, 236, 241 Newton, I., 693, 700; alchemy, xiii, 57,429,

595, 597, 620, 653; analysis, 216; apple, 429, 489: and, Aristotelianism, 488; Bacon, 496; Bentley, 285; Bergman, 628; Boyle, 623; Cartesians, 504; Descartes, 576, 697; dialectic, 53; force, 600; Geoffroy, 626; Goethe, 690; Gregory, 672; Hegel, 331; Hooke, 269, 407, 435, 436, 520; Huygens, 275; hypotheses, 646; induction, 73; Kepler, 75, 78, 378,

469, 489, 493, 499; Laplace, 655; Leibniz, 172, 384, 646, 685; Lucretius, 413; modification theory, 556; New­tonianism, 401; perception, 569; physics, 600; theology, 351; Voltaire, 491: Arianism, 719; calculus, 144, 163, 172, 481; chemistry, 595; dynamics, 400; fallacy of 432; Hegel's view of, 489; inverse square law, 635; knighthood, 438; logic, 378; papers, xiii, 596; mathematics, 434, 455; Notebooks, 277, 278, 548, 569: on, acids, 649; analysis and synthesis, 28, 466; a priori proof, 508; bodies, 387; Cartesian algebra, 457; Cartesian dynamics, 329; centripetal force, 323; chemical forces, 622; church history, 429; colour, 547, 586; curvature, 423, 460; Descartes, 651; diffraction, 523; ellipse, 464, 507; ether, 283, 601; experimentation, 621; fall, 211; force, 622; God, 718; gravitation, 343, 495, 502, 542; gravity, 285; Huygens, 460; inertia, 330; infinitesimals, 171; Kepler, 402,415,467,472,494; mass, 230, 231; matter, 368, 601, 652; mechanistic explanation, 622; pendulum, 276, 297; perception, 575; physics, 572; soul, 119; space, 295; variability of gravity, 410; vortex-theory, 518; wave-theory, 518, 523: On Gravitation, 405; On the Motion of Bodies, 416; Optical Lectures, 549, 570; Optics, 51, 522,523,524,550,571; pendulum experiments, 281, 304, 358; Pantokrator, 129; phenomenology, 465, 472,473; Principia, 418, 491, 492, 505, 521; proofs, 493, religion, 465, 466; rules of philosophizing, 7, 353, 362, 369, 410, 465; second law, 204; theology, 126, 130,349,429; third law, 239, 467

Newtonian, analysis, 174; atomism, 604; paradigm, 577; science, 116

Newtonianism, 202, 288, 507, 558, 560, 568, 601, 627, 692, 715, 716; and Newton, 401; experimental, 603; in Holland, 344; mathematical, 384; popular, 384, 389

New York, 268, 349 nexus of forces, 600 Nicholson, W., 707

Nicomachus of Gerasa, 673 Niethammer, F.I., 31 Nietzsche, F., 129 noesis noeseos, 25 Noether, A.E., 261, 262 non-Euclidean geometry, 478 non-standard analysis, 162 Notion, 25, 75, 90, 98, 212, 333, 414, 512,

534, 537, 560, 562, 659, 664: and, evolution, 105, 663; experience, 504; mathematics, 14: organism, 660: necessity of, 84: of celestial spheres, 412; gravitation, 373; matter, 368, 369, 375; measure, 377; organic being, 663; space, 376,377,411

Notional, connection, 374; determination, 66, 96, 157; development, 100, 661; exposition, 565; unity, 380

number, and thought, 152; ideal, 195; irrational, 444; kinds of, 444; polygonal, 671,672; theory, 150

Nuremberg, 677, 680

occasionaIism, 354 occult, mechanisms, 645; qualities, 501, 621 Ockhamists, 318; Ockham's razor, 493 Oersted, H.C., 703 Ofterdinger, L.F., 681 oil,650 Oken, L., 675 Olbers, H'w.M., 208, 695 Oldenburg, H., 127,277,279,407,518,519 one and many, 48, 67, 375 ontology, mathematical, 471; mechanistic,

543 optics, 447 orbit, 415, 431 Oresme, N., 292, 293 organism, 566, 660, 661: and chemistry,

657, 659; Notion, 660: organic, being, 106; forces, 658; life, 224

oscillation, 300, 531 osculating circle, 422 Osiander, A., 445 otolith, 654 oval, 450, 472, 509 Owen, G.E.L., 21 Oxford, 429 oxygen, 637, 657, 660; oxidation, 616;

Index 781

oxide, 615, 617; oxidization, 610

Padua, 311 pantheism, 347, 691 Pantokrator, 125, 128 Pappus of Alexandria, 18, 27, 30, 38, 440 parabola, 324, 385 paradigm, 62, 69, 70, 116, 126, 249, 252,

383,577 parallels, 481, 677; parallel-postulate, 155,

219,477 parallelogram of forces, 393, 402, 404, 405,

407,491,507 Pardies, I.G., 519 Paris, 298, 407; Academy, 303, 344, 355,

519,521,625; Pantheon, 311 Parmenides, 214 particles, 259, 262, 353, 602, 620, 632; and

empirical research, 603; etherial, 359; forces of, 621; hierarchy of, 598; mechanics of, 206; of light, 528, 531; theory of, 535, 543

past, present and future, 253, 257 Pater, C. de, 724 Pemberton, H., 7, 9, 475 pendulum, 205: and, geo-magnetism, 314;

lever, 309; measure, 301; mechanistic philosophy, 282; motion, 309; planetary motion,306: clock, 300; Foucault's, 386; Hegel on, 310; mercurial, 310; Newton on,231,26~ 297,358

perception, 256, 566, 569 percussion, 207 perihelion, 391,453 perpetual motion, 276, 307, 320, 359 perturbation, 353, 370, 454, 468, 471, 508,

509,510 Petry, MJ., 724 Pfaff, C.H., 704 Pfaff, J.W.A., 477, 510, 693, 703 Pfleiderer, C.F., 30,477,479,480,481,499,

675,676 phenomena, 10, 374: and, categories, 373,

374; force, 647; theory, 534: saving the, 445,446

phenomenology, 121, 473, 494, 500, 542, 543; and logic, 665

Philadelphia, 349 Philips Research Laboratory, 268

782 Index

Philoponus,318 philosophy: and, physics, 69, 250, 497, 533;

science, 658, 664: experimental, 646; of nature, 611

phlogiston, 349, 603, 657 phosphorescence, 540 physical reality and geometry, 492 physio-theology, 384, 658 physics, 203: and, calculus, 477;

Hegelianism, 532; mathematics, 8, 14, 327,371,455,503,504; mechanics, 490, 540; nature, 346; philosophy, 232, 250, 497, 533: applied, 268; Cartesian, 344; celestial, 450; experimental, 269

physiology and colour, 575, 589; of perception, 510

Piazzi, G., 510 Picard, J., 302 Pike, S., 351 Pisa Cathedral, 273 place, 249, 251, 377 Place, V.T., 117 planet, 394, 524, 647, 650: and, force, 414;

pendular motion, 306; Sun, 472, 486, 489, 501; revolution of, 386: planetary, harmony, 453; motion, 401; system, 204

plant, 661, 662 Plato, xii, 25, 38, 165, 190, 193, 198, 214,

440,445,461, 619, 673, 690;A1eno, 197: on, ideal numbers, 195; mass, 250; mathematics, 458; solids, 456: Parmenides, 185, 190, 196; Phaedrus, 191; Philebus, 151, 196; Politicus, 187, 193; Timaeus, 440, 441, 442,653

Platonism, 55, 328, 443, 452, 458: and, Euclid, 439; contemplation, 442; presuppositions, 476; tradition, 488

Playfair, J., 363 Pleininger, W.H.T., 676 plenum, 352, 354 Plotinus, 672, 673 Ploucquet, G., 477, 686 plumb-bob, 292 Pohl, G.P., 510, 641,702, 703, 704 Poinsot, L., 205, 445 point, 396; -atomism, 363, 365; dimension­

less, 605; -mass, 464, 467 polar forces, 50; polarity, 41,48,642 polarization, 523, 531, 536, 541, 546, 698

pole, axial, 257 Poleni, G., 311 polygon, 139, 140, 327, 445, 492, 501; and

curve, 462 polygonal numbers, 671, 672 polyhedra, 445 Popper, K, 116,244,336,447 popular Newtonianism, 384, 389 pores, 524, 602 Porphyry, 672,673 Poselger, F.T., 671 positivism, 115,289 possibility, 221 potential infinite, 321, 327 Pourciau, B.H., 426 Pozzo, R., 725 practice and theory, 442 pragmatism, 449, 603 precession of equinoxes, 294 preformation, 658 Prevost, P., 358 Priest, S.M., 725 Priestley, J., 51, 52, 360, 361, 362, 363, 602 primary qualities, 361, 572 prism,552,553,574,584,585,590, 591 process, and acid, 616; chemical, 613, 659 Proclus, 27, 30, 187,327,440,479,690 projectile, 320, 329 Prony, G.C.F.M.R. de, 208 proof, 493; a priori, 508; experimental, 230;

geometrical, 444, 481; oflaw, 496 propulsion, 318 Protarchus, 196 proton, 236, 237, 241 Proust, LJ., 706 Proust, W., 658 Prussia, 345 psychology, 384, 567 Ptolemy, 288,445,446, 694 pulse, 525 Pulte, H., 206 pure thought, J09 Putnam, H., 117 putrefaction, 647, 648 pyramid, 299 Pythagoras, 150, 156, 224, 672; followers,

27,151, 152, 165,442; theorem, 482

quadrature, 158, 169

quality: and, quantity, 24, 219, 367; difference, 535: primary and secondary, 361

quantity, 210, 478: and, quality, 24, 219, 367; space, 219: Aristotle on, 444; quantifying force, 408

quantum, 75, 338; of time, 339; theory, 545 quark, 260 Queen Anne, 438 Queen of Heaven, 580 quicksilver, 278

Radlof, J.G., 695 ram, hydraulic, 691 Ramus, P., 35, 444, 445, 480, 498 Raphson, J., 174 ratio, 327 ray, of light, 523, 541, 570 reaction, chemical, 629 Reading (Berks.), 693 reality, and model, 216 rectilinear motion, 412 recursion, 180 reductionism, 544, 545 reflection, 517, 525, 571, 588, 651 refraction, 447, 525, 526, 541, 571, 573,

585; and colour, 549, 552; sine law of, 517,534

regular solids, 445, 452, 478 Reich, F., 270 Reed, T., 51, 353 Reinhold, K.L., 150, 152 relativity, 236, 251, 263 religion, 361; Hegel on, 580, 581, 582 Remes, u., 18, 19,21 representation, and concept, 580 reproduction, 660 repulsion, 48, 53, 372, 605; and attraction,

66,334,375,601,623 resistance, 329 respiration, 662 rest, and motion, 307; -

mass, 249 retina, 575 Reuter, K., 702 reversibility, 206 rhomboid, 402 Riccard, G.C., 674 Richer, J., 275 Richter, J.B., 604, 607, 639, 640, 657, 706

Riese, F.C. von, 686 Riess, P., 697 rifle-bullet, 270 rigour, mathematical, 161 Ritter, J.W., 559, 640, 702 Rive, A.A. de la, 704 river, 649 Robertson, A., 671 Robins, B., 310 Robinson, A., 148, 162 Robinson, B., 348, 352, 603 Robison, J., 360, 474, 527 rocket, 310 Rjijmer, 0., 522, 534 romanticism, 557, 664 Roose, T.G.A., 658 Rosenberger, F., 423, 424, 437 Rosenkranz, K., 579 Ross, J.A., 679 Rostock, 699

Index 783

rotation, 249, 256, 384, 386; of, Earth, 311; Sun, 450, 451

Routh, EJ., 424 Royal Society of London, 57, 127,280,295,

303, 306, 311, 407, 415, 416, 422, 430, 519,549,570,625,716

Rudolphine Tables, 449, 450, 451, 454, 471, 474

rules of philosophizing, 7, 353, 362, 369, 410,465

Rumford, Count, 310 Russell, B., 497, 502 Ryle, G., 117

Sabine, E., 313 salt, 615, 642, 650, 660 Sariemijn, A., 725 satellite, 373,471,494 Saturn, 12,373,380,471,472,494,508 scepticism, 353, 447 Schellig, K.F., 673 Schelling, F.WJ., 30, 34, 46, 47, 49, 53,

150, 152, 331, 365, 643, 659: and, Bergman, 637; Hegel, 45, 209, 562, 631; Ritter, 559; Trommsdorff, 708: Hegel on, 560; in Berlin, 399: on, chemistry, 642; Kielmeyer, 658; mass, 250; philosophy of nature, 44, 632: Schellingians, 510

Scherer, A.N., 635, 636

784 Index

Schering, E.J., 676 Scheubel, J., 480 Schiehallion, Mount, 312 Schrrrieden, C., 162 Schrrritz, J.W.A.H., 695, 696 Schofield, R., 605 scholasticism, 443 Schooten, F. van, 457, 672 Schopenhauer, A., 659 Schubarth, K.E., 579 Schubert, F.T., 371,403 Schubert,G.H. von, 510 Schultz, C.F.L., 579, 700 Schulz, J., 687 science, and experience, 560; philosophy,

61, 658; speculation, 372: deductive, 328; mathematical, 220: scientific knowledge, 215; progress, 546

Scotland, 353,362 sea, 647; ofbecorrring, 442 secondary qualities, 572 Sedlak, F., 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,

113 Seebeck, L.F.W.A., 697, 701 Seebeck, T.J., 563, 698, 701 Segner, J.A. von, 477 Sendivogius, M., 653 sensation, 574 sense, organs, 575; perception, 572 sensibility, 658, 660 sensorium, 572, 576 Serret, J.A., 679 set-theory, 219 shade, and, colour, 588; light, 588; prism,

591 shadow, 519, 554, 579, 588, 701: and,

colour, 548, 553; light, 523, 550, 551, 555; blue, 586; coloured, 587; geometrically defined, 522; partial, 590; realm of, 591

Shanker, S.G., 218 shape of Earth, 298, 311, 345, 353, 390 Shapiro, A.E., 570 Shaw, N., 107 Shea, W., 403, 423 short-range force, 236, 635 sickness, 660 siderism, 559 Siebenkees, J.C., 677

Sigorgne, P., 477 Simplicius, 181 Simson, R., 480 sine-law of refraction, 517, 541 Skolem, T., 218 sky, 582; blue of, 582; colour of, 585 Sloane, H., 625 Small, R., 499 Smart, J.J.C., 117 Smeaton, W.A., 626 Sneed, J.D., 245 Snelders, H.A.M., 725 Snell, W., 517, 534 Socrates, 190 solar system, 105, 110, 112,204,234,374 Soldner, J.G., 208 solidity, 361, 445 Solomon, temple of, 299 Sommerfeld, A., 268 soul, 118,576 sound, 54: and colour, 574; light, 525, 527 space, 52, 100,602; absolute, 224, 330: and

field, 236; matter, 247; quantity, 219: Newton on, 295; Notion of, 377

space-time, 23, 212, 251, 334, 338, 411, 412, 495, 609: and calculus, 483; Kepler's laws, 512; law, 496: measurement of, 460; Notion of, 376; region, 539

spectrum, chromatic, 590 speculation, and science, 372 sphere, 261, 480; spherical trigonometry,

510 Speiser, D., 525 spin, 259, 271 Spinoza, B. de, 33, 34, 38, 127, 130, 163,

186: Ethics, 272: on, harmony, 453; infinite, 151; light, 540

spirit, 104, 603, 653; of wine, 622 stages, system of, 83, 106 Stahl, G.E., 603, 604, 608, 620 Stahl, K., 484 star, fixed, 294; parallax, 294; polygon, 445;

polyhedron, 445 statics, 392 steam, 524 Steffens, H., 703 Steiner, J., 675 Steinle, F., 725

stereometry,160, 480, 481 Stevin, S., 277 Stewart, D., 51 Stirling, IH., 107, 110,485 stoichiometry, 640, 643, 706 stone, fall of, 408; on string, 388, 391 Stone, E., 174 St. Petersburg, 354 straight line, 154 Stumpff, K., 692 Streete, T., 469, 470, 474 Stuttgart Grammar School, 476 subconscious, 448, 580 subject, and nature, 339; -object dichotomy,

489 sufficient reason, 330 sulphur, 616, 623, 650, 651; sulphuric acid,

640 Sun, 379, 414, 494, 598: and Earth, 472,

648; light, 539; planets, 373, 451, 472, 486, 489, 501; satellites, 468; Saturn, 380; stars, 650: as centre of force, 455; mass of, 472; rotation, 450, 451

sunlight, 587 superpositioning, 384, 394 Supreme Architect, 362 syllogism, 25, 29, 613, 614; and geometry,

480 symmetry, 262 sympathy, 286, 619, 620 synthesis, and analysis, 17,27,33,109,272,

440, 466, 479; mathematics, 154: synthetic, method, 152; proof, 258, 374

systematic, context, 334; logic, 291; mechanics, 439

Tacquet, A, 480, 671 tadpole, 648 Taisnier, J., 450 tangential, force, 387; motion, 392 Tarski, A, 218 Tartaglia, N., 480 tartar, salt of, 622, 624 tautology, 156 taxonomy, 657 Taylor, B., 30, 211, 481, 676 technology, 310 teleology, xii, 104, 109; telos, 179,321 tellurium 707

Tennulius, S., 672 terrestrial matter, 645 Teyler Museum, 711 Thackray, A.W., 626

Index 785

theology, 289, 347, 441, 442, 658; and natural philosophy, 605; Newton's, 351; voluntarist, 349

theory and: experiment, 626; phenomena, 534; practice, 442; science, 459

theosophy, 696 thermodynamics, 396, 543 Thompson, B., 310 thought and nature, 332, 610; numbers, 152;

experiment, 240, 246, 298; pure, 109 three-body problem, 204 tides, 273 time, 100; and matter; 23; bi-dimensional,

193; Newton on, 294; quantum of, 339, 377

time-space, 23, 212, 251, 334, 338, 411, 412, 495, 609; and calculus, 483; Kepler's laws, 512

tin, 624 Toland, I, 361 Tolstoy, Count, 107 topography, 205 Torelli, G., 671 Torricelli, E., 671 Toth, 1.,725 trajectory, 385 transit, 449 transmutation of elements, 599, 607, 608,

648 transparency, 584 Trendelenburg, F.A, 399 Treviranus, G.R., 658 triangle, defined, 153 triangulation, 449, 450, 497 trigonometry, 205, 478, 480, 511 Trinitarianism, 719 Trinity College Cambridge, xiv, 167 Trommsdorff, IB., 633, 705, 708, 709 Troy, 489 Ttibingen, 476,477, 671, 690 turbidity, 554 Turgot, ARJ., 289 two-body system, 455 Tychonic hypothesis, 447 Tyndall, J., 654

786 Index

ultimate ratios, 145 unborn child, 448 under-labourer, xiii, 42 undulatory theory of light, 526 unhappy consciousness, 185 uniform motion, 319 unit, 339 United Nations Organization, 268 unity and matter, 375 Universal spirit, 653 Uranus, discovery of, 453 Urbino, duke of, 441 urea, 657

vacuum, 278, 605 Valerio, L., 671 vapour, 648 variational mechanics, 207 Varignon, P., 716 vector composition, 321 velocity, 386; initial, 323; virtual, 688 vibration, 54, 292, 521, 525, 575 Viete, F., 27, 28 Vinci, L. da, 277 virtual velocity, 688 Viviani, V., 274, 320 Vlacq, A., 677 Voider, B. de, 715 Voltaire, F.M.A. de, 389, 474, 475, 689; and

Newton, 491, 492; on force, 390; on Kepler, 475

vortex, 330, 344, 368, 521; and centrifugal force, 521; theory, 469, 470, 501, 517, 527: vortical motion, 354

Wahsner, R., 725 Wake, W., 466 Wallis, J., 322 Wandschneider, D., 725 Ward, S., 454 water, 603, 605, 619, 642, 645, 649, 650;

and copper, 622 wave, frequency, 526; theory, 517, 518, 531,

570 wax, 224 Wehrle, W.E., 726 Weierstrass, K.T.W., 76, 147 weight, 370: and, inertia, 230; matter, 229,

234, 304; measure, 303

Weinstock, R., 281, 283,425,426,726 Weisse, C.H., 687 Weizsacker, C.F. von, 261 Werneburg, J.F.e., 690 Werner, A.G., 696 Westfall, R.S., xii, 125,275,405,597,653 Westminster Abbey, 438 Whewell, W., xiv, 403, 447, 498, 500 Whiston, W., 127, 131,474 Whitehurst, J., 303 white light, 585 Whiteside, D.T., xiv, 418 Whiteway colony, 107, 109 Wilke, C.H., 693 Wilkins, J., 295, 470 Wilson, B., 349 wine, spirit of, 622 Wing, V., 469, 470 Winkler, H.H., 391 Winter!, J.J., 633, 709 Wittgenstein, L., 117 Wohler, F., 657 Wolff, e., 14, 29, 33, 38, 324, 345, 479,

480, 690: and geometry, 480; Leibniz, 533

Wolff, C.F., 658 Wolff, M., 401 Wolf-Gazo, E., 726 Wollaston, W.H., 528 world, and God, 328, 621; picture, 80; soul,

598; spirit, 598 worm, 648 Wrede, K.F., 691 Wren, e., 322, 348,463,470

Yolton, J.W., 7 Young, T., 527, 528, 529, 531 Ypey, N., 676

Zabarella, J., 28, 32, 35 Zeno of Citium, 36 Zeno of Elea, 160, 171,179, 180, 184, 192,

199,200,321 Ziche, P., 676 Ziggelaar, A., 726 Zimmermann, e.G., 687 zinc oxide, 616 Zuylen van Nyeveldt, P.J. van, 509, 694

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95. F. Duchesneau: La physiologie des Lumieres. Empirisme, mode1es et theories. 1982 ISBN 90-247 .. 2500 .. 3

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1982 ISBN 90 .. 247 .. 2520 .. 8 98. M.L. Kuntz: Guillaume Postel [1510 .. 1581]. Prophet of the Restitution of All Things.

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ISBN 90-247 .. 2533 .. X 100. S.L. Jaki: Uneasy Genius: The Life and Work of Pierre Duhem [1861 .. 1916].1984

ISBN 90 .. 247 .. 2897 .. 5; Pb (1987) 90 .. 247 .. 3532 .. 7 101. Anne Conway [1631 .. 1679]: The Principles of the Most Ancient Modem Philosophy.

Edited and with an Introduction by P. Loptson. 1982 ISBN 90 .. 247 .. 2671 .. 9 102. E.C. Patterson: [Mrs.] Mary [Fairfax Greig] Sommerville [1780 .. 1872] and the

Cultivation of Science (1815 .. 1840). 1983 ISBN 90 .. 247 .. 2823 .. 1 103. C.J. Berry: Hume, Hegel and Human Nature. 1982 ISBN 90 .. 247 .. 2682 .. 4 104. C.J. Betts: Early Deism in France. From the so .. called 'deistes' of Lyon (1564) to

Voltaire's 'Lettres philosophiques' (1734). 1984 ISBN 90-247 .. 2923 .. 8

ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES

* INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

105. R Gascoigne: Religion, Rationality and Community. Sacred and Secular in the Thought of Hegel and His Critics. 1985 ISBN 90-247-2992-0

106. S. Tweyman: Scepticism and Belief in Hume's 'Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion'. 1986 ISBN 90-247-3090-2

107. G. Cerny: Theology, Politics and Letters at the Crossroads of European Civilization. Jacques Basnage [1653-1723] and the Bay1ean Huguenot Refugees in the Dutch Republic. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3150-X

108. Spinoza's Algebraic Calculation of the Rainbow & Calculation of Changes. Edited and Translated from Dutch, with an Introduction, Explanatory Notes and an Appendix by M.l Petry. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3149-6

109. R.G. McRae: Philosophy and the Absolute. The Modes of Hegel's Speculation. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3151-8

110. lD. North and II Roche (eds.): The Light of Nature. Essays in the History and Philosophy of Science presented to A.c. Crombie. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3165-8

111. C. Walton and P.l Johnson (eds.): [Thomas] Hobbes's 'Science of Natural Justice'. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3226-3

112. B.W. Head: Ideology and Social Science. Destutt de Tracy and French Liberalism. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3228-X

113. ATh. Peperzak: Philosophy and Politics. A Commentary on the Preface to Hegel's Philosophy of Right. 1987 ISBN Hb 90-247-3337-5; Pb ISBN 90-247-3338-3

114. S. Pines and Y. Yovel (eds.): Maimonides [1135-1204] and Philosophy. Papers Presented at the 6th Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter (May 1985). 1986

ISBN 90-247-3439-8 115. T.J. Saxby: The Questfor the New Jerusalem, Jean de Labadie [1610-1674] and the

Labadists (1610-1744). 1987 ISBN 90-247-3485-1 116. C.E. Harline: Pamphlets, Printing, and Political Culture in the Early Dutch Republic.

1987 ISBN 90-247-3511-4 117. RA Watson and J.E. Force (eds.): The Sceptical Mode in Modem Philosophy. Essays

in Honor of Richard H. Popkin. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3584-X 118. RT. Bienvenu and M. Feingold (eds.): In the Presence of the Past. Essays in Honor of

Frank Manuel. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1008-X 119. J. van den Berg and E.G.E. van der Wall (eds.): Jewish-Christian Relations in the

17th Century. Studies and Documents. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3617-X 120. N. Waszek: The Scottish Enlightenment and Hegel's Account of 'Civil Society'. 1988

ISBN 90-247-3596-3 121. J. Walker (ed.): Thought and Faith in the Philosophy of Hegel. 1991

ISBN 0-7923-1234-1 122. Henry More [1614-1687]: The Immortality of the Soul. Edited with Introduction and

Notes by A Jacob. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3512-2 123. P.B. Scheurer and G. Debrock (eds.): Newton's Scientific and Philosophical Legacy.

1988 ISBN 90-247-3723-0 124. D.R. Kelley and RH. Popkin (eds.): The Shapes of Knowledge from the Renaissance

to the Enlightenment. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1259-7

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125. R.M. Golden (ed.): The Huguenot Connection. The Edict of Nantes, Its Revocation, and Early French Migration to South Carolina. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3645-5

126. S. Lindroth: Les chemins du savoir en Suede. De la fondation de l'Universite d'Upsal a Jacob Berzelius. Etudes et Portraits. Traduit du suedois, presente et annote par J.-F. Battail. Avec une introduction sur Sten Lindroth par G. Eriksson. 1988

ISBN 90-247-3579-3 127. S. Hutton (ed.): Henry More (1614-1687). Tercentenary Studies. With a Biography

and Bibliography by R. Crocker. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0095-5 128. Y. Yovel (ed.): Kant's Practical Philo$ophy Reconsidered. Papers Presented at the 7th

Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter (December 1986). 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0405-5 129. IE. Force and R.H. Popkin: Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac

Newton's Theology. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0583-3 130. N. Capaldi and D.W. Livingston (eds.): Liberty in Hurne's 'History of England'. 1990

ISBN 0-7923-0650-3 131. W. Brand: Hume's Theory of Moral Judgment. A Study in the Unity of A Treatise of

Human Nature. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1415-8 132. C.E. Harline (ed.): The Rhyme and Reason of Politics in Early Modem Europe.

Collected Essays of Herbert H. Rowen. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1527-8 133. N. Malebranche: Treatise on Ethics (1684). Translated and edited by C. Walton. 1993

ISBN 0-7923-1763-7 134. B.C. Southgate: 'Covetous of Truth'. The Life and Work of Thomas White

(1593-1676). 1993 ISBN 0-7923-1926-5 135. G. Santinello, C.W.T. Blackwell and Ph. Weller (eds.): Models of the History of

Philosophy. Vol. 1: From its Origins in the Renaissance to the 'Historia Philosphica'. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2200-2

136. M.J. Petry (ed.): Hegel and Newtonianism. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2202-9 137. Otto von Guericke: The New (so-called Magdeburg) Experiments [Experimenta Nova,

Amsterdam 1672]. Translated and edited by M.G.F. Ames. 1993 (in prep). ISBN 0-7923-2399-8

138. R.H. Popkin and G.M. Weiner (eds.): Jewish Christians and Cristian Jews. From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. 1993 (in prep.) ISBN 0-7923-2452-8

139. IE. Force and R.H. Popkin (eds.): Bible Scholarship in the Netherlands of Spinoza's Time and on the British Isles of Newton's Time. 1993 (in prep.) ISBN 0-7923-2467-6

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