Spring exam 2007 review

Geology

1. Describe faults and earthquakes. Include information on seismic waves and the scales used to describe earthquake

strength.

• Fault- break in the crust where slabs of crust slip past each other

• Earthquake- shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface

• ****Earthquake is caused by shift in lithosphere• Moment Magnitude is the current scale used to

describe earthquake size. It is based on seismic information. Above 5.0 is destructive

1. Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake- P waves,

S waves, surface waves

2. Describe Igneous rocks p. 342

• Forms when magma or lava cools and hardens

• Intrusive- formed from magma beneath the surface (large crystals)

• Extrusive- forms from lava on surface (ocean floor)

3. Describe Metamorphic rocks.P. 345

• Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface

• Different from the rock that formed it (chemical reactions)

4. Describe Sedimentary rocks. P. 343

• Forms when particles of rock and other materials are pressed and stuck together

• Sediments

• Erosion- flowing water, waves, wind, ice

• Deposition- sediment is laid down (rest)

• Cementation- compact

5. Draw and label the rock cycle.P. 347

6. Label the volcano diagram p. 376

Crack through which the magma rises

Where Magma leaves pipe

collects Lava

Large underground pocket

7. Describe the Theory of Plate Tectonics. Include information on plate boundaries,

Wegener’s super-continent and plate movements.

• Earth’s plates are in constant, slow motion

• Explains how plates move, form and interact

• Producing volcanoes, mountains, earthquakes, features on the ocean floor

• Wegener called the supercontinent PANGAEA

• Compression- two continental plates collide they form mountain range

• Subduction- one plate melts and becomes magma- volcanic activity

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

Continental Movements The supercontinent

8. Draw and label the layers of the earth and describe what each is made of. P. 329

• Inner coreSolid nickel & iron• Outer coreLiquid• MantelSolid magma• Lithosphere includesCrust and upper mantel

Chemistry

1. List the element’s name for each of the symbol: p. 604-605

Symbol Elements name

symbol Element name

symbol Element name

O Oxygen He Helium Al Aluminum

H Hydrogen N Nitrogen Au Gold

Fe Iron Ca Calcium S Sulfur

Ne Neon K Potassium Na Sodium

C Carbon Si Silicon Cl Chlorine

2. Elements • Element- substance that can not

be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means

Examples- H (Hydrogen) Na (Sodium)

2. Mixtures

• Mixture- two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined

Examples- sand, soil, saltwater

2. Compounds

• Compound- substance made of two or more element chemically combined

• Examples- Salt (NaCl), water (H2O)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

2. chemical bond-

• Force that holds two atoms together

Chemical bond

2. molecule -a particle made of two or more atoms bonded

together • H2O

3. Who developed the Atomic Theory?

• John Dalton

4. Draw and label the parts of the box on the periodic table.

Protons and electrons

5. Describe the parts of an atom, location and the charge of each.

• Protons- positive charge, located in the nucleus

• Neutrons- neutral charge, located in the nucleus

• Electrons- negative charge, located in electron clouds

neutronneutronprotonprotonelectronelectron

Atom of element Nitrogen

Atom of element Nitrogen

7 protons ***count7 neutrons7electrons

6. Draw a picture of the arrangement of atoms in each of

the states of matter

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID• definite volume and a definite

shape

LIQUID• has no shape of its own, takes

on the shape of its container• it has definite volume

Gases•particles spread apart,

has neither definite shape nor volume

•gas will fill the container you put it in

7. Describe what happens in each change in state of matter. Include if thermal energy is

increased or decreased. • Freezing- liquid to solid, decrease

• Vaporization- (what is the difference between evaporation and boiling?) liquid to gas, increase

evaporization is on the surface

• Sublimation- solid to gas, increase

• Melting- solid to liquid, increase

condensation

freezing

sublimati

on

meltingsublim

ation

evaporation

8. Chemical change/reaction

• A change in matter that produces new substance with properties different from the original substance

• Souring of milk• Burning of wood• Lighting a match• Baking a cake• Eating

9. Chemical properties

• Burning or flammability

• Rusting• Tarnishing• milk curdling (spoils-

solid particles)

• Characteristic that is observed when a substance interacts with another substance

10. Physical changes

• A change that alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not make the material into another substance

• Paper becomes confetti

• Cutting a cake• Onion cut into slices• Trees cut down into

furniture• Butter melting• Oranges into juice

11. Physical properties

• characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance into something else

• Color• Texture• Odor• Density• Hardness• Melting• Boiling• Freezing• Change in size

12. Density- how much mass in a given volume

Calculate density of the cube if one side measures 5cm and the mass is 250 grams.

5 x 5 x 5 = 125

250/125

= 2 g/cm3

13. MATTER

• Anything that has mass and takes up space

• Examples: you, air, water, table

13. mass

• How much matter or “stuff” an object has

• Unit = grams g

• Measure with triple beam balance

• Does not change

13. weight

• Measure of the force gravity on an object

• Relative to Earth = weight would change if you leave Earth

13. volume

• Amount of space an object occupies

• Unit = cm3 = ml

• V= l x w x h

• Measure with graduated cylinder/beaker/flask

• Period 1

Force & Motion

1. What is motion? How do you describe motion?

• An object is in motion when the distance from another object changes

• Leave reference point• Describe distance and time

in a line graph

2. What is a force? Describe the 5 types of forces

•Force is a push or pull

•Types of forces pages 100-101

2. Contact Force (5 forces on page 100-101)

• two objects are touching, they push each other away.

• Obi-One went through the window- his body is in contact with the window

2. Friction• force that one object applies on another.

• Kicking a soccer ball, the grass is the friction force.

• Friction produces heat • Air resistance

2. Gravitational Force

• force between all objects in the universe.

• Weight

2. Electrical force

•Results from moving electrons

• pull between charged particles – atoms

2. Magnetic Force

•attracts to metals.

• North pole and south poles attract

3. Speed formula• Distance divide by time• Constant speed (p. 90)- stays the

same • Average speed (p. 91) total distance

divide by total time• Units for distance = meters, km, cm,

miles• Units for time = hours, minutes,

days

Riding a bike 800 m, stop for 4 minutes, continue riding 800 m

4. Speed on a graph- line graph that displays distance over time

5. Newton’s Laws of motion

Sir Isaac Newton

lived during the 1600s

5. Newton’s 1st Law • An object in

motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

• Inertia

5. Newton’s 2nd Law

• Force = Mass x Acceleration

• Gravity accelerates all objects at the same rate, so the elephant and the rock would hit the ground at the same time. (only in a vacuum effect)

• The difference in forces would be caused by the different masses.

5. Newton’s 3rd Law

• For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The skaters' forces on each other are equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

6. Balanced force- no movement

• Equal forces acting on one object in opposite directions

• Tug- of –war = only when the rope does not move

• You sitting in a chair

6. unbalanced

• Force changes an object’s motion

• Causes movement

6. Net force

• Overall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on an object are added together.

#7 speed

• Distance in a given amount of time

7. Velocity

•Speed in a given direction

• (N, S, E, W)

7. acceleration

• Rate at which velocity changes

• Speeding up

• Slowing down (deceleration)

• Changing direction

Space review

1. Describe the features found on the surface of the sun.

• 1. sun spots

• 2. prominence

• 3. solar flares

sunspot

• Areas of gas on the sun that are cooler

• Look darker

prominence

•Huge loop of hydrogen gas

solar flare

• Huge explosions on the sun

p. 541

corona

chromosphere

sunspot

Core- nuclear fusion

2. Describe the layers of the sun.

•Photosphere

•Chromosphere

•Core

•Corona

photosphere • Sphere that

makes light

• Part we can see in a photograph

chromosphere • Middle layer

• Means color

core

nuclear fusion reactions = energy

corona

• Outer layer “crown of light”

• Only visible during eclipses

3. What is the difference between a Heliocentric system and a

Geocentric system. Explain your answer.

geocentric system

• Ptolemy – • 140 A.D. Greek

Astronomer

• believed that Earth was the center of the universe

heliocentric system

• sun is at the center of the system- current model

4. Name the 9 planets in order starting at the sun.

• My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas

• Mercury• Venus• Earth• Mars• Jupiter• Saturn• Uranus• Neptune• Pluto

6. Describe each of the inner planets.

• terrestrial planetsMercury, Venus, Earth & Mars

• small and have rocky surfaces

Mercury

• 1st planet Shortest revolution (orbit around the sun) _ year

Venus

• Know as morning or evening star• Called Earth’s twin because they are the

same in size• Venus rotates backwards, east to west-

retrograde rotation- may have been struck by a large object

• it’s full of carbon dioxide- greenhouse effect

• Hottest planet

Earth

• 70% of Earth is covered in water

• We are the ONLY planet with oceans!

Mars

• Called the “red planet”

6. Describe each of the outer planets. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune

• Gas giants do not have solid surfaces

–They are made from gas!

–In the middle, they have a solid core Large outer planets with stronger gravity

• Keeps gases from escaping

Jupiter• Largest planet• The Great Red Spot- storm similar to

a hurricane

Saturn

• The second largest planet

• Has rings around the planet– Made of chunks of ice and rocks – Saturn has 5 moons with craters

Uranus

• Cold, blue planet - methane

• Uranus rotates from top to bottom

• Uranus has many moons that have icy and cratered surfaces

• Also has rings

Neptune

• Has a clearly visible atmosphere

• Was found by accident- mathematically

• Great Dark Spot- a giant storm

• Neptune has 8 moons

7. Inertia

• Tendency of a moving object to continue moving in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place

7. Gravity

• The force that pulls objects toward each other

• Measurement of weight

• Different for each planet

7.system

•Each planet and its moons form a system

7. Meteoroid• chunk of rock or dust in space

• They come from the tail of comets or asteroids

• When it burns = meteor – streak of light

Meteoroid

7. Meteorites-

• when the meteor hits the Earth– This happens all the time.– People think they are just heavy rocks– One huge one landed in Arizona 40,000 years

ago and left a big crater

Meteorite

7. rotation • Spinning motion of a planet about it’s own

axis

• ONE DAY

• DIFFERENT FOR EACH PLANET

7. revolution • One year

• Earth 365.25 days (365)

• February 29 2008 leap year every 4th year

• Movement of an object going around another object

7. ellipse

• elongated circle, oval shape

Path of orbit

• Not a perfect circle

Water and weather review

1. Describe the water Cycle. Draw the cycle. Explain what happens at each

step.• Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, hail (any

water that falls from the sky)

• Evaporation – process by which molecules absorb enough energy to change from liquid to gas

• Condensation – changing from gas to liquid; forms clouds

• Collection – the accumulation of water

2. Define the following terms:

• Watershed – land area that supplies water to a river system

• Surface Water – water found on the surface of the ground; includes rivers, lakes, streams

• Ground Water – water that is absorbed into the ground

3. Use your textbook to draw the weather symbols

• Cold front- brings brief storms and cooler weather

• Stationary front- long periods of precipitation

3. Use your textbook to draw the weather symbols

• Warm front- precipitation and warm air

• Occluded – precipitation

• High pressure- sunny days, little or no rain, calm weather

• Low pressure- storm, cloudy

4. What gases are found in the Atmosphere?

5. Describe each of the instruments below. Explain what they are used for in weather forecasting. What are the

units for each?

• Barometer – used to measure air pressure; 2 kinds (Mercury & Aneroid); units are inches, cm or millibars

• Thermometer – used to measure temperature (the average amount of energy an object has); units are degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit

5. Describe each of the instruments below. Explain what they are used for in weather forecasting. What are the

units for each?

• Psychrometer – used to measure relative humidity; compares the temperature of a wet & dry thermometer; given as a percent

• Rain Gauge – used to measure the amount of precipitation; in or cm

• Anemometer – measures wind speed in mph or kmph; wind forms when air moves from high pressure to low pressure

6. Describe the 3 main types of clouds.

• Cumulus clouds – puffy clouds that form during fair weather - cumulonimbus clouds = cumulus clouds that have grown into rain clouds

• Stratus clouds – low layer clouds that often cover much of the sky;- cause drizzle or rain

• Cirrus Clouds – wispy, feathery, high clouds- made from ice crystals