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Spray A experimental efforts

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Coordinator: Gilles BruneauxIFPEN

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Spray A session

Context

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ECN/Spray AObjectivesO i ti

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Topics of interest / Contributing institutions

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ECN idea modeled after the TurbulentECN idea modeled after the TurbulentECN idea modeled after the Turbulent ECN idea modeled after the Turbulent NonNon--Premixed Flame (TNF) Workshop.Premixed Flame (TNF) Workshop.

• Use a series of well-defined, canonical flames to promote model development applicable to turbulent combustion.

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90 participants at last workshop.

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This type of dataset and focused modeling effort does not exist for engine conditions!We need to (and can) delve deeper to understand the workings of engine sprays.

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ECN goals

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Establish an international experimental database for model alidation in realistic engine conditions

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Provide a framework for collaborative comparisons of measured and modeled results

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s, Identify priorities for further experimental and computational

research

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Spray A databaseSpray A databaseMichigan Tech. Univ.

Vessel temperature composition

Argonne (x-ray source)Internal needle movement

General MotorsMixingDroplet sizing

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Internal needle movementNear-nozzle liquid volume IFP (France)

Spray velocityCombustionBlowup of needle motion

Droplet sizingBoschDonates 10 “identical” common-rail injectors

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CMT (Spain)Rate of injectionSpray momentum

Meiji (Japan)Soot formation

Caterpillar

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E Spray momentumSandia

Liquid and vapor mixingCombustion diagnostics

CaterpillarLift-off lengthnozzle shape

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Definition of “Spray A” conditions Definition of “Spray A” conditions

Spray A:A common condition for all the institutions contributing to the databasecommon???

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Ambient gas temperature 900 KAmbient gas pressure 6 MPaAmbient gas density 22.8 kg/m3

Ambient gas composition 15% O 0% O

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Common rail fuel injector Bosch solenoid-activated, generation 2.4Fuel injector nozzle outlet diameter 0.090 mmNozzle K factor 1.5 { K = (dinlet – doutlet)/10 [use µm] }Nozzle hydro-erosion Discharge coefficient = 0.86 with 100 bar ∆P.Spray full included angle 0° (1 axial hole)

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Fuel injection pressure 150 MPaFuel n-dodecaneFuel temperature at nozzle 363 K (90°C)Common rail volume/length 22 cm3/ 28 cm (Use GM rail model 97303659)Distance injector inlet to common rail 24 cm

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E Distance, injector inlet to common rail 24 cmFuel pressure measurement 7 cm from injector inlet / 24 cm from nozzleInjection duration 1.5 msApproximate injector driver current 18 A for 0.45 ms ramp, 12 A for 0.345 ms hold

Spray A challenges

Provide a standard case common to all the participating institutes

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Difficulties related to boundary conditions controlambient conditions injection conditions

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Difficulties related to the verification of the main characteristicsoptical diagnostics set up configurations

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data processing methods...

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Spray A standard diagnosticsSet up specifications

Injection system geometry (rail, tube length, pressure acquisition..)Nozzle tip temperature

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p pAmbient temperature distribution (thermocouple)Spray characterization

Liquid penetration (fast Mie scattering)

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Vapor penetration (fast Schlieren)Combustion characterization

Ignition (fast direct visualization/fast Schlieren)

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Lift off length (filtered direct visualization)Soot luminosity (fast direct visualization)pressure rise (precombustion vessels)

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Spray A session objectives

Communicate on Spray A conditionsCompare results between contributing institutions

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Co pa e esu ts bet ee co t but g st tut o sServe as discussion platform to propose guidelines for the institutions that are willing to perform spray A conditions experiments and modeling

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Present the past and future experiments of each contributing institution

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Spray A session organizationTopics of interest

Vessel temperatureAmbient composition

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Nozzle and injector temperatureNozzle geometryHydraulic characterization

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Liquid lengthVapor penetration (non reacting/reacting)Combustion (Lift off length/soot luminosity/pressure rise)

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Working groups lead by the contributing institutionsPresentation of the synthesis of data comparison (15min)Open discussion during the session (10min)

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Recommendation for the “best” experimental and post-processing methods

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Vessel TemperatureTechnical University Eindhoven - Precombustion vessel

TeamM. Meijer, R.J. Christians, L.M.T. Somers

Characteristics of apparatus

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ppPrecombustion vessel: C2H2, N2, 02, Ar H2O, CO2, N2 , 02 , Arup to 300bar, 2200K, 60kg/m3

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3 optical access: 5*10cm sapphire windowsInjection system: hydro-pneumatic pump, 4000bar max

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Diagnostics/SchedulePast, Mie Scattering, Schlieren, LOSA 2011, Toluene PLIF, TLIF, phospor seeding

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ECN workshop may 13-14 2011, Ventura –Spray A Session – Gilles Bruneaux11

2012, Formulation of a diesel surrogate fuel, Soot diagnostics for PCCI combustion

Ambient compositionMichigan Technological University – Precombustion Vessel

TeamJeffrey Naber, Seong-Young Lee, Jaclyn Nesbitt, Seung Hyun Yoon, Anqi Zhang, Khanh Cung

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Characteristics of apparatusPrecombustion vessel: H2, CH4, C2H2, N2, O2, CO2 →H2O, CO2, N2, O2

U 3 0b 1800K 60k / 3

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Optical access: up to 5 sapphire windows (4” diameter, 1.875” thickness)Fuel Injection systems: Piezo & Solenoid

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Air-driven liquid pump, 4140 bar maxDiagnostics/Schedule

Back Mie Scattering Laser Scattering Schlieren

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ECN workshop may 13-14 2011, Ventura –Spray A Session – Gilles Bruneaux12

Back Mie Scattering, Laser Scattering, Schlieren, CH*, PIV – Done 2009 / 2010LDV/PDPA, LII - 2011

N l d i j t t tNozzle and injector temperatureIFPEN – Precombustion vessel

TeamL.M. Malbec, L. Hermant, G. Bruneaux

Characteristics of apparatus

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Characteristics of apparatusPrecombustion vessel:

H2, N2, C2H6, 02 H2O, CO2, N2 , 023

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5 optical access: 2*8cm sapphire windowsInjection system: hydro-pneumatic pump,

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2750bar maxDiagnostics/Schedule

Spray A standard – Done in 2010

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E Spray A standard – Done in 2010PIV in reacting conditions - 2011Formaldehyde and OH LIF - 2012

Nozzle geometryArgonne – Cold-Flow X-Ray Measurements

TeamCF Powell, A Kastengren, J Wang

Characteristics of apparatus

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Characteristics of apparatusCold-flow vessel with heated injector holderN2 up to 30 bar → 35 kg/m3

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Two custom polymer windows: x-ray transparentInjection system: mechanical pump, 1600

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bar maxDiagnostics/Schedule

Injector geometry and needle motion

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ECN workshop may 13-14 2011, Ventura –Spray A Session – Gilles Bruneaux14

Injector geometry and needle motion –Done in March 2011X-ray radiography of spray ongoing

Hydraulic characterizationCMT / UPV – Continuous flow vessel

Team leaded by R. PayriJ.M. Garcia, J. Gimeno, J.J. LopezJ. Manin, J.G. Nerva, M. Bardi

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Characteristics of apparatusContinuous flow (either air, nitrogen or synthetic EGR)From 10 to 150bar, From 300 to 1000K

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3 optical access with diameter 128 mmHigh pressure CR Fuel Injection system

Diagnostics/Schedule

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Hydraulic characterizationSpray penetration in reacting and non reacting conditions (LL LOL)

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ECN workshop may 13-14 2011, Ventura –Spray A Session – Gilles Bruneaux15

conditions (LL, LOL)Vapor penetrationCH, OH chemiluminscence

Liquid lengthGeorgia Tech – Continuous Flow Vessel

TeamCaroline GenzaleArriving in the Fall: Ben Knox, Mike Tree, Gina

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g , ,Magnotti

Characteristics of apparatusLab build underway

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Vessel design conditions: 150 bar, 1000 KInjection system: air-driven pump, 4100 bar max

Diagnostics/Schedule

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Rate of momentum – Summer 2011Spray A liquid and lift-off – 2012Droplet sizing (non-vaporizing) – 2012

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ECN workshop may 13-14 2011, Ventura –Spray A Session – Gilles Bruneaux16

Droplet sizing (non vaporizing) 2012Droplet sizing and LVF (vaporizing) – 2013/14Soot/LII – 2013/14

V t ti ( ti / ti )Vapor penetration (non reacting/reacting)Caterpillar - Continuous Flow Vessel

TeamTim Bazyn, Glen Martin

Characteristics of apparatus

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ppContinuous flow vessel:

0-21% O2 in N2

up to 150bar, up to 1000K, up to 50+kg/m3

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3 optical access: 125 mm FS windowsInjection systems:

Hydro-pneumatic pump 3000bar max

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Common rail pumpMechanical electronic injectorHydraulic electronic injector

Di ti /S h d l

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E Diagnostics/ScheduleSpray A standard + T and P sensitivity–Done in 2010

CombustionSandia– Precombustion vessel

TeamJ. Manin, P. Lillo, L.M. Pickett,C. Genzale (now at GaTech)

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C. Genzale (now at GaTech)Characteristics of apparatus

Precombustion vessel: H N C H O H O CO N O

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up to 350bar, 1500K, 60kg/m3

100 mm sapphire windows

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Diagnostics/ScheduleSpray A standard – Done in 2010Rayleigh scattering 2010

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ECN workshop may 13-14 2011, Ventura –Spray A Session – Gilles Bruneaux18

Rayleigh scattering- 2010Liquid length quantification- 2011Cool flame and soot- 2011

Institution SNU – Precombustion vessel

TeamJunyong Lee, Namho Kim, Seunghyun Lee,

Kyoungdoug Min

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Kyoungdoug MinCharacteristics of apparatus

Dual-purpose : single-hole, multi-hole nozzleUp to 150bar, 1500K

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4 optical access: 2 penetrating windows, 1 circular window, 1 laser windowInjection system: CR solenoid, Piezo

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Diagnostics/ScheduleAutomatic control system (ongoing)T t di t ib ti (2011)

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ECN workshop may 13-14 2011, Ventura –Spray A Session – Gilles Bruneaux19

Temperature distribution (2011)Liquid and vapor penetration (2011)

Chalmers University & CORIA collaborating on diagnostics for dense sprays

TeamM. Linne & M. Rahm: ChalmersJ B Blaisot C Rozé S Idlahcen &

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J-B Blaisot, C. Rozé, S. Idlahcen & D. Sedarsky: CORIA

Characteristics of apparatus

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Two-pulse ballistic imaging for the liquid core and velocities Structured laser induced planar

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pimaging (SLIPI) for Mie and PLIFSteady flow vessel (Chalmers):

• up to 100bar 900KSLIPI Ballistic i i

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ECN workshop may 13-14 2011, Ventura –Spray A Session – Gilles Bruneaux2

• up to 100bar, 900K• optical access

Technique imaging