Sports Injuries and Sports Injuries and PreventionPrevention

What you need to know…What you need to know…

Sport Injury VideoSport Injury Video

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What are sports injuries?What are sports injuries?The term sports injury, in the broadest The term sports injury, in the broadest sense, refers to the kinds of injuries that sense, refers to the kinds of injuries that most commonly occur during sports or most commonly occur during sports or exercise.exercise.Some sports injuries result from accidents Some sports injuries result from accidents while others are due to poor training while others are due to poor training practices, improper equipment, lack of practices, improper equipment, lack of conditioning or insufficient warm up and conditioning or insufficient warm up and stretching.stretching.This term is usually reserved for injuries This term is usually reserved for injuries that involve the musculoskeletal system, that involve the musculoskeletal system, which includes the muscles, bones and which includes the muscles, bones and associated tissues like cartilage.associated tissues like cartilage.

Important Anatomical TermsImportant Anatomical TermsMedial – toward the Medial – toward the midline of the body midline of the body

Lateral – away Lateral – away from the midline of from the midline of the body the body

Anterior – frontAnterior – front

Posterior - backPosterior - back

Types of InjuriesTypes of InjuriesSprainSprain

StrainStrain

Acute FractureAcute Fracture

Stress FractureStress Fracture

BruiseBruise

DislocationDislocation

ConcussionConcussion

SprainSprain•A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, the band of connective tissue that joins the end of one bone with another. Sprains are caused by trauma such as a fall or blow to the body that knocks a joint out of position and in the worst case ruptures the supporting ligaments. Sprains can range from the first degree (minimally stretched ligament) to third degree (a complete tear). •Areas of the body most vulnerable to sprains are ankles, knees and wrists. •Signs of a sprain include varying degrees of tenderness or pain, bruising, inflammation, swelling, inability to move a limb or joint, joint looseness or instability.

StrainStrainA strain is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle A strain is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or tendon, a cord of tissue connecting or tendon, a cord of tissue connecting muscle to bone. It is an acute, non-muscle to bone. It is an acute, non-contact injury that results from over contact injury that results from over stretching or over contraction.stretching or over contraction.

Symptoms of a strain include pain, Symptoms of a strain include pain, muscle spasm, and loss of strength.muscle spasm, and loss of strength.

Severe strains not treated can cause Severe strains not treated can cause damage and loss of function.damage and loss of function.

Acute FractureAcute FractureA break in the bone that occurs A break in the bone that occurs from a quick, one time injury to the from a quick, one time injury to the bone.bone.Simple – clean break with little Simple – clean break with little tissue damagetissue damageCompound – a break in which the Compound – a break in which the bone pierces the skin.bone pierces the skin.Most acute fractures are Most acute fractures are emergencies. One that breaks the emergencies. One that breaks the skin is especially dangerous skin is especially dangerous because there is a high risk of because there is a high risk of infectioninfection

Stress FractureStress FractureStress fractures occur largely in the feet Stress fractures occur largely in the feet and legs and are common in sports that and legs and are common in sports that require repetitive impact, primarily require repetitive impact, primarily jumping and running sports such as jumping and running sports such as gymnastics and track and field. Running gymnastics and track and field. Running creates forces 2-3 times a person’s body creates forces 2-3 times a person’s body weight on the lower limbsweight on the lower limbsThe most common symptom of a stress The most common symptom of a stress fracture is pain at the site that worsens fracture is pain at the site that worsens with weight bearing activity. Tenderness with weight bearing activity. Tenderness and swelling often accompany the pain.and swelling often accompany the pain.

BruiseBruiseA bruise or muscle contusion, can result A bruise or muscle contusion, can result from a fall or from contact with a hard from a fall or from contact with a hard surface, a piece of equipment, or another surface, a piece of equipment, or another player while participating in sports. player while participating in sports. A bruise results when muscle fiber and A bruise results when muscle fiber and connective tissue are crushed and torn connective tissue are crushed and torn blood vessels may cause a bluish blood vessels may cause a bluish appearance. appearance. Most bruises are minor but some can Most bruises are minor but some can cause more extensive damage and cause more extensive damage and complicationscomplications

DislocationDislocation

When the two bones that come together to form a When the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated, the joint is described as joint become separated, the joint is described as being dislocated. High impact sports cause the being dislocated. High impact sports cause the majority of dislocations.majority of dislocations.

Pain and tenderness at the site of the injury are Pain and tenderness at the site of the injury are most common symptoms along with the inability to most common symptoms along with the inability to move the joint through it’s normal range of motion.move the joint through it’s normal range of motion.

A dislocation is an emergency situation that A dislocation is an emergency situation that requires immediate medical treatment.requires immediate medical treatment.

ConcussionConcussionConcussions are caused by a blow Concussions are caused by a blow to the head; this injury causes some to the head; this injury causes some level of impairment of brain level of impairment of brain functions. functions. Symptoms of a concussion may Symptoms of a concussion may include confusion, short term include confusion, short term memory problems, and loss of memory problems, and loss of consciousness. consciousness. Medical advice should be soughtMedical advice should be sought

What’s the difference between What’s the difference between acute and chronic injuries?acute and chronic injuries?

Acute injuries occur suddenly. For Acute injuries occur suddenly. For example: a sprained ankle, strained back example: a sprained ankle, strained back or fractured hand.or fractured hand.Symptoms includeSymptoms include– Sudden severe painSudden severe pain– SwellingSwelling– Inability to place weight on a lower limbInability to place weight on a lower limb– Extreme tenderness in an upper limbExtreme tenderness in an upper limb– Inability to move a joint through it’s full range Inability to move a joint through it’s full range

of motionof motion– Extreme limb weaknessExtreme limb weakness– Visible dislocation or break of a bone Visible dislocation or break of a bone

What’s the difference between What’s the difference between acute and chronic injuries?acute and chronic injuries?

Chronic injuries usually result from Chronic injuries usually result from overusing one area of the body while overusing one area of the body while playing a sport or exercising over a playing a sport or exercising over a long period.long period.

Signs of a chronic injury:Signs of a chronic injury:– Pain when performing an activityPain when performing an activity– A dull ache when at restA dull ache when at rest– SwellingSwelling

The body’s healing process:The body’s healing process: From the moment of injury, your body From the moment of injury, your body

goes to work to repair the damage.goes to work to repair the damage.At the moment of injury, chemicals are At the moment of injury, chemicals are released from damaged cells, released from damaged cells, triggering a process called triggering a process called inflammation. Blood inflammation. Blood

vessels at the injury site vessels at the injury site become dilated, blood become dilated, blood flow increases to carry flow increases to carry nutrients to the site of nutrients to the site of tissue damage.tissue damage.

The body’s healing process:The body’s healing process:Within hours of injury, white blood Within hours of injury, white blood cells travel to the injury site to tear cells travel to the injury site to tear down and remove damaged tissue, down and remove damaged tissue, allowing other specialized cells to allowing other specialized cells to start developing scar tissue.start developing scar tissue.Within days of injury, scar tissue Within days of injury, scar tissue forms on the skin inside the body. forms on the skin inside the body. The damaged area will increase in The damaged area will increase in strength as scar tissue continues to strength as scar tissue continues to form.form.

The body’s healing process:The body’s healing process:Within a month of injury, scar tissue Within a month of injury, scar tissue may start to shrink, bringing damaged may start to shrink, bringing damaged torn or separated tissues back torn or separated tissues back together. However it may be several together. However it may be several months before the injury is completely months before the injury is completely healed.healed.

RICERRICERTo care for an injury, use RICER:To care for an injury, use RICER:– Rest (don’t put weight on the injured limb)Rest (don’t put weight on the injured limb)

– Ice (15 minutes on, 15 minutes off)Ice (15 minutes on, 15 minutes off)

– Compression (to push out swelling)Compression (to push out swelling)

– Elevation (raising the injured limb Elevation (raising the injured limb higher than your heart)higher than your heart)

– Referral (see a qualified professional to Referral (see a qualified professional to assess the injury)assess the injury)

HARMHARM

Avoid these HARM-ful factors for 72 Avoid these HARM-ful factors for 72 hours after the injury:hours after the injury:Heat – increases bleedingHeat – increases bleedingAlcohol – delays healing, masks pain Alcohol – delays healing, masks pain and severity of the injuryand severity of the injuryRunning – causes further damageRunning – causes further damageMassage – increases bleeding and Massage – increases bleeding and swellingswelling

Manage an injury withManage an injury withTOTAPSTOTAPS

TalkTalkAsk the player what Ask the player what

happened.happened.

““Where does it Where does it hurt?”hurt?”

““What kind of pain is What kind of pain is it?”it?”

ObserveObserveLook at the affected area for redness and Look at the affected area for redness and

swelling.swelling.

Is the injured side different from the other Is the injured side different from the other side?side?

TouchTouchTouch will indicate warmth for Touch will indicate warmth for

inflammation.inflammation.

Touch also assesses pain.Touch also assesses pain.

Active MovementActive Movement

Ask the injured player to move the Ask the injured player to move the injured part without any helpinjured part without any help

Passive MovementPassive Movement

If the player can move the injured part, If the player can move the injured part, carefully try to move it yourself carefully try to move it yourself through it’s full range of motion.through it’s full range of motion.

Do not continue if extreme pain is Do not continue if extreme pain is experienced with this movement.experienced with this movement.

Skill TestSkill TestDid the active and passive movement Did the active and passive movement

produce pain?produce pain?

If no, can the player stand and If no, can the player stand and demonstrate some of the skills of the demonstrate some of the skills of the game carefully? game carefully?

If an injury is identified, remove the If an injury is identified, remove the player from the activity immediately.player from the activity immediately.

How can injury be prevented?How can injury be prevented?

Sports injuries can be prevented Sports injuries can be prevented by looking at the following 3 by looking at the following 3 categories:categories:

1.1. The environment of a particular The environment of a particular sportsport

2.2. Fitness levelsFitness levels

3.3. Protective wearProtective wear

What’s in the news? What’s in the news? ConcussionsConcussions

CTE - Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is CTE - Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is a disease of the brain believed to be a disease of the brain believed to be caused by repeated head trauma resulting caused by repeated head trauma resulting in large accumulations of tau proteins, in large accumulations of tau proteins, killing cells in regions responsible for killing cells in regions responsible for mood, emotions, and executive mood, emotions, and executive functioning.functioning.

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