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International Social Organization for the Promotion of Science and Sports Sport, People and Health

Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation

The Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sports and Health, Saint-Petersburg

International Sambo Federation (FIAS)

Herzen State Pedagogical University of RussiaSaint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Institute for Physical CultureMilitary Institute of Physical Culture

St. Petersburg Public Health Agency State Hospital 40 of Kurortnyi administrative area

Under the auspices of the Secretary General of the Council of Europe

Mr Thorbjorn Jagland and

of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO

VII International Congress SPORT, PEOPLE AND HEALTH27-29 October, 2015Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Collection of Scientific Papers

Edited by Prof. V. A. Taymazov, Chair of the Expert Committee of the Congress,

Rector of the The Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sports and Health, Saint-Petersburg

Saint-Petersburg

2015

VII International Congress Sport, People and Health 27-29 October 2015, Saint-Petersburg, Russia: Scientific Papers of the Congress / edited by V. A. Taymazov. - SPb., Publishing House Olimp-SPb, 2015. -440 p.

ISBN 978-5-91021-002-2

Materials of the Scientific Congress" Sport, People, Health" cover a wide range of issues related to the main scientific direction of the Congress: "Sport for all: innovative projects and best practices in national systems of physical education

Editorial Board:

Dr.Hab.,Prof. Ashkinazi S.M. (Russia) - Managing Scientific Editor Ph.D., Prof. Corbett Doris (USA)

Dr.Hab.,Prof. DmitriyevG.G. (Russia)

Dr.Hab.,Prof. Evseev S.P. (Russia)

Dr.Hab.,Prof. Kalina R.M. (Poland)

Ph.D., Prof. Kaukab Azeem (Saudi Arabia)

Ph.D., Prof. Krasilshikov Olex (Malaysia)

Ph.D., Prof. Kryuchek S.S. (Russia)

Ph.D., Prof. Kumar Ashok (India)

Dr.Hab.,Prof. MarishchukL.V. (Belarus)

Ph.D., Prof Ming-kai Chin (USA)

Dr.Hab.,Prof. ObvintsevA.A. (Russia)

Dr.Hab.,Prof. Ponomaryov G.N. (Russia)

Ph.D., Prof Shaw Brandon (South Africa)

Ph.D., Prof Shaw Ina (South Africa)

Dr.Hab.,Prof. Shcherbak S.G. (Russia)

Ph.D., Prof Uvinha Ricardo Ricci (Brazil)

Ph.D., Prof. Van Gent Maria (South Africa)

Ph.D., Prof ZorbaErdal Hakki (Turkey)

International social organization for the promotion of science and sports Sport, People and Health, 2015 The Lesgafi National State University of Physical Education, Sports and Health, Saint-Petersburg, 2015 International SAMBO Federation (FIAS), 2015

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SECTION 1

SECTION 1

SECTION 1. World movement Sport for All - an important condition for balanced development of apersonality in contemporary social and cultural circumstances.

22

21

Recapturing civility and social justice in sport

Corbett D.R.

Professor and Director

School of Health, Physical Education and Leisure Services University ofNorthem Iowa Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA

Summary

The paradox linked to sport when seeking to establish a culture of civility and social justice in sport is complex. This lecture is designed to bring attention to the prevalence of incivility and an absence of social justice in sport. The overarching purpose of this presentation is to stimulate further discussion, and reflection that might lead to a plan of action in support of the promotion of civility, social justice and virtuous conduct in sport.

Keywords: social justice, civility, virtuous conduct in sport.

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Introduction

The perspective that sport is a molder of men and women, a character builder, continues to be a common assumption in many cultures and societies. This viewpoint is grounded in the belief that sport serves as an important societal instrument through which one learns how to cooperate, negotiate, problem solve, develop a moral conscious, exhibit self- control, display comage, and learn values such as fairness, loyalty, teamwork and persistence. Yet, daily, we witness inappropriate conduct in sport and in society.

The paradox linked to sport when seeking to establish a culture of civility and social justice in sport is complex. This discussion is designed to bring attention to the prevalence prevalence of incivility and the need for social justice in sport. The pressures youth, athletes, coaches, educators, sporting administrators and authorities experience is addressed in the context of promoting a standard of civility in sport.

Sport has functioned as a highly important socio-cultural and political-ideological tool in shaping global relations (Giulianotti, 2011, p. 210). The international scientific community and state authorities of different countries must work to solve issues of physical, spiritual, and moral development within our society. As leaders, one must acquire the skills and the knowledge to promote civility and social justice in sport. The overarching purpose of this presentation is to stimulate further dialogue and reflection that might lead to a plan of action in support of the promotion of civility, social justice and virtuous conduct in sport.

Contemporary, Historical, and Political Social Injustices in Sport

We are living in a time where civility and social justice in sport are values that can no longer be presumed to exist. With the technological advances of social media, any example of good or bad sports-person-ship is rapidly shared with people all over the world. Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are just three of the communication modes where any type of behavior from an athlete can be shared with no filter. The consumer of the social media sites have access to all types of behavior by athletes in an open forum where the viewer of the site can share with friends, comment on, or internalize. Both good and bad examples exist, and it can cause the cynical viewer to either pass judgement that the behavior is unacceptable, or become numb to the bad behavior and in turn, emulate the behavior of the athlete who they may view as a role model.

Examples of social media breaches in the United States include the posting of inappropriate pictures (e.g., Arizona Cardinals player Darnell Dockett sharing a video of himself taking a shower); and posting critical commentary about officials (e.g., Chicago White Sox manager Ozzie Guillen tweeting critical comments about umpire Todd Titchener after Titchener ejected him from a game on April 27, 2011, and Major League Baseball subsequently fining him $20,000 and suspending him for two games) (Sanderson, 2011, p. 492). These are only a few of the examples that occurred recently on social media sites.

Not only is the athlete's behavior being viewed on social media, but sports fans behavior is also on display. One of the many examples includes a Minnesota Twins game when the Minnesota fans tossed hot dogs, beer bottles, golf balls and coins at a New York Yankee player. The incident caused the Major League Baseball head of security to comment, "I've been in this business for some 15 years, been to World Series and big games, and I can't recall it being this bad" (Ward, 2002, p.454).

Both athletes and sports fans behavioral etiquette can be studied as examples of civility and social justice. Whether the athletic event is in the professional or collegiate arena, youth sports, or among participants of intramural sports or leisure and recreation, civility is key to having a fair and enjoyable experience.

From the first female Olympic athletes in Paris to African- American athlete Jesse Owens breaking records and winning gold medals in Berlin in 1936 during a time when Hitler aimed to use the Olympics as a vessel to promote a political agenda (Checkley & Essex, 1999, p. 377), the Olympics Games have demonstrated several examples reflecting incivility and social injustice culturally and worldwide. In the Mexico City Games in 1968 black American athletes were encouraged to boycott the Games. In lieu of a boycott, African-American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos staged a non-violent protest when the national anthem played during their medal ceremony. Smith and Carlos protest at, in an international sporting event, raised awareness of the American battle over civil rights. The aforementioned examples from the Olympic Games demonstrate how elite athletes can impact transformation and growth on political topics, civility and social justice throughout not only the country they are competing for, but worldwide.

Strategies for Recapturing Civility in Sport for Athletes and Coaches

In addition to civility, social justice is equally important in sport. Sports can provide an opening for necessary yet challenging conversations. The concepts of equity, diversity, social justice, and activism are all a part of the discussion on social justice in sport. Ginwright & Cammarota (2002) found that exploring the relationship between social action and critical consciousness can raise awareness on social justice. Critical consciousness is described as an awareness of how institutional historical, and systemic forces limit and promote the life opportunities for particular groups (p. 87). Acting upon the conditions influencing ones social experiences leads to an awareness of the contingent quality of life (Ginwright & Cammarota, 2002, p. 87). Sports can develop and promote participation, inclusion, human values, acceptance of rules, discipline, health promotion, non-violence, tolerance, gender equality, teamwork, among others (De Vengoechea, 2014).

A structural analysis of sport in society has to be the starting place for civility and social justice in sport to co-exist. If the structure of sport does not change, there is not the possibility for transforming the uncivil practices that prevail in sport at all levels. Typically, the athlete is blamed for his/her bad behavior. The behavior does not start in the ranks of professional sports, however, it begins much earlier, among adults and children in communities that tolerate various types of disrespectful behavior, from racial slurs to other forms of intolerant or intimidating conduct (New York University Sports & Society Program, 2014, p. 3). Thus, we cover up the real problems in sport. A major and consistent problem in sports today, at all levels, is the prevalence of improper behaviors and poor character (Doty, 2006).

In the midst of daily sporting scandals, it seems doubly important that we recommit ourselves to civility to promote social cohesion to transform sport. The concept of sport is a very complicated occurrence which creates ethical paradoxes. Sport ethics is fixed amid moral-educational and essential-biological movement needs. Consequently, it is stuck between the extreme exploitation and passionate images of postmodern times, and the playful innocence of body and mind (Hosta, 2008, p. 89). The drive to compete

and win at all cost isat timesin direct opposition to civility, social justice and fair play. All too often during sporting events society must take care to ensure that exaggerated nationalistic sentiments, intolerance and even violence are kept in check.

An example of civility and social justice in action occurred at the Olympic Sochi 2014 Winter Games when Russian skier Anton Gafarov was struggling to finish the semi-finals of the men's sprint free event. Canadian Justin Wadsworth, who was watching the race, ran onto the track to help Gafarov remove his broken ski and replace it with an available ski he had on hand for the members of his own Canadian team. Wadsworth was later quoted as saying that "he wanted Anton Gafarov to have dignity as he crossed the finished line" (Kelly, 2014).

With the rise of competitive or elite youth sports, today's children are entering a world where they are expected to have the cognitive capabilities of adults. Rather than engaging in sport for the fun, health and fitness experience, today's children typically are coerced into playing scale-downed versions of adult sports that are organized, managed, and administrated by adults with little or no formal training in sports, recreation leadership, education, or youth development (Goldstein & Iso-Ahola, 2006, p. 22). The adults in charge, typically possess a win at all costs mentality, and all too often promote a culture of incivility and social injustice in sport for all experiences.

Finally, the value of the messages associated with civility and social justice as conveyed to students and athletes cannot be overstated. The efforts to date make a real difference in the culture of sport. A commitment to advance the promotion of the chief ideals of civility and social justice in sport is necessary. Simply stated, athletes, coaches and leaders must acquire the skills andknowledge to promote civility and social justice.

References

1. Baumann, W. (2010). The global Sport for All movement: from vision to reality. 13th World Sport for All Congress: Promoting Sport for All, Benefits and Strategies for the 21st Century Jyvaskyla, Finland, 9-18.

2. De Vengoechea, C. (2014, April 19). Sports as a tool for social change - Agenda - The World Economic Forum [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://agenda.weforum. org/2012/04/sports-as-a-tool-for-social-change/

3. Doty, J. (2006). Sports build character? Journal of College and Character, 7(3), 3-9.

4. Ginwright, S., & Cammarota, J. (2002). New terrain in youth development: The promise of a social justice approach. Social Justice, 29(4), 82-95.

5. Giulianotti, R. (2011). Sport, peacemaking and conflict resolution: a contextual analysis and modelling of the sport, development and peace sector. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(2), 207-228.

6. Goldstein, J. D., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (2006). Promoting sportsmanship in youth sports. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 77(7), 18-24.

7. Hosta, M. (2008). Ethics and Sport: Whose ethics, which ethos. Journal ofKinesiology, 40(1), 89-95.

8. International Olympic Committee. (2015). Managing sport for all programme. Retrieved from http://www.olympic. org/ sport-and-active-society

9. Kelly, C. (2014, February 11). Canadian's coach's act of kindness in cross country skiing at Sochi Olympics reflects all of us. The Toronto Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/sports/sochi2014/skiing/2014/02 /ll/canadian_coach_lends_helping_hand_to_russian_ski er

10. Lumpkin, A. (2010). Theory into Practice: Civility in Classes and Sports. Strategies, 23(5), 34-35.

11. New York University Sports & Society Program. (2014). NYU White Paper Proposes Initiative to Promote Civility and Respect in Sports. Retrieved from http://www.nyu. edu/about/news-publications/news/2014/02/25/nyu-

white-paper-proposes-initiative-to-promote-civility-and-

resp.html

12. Josephson, M., & PVWH, T. D. (1999). A training program for coaches on ethics, sportsmanship and character-building in sports. Scottsdale, AZ: Pursuing Victory with Honor. Retrieved July 26 (2015). 1 -6.

13. Sanderson, J. (2011). To tweet or not to tweet: Exploring division I athletic departments' social-media policies. International Journal of Sport Communication, 4, 492- 513.

14. Ward,R. E. (2002). Fan violence: Social problem or moral panic? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(5), 453-475.

15. Zorba, E. (2013). The Perception of Sport for All in the World and in Turkey. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport, 2(1), 21-29.

Olympic Games in Rio 2016, Brazil: Sports for all as an Olympic legacy

UvinhaR.R.

University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil

Summary

Brazil has successfully secured a number of global sport events (World Cup 2014 and Olympic/Paralympic Games 2016) as a means of promoting the key goals of economic and social development. Several local representative entities, like sub-town hall, reference centres, district associations, labour unions, state parks administration, are seeking led policy development. As part of the Olympic legacy, Rio 2016 Olympic Games states a unique opportunity to promote public health and improve the awareness of the benefits of physical activity and sports for all.

Keywords: Sports Megaevents; Summer Olympic Games; Olympic Legacy; Sports for All; Brazil.

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Introduction

Thus, in the supposed "golden decade" for sports in Brazil, at least five mega-events have been highlighted on the international scenario for their strong media appeal and potential impact on the different sectors in the country and in South America. They are: a) Rio 2011 5th Military World Games; b) 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup; c) FIFA World Cup 2014; d) Summer Olympics Games 2016; and e) Summer Paralympic Games in 2016.

Details of those events will be described bellow, focusing on the realization of Olympics / Paralympics in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 2016. The Rio 2016 Games will be the first not only in Brazil but in South America, and should thus bring clear peculiarities of this region of the globe.

Sport Mega - Events in Brazil (2011-2016)

The Military World Games mobilized the city of Rio de Janeiro from July 16 to 24 2011, with 23 sports being disputed bringing to Brazil 100 other countries with their 7000 athletes (Conseil International du Sport Militaire, 2011). Clearly, this event was important for the city of Rio to test various elements for the events that would follow, as the World Cup and Olympics/Paralympics in aspects of security, accommodation, infrastructure, urban mobility, among others.

The Confederations Cup, held from June 15 to 30 2013, mobilized five other Brazilian cities besides Rio de Janeiro: Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Fortaleza, Recife and Salvador. However, attention was once more focused on Rio de Janeiro, which hosted three matches of the event, including the grand final. The competition involved eight teams, champions of the associations of their respective continents.

The FIFA Football World Cup was held from June 12 to July 13 2014, involving 32 teams with strong mobilization across the country generating impacts/legacies mainly in the twelve host cities (Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Cuiaba, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Manaus, Natal, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Sao Paulo). The initial estimate is that FIFA World Cup 2014 alone would add R$ 183 billion to the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product - GDP until 2019, generated from investments in infrastructure, incremental spending by tourists, an increase in household consumption, currency recirculation in the economy and the use of the stadiums after the event.

The current data fostered by the Brazilian Federal Government in the post-World Cup 2014 period, point numbers that suggest overcoming the initial expectations: the foreign visitors' expenses were higher than US$ 1.5 billion during the World Cup, from an incredible mark of over 1 million international tourists who came to Brazil, with 61 % of them visiting the country for the first time. The average expenditure of such public was US$ 2,099.00 and their average stay of 15 days (Brasil, 2014).

According to the Ministry of Tourism, in research ordered to the Getulio Vargas Foundation and held at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, the "tourist Cup" shows the following profile: male (83%), with undergraduate degree (54%), single (60%), 25-34 years old (45%), traveling with friends (48%), with average expenditure of R$ 11,412.50, who makes other tours besides traveling for the World Cup matches (83%) with a monthly family income of R$ 23,402.00, paying with his own money (87%), and in his first Cup (75%). (The tourist cup, 2011)

Rio 2016 Olympics and Paralympics

In the scope of events of large-scale production and media and public impact - with an emphasis on sports, the city of Rio de Janeiro has experienced several activities of that importance since 2007. In the Pan American Games in Rio2007, the Federal Government prepared and adopted the concept of social legacy as means for various public projects in progress at the time, making a commitment that those initiatives constituted the first move towards social change in the city from conducting sporting events (Brasil; Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, 2009).

The legacy was bom as an opportunity to discuss investments and where they would he applied - before, dining and after the event - having in mind the attainment - with excellence - of the promoted mega-events, as well as benefiting the lives of the inhabitants in the host cities. This concept has evolved and manifested in the proposed legacy for the 2016 Games.

The great challenge of the 2016 Games in Rio can be reflected by its numbers: more than 200 nations, 10,500 Olympic athletes, 4,500 Paralympic athletes, 28 Olympic sports, 22 Paralympic sports, more than 100 thousand people directly involved in the organization of the Games, more than 30 thousand media professionals and about 100 thousand volunteers. The competitions will take place in four Olympic regions in the city of Rio de Janeiro - Barra, Copacabana, Maracana and Deodoro, plus five "Football Cities" - Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Salvador and Sao Paulo. The Olympic and Paralympic Village area will be 750 thousand square meters equivalent to 100 football fields, with 17 700 beds, 9460 bedrooms and 48 apartment buildings available (Rio 2016..., 2014).

The Paralympics, also designed to Rio de Janeiro from September 07 to 18 will involve 4200 athletes from 150 countries. There will be 22 Paralympic modalities, using much of the Olympics sports and accommodation infrastructure. Both for the Olympics and the Paralympics only 26% of the facilities will have to be built thanks to the implementation of past sporting events such as the Pan- American Games Rio 2007, Military World Games 2011 and 2014 FIFA World Cup (Rio 2016..., 2014).

The 2016 Games may be inducing agents for infrastructure improvements in the city and the host country itself, since they drive, modernize and expand the provision of quality public transportation; speed environmental programs; boost social and educational agenda, besides the potential to become a powerful platform for international disclosure of the country.

Final Considerations

By analyzing the potential to build legacies that Rio2016 Games detach the tangible impacts on and by the public policies of Sports and Leisure of Federal, State and Municipal Governments, considering improvements in airports, seaports and ground transportation; in urban mobility; infrastructure of the city, creating laws of sustainability and accessibility, improving the Intelligence of Homeland Security; expansion of the hotel chain and qualification of human resources, maximization of Brazil as a tourist destination; improvement of medical services and acquisition of new ambulances; improvements in the areas of energy, telecommunication, information technology - IT, and the benefits for the human resources involved in the Games, with the learning of foreign languages, professional training, among other examples.

Events on a global scale can stimulate new sport and physical activity pohcies and leisure programs. Brazil has developed legacy plans aiming to enhance outcomes relating to quality of life -promoting civil society and alleviating poverty, reducing violence and crime, creating economic opportunity, promoting public health and improving the awareness of the benefits of physical activity and sports for all.

Bibliography

1. Brasil (2009). Federal Government. Ministry of Sport; Rio de Janeiro, State Government; Rio de Janeiro. City Government. Rio 2016 Candidate File. Rio de Janeiro: Ministry of Sport, v. I,2e3.

2. Brasil (2014). Federal Government. Ministry of Sport. FIFA World Cup 2014. Retrieved from http://www.copa 2014.gov.br

3. Conseil International du Sport Militaire (2011). Rio 2011 5th CISM World Military Games. Retrieved from http:// www.cism-milsport.org

4. Rio 2016 (2014). Olympics and Paralympics Games. Retrieved from http ://www.rio2016 .org

5. The tourist cup (2011). Folha de S.Paulo on line. Retrieved from http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas- noticias/redacao/2011/07/29/pesquisa-mostra-perfil-do- turista-da-copa-homem-solteiro-e-com-bom- salario.jhtm

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a question of the national idea of Russia

AgeevetsV.U.

National State University of Physical Culture,

Sport and Health it. P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg Russia, Saint Petersburg

Summary

Not excluding other options as a national idea is encouraged to choose spiritual, moral and physical health of the nation.

The keywords: national idea, sport for all.

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Sport for all as a sociocultural project

Baranov V. A.

Russian State University of Physical Education,

Sport, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE)

Moscow, Russian Federation

Summary

The article deals with sport for all as a sociocultural phenomenon of modem society. We investigate the following issues: problems of modem man, social consciousness, mass physical culture, self-development of the individual.

Keywords: sport, physical culture, man, mass character, personality, development, society.

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A healthy lifestyle in the context of a professional sport culture

Zakrevskaya N.G., Korneva E.U., Utisheva E.V.

The Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, St.-Petersburg St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

Summary

The article examines the main characteristics of sport subculture of professional culture in the field of physical culture and sport as basic directions of healthy lifestyle of modem youth.

Keywords: healthy lifestyle, physical culture, sport subculture.

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Fitness as a mean of improvement of sports activity among youth and adults

Kenareva L.F.

Petrozavodsk State University Petrozavodsk, Russia

Summary

The article provides analysis of issues of fitness technology in the system of physical culture for improvement of people. It presents ways of appropriate combination of traditional and unconventional methods and systems of health improvement for additional gym classes, their significance for health, beauty and physical excellence.

Keywords: gymnastics, health improving physical culture, fitness.

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The Olympic Games as a symbol of healthy lifestyle (on example of Sochi-2014)

Komarov S.N., Vasilevskaya N.G., Safronova M.A.

The Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Saint-Petersburg

Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Summary

The history of modem Olympic Games extends back over 100 years. During these years they become the important social and cultural domain connecting most countries of the world and attract strong interest of the millions of people. Arrangement of the Olympic Games as world renowned and noble competitions promotes international friendship and peace together with development of moral, physical and spiritual beauty of men.

Key words: sport, health, harmonious development of a personality, winter Olympic Games.

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Sport for alb as a factor that predetermines harmony of physical development

Kondaurov L.V.

Buryat State University

Russia, The Republic of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude

Summary

The concept sport and its emotional component sometimes outshines the most important problems which this concept comprises. It's necessary to specify the internal system of sport based on the general principles of its existence. Physical activity and functional condition of an organism can help to do it. On the basis of it is possible to make the following gradation:

1. Sport MAX

2. Sport for everybody

3. Sport MIN

4. Sport SHOW

From this gradation it is obvious that "Sport for everybody" plays a special and essential role.

Keywords: "Sport for everybody", gradation, physical activity, Harmony.

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High sports technology conversion as a methodological principle of planning of sportized physical education and "Sport for all

Lubysheva L.I.

Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport,

Youth and Tourism Moscow, Russia

Summary

Conversion is commonly interpreted as the introduction and adaptation of high sports technology in the practice of physical education and sport for all.

The conversion principle should be followed when changing the school sport infrastructure, the teaching staff, the attitude of subject teachers, parents and other members of the educational process to the organization of physical activity for children.

The principle of conversion is a priority methodology of sportized physical education and "sport for all".

Keywords: sportization, pupils, secondary school, sports culture, sportized lesson, school sports club.

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Global Movement "Sport for All" in the context of contemporary culture

Lubysheva L.I., Mochenov V.P.

Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport,

Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE)

Moscow, Russia

Global movement "Sport for All" is actively developing. In today's postmodern culture, sport is in great demand, both as a spectacle and a practical activity. The popularity of the movement "Sport for All" is due to the increasing role of sport in the process of socialization, which is understood as the permanent adjustment of a person to the rapidly changing socio-cultural situations. In the context of globalization the movement "Sport for All" performs the functions of integrating the society and creating the values of a healthy lifestyle.

Keywords: Global movement "Sport for All", modem culture, paradigm, modem, postmodern, physical activity, socialization, sports, socio-cultural situation, globalization.

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Problems of physical training in the native humanistic approaches in education

Pashuta V.L., Belous V.A., Nikolskaia A.S., Vashchenko A. A.

Military Institute of Physical Training Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Summary

In the article, some problems of physical training from the point of view of native humanities development in the light of the intensive search of new theoretical approaches to such problems interpretation are considered. The value of system synergetic approach to stating and solving the essential problems of physical culture is emphasized.

Keywords: physical training, physical culture, humanity, system, theory.

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Social structure of sport and overcoming the inequality of leisure practices in modern Russia

Gonashvili A.S. Sinyutin M.V.

St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg, Russia.

Summary

Sports practices of modem society depend on influence of the employment on leisure, and therefore processes of social stratification are reflected in social structure of sport. Therefore, increasing availability of sport practices links with overcoming of a social inequality. On the other hand, due to the relative autonomy of sport, overcoming of an inequality is defined by institutional features and system of decisionmaking in the social space of sport.

Keywords: social structure, social inequality, sports practices, sports leisure, availability of sport.

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8 Piketty . Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2014.

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9 Knoppers A. Assessing the sociology of sport: on critical sport sociology and sport management / International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 50 (4-5), 2015, pp. 496-501.

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.SECTION 2. Role and place of the movement Sport for All in the life of various population

groups. Contemporary understanding of the concept Sport for All in ensuring a healthy

lifestyle.

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The implementation of long term athlete development (1TAD) program among rural children, South Africa

Prof. Van Gent M.M.

Department of Human Movement Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa

Summary

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of a structure training program that focuses on LTAD principals on the social and sport development among 7-10 year old rural children. Anthropometrical, physical fitness and gross motor development were assessed in all children. The experiential group (n=98) and control group (n=41) consisted of 7-10 year old children from Alice, Nkonkobe district, Eastern Cape. One on one interviews were conducted with the principals (n=3) of each teacher (n=8) and parents and caregivers (n=14). Most physical characteristics showed improvement among the experiential group after the intervention. It seems that structured training program has its place in improving physical fitness characteristics and that such programs would also improve social aspects. The biggest limitation of this study was the minimal time spent on the intervention, but well qualified instructors, still seem to increase the physical fitness characteristics.

Key words: structure training program, rural children, physical fitness, gross motor.

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Method

Research design

This research consisted of a quantitative and qualitative approach. The research design was a two group pre and posttest design, where the experiential group received an intervention by means of a structured training program, based on LTAD principles, which focused on the fundamental stage of LTAD. The qualitative research was carried out using the Sport Development Impact Assessment Tool (SDIAT) (Burnet & Hollander, 2003).

Subjects

Stratified random sampling was used to allocate the schools into an experiential- and a control group. Schools that agreed to be part of the intervention were classified into the experiential group while others were included into the control group. The experiential group consisted of 98 rural children while the control group consisted of 41 rural children, all between the ages of 7-10 years of age, from Alice, Nkonkobe district, Eastern Cape. One on one interviews were conducted with the principals (n=3), teachers (n=8) and parents and caregivers (n=14).

Measuring instrument

General anthropometrical measurements and physical fitness test came from the President Council on Fitness, Sport and Nutrition (PALA, 2010). The SDIAT (Sport Development Impact Assessment Tool) (Burnett & Hollander, 2003) was used to determine the impact that the intervention had on social development.

Research procedures

Permission was granted from the guardians of all the young participants in the study. Schools agreed to provide 40 minutes of participation for six weeks. Unfortunately, in the fourth week of the intervention the schools only allowed one session per week. The first collection of data was in Jul 2013 with the second one in September 2013.

Statistical analyses

Descriptive statistics were performed on variables for descriptive purposes. Independent T-tests were used to determine the differences between the control and experiential group pre-intervention and then postintervention. Dependent T-test was used to measure the statistical difference between pre and post intervention of the experiential group. According to Thomas and Nelson (2004) the p-value was regarded as significant at 0,05

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