From ‘the Department of Psychiatry, Niigata i; Medica 1 Collcgc.

Director: Prof. T>r Karnimura~

Spontaneous Eledrical Rctivitiee obtained from Eumau Spinal Cord.

BY M a d o h i Bawa

Recieved for Publication on the 20th March, 1947

Since Htuu B e r g d s brilliant achivements a large number of research works on the electroencephalogram, i. e. the spontaneous electrical activities of the brain have been made and with splendid results. Number of nerve cells which partici- pate in the outcome of the electrical activity In the brain, whqp called forth from the skull, therefare. without any surgical procedure, Ins been belicvcd to bc limited at lcast in the case of normal subjects, a s to bc liinited to the nerve cells in the cerebral cortex ’) *’. However, such spontaneous clcctrical activi- ties arc not unique to thc cerebral cortex exclusively; many authors have recorded the same sort of activities in many other parts of the central ncrvous system. For a few years having iiiade research work on the electrical brain waves chiefly front clinicaf standpoint, I fclt myself deeply interested in the electrical activities of the lower parts of the central nervous system.

Tlic rcason why I choose the spindl cord as special object recording its electrical activities is as follows : While the activities of the cells in the cerebral cortex is so highly integrated in comparison to’ such lower centers as. medulla oblongata and the spinal cord, each plane of the cord can be considered, so to speak, as tlie simplified and primary rapresentative of the brain in its structure; and, as i s presumed, parallel to the livcly spontaneous electrical activities in the brain, there should exist the same also in c.crtain modified pattern anyhow in the spinal

cord. what kind of cliangcs th is electrical activity undetgoes h

logical significance i n tlic spinal cord in norinal is previously clucidatd. By thc way this would atforcl an opportunity to investigate into N O ~ O ~ Z V U ’ S ‘) tlieory and of otliers concerning thc vrigiii of tlic brain rhytlun cxpcritnentally. A s is well known, as in tlic spinal cord the white nncl the gray niatter is reversely arranged to those of thc brain, this invcstigation itiay cotitri- bute sonxtliing to the study un the elctrical activities of the nerve fibers, an attribute that has hitherto becn rather igiiorctl

While efforts Iiavc: been proceeding just recording thc clcutri- cal activities of thc cord under me since 1946, f‘d” reported the electrical activities of the cord by inserting, instead of exposing the cord by surgical operation, electrodes into the cord of a patient who exhibited paraplegia afier a completc traumatic tran’section-the first time experiment of the kind on human spinal cord, though, as I mentioned, it still lackcd any observation oq the normal spinal cord either.

Furthermore it niust be of great clinical intcreit to testing

various diseases of thc spinal systcni, providctl that its pliysi d .

The Method

For the amplification and recording of the obtained potcn- tials tlic combination of K’C couplcd 4 stage amplifier with Y o h p t ~ a ’ s, N-6 typc clcctroniagnetic oscillograph was used For thc electrodes a lunibar puncture needle with 1.5 mm. dianieter in its cannula and 0.1 nim. diatiietcr in i b tiiandrel was adopted, being completely eiiamulated both thc cannula and the niandrcLcxept 1 inin. of thc tip, thus prcparing a concc- tric bipolar Icadmethocl. Tlicse electrodes arc insetted into tlit 5pinal _cord with routinc technique through the intervertebral foramina between the XI ,thoracic and thc XI1 throracic ver- tebra or between the XI1 thoracic and I lumbar vertcbra, roughly corresponding to the Iowcr part of thc lumbar segment of the spinal cord.

As subjects of the rescarcli i s scluzoplirenic pt ients and a ti.w manic-dcprcssivc psychoses were chown Thcy s t d in the

167 0

condition of remission and particularly free of any pathologic factor in thc spinal nervous system.

Beforc stating tlic rrsults it would bc appropriatc to dcscribc factors which inorc o r less affected the records. Sincc the rlisQnce txtwccn the elcctrdcs is about 2 mm. there i s no possibility for the clcctrocardiogr,?m to mix in. When both ends of thc electrodes stand frcc i n thc vertebral canal instead of being insertcd in tlie cord bubstancc, thc pulsatory pressure changes of the ccrcbrospinal fluid is pcrcdvable; whcn either one of the electrodes inserted and the other stands frec the pulsatory changes appear intcmnixcd on the record, whilc the respiratory undulation of the cerebrospinal fluid never interfen with. The reason for tlus niay be that since the rcspiratoty changes with so large a period behaves in effect against ampli fier with such a high frequency characteristic just inrccognizable. At the niomcnt when the electrodes touclicd the posterior rami and then were actually inserted in Llic cord, the subject receives an ache like a n electric shock in the periphcral innervated segment, to feel thenceforth a sense of coinprcssion throughout the time of insertion. This depends on the location of the inserted electrodes. We may mention that such manipulation leaves later n o disagrceable elfects upon thc subjects a t all.

The Result

The electrical activities thus obtained from the spinal cord appear in so variable types, that a t the beginning of the experi- ment it may look upon wen in doubt whether or not these activity forins do all originatc in {he cord. I k t with progress of thc expcriniznt one can bclievc with conlidcnce that each of ttiesc has signilicancc, especially in ;I close connectioii with the structural ditferentiation of the cord. For convenience’ s sake here will be obtained activity typc according ‘to their characteristics into groups classified. By tbe way it is matter of course that wen under the most satisfactory condition and in the same subject these characteristics teldom arc exhibitd aJways i n thc wmc. way all the timv. Still it hag hecn proved

that any wave with characteristcs other than the below mentioned can safely be discriminated as ahrigins.

Waves of this typc ~ F C obtained when tlic activc electrode eitlieer touches the dorsal surface of the cord or gws only slightly within thc cord substance. On the bawlinc without fluctuation then: appear rhythmical waves with frquency of about 15-20 per scc. and of rather small amplitudes aboul IO-ISPV. the largest amplitude of the individual wave nwer larger than joI.iy. (Fig. I ) . Now and then these waves arc-

Group A

Fig. 1

a

pig. I . Waver of lower voltages with frequency IS or so pcr w. In tllc upper record 8IE the ’%pika’’ irregularly distributed. In the lower the Lase-lini? wilh no’spike, king supcrimped by undulating w a r n oC higher frequencies, oscillates slowly. (All the rccords of this report read from right to left).

perccivcci shuu ing tcndhcy of supuiiriposing o v a larger waves of 1-3 frequency a scc. and this phenomenon is tnorc apt to occur wlitvi the electrode was inserted the least into the: con1 substance. In some occasions, where these regular waves with larger aniplitude fail itself thc base-line undulates slowly and irregularly, while thcsc fastcr waves with lower potentials arc. seen superimposed on them ; in another instances, whcre the elect- rode serining stand quite close to the dorsal surface, there appcar lierc and there waves with potentials intermixing, thus forming spide-lSkc tops. Table I shows the average values of thr amplitude,- frequency and period &lculatai from the records.

Waves of this group are seen in a small nun- ber of subjects. With insertion of the activc electrode into the cord the oscillation of tllc baseline occurs and tlirough inserting.

Group B

farther on thc wavetype of this kroup appears, ainong whom those with 1 1 - 1 3 frequency per sec. are dominant. In compa- rison with the group A the rhythms are inore irregular and' the amplitudes slightly larger, those with 20 pV. or so amplitude appcaring dominantly, superiniposed on thc I per sec. wave with high amplitudes of 100 pV. or more, although this slow and large I per sec. wavc is pretty characteristic to this type, the amplitude may vary within certain range not infrequently being even lower than the original onc (1;ig. 2 . ) . Sec also the Table I. /

Pig. a. W a v e s of 1 2 or so per scc. s ~ i ~ i ~ ~ r i i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s i ~ i ~ another "waves nl' I per sec.

Group C With tlic elcctrotle i)uslictl froin the position /of the group B waves one step farthur ventrally the wave of

Atid through in thc saine subject tlic same

this type is obtainable in this most of the cases. a slight push of the activc clectrotl F

Fig. 3

is chtainnhle repcatctlly. 'I'iicrcforc it can bc seen that this tyitc can ariginatc out of fairly witlc raiip: (3; portions {Fig. 3 ) . In analysing the cliaractcrics c d this tyl,c, one tvoiilcl not fai l to acknowlcgc that at thc start tlicrc arc slow and large ~ v a \ w supcriiiiposcd by siiia!I and rcgu ld ones of 6-9 p:r SCC. ancl that in succcssion tlicre co~iii: aiiotlicr oncs with coinparativcly larger ainplitudcs of j-7 pcr st'c. Scc fbr csat1i1)lc N. Y., tahlc I. Wavcs of ll iglicr tliaii IOOIW. anti I per se. frcqucncy are supcrimlmsccl by itnt.)tlicr of 7-8 per sec. frequency aiicl

20-30 pV. amplitucle, ;tiit1 h:jtIy; by . failing of supeiiuipc)siu::q of tIicsc waves' tlic scrics of ttic wavcs of 5-6 per sec. with 70- 80 IN. appeal instcad. That is to say ; tlicrc i s onc semigroup of large and slow w.tvus intcrposctl by smallcr rind fastcr wavix succcdecl by anothcr of 5 4 Ix:r six. iind coml)ar.ativcly hig1.c:. potcntial, either m i : of wlioin bcconiiiig cloniinant hy tlitl'crcrit subject, or in C ~ S C of tl:c si1tnc subject tluc to it very sIight move of tlic clcxztrodc. 'l'lii: i~iq)rtnsion is ;is if the first semigroup is akin t o group I$ and tlic oil:cr to group 1); tlic two appearing

in succession ancl inclcpndsnt of cacli other. Variance in ti= average \ d u c ; o f pcriocl nncl frequency In the tablc I is due to

the ditfcrcncc in the altcm~ating ratio of tlicstl two .wmigmup of thc wave type.

croup 1) 'The ivitvcps of this group i s obtaiaallc when the active elwtroclc is inscrted inore deeply vcntrally. So in this psition of the c:lcctri)dc . ;tppcar Jiqc and slow tvavcs

suppressing the \vavcs of inore or lcss rapid riiytlim. These waves with comparatively regular of 3-4 per SCC. and with the amplitudes of 50-100 pV. arc most dominant. though thc waves with aoopV. or niore soiiictimea may bi: sccn too. And thou- gh tlic number of subjects delivering this type of waves are rather fcw, such'subjects deliver thc sanic cvcry time also on tlitfcrcnt clay.

Group )I 'This type of waves appca rs whcn the electorode reaclies c k q ) into the ventral half thc cord (Fig. 5 ) ; at thc uiotiicnt when it scciningly passes into t l x anterior vcrthbral canal beyond tlic cord, *all of suddcn tJic c.lectrica1 sign ccascs. I Ic're decreases tlic ;implittic: uf 3-4 rliytlun per sec. proper to gmqj 1,. a littlc, at tlic same tinic hcconiing slightly irregular and just now to mokc manifcst the characteristic of this group, i. c*. the high Imtciitial spikes with 100 mscc. or more sii,aIlcr I W ~ . ~ C N I .

Fig. 5

h

The spikes arc highly typical and appear in siicccssion to tiic 3-4 per sec. slgw wavcs, thus giving to tlic wholc an iinprcssion of a manifest wavc and spike pattcrti. When thc cloztrodc. coines near to the position of grtwp '1) wovcs, tiit: 3-4 pcr see. slow W ~ V C S .are iIoniinatit ant^ ttic spikes only s I i c w comparativcly lower ~voltagis, whcrcas the ixiorc vciitrally the el&ctro;lc iiio:*cs the mom strikingly thc spikes grow.

Tlie group A to Ji arc' obtainable only when thc ;ictivc clixtroclc is inscrtcd right ant1 straight thniti;!Ii the cord. 'I'c*clini-

172

cally speaking this is not always the case, and in the case. where the insertion was a little either to right or left, the follow- ing types of wavc do appear.

As the whole the waves possess smaller ani- plitude, not surpassing 40 pV. and usually less than rn pV. aniplitucle (cf. Table I ) . Together with an impression sf slight irregularity, and hardly influenced by thc depth of thc oblique insertion, the spike-like activity with thc period of IOO iiisec. or less should be said most characteristic to them, where the aniplitude may show portional variance. These appear now a t a regular interval antl then quitc.at ;andom (Fig. 6). Waves

Group F

Vig. 6

IGg. 6. Spikcs &;trac:teristic to ' t l w nerve fibre of the white twitter

of the sp'nal cord. IXstribution of the spikcs rather. at ratatotrt in a : w I quiic regular i t t I , , liere presenting typical wave and spike patterns.

an: in general of lowcr aniplitucle with certain, rather inciistiiict variation in amplituc!e antl period according to portion and cltytli of the inscrtion, roughly corresponding to the cliar'wtcri- stics of.tlic group A to 15 (See tnblc I ) .

a

Coniuicnt

~llong thc litic of aniiiiid experiments, several acliicvcmcxrts on clcctrical iictiyity qf the lower centers of central ncrvous systciii, such a s Iiyl:ocntnl)us ", ccrcbcilum ", ~ypothalnmus (i; r', tlialamqs ''. ahcl nicdulla "' haw aiready bcen re~mrtccl. A11 tlicsc investigators 1:ave rqcortled the slow, often rhythmic wn,ves ysuaIly between 0.05 Scc. hnd 0,2 sbc. in duration: but the electrical activity of .the cord lids bcen treated froip entirely difl'ercnt physiological vicw imint, i. c. as the problcm in tiic field of

Table I - car -A-

N. Y.

K. 0.

T. K.

f(. A.

K. T.

I. T.

s. 0.

1. y. -

_.--- Average value of ! 6.4 amplitude, pV.

I Average value of 18.3 frequency, per sec. Averagi value ol Fi.6 perios mKc Aver. V. A. , 11.0 Aver. V. F. { 18.1

: 55.2 Aver. V. P. Aver. V. A. : 14.9 Aver. V. F. Aver. V. P. Aver. V. A. 11.3 Aver. V. F. Aver. V? P. Aver. V. A. Aver. F. 16.6

602 Aver. 8 P. Aver. V. A.. i 14.0 Aver. V. F. i, 17.7 Aver. V. P. i 58.9

I

,

i

Aver. V. A.. Avu. V. F. Aver. V. P. Aver. V. A. Aver. V. F. Aver V. P.

Aver. V. A. Aver. V. F. Aver. V. P. Aver. V. A. Aver. V. F. Aver. V. P.

1 9.6 ! 165 i 60.6 I - - J' ' 8.6 : 16.4 ; 62.2

i .

- . -- I

Aver. V. A. - Aver. V. F. i ' AVW. V. P. i -

;rouj B

17.1

11.3

88.2

22.5 11.1 90. I

-

- - 23.3 11.2 88.7 - - - - - - 21.0 11.9 82.6 - - 0 -

21.0 11.9 82.6 11.0 10.9 91.7 8.7

11.5 B6.8 I..

G "up C

60.0

6.7

I482

51.0 7.0

143.0

- .i,

- - - 60.7 7.8

1279 51.2 '6.7

148.3 - . - - 42.0 8.7

115.0 - - . - - 16.5 8.7

121.6 10.8 7.4

143.2 15.0 8.2

121.. - Note: These average values me taken from 100 sucesssive waves. Since group E should undergo a special treatment, as a* the ciphers under the thick line (See in the text).

of general physiology of. retiex action. In 1933 Cr'asser and J 7 y o ) ~ J o ) placed tlie clectrode in tlic spinal cord, cliictly in its dorsal swrfacc, and t,tcordccl the. clcctrical rtslmisc. 'l'hrougf 1

these investigations by thcm and sorne others it lins !lc.cL1l euiyha- tically insisted that t lwc exists a very closc relationship betwccii the intcrincdinry 1iot;c:ntials of thc slow ;\r~:ivc:S of this clvct rica I rcsp.)nsc anfi tIrc.rc;flcs response of tl)c s1ti11a1 c0rd. 'I

,111 iinlmtant- advanu- W;IS tnatlc w1ic11 .&tivt*mi and iklthezt7+ 1 :iiipIoyccl tlii. ' tcxAiiiicliic: of sclcctive icadiiig from the spina I cord. Tliereby it has bcca I jrovccl tli;it rbis clcctrical activity' is oi?ginatcd in the spcciiiic parts of the gray riiatter inferring froiii'thc fact that tlic slow potential tvavcs are morc than 5 times as large as those rccordccl from the Llcctrodes on tlic CIorsai surfice of tIie cord and also miic~i simpler tiian tlie latter. In short, thew slow negative and positive waves should bc closely rdatcd to tlic reHes action of tIic corcl iii response 'to periplierrrl sti!nuicis; and. as &rat& aiiC1 12mwr. ' 3 . coksicler, i t iniglit represent tlic .sliort-lastink diythmic automatism of ~ h c riervc cells which probably has to do with. the neuro-hunioral mechanism of tlie cord.

Thc spontaneous, clwtrical and periodical action is a pheno- inrnon which is found in a more or .,lesser degree everywhew in the tissues and cells that have thc faculty of lasting action This auto~natisin i n the ccntral neivous system have already been proved by Ad/-iczyt. ">, through the fact that there esisl periodical dectrical. actions in the nerve ganglion taken out 0 1 a few insccts. Futthermore, in isolated pirts of the cerebral cortex spontaneous electrical activity is similarly proved 15'. This caii be explained as tlic exsistencc of electrical automatisni in thc nerve cells of the ccrcbral cortex. While these facts and thc: wideqcc of the elcctrical cell activity in thC lowcr centers cniphatically suggest the existence of a sitnilar .plicnomonon in 11ic iierw cells of t l ~ c spinal cord, t11c results 'of the ptesent cxpcrimcnt atford; ii positivc evidcncc of cktrical rliythmir automatism in the cord.

The clcctrical itctivity'.,obtained lierc, Iiowcver, exhibits quite varied features. . What is the reason?' First conics tlic distancc L~c*ttvcxw tlu: c-lfktrodcs inconsidemtior!. Sincc t IN? refcrcncc

rlectrodc: is put on tlie dorsal surfiike of thc cord, change mus€ take placc i n tlic distaiicc bctwecn the two cl&trodes with move- lnent of tlic activc electrode coniiected to the control grid of the amplifier ventralward always increasingly ’in value. This causes varjancc i n the iinpedancc bctwccn the two electrodes and variance in the,number of the cells that participate in elcc- trical activity i n question.. In fact>. 3.; the above mentioried results maintain that the waves obtained froiii the ventral part of the cord possess much larger ainplitude and much slower period than thosc obtaincd froiu the tlol-sal part. However,

’thcse difl’erences can not be cliaryxl all solely on the varianct. of tlic distance between thc two electrodes, for the interior of thc cAnnula uscd as the indiffercnt.cartliec1 clectrorlc is not electrically insulated. So if thc uninsdatcd tip of thc <ictivc. ckctrodt: touches thc interior of thc cannula, the input circuit is sliuiited and conscquthtly no clettrical activity niay rcsult. For examplc in the case of T. W.. table I. the wavcs of group .4 to C fail to appear owing to the shunting, to appear fir5t in group D. ‘This ineans that in thc latter case thc reference electrode was inserted quite deeply into the interior of the cord instead of on the dorsal surface. Therefdre, coinpared with the case where the reference electrode sat on the dorsal surface the distance petween the two electrodes is ndlv much shortened. Moreover; hereby obtained electrical activities exhibit specilic characteristics 6 t h in its amplitude and period compared with group ‘A and B in other suhjects. One will see that the varia-nce of the-didtancr between the two electrodes is not solely responsible for the variance in the feature of the electrical activity. Moreover, tlie

’ above mentioned proof of ~ ~ W O ~ ~ and Jlutthetr;s that the slo\v wvpes obtained froiii the gray rnattei arc moi<e than 5 tiines as large and much simpler as those obtainable from the dorsal surface also may be cited as verifying the above theory,

Herewith it is necessary to mention to , some extent t h c cytoarchitectonics of the cord in ordcr to elucidate what lies essential in the portional variance 6f the electrical activity of the cord. Nervc cells o’f the spinal cord are net distributed uniformly all over the gray matter, but in great majority arrang- cd in .the ccll colums. In t iw lnwcr part of t l i c Iiimbnr s r p w n t ,

the large motor cells are found in the anterior column, the largest of them being larger than 100 micra in diameter. Whereas the smallest nerve cells are found in the posterior column and the smaller and medium sized nerve cells chiefly in' the poterior cohmn and the intermediate zone. Now, investigating the size, the way of arrangement and the density of the distribution, these nerve cells of the gray matter ought to be classified roughly into 3 groups, showing distinct variance one another (Fig. 7). As -.Motokazua *, states, the factors aflecting the electrical activies of the ceIIs depend on the size of the cclls, the way of arrangement, and the density of cell distributioii. Theoretically the cells in direct neighbourhood of thc electrode should participate in produc- ing electrical activit:, in a ratio of inverse proportion to the square of the distance froin the electrode. By the way it can be asserted that the characteristics of the electricaj activity is zhown according to i.hr variance in the cytoarchitectonics of the part of the cord where the electrode is placed. For instance, in the group. A tile activity of the sniall cell group in thc posterior column is most dominant, and appearance of the spike- like potetials indichtc an additional elctrical sign originated in

I xtivity of the nerve fibers of the posterior root. The participation to the small and medium-sized cells of the posterior column and the intermediate zone' is demonstrated most dominantly in group B ; and likewise by the motor nerve cells of the anterior columii in the formation of group D. Only by the formation of group C waves it is very hard to decide which one of particular cell groups docs participate. .Is mentioned above, since this group may be looked upon like a mixed typc of group C and D 01

like a transition typc between the said two, the cdls which are in reality producing thia group of waves are to likely be,sought in the cells of intermediate zone and these of thc anterior column; and by a certain ratio of combination of the said two localities characteristics of groups C and D must have been made up.

In the formation of group E the motor cells in the anterior column certainly play a big rde; as for the spike-like potentials first of all the electrical sign originated in the motor nrrvc tibres in the anterior root may be taken into consideration.

The last group is obtainable only when the active electrode is inserted obliquely into the cord. As thc spike-like activity shown in group and in a part of group A is to be consided coming. from the action potcntial of the nervc fibers of thi posterior Bnd anterior roots, it is pretty reasonable to pmsumc th9t the spike-likc activity of this group is nothing else than the electrical sign of the nerve fibers of. the white matter, and further that this stands in o close relationship with the central process manoucvcring excitatory and inhibitory effects. The period and amplitude of this group F are so far stilt less defined; this is probably due to the confusing effect of the ‘cell groups of the gray matter in the neighbourhood of insertion. A .schematic presentation of this relation i s to be seen in Fig. 7.

Fk. 7- A d i e a t i c pmt8t iOa Of

each group of the potential changes in 8 the spinal cord in connection with the cytoarcbitectonic locali- zation of the lumbar cord (left bit).

Thus the ekctrical activity of the spinal cord has brought in relation to the cytoarchitectonics of it, while it was out of yuestion to .execute histological research on the portion. $of the insettion. Animal experiments now being carried on in this line it will bc expected to throw light on the. relationship.

Summary and Conclusion

By inserting IL concentric: needle dectrudc into the lower part of thc lumbar segment of the human spinal cord, the c:iectricaI activities wcrc rccorcltxl iincl thc results were classified as follows :.*

ICY inserting tile electrode into t1ic clorsnl portion qf t lc cord, waves with thc comparatively high frequcn- ties of about: 10-15 pV. wcrc obtainctl. TIC base-linc was

alriiost straight with sonic spikc-Iikc it(:tivity intermisccl a 1

random. . ' Group B By itiserting. the electrode a little more deeply ventrally, t.liere appeared the waves with the rhythps of about 12 pcr se'c., superi&i,osing another large and slow, waves of I

per sec., amplitude of the former were about 20 ,u V. Group C By pushing the electrode still more deeply,

waves with,thc frequency of abotit 7 per sec. and the amplitudc: of about 60 p V. were established. A stretch of the waves line superimposed large and slow waves; the remaining part simply succeeding them.

Group D When the active electrode passed through the cord substance and nearly approached thc ventral surface, regular waves of 3-4 per sec. were obtained, thereby waves with p x o o P V, amplitude being most 'dominant. Sometimes ampli- tude went up to 2 0 0 p V .

When the dectrocle almost reached the yen- traf surface the waves become slightly irregular, the spike-like activity now spearing intermixed. . Group i' When the electrode was inserted obliquely into the white matter of the cord, the obtained wavcs,resembleJ certain one of the types of group A to D according to the portion of insertion. Waves were small and irregular, acompani- ad by the characteristic spike-like potentials.

.c Among these characteristics of the electrical activities group h t0.D arc formulated through the cytoarchitectonic make-up of the gray matter of thc cord, whereas one can assume to the spike-likc activities seen in group A, E and I: a closc tealtion- ship with nerve Gbers of the white mattw.

Group A

4 .

Group E:

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193s. L O I I I ~ ~ . rvrid. moc. IJIoI., I S , 535, 193s.

J. ncurophysiol., I , 573, 1938.

,I. neurophysrol,, I, I. Neu-

AIL J. physiol., 123, 17, 1936. .

Adrian E . D . : J. physiol., 75, 26, S932.

1938.

CURRENT OF RFSEARCHES

I

PSYQLITRlA lW NIIWROL0C;IA JAPONICA. Vul, No. t. June r ~ o .

1. The Phase Relationship of the Electrical Brain-Waves. V. Kakcgawa. ( I k p r i - meat of Psychiatry, Ifokkaido Univ., Sappora)

2. Clinical Studies on the Pressure of Ihman Cerebrospinal Fluids. Y, Nomkl. (Department of Internal Medicine, T8kyo Univ., Tikya)

3. A Case of Blastomycoriis Encepltalitis. S. Nishiya. (Department ol Psychiatry, Kahazawa Medical College. Kanazaws.)

4. The Mode of Action of Pervitin, as an Excitatory Drug for Central Nervous System. A. Mlwa. (Ekpartmcnt of Neurology, bsaka Univ., &saki.)

PSYCHIATXUA ET NI~lrKOLOGIA JAPONICA. Vol, 49. No. z Septemln7 tg40

1. A Study oE Character by Twinmethod. (. K. Okrda (Departmpl of Psychiatry, T6kyo Univ., T8kyo.)

?. Changes of Bonemarrowformation OC Sclirzopbnnic Patients before and after 5pecific Shocktherapy. S. Tabara. (Department of Psychiatry and Neurology. Nagoya Univ., . Nagoya,

3. A Case of Cerebral IIemorrabgt, Observation of the Operative Procedure, ,I. Kngeyama, S. Komodr, T. Tanaka and 11. Kai. (Department of Surgery, fibaka Vniv., bsaka.)

4. &ueucclcytformation during Insulin Shocktherapy. T. Yasui and K. Shibata. (Kofuryo limp., and Department of Psychiatry, Ky&to Wniv., Ky6to.)

5. Experiniental Study of Electronarcosis on Animals. S. Twchiyr and K. Ilasegawa. (Department of Physiology, Niigata Medical College, Niigat8.)

6. Is the Infiltration of Lead into thc Central Nervous Tissue Possible? 11. Akinioto and T. Kauri (Ikpartntenc, of Psychiatry, Kanatawa Medicql Callcge, Kanatawa.)

THE PROCEEDINGS O F 'UIE 43rd ANNUAL MEETING OF JAPAN=- MEDICAL ASSOCLATIOS FOR YSYCliIATRY, AND NEUROLOGY. July 1st and md rg& Tokyo

1. Psychiatrjc Expericuca in the Remit War. Y. Uchlmura. (D&prrtaneut of Psychiatry, '$'; kyo Univ., Tokyo.)

2. Mental Dimrders at Bombing. E, shioiri. (Department of Nqrology, Keh Uaiv, TokyL)

3. Rychiatric Experiences Related with the Recent War. K Suwa. (K6no#ai State €Imp., Ichikawa)

4. PsycaoreS after the Asphyxia in Botnb-proof-cabiatt, N. Miurs. (Iwate Medi i l !School, Morioka.)

5. Pathologtc Anatomic Ch- IU the Brain Injured by Atomic-Bnnil>. S. Takqa. (Departamit of Psychiatry, KySshS Univ,, Fukuokr)

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.-

I I.

12.

19.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

'.

22.

23.

2%.

25.

26.

27.

25.

Neuroses and Their Procedures in the Base of Antiaircraftgun in Color Island. K.. Kobayasi. (Ikpartnicnt of hychatry. Tokyo Univ., Tc3kyo.) Neurosis and Mental Test in the Recent War. M.'E'urukawa and 11. Shiroki. (Department of Psychiatry9 Tokyo Univ., T(iky0.)- Results obtained from Mental l'csts on rmpo Conscripts. K. Ikarosi and

Mentalhygienic Investigations on the War-vagrants. €1. Takeuchi. (Seishin Koseikai, T(ikpo.) A Report of I€ead lnjurcrs itr the Recent \Var. 1'. Konuma. (Shimofusa Sanatorium.) bfcnta! IIygiene Concerning Work-Efficiency. 3: Murariistw. (Matsuzawa f Iosp. for 'Mental disorders.) Psycopathologic Study, oil MLscaline Intoxication. Wilson's disease, A Report of a Autopsy. 1: 'l'omioka. (Kofuryo. Ilyogo.) The Study on Lower Part of I1ppothalamus. 'r. IIorimi. (Ikpartnicnt of Neurology, hsakff Univ.,) Researches on Nervous Systcni in our Laloratory. li. Sassa and S. Okinaka. (Departnidnt of. Internal Mcdicine, Tokyo Univ., T6kyo.) Sugar-consumption in the Brain. Z. Ishiguro. (Department of Psychiatry, Kanazawa Medical College. Kanazawa.) Biochemical Study of Electroshocktherapy. G. Watanale (Departmeat of Psychiatry, Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka.) Brain-Tissue-Proteins. S. Naka. (Department of Psychiatry, KyChu Univ., Yu kuoka) Pathology of Schizophrenia. 1). IIayashi. (Bpartmcnt of Psychiatry. Okayania Medical College. Okayanin.) Interating Combination o$tained from Schizophrcnic Brain. I, 6maru. (Kurume Medical School. Kurumc) Mental Disturbance and Anoxemia in the Brain. 11. Akimoto. (Department of 'Psychiatry. Kanazawa Medical College, Kanazawa.) The Effect,of a Certain Specific Therapy oh' the Prognosis of Schizophrenic Pa&its. 0. S u p and K. Oyama. (Kanapwa Society for Mental IIygiene.) Ttie Personality and thc World in the Schizophrenic Patienls. T. Shimaeaki. (Medical School for Physician and Dcritist. Tiikyo.) Monologic Symptome in the Schizophrenic Patient. K. Yurukawa. (Ikpartment of Psychiatry. Kybto Univ., KyGto.) A Study of Rohrschach's .Test. R. Satakc. (Department of Psychiatry. Kanatawa Medical College. Kanazawa.) Dementia induced by Electro+ocktherapy. S. Pishiya. (Department of Fsychiatry. Kanazawa Medical Coll&e. Kanozawa.) Development of Character of the Identical Twins. K. Okada. (Departnrcnt of Fsychiatry. Tokyo Univ., Tokyo.) Electroencephalograms in Tirad State. Y. Shimarono (Nbken. Tokyo Univ., Tdkya) Patlplogy of Twins. Mental Test. K. Kishimoto (Department of Psychiatry. Nagoya Univ., Nagoya.)

T. Asai, (Konodai State Ibsy., Konodai.) . .

182

29. 30.

91.

32.

33.

34.

35.

xi.

37.

58.

33

40.

41.

42

A Study on Patholugy of Twins. Y. Yoshimmu. (Noken. Tbkyo Univ., Tbkp.) Mcnld Function in Lowcr Altitude. 11. Shiraki. (Dcpartmenl of Psychiatry, Ti)kyo Univ., Tbkyo.) EtioloFy of Neck P r q u i c Fit. M. Tateru. -(Matruzawa Ilosp. for Mental 1)irorder. ‘rdkyo) Injections of Narcotic ’ I ) r u p iiitu the I h i n Arteries. T. Saito. (Matsuxawa I losp., for Mental Uisorilcr. ’LOkyo.) Tlic Analysis on the S t r u c l r n of the Epileptic Scizum. I[. ‘1biiiiii;iga. ( Ihpart incnt of Psychiatry. Kanazawa Medical (211qe. Kaciazawa.) (Xinical a i d P a l l i o l ~ i c n l Anatonlit Study on Aphasia. l’. NisliiLawa. (1 kpartiiicnt of Psychiatry. (Xilir Medical Collegc. Cltiba.) Aphabir Syridrniiir ant1 Ihorilcrs of l h i n Stem banglien. ( I kpartrneiit of Ibycliiatry. Nippun Medical College. Tokyo.) ‘l’lic (;elstiitanii’s Pariciu4)cciyit;il Syi ih i t ie . S. ‘rahara. ( l k [ x ~ r l i ~ ~ c i i I of Psychiatry. N a p y a Univ., Nagoya.) Dictiirliances of Spatial Pai l ion‘ a i d Vision, Showed Iiy a Paticiit with Idiopathic Cereln.llar Ataxin. S. Kuroiiiaru. (Ikpartntent of Psychiatry. Kyoto Univ., KyoW.) Structure of Dorsal Kmt iii lluniari Spinal Cbril. V. ‘I’suchiya. (Ikpartntciit nf Surgery. K n n w a r a Medical (blIehw. Kana4aw.I.) I:ihr tdnnections iii tic s t r ia te ~)udy. T. ogawx ail41 S. IIa~aniarla. ( h p a r t m e n t of Analotiiy. Tokyo Univ., ’l’okyo.) A New Ikrclnpciiiciit Alcllincl nf Ikain S u r f w and its (‘yloarcliitcrtun.. S. Nisliiniaru. (Tokyo Medical-School of Woman.) L’atliol~ical.aiialoniic Study of Brain l’unintir. N. hraki ( tkpartnicht of Psychiatry. ,tXiIJa hfeclical C’ollcgc. Chih . ) Elcrtroenceplialqranis of Patients with Epileptic Seizure*. ‘I: Kaniiniur- ( Ikpartnicnt nf Psychiatry. Niigata Mcclitxl colle@. Niigata.)

N. Sitws.