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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The North’s Economy
Section 2: The North’s People
Section 3: Southern Cotton Kingdom
Section 4: The South’s People
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
The North’s Economy
Essential Question What innovations in industry, travel, and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?
Chapter Intro
The North’s People
Essential Question How did immigration have an impact on cities, industry, and culture in the North?
Chapter Intro
Southern Cotton Kingdom
Essential Question How did the South’s industry and economy differ from the industry and economy of the North?
Chapter Intro
The South’s People
Essential Question How did unique elements of culture develop among enslaved African Americans in the South?
Chapter Time Line
Chapter Time Line
Section 1-Essential Question
What innovations in industry, travel, and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• clipper ship
• telegraph
• Morse code
Academic Vocabulary
• innovation
• transform
Reading Guide
Section 1-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Elias Howe
• Robert Fulton
• Peter Cooper
• Samuel Morse
• John Deere
• Cyrus McCormick
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1-Polling Question
Which do you think is the most important innovation of the 1800s?
A. The expanding railway system
B. Faster communication
C. Faster ships and trains
D. More efficient manufacturing methods A B C D
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Section 1
Technology and Industry
Industry, travel, and communications greatly expanded during the 1800s.
Section 1
• Innovations in industry and technology began to change the way Americans worked, traveled, and communicated.
• Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in 1846, which helped workers produce clothing on a large scale.
Technology and Industry (cont.)
Section 1
• Transportation improved greatly between 1800 and 1850.
– Thousands of miles of roadways, railways, and canals were built.
– Robert Fulton built the first steamboat in 1807.
Technology and Industry (cont.)
Railroad Expansion, 1860
Section 1
– Improved clipper ships completed the voyage from New York to Great Britain in half the time of the older models.
– Peter Cooper designed and built the first steam locomotive, which transformed trade in the nation’s interior.
Technology and Industry (cont.)
Section 1
• Communication also improved with the invention of the telegraph by Samuel Morse.
• Telegraph messages were sent in a series of dots and dashes known as Morse Code.
Technology and Industry (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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What happened in the first phase of industrialization in the North?
A. Factory workers used machinery to perform some of their work.
B. Manufacturers made products by dividing the tasks involved among the workers.
C. Waterpower and steam power were used to produce more products in less time.
D. Manufacturers built factories to bring specializedworkers together.
Section 1
Agriculture
Revolutionary inventions in the 1830s changed farming methods, and agriculture became more profitable.
Section 1
• In the early 1800s, few farmers wanted to work the land of the Great Plains because the land seemed too difficult for farming.
Agriculture (cont.)
Section 1
• Three inventions enabled settlers to begin cultivating larger areas of the Midwest.
– John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow.
– Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper
– The mechanical thresher also made separating wheat grain more efficient.
Agriculture (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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Why were American farmers reluctant to cultivate large areas in the Midwest?
A. They feared tornadoes wiping out their crops
B. Their wooden plows could not break through the prairie sod.
C. They did not have access to new markets in which to sell their harvest
D. The border dispute with Mexico made the Midwest unstable.
Section 2-Essential Question
How did immigration have an impact on cities, industry, and culture in the North?
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• trade union
• strike
• prejudice
• discrimination
• famine
• nativist
Academic Vocabulary
• community
• license
Reading Guide
Section 2-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Henry Boyd
• Samuel Cornish
• John B. Russwurm
• Macon B. Allen
• Sarah G. Bagley
• Know-Nothing Party
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2-Polling Question
What do you think is the most important reason people came to the United States from Europe?
A. To find freedom and liberty
B. To find more abundant jobs
C. To escape religious persecution
D. To find adventure A B C D
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Section 2
Northern Factories
Many workers in the mid-1800s saw the need for reforms in working conditions.
Section 2
• Between 1820 and 1860, America’s manufacturing shifted to the factory system with machines taking over more production tasks.
• Safety, long hours, and poor working conditions became a major concern for American factory workers.
• Trade unions, organized to demand rights for workers, staged strikes when necessary to put pressure on employers.
Northern Factories (cont.)
Section 2
• Though the North was largely free of slavery by the 1830s, prejudice and discrimination remained.
– Few African Americans were allowed to vote.
– Most communities would not allow free African Americans to attend public schools.
Northern Factories (cont.)
Section 2
• Some African Americans did become successful in business, including Henry Boyd, Samuel Cornish and John B. Russwurm.
• Macon B. Allen became the first African American licensed to practice law in the United States.
• Women received less pay than men and were excluded from unions. Sarah G. Bagley helped to pave the way for protection for female workers.
Northern Factories (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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What prompted workers to organize trade unions?
A. Steadily worsening conditions and poor pay
B. Too many immigrants taking factory jobs
C. Discrimination against women and African Americans in the workforce
D. The rise of the Know-Nothing Party
Section 2
The Rise of Cities
European immigrants often faced hardships and discrimination when they settled in Northern cities.
Section 2
• Many people flocked to East Coast cities where factory work was readily available.
• A terrible famine in Ireland brought more than 1.4 million Irish immigrants to the United States between 1846 and 1860.
• Many Germans settled in the Midwest and western territories.
The Rise of Cities (cont.)
Immigration in the Mid-1800s
Section 2
• Immigration brought new languages, cultures, religions, and traditions to the United States.
• Immigrants faced discrimination from nativists who feared the newcomers would take jobs from American-born citizens.
• The American Party, also known as the Know-Nothing Party, called for stricter citizenship laws.
The Rise of Cities (cont.)
Nativism
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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The American Party was sometimes called the Know-Nothing Party because
A. Its opponents believed party members knew nothing about the important issues.
B. Party members did not support education.
C. Party members responded to questions about the group by saying “I know nothing.”
D. Party members were mainly Catholics who knewnothing about Protestantism.
Section 3-Essential Question
How did the South’s industry and economy differ from the industry and economy of the North?
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• cotton gin
• capital
Academic Vocabulary
• consequence
• process
Reading Guide
Section 3-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Eli Whitney
• William Gregg
• Joseph Reid Anderson
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
What do you think contributed most to the continued use of enslaved workers in the South?
A. The invention of the cotton gin
B. The rise of cotton as the dominant cash crop in the South
C. The sparse population of the South
D. The lack of industry and factory work in the South
A B C D
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Section 3
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom
The economy in the South, unlike that in the North, remained largely agricultural.
Section 3
• The Southern economy was expanding rapidly but relied heavily on slavery.
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)
Cotton Production, 1820–1860
Section 3
• The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney dramatically increased the production of cotton. Whitney’s invention had important consequences.
– Since the cotton gin processed cotton so quickly, farmers wanted to plant more cotton to increase their profits.
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)
Cotton Production, 1820–1860
Section 3
– More cotton planted meant that more slaves were needed to work the fields.
– The value of enslaved people increased because of their key role in producing cotton.
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)
Cotton Production, 1820–1860
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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By how much did Whitney’s cotton gin increase production of cotton per day?
A. 10 times more
B. 50 times more
C. 100 times more
D. It did not increase cotton production at all.
Section 3
Industry in the South
Industry developed slowly in the South for a variety of reasons.
Section 3
• Industry developed slowly in the South for many reasons.
– Cotton sales were extremely profitable.
– Southerners lacked the capital to invest in businesses.
Industry in the South (cont.)
Economics & History
Section 3
– The market for manufactured goods was small since the large population of enslaved people had no money to buy merchandise.
– Many Southerners did not want industry.
• William Gregg and Joseph Reid Anderson were two rare examples of successful Southern industrialists.
Industry in the South (cont.)
Economics & History
Section 3
• Most Southern towns were located on coasts or along rivers, and few railroads and roadways were developed.
Industry in the South (cont.)
Economics & History
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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What was the main reason that the Southern economy remained largely agricultural?
A. Southerners lacked the capital to start industries.
B. Cotton sales were very profitable.
C. Southerners refused to work in factories.
D. Costs to ship goods to markets were too high.
Section 4-Essential Question
How did unique elements of culture develop among enslaved African Americans in the South?
Section 4-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• yeoman
• tenant farmer
• overseer
• spiritual
• slave codes
• literacy
Academic Vocabulary
• legal
• brief
Reading Guide
Section 4-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Nat Turner
• Harriet Tubman
• Frederick Douglass
• Underground Railroad
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-Polling Question
How interested are you in owning your own business someday?
A. Very interested
B. Somewhat interested
C. Somewhat uninterested
D. Very uninterested
A B C D
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Section 4
Farms and Plantations
The South had far more small farms than large plantations.
Section 4
• Most white Southerners were yeomen or tenant farmers, not large plantation owners.
Farms and Plantations (cont.)
Southern Population, 1860
Section 4
• Plantations were large estates that sometimes covered several thousand acres.
– Plantation owners were driven by profits and cotton prices
– Because plantation owners were often absent to deal with cotton agents, plantation wives frequently attended to plantation business.
– An overseer would supervise the enslaved workers in the fields.
Farms and Plantations (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
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What group made up the largest number of whites in the South?
A. Tenant farmers
B. The rural poor
C. Enslaved workers
D. Yeomen
Section 4
Life Under Slavery
Despite their hardships, enslaved African Americans found methods to help them cope with their lack of freedom.
Section 4
• Enslaved African Americans lived without freedom under brutal conditions.
• Large, close-knit, extended families were a vital feature of enslaved people’s culture.
• In 1808 Congress outlawed the slave trade, but slavery remained legal in the United States
• Christianity became a religion of hope and resistance, and the spiritual was developed to express prayer and lament.
Life Under Slavery (cont.)
Section 4
• Between 1830 and 1860, life under slavery became even more difficult due to strict laws known as the slave codes.
• In 1831 Nat Turner led a brief uprising against whites in Southhampton County, Virginia.
• Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass were two African Americans who fled to the North via the Underground Railroad.
Life Under Slavery (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
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Which of the following was not a part of the slave codes?
A. Enslaved people were prohibited from assembling in large groups.
B. It was a crime to teach enslaved people to read or write.
C. An enslaved person must have a written pass before leaving the slaveholder’s property.
D. Engaging in slave trade was made illegal.
Section 4
City Life and Education
By the mid-1800s, the South had several large cities, and education had begun to expand throughout the region.
Section 4
• Southern cities along waterways or railway crossroads grew rapidly.
• Free African Americans were able to establish their own communities, but their lives were not secure.
City Life and Education (cont.)
Section 4
• Because there was no statewide public education system in most areas, the South was behind other sections of the country in literacy.
City Life and Education (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
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Which of the following was not a large Southern city in the mid-1800s?
A. Baltimore
B. New Orleans
C. Pittsburgh
D. Atlanta
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
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Vocab1
clipper ship
a fast sailing ship with slender lines, tall masts, and large square sails
Vocab2
telegraph
a device or system that uses electric signals to transmit messages by a code over wires
Vocab3
Morse code
a system for transmitting messages that uses a series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation
Vocab4
innovation
introduce something new
Vocab5
transform
to change
Vocab6
trade union
organization of workers with the same trade or skill
Vocab7
strike
a stopping of work by workers to force an employer to meet demands
Vocab8
prejudice
an unfair opinion not based on facts
Vocab9
discrimination
unfair treatment of a group; unequal treatment because of a person’s race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth
Vocab10
famine
an extreme shortage of food
Vocab11
nativist
a person who favors those born in his country and is opposed to immigrants
Vocab12
community
group of people living in a particular place
Vocab13
license
to grant official authority
Vocab14
cotton gin
a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber
Vocab15
capital
money for investment
Vocab16
consequence
result or effect of
Vocab17
process
prepare
Vocab18
yeoman
Southern owner of a small farm who did not have enslaved people
Vocab19
tenant farmer
farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent either in cash or crops
Vocab20
spiritual
an African American religious folk song
Vocab21
slave codes
laws passed in the Southern states that controlled and restricted enslaved people
Vocab22
overseer
person who supervises a large operation or its workers
Vocab23
literacy
ability to read and write
Vocab24
legal
permitted by law
Vocab25
brief
short in duration
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