SPEECH PROCESSING FOR MAKHRAJ RECOGNITION …meningkatkan Makhraj untuk huruf Arab. Dalam projek ini, ia perlu untuk mereka Penapis Adaptif untuk menyingkirkan bunyi bising. Ada 30

SPEECH PROCESSING FOR MAKHRAJ RECOGNITION

(DESIGN ADAPTIVE FILTER FOR NOISE REMOVAL)

SITI NURMAISARAH BT ABDUL AZIZ

This thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

(Electronics)

Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

NOVEMBER, 2010

ii

“I hereby acknowledge that the scope and quality of this thesis is qualified for the award

of the Bachelor Degree of Electrical Engineering (Electronics)”

Signature : ________________________________

Name : NURUL WAHIDAH BT ARSHAD

Date : 29 NOVEMBER 2010

iii

“All the trademark and copyrights use herein are property of their respective owner.

References of information from other sources are quoted accordingly; otherwise the

information presented in this report is solely work of the author.”

Signature : ________________________________

Author : SITI NURMAISARAH BT ABDUL AZIZ

Date : 29 NOVEMBER 2010

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I want to thanks to Allah for giving me this opportunity, the strength

and the patience to complete my project successfully, after all the challenges and

difficulties that I have face it.

Foremost, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my supervisor Madam

Nurul Wahidah Bt Arshad, who have guide and helped me a lot throughout this final

year project. This appreciation is also dedicated to Mr. Mohd Zamri Bin Ibrahim,

Madam Nurul Hazlina Bt Nordin, and Madam Rosyati Bt Hamid and all the FKEE

staffs, those who are really generous and helpful.

I also would like to thanks to my parents, for supporting me mentally and

physically not just during finishing this tasks but also during my whole studies in order

to become a good Muslims.

Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all my friends and

colleagues who have given their support and help.

Hopefully, this final year project will not be the end of my journey in seeking for

more knowledge to understand the meaning of life.

vi

ABSTRACT

Speech Processing for MAKHRAJ Recognition is a topic that very useful in many

applications and environments in our daily day to improve MAKHRAJ for Arabic

alphabets. In this project, it needs to design Adaptive Filter for noise removal. There are

30 Arabic, أ until ي but for this project, only 7 Arabic will be used as samples, أ until خ.

The speech processing will be used to obtain same waveform output from two different

situations, road and cafeteria. Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm based on Adaptive

Filter technique is used to remove noise. Filter Design Toolbox provides many adaptive

filter design functions that use the LMS algorithms to search for the optimal solution to

adaptive filter, including system identification and noise cancellation. The filtered data

will be processed to match the standard pronunciations and it will be integrated with

filter design process in MATLAB. As a result, the noise will be removing and produce

same waveform signal.

vii

ABSTRAK

Pemprosesan Suara untuk Pengakuan Makhraj adalah satu topik yang sangat

berguna dalam pelbagai aplikasi dan persekitaran dalam kehidupan seharian kita untuk

meningkatkan Makhraj untuk huruf Arab. Dalam projek ini, ia perlu untuk mereka

Penapis Adaptif untuk menyingkirkan bunyi bising. Ada 30 huruf Arab, أ sampai ي tapi

untuk projek ini, hanya 7 huruf Arab akan digunakan sebagai sampel, أ sampai خ.

Pemprosesan suara akan digunakan untuk mendapatkan keluaran gelombang yang sama

dari dua situasi yang berbeza, jalan raya dan kafetaria. Least Mean Square (LMS)

Algoritma berdasarkan teknik Penapis Adaptif digunakan untuk menyingkirkan bunyi

bising. Filter Design Toolbox mempunyai banyak fungsi mereka penapis adaptif yang

menggunakan algoritma LMS untuk mencari penyelesaian optimum untuk menapis

adaptif, termasuk pengenalan sistem dan penyingkiran bunyi. Data yang ditapis akan

diproses untuk menyesuaikan dengan sebutan sebenar dan akan diintegrasikan dengan

proses penapis desain di MATLAB. Akibatnya, bunyi bising akan disingkirkan dan

menghasilkan isyarat gelombang yang sama.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Objective 3

1.3 Scope of Project 3

1.4 Problem Statement 3

1.5 Thesis Outlines 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Speech Processing For MAKHRAJ Recognition 6

2.3 Adaptive Filter 7

ix

2.4 Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Based 10

2.4.1 Implementation of the LMS Algorithm 12

2.4.2 Convergence Properties 12

2.4.3 Wiener Filter Theory 14

2.5 Previous Research 15

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 19

3.2 Input Loading 20

3.3 Pre-Processing 21


3.4.1 Create the Signals for Adaptation 23

3.4.2 Generate the Noise Signal 23

3.4.3 Corrupt the Desired Signal to Create a Noisy

Signal 24

3.4.4 Create a Reference Signal 24

3.5 Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm 25

3.5.1 System Identification Using Least Mean

Square (LMS) Algorithm 26

3.5.2 System Identification Using Least Mean


3.5.3 Noise Cancellation using LMS Algorithm 28

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 31

4.2 Input Loading 32


4.4 Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithms 36

x

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 47

5.2 Recommendation 48

REFERENCES 49

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A 52

xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 LMS Algorithm Characteristics 13

3.1 Output Scaling Based On Typical Bit-

Widths for Native Formats 21

3.2 Output Scaling Based On Typical Bit-

Widths for Double Formats 21

3.3 Input Arguments for adaptfilt.nlms 27

3.4 Input Arguments for adaptfilt.ss 30

4.1 Table of Accuracy alif at Food Court 45

4.2 Table of Accuracy alif at Road 45

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Using an Filter to Remove

Noise from an Unknown System 8

2.2 Least-Mean-Square Implementation 10

2.3 Performance Surface Contours and

Weight Value Tracks for the LMS 13

2.4 The Wiener Filter Configuration 14

3.1 Flow Chart for Speech Recognition 20

3.2 Flow Chart for Adaptive Filter 22

3.3 Generate the Signals for Adaptation 23

3.4 Create a Noisy Signal 24

3.5 Create Reference Signal 24

3.6 Flow Chart for Least Mean Square

(LMS) algorithm 25

3.7 Syntax of adaptfilt.lms 26

3.8 Syntax of adaptfilt.nlms 27

3.9 Syntax of adaptfilt.ss 29

4.1 Waveform of Original Signal, y 32

4.2 Waveform of Desire Signal, signal 33

4.3 Waveform of Noise Signal v1 34

4.4 Waveform of Noisy Signal, A 35

4.5 Waveform of Reference Signal, v2 36

4.6 Waveform of System Identification by

adaptfilt.lms 37

xiii

4.7 Stem of System Identification by

adaptfilt.lms 38


adaptfilt.nlms 39


adaptfilt.nlms 40

4.10 Noise Cancellation using LMS algorithms 41

4.11 Result of Filtering alphabet “alif”

at Food Road 42


at Road 44


xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LMS

FIR

MSE

SNR

NLMS

SSLMS

SDLMS

SELMS

RAM

Least Mean Square

Finite Impulse Response

Mean Square Error

Signal Noise Ratio

Normalized Least Mean Square

Sign-Sign Least Mean Square

Sign-Data Least Mean Square

Sign-Error Least Mean Square

Random Access Memory

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX NO. TITLE PAGE

A Coding For Filtering Noise 54

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This project is about Speech Processing for MAKHRAJ Recognition by using

Adaptive Filter. This filter is use to remove or filter the noise and it is more efficient method.

The main purpose of this project is to remove the noise in MAKHRAJ recording. It is because

the existing system cannot recognize the wanted alphabets because of the noise. As an

example "ha", with the disturbance from the noise, the system may recognize wrong alphabet

like "kho".

This project uses two inputs. The first input is the distorted signal, the MAKHRAJ

recording without noise. The second input is the desired signal, the unfiltered noise. The filter

works to eliminate the difference between the output signal and the desired signal and outputs

the difference, which, in this case, is the clean MAKHRAJ recording. When start the

simulation, we hear both noisy signal from environment and voice from human. Over time,

the adaptive filter filters out the noise so we hear only the voice from human.

For this project, the application that use is noise or interference cancellation where the

filter adapts in real-time to remove noise by keeping the error small. The term of filter is

often used to describe a device in the form of piece of physical hardware or software that is

applied to a set of noisy data in order to extract information about a prescribed quantity of

interest.

2

And the technique that applied in this project is Least-Mean-Square (LMS) algorithm

to remove noise because it is easy and stable but the only disadvantage is its weak

convergence. Besides that, it enjoys less computational complexity because of the sign

present in the algorithm and good filtering capability because of the normalized term. LMS

algorithm also represents the simplest and most easily applied adaptive algorithms.

According to the MATLAB software, there is Adaptive Filter by using Least Mean

Square (LMS) algorithms Toolbox that helps this project to train the network.

3

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this project are to:

i. Remove noise from unknown system.

ii. Design the system based on Least Mean Square (LMS) technique on adaptive filter.

iii. Developed MAKHRAJ recognition software using Adaptive Filter.

1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT

There are three scopes of this project:

i. To remove noise of the speech recognition that able to recognize in road environment

and cafeteria environment.

ii. To remove noise from human voice that produces filtered speech MAKHRAJ

recognition by using Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm.

iii. To develop software that can remove noise by using MATLAB environment.

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In our daily life, speech recognition is very important in order to improve the quality

of our speech but most of the people take it for granted especially Muslim. They prefer

improve their English rather than MAKHRAJ.

For that reason, this project is proposed in order to create a system that can be

improving their speech of MAKHRAJ. This system can easily recognize the MAKHRAJ of

human voice in two different environments, cafeteria and road.

4

1.5 THESIS OUTLINE

The Speech Processing for MAKHRAJ Recognition final thesis is a combination of 5

chapters that contains and elaborates specific topics such as Introduction, Literature Review,

Methodology, Result and Discussions and Conclusions and Recommendation that applied in

this project.

Chapter 1 basically is an introduction of the project. In this chapter, the main idea

about the background and objectives of the project will be discussed. The basic concept of the

project will be focused in this chapter.

Chapter 2 is about literature review to review the critical points of current knowledge

including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a

particular topic about this project.

Chapter 3 will be discussed more detail about the method that used to achieve an

objective of this project. It wills shows and explain the flow chart that been used to write the

coding, developing the process using the MATLAB.

Chapter 4 discusses all the results obtained and the limitation of the project. All

discussions are concentrating on the result and performance of the speech recognizer.

Chapter 5 will be explained about the problem and the recommendation for this project.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

MAKHRAJ is a set of range of organs in speech that will create variety of letter

with its own character that is one of the vocalized forms of human communication.

Each letter is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and

consonant speech sound units that can be differentiate from others.

MAKHRAJ recognition is important to help in practicing the pronunciation the

letters correctly. So, in this chapter, the basic knowledge and fundamental concept in

creating the MAKHRAJ recognition will be discussed. This MAKHRAJ recognition

project is using Adaptive Filter as a main processer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant

6

2.2 SPEECH PROCESSING FOR MAKHRAJ RECOGNITION

Speech is the way of choice for humans to communicate. There are no special

equipment required, no physical contact required, no visibility required, and can

communicate while doing something else. Speech processing includes speech coding,

speech synthesis, speech recognition, identity verification and enhancement.

Speech coding is to transmit or store a speech waveform using a few bits as

possible while retaining high quality because to save bandwidth in telecoms

applications and to reduce memory storage requirements.

Speech synthesis is to convert a text string onto speech waveform because for

technology to communicate when a display would be inconvenient because too big,

eyes busy, via phone, in the dark and moving around [1].

Speech recognition is the process of converting spoken input to text or

sometimes referred to as speech-to-text. There are a few of the basic terms and concepts

that are fundamental to speech recognition:

i. Utterance - When the user says something

The speech recognition engine is "listening" for speech input. When the engine

detects audio input (a lack of silence) the beginning of an utterance is signaled.

Utterances are sent to the speech engine to be processed. If the user doesn’t say

anything, the engine returns what is known as a silence timeout that indicated there

was no speech detected within the expected timeframe. An utterance can be a

phrase or a sentence.

ii. Pronunciations

One piece of information that the speech recognition engine uses to process a word

is its pronunciation, which represents what the speech engine thinks a word should

sound like. Words can have multiple pronunciations associated with them. For

example, the word “pa” has at least two pronunciations in the transliterating foreign

words in Arabic: “pa” in the Jawi script for “ف”and in Persian, Urdu, and Kurdish

for “ب”.

iii. Grammars

Grammars define the domain, or context, within which the recognition engine

works. The engine compares the current utterance against the words and phrases in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language

7

the active grammars. If the user says something that is not in the grammar, the

speech engine will not be able to decipher it correctly.

iv. Accuracy

The performance of a speech recognition system is measurable and perhaps the most

widely used measurement is accuracy. Arguably the most important measurement of

accuracy is whether the desired end result occurred. Measurement of recognition

accuracy is whether the engine recognized the utterance exactly as spoken. This

measure of recognition accuracy is expressed as a percentage and represents the number

of utterances recognized correctly out of the total number of utterances spoken. It is a

useful measurement when validating grammar design. For example, if the engine

returned “aaaliif” when the user said “alif” this would be considered a recognition error.

Based on the accuracy measurement, there must analyze the grammar to determine if

there is anything that can do to improve accuracy. For instance, it might need to add

“aaliif” as a valid word to grammar [2].

2.3 ADAPTIVE FILTER

Adaptive filtering involves the changing of filter parameters (coefficients) over time, to

adapt to changing signal characteristics. There are four application of Adaptive Filter

[3]:

i. System Identification - Using adaptive filters to identify the response of an

unknown system such as a communications channel or a telephone line.

ii. Inverse System Identification - Using adaptive filters to develop a filter that has a

response that is the inverse of an unknown system.

iii. Noise or Interference Cancellation - performing active noise cancellation where the

filter adapts in real-time to remove noise by keeping the error small.

iv. Prediction - describes using adaptive filters to predict a signal's future values.

In noise cancellation, adaptive filters will remove noise from a signal in real

time. Here, the desired signal, the one to clean up, combines noise and desired

information. To remove the noise, feed a signal n'(k) to the adaptive filter that represents

noise that is correlated to the noise to remove from the desired signal.

http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/filterdesign/ug/f1-5512.html#f1-5547http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/filterdesign/ug/f1-5512.html#f1-5557http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/filterdesign/ug/f1-5512.html#f1-5567http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/filterdesign/ug/f1-5512.html#f1-5576

8

Figure 2.1: Using an Adaptive Filter to Remove Noise from an Unknown

System.

So long as the input noise to the filter remains correlated to the unwanted noise

accompanying the desired signal, the adaptive filter adjusts its coefficients to reduce the

value of the difference between output signal, y(k) and desired signal, d(k), removing

the noise and resulting in a clean signal in estimation error, e(k). Notice that in this

application, the error signal actually converges to the input data signal, rather than

converging to zero [4]. On this basis of this measure, the adaptive filter will change its

coefficients in an attempt to reduce the error. The coefficient update relation is a

function of the error signal squared and is given by

ℎ𝑛+1 𝑖 = ℎ𝑛 𝑖 +𝜇

2 −

𝛿

𝛿ℎ𝑛 𝑖 |𝑒| 2

The term inside the parentheses represents the gradient of the squared-error with

respect to the ith

coefficient. The gradient is a vector pointing in the direction of the

change in filter coefficients that will cause the greatest increase in the error signal.

Because the goal is to minimize the error, however, Equation 1 updates the filter

coefficients in the direction opposite the gradient; that is why the gradient term is

negated. The constant, μ is a step-size, which controls the amount of gradient

information used to update each coefficient. After repeatedly adjusting each coefficient

in the direction opposite to the gradient of the error, the adaptive filter should converge;

9

that is, the difference between the unknown and adaptive systems should get smaller

and smaller. To express the gradient decent coefficient update equation in a more usable

manner, we can rewrite the derivative of the squared-error term as

𝛿

𝛿ℎ 𝑖 𝑒 2 = 2

𝛿

𝛿ℎ 𝑖 𝑒 (2.1)

= 2𝛿

𝛿ℎ 𝑖 𝑑 − 𝑦 𝑒 (2.2)

= 2𝛿

𝛿ℎ 𝑖 𝑑 − h i x[n− i]

N−1

i=0 𝑒

𝛿

𝛿ℎ 𝑖 𝑒 2 = 2(−(𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑖]))𝑒 (2.3)

which in turn gives us the final LMS coefficient update,

ℎ𝑛+1 𝑖 = ℎ𝑛 𝑖 + 𝜇𝑒𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑖] (2.4)

The step-size, μ directly affects how quickly the adaptive filter will converge

toward the unknown system. If μ is very small, then the coefficients change only a

small amount at each update, and the filter converges slowly. With a larger step-size,

more gradient information is included in each update, and the filter converges more

quickly; however, when the step-size is too large, the coefficients may change too

quickly and the filter will diverge. (It is possible in some cases to determine

analytically the largest value of μ ensuring convergence.) [5]

The objects use various algorithms to determine the weights for the filter

coefficients of the adapting filter. While the algorithms differ in their detail

implementations, the LMS and RLS share a common operational approach to minimize

the error between the filter output and the desired signal [6].

10

2.4 LEAST-MEAN-SQUARE (LMS) BASED

The least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm is a linear adaptive filtering algorithm

that consists of two basic processes:

i. A filtering process, which involves computing the output of a transversal filtering

produced by a set of tap inputs and generating an estimation error by comparing

this output to a desired response.

ii. An adaptive filtering, which involves the automatic adjustment of the tap weights

of the filter in accordance with the estimation error.

The combination of these two processes working together constitutes a feedback

loop around the LMS algorithm. First, have a transversal filter (adaptive filter) that

responsible for performing the filtering process. Second, have a mechanism (unknown

system) for performing the adaptive control process on the tap weights of the transversal

filter [7]. The filter calculates the filter weights, or coefficients that produce the least

mean squares of the error between the output signal and the desired signal (minimize

the error).

Figure 2.2 : Least-Mean-Square Implementation

SPEECH PROCESSING FOR MAKHRAJ RECOGNITION

(DESIGN ADAPTIVE FILTER FOR NOISE REMOVAL)

SITI NURMAISARAH BT ABDUL AZIZ

This thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

(Electronics)

Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

NOVEMBER, 2010

“I hereby acknowledge that the scope and quality of this thesis is qualified for the award of the Bachelor Degree of Electrical Engineering (Electronics)”

Signature: ________________________________

Name: NURUL WAHIDAH BT ARSHAD

Date: 29 NOVEMBER 2010

“All the trademark and copyrights use herein are property of their respective owner. References of information from other sources are quoted accordingly; otherwise the information presented in this report is solely work of the author.”

Signature: ________________________________

Author: SITI NURMAISARAH BT ABDUL AZIZ

Date: 29 NOVEMBER 2010

Dedicated to my beloved parents,

ABDUL AZIZ BIN MOHD ZAIN & ROS FARIZAN BT MAT ZAIN,

Sibling,

ANGAH, UDA, ALANG, ACHIK & ADIK

Supervisor,

PN NURUL WAHIDAH BT ARSHAD

and all of you for giving a constant source of support and encouragement

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I want to thanks to Allah for giving me this opportunity, the strength and the patience to complete my project successfully, after all the challenges and difficulties that I have face it.

Foremost, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my supervisor Madam Nurul Wahidah Bt Arshad, who have guide and helped me a lot throughout this final year project. This appreciation is also dedicated to Mr. Mohd Zamri Bin Ibrahim, Madam Nurul Hazlina Bt Nordin, and Madam Rosyati Bt Hamid and all the FKEE staffs, those who are really generous and helpful.

I also would like to thanks to my parents, for supporting me mentally and physically not just during finishing this tasks but also during my whole studies in order to become a good Muslims.

Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all my friends and colleagues who have given their support and help.

Hopefully, this final year project will not be the end of my journey in seeking for more knowledge to understand the meaning of life.

ABSTRACT

Speech Processing for MAKHRAJ Recognition is a topic that very useful in many applications and environments in our daily day to improve MAKHRAJ for Arabic alphabets. In this project, it needs to design Adaptive Filter for noise removal. There are 30 Arabic, أ until ي but for this project, only 7 Arabic will be used as samples, أ until خ. The speech processing will be used to obtain same waveform output from two different situations, road and cafeteria. Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm based on Adaptive Filter technique is used to remove noise. Filter Design Toolbox provides many adaptive filter design functions that use the LMS algorithms to search for the optimal solution to adaptive filter, including system identification and noise cancellation. The filtered data will be processed to match the standard pronunciations and it will be integrated with filter design process in MATLAB. As a result, the noise will be removing and produce same waveform signal.

ABSTRAK

Pemprosesan Suara untuk Pengakuan Makhraj adalah satu topik yang sangat berguna dalam pelbagai aplikasi dan persekitaran dalam kehidupan seharian kita untuk meningkatkan Makhraj untuk huruf Arab. Dalam projek ini, ia perlu untuk mereka Penapis Adaptif untuk menyingkirkan bunyi bising. Ada 30 huruf Arab, أ sampai ي tapi untuk projek ini, hanya 7 huruf Arab akan digunakan sebagai sampel, أ sampai خ. Pemprosesan suara akan digunakan untuk mendapatkan keluaran gelombang yang sama dari dua situasi yang berbeza, jalan raya dan kafetaria. Least Mean Square (LMS) Algoritma berdasarkan teknik Penapis Adaptif digunakan untuk menyingkirkan bunyi bising. Filter Design Toolbox mempunyai banyak fungsi mereka penapis adaptif yang menggunakan algoritma LMS untuk mencari penyelesaian optimum untuk menapis adaptif, termasuk pengenalan sistem dan penyingkiran bunyi. Data yang ditapis akan diproses untuk menyesuaikan dengan sebutan sebenar dan akan diintegrasikan dengan proses penapis desain di MATLAB. Akibatnya, bunyi bising akan disingkirkan dan menghasilkan isyarat gelombang yang sama.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE i

DECLARATION iiDEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

ABSTRACT viABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xivLIST OF APPENDICES xv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Objective 3

1.3 Scope of Project 3

1.4 Problem Statement 3

1.5 Thesis Outlines 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Speech Processing For MAKHRAJ Recognition 6


iii

2.4

2.5 Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Based 10

2.4.1Implementation of the LMS Algorithm 12

2.4.2Convergence Properties 12

2.4.3Wiener Filter Theory 14

2.6 Previous Research 15

3METHODOLOGY

3.1Introduction 19

3.2Input Loading 20

3.3Pre-Processing 21

3.4Adaptive Filter 22

3.4.1Create the Signals for Adaptation 23

3.4.2Generate the Noise Signal 23

3.4.3Corrupt the Desired Signal to Create a Noisy

Signal 24

3.4.4Create a Reference Signal 24

3.5Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm 25

3.5.1System Identification Using Least Mean


3.5.2System Identification Using Least Mean


3.5.3Noise Cancellation using LMS Algorithm 28

4RESULT AND DISCUSSION4.1Introduction 31

4.2Input Loading 32

4.3Adaptive Filter 33

4.4 Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithms 36

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 47

5.2 Recommendation 48

REFERENCES 49

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A 52

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.TITLE PAGE

2.1LMS Algorithm Characteristics 13

3.1Output Scaling Based On Typical Bit-

Widths for Native Formats 21

3.2Output Scaling Based On Typical Bit-

Widths for Double Formats 21

3.3Input Arguments for adaptfilt.nlms 27

3.4Input Arguments for adaptfilt.ss 30

4.1Table of Accuracy alif at Food Court 45

4.2Table of Accuracy alif at Road 45

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Using an Filter to Remove

Noise from an Unknown System 8

2.2Least-Mean-Square Implementation 10

2.3Performance Surface Contours and

Weight Value Tracks for the LMS 13

2.4The Wiener Filter Configuration 14

3.1Flow Chart for Speech Recognition 20

3.2Flow Chart for Adaptive Filter 22

3.3Generate the Signals for Adaptation 23

3.4 Create a Noisy Signal 24

3.5 Create Reference Signal 24

3.6 Flow Chart for Least Mean Square

(LMS) algorithm 25

3.7 Syntax of adaptfilt.lms 26

3.8 Syntax of adaptfilt.nlms 27

3.9 Syntax of adaptfilt.ss 29

4.1 Waveform of Original Signal, y 32

4.2Waveform of Desire Signal, signal 33

4.3 Waveform of Noise Signal v1 34

4.4 Waveform of Noisy Signal, A 35

4.5 Waveform of Reference Signal, v2 36


adaptfilt.lms 37


adaptfilt.lms 38


adaptfilt.nlms 39


adaptfilt.nlms 40

4.10 Noise Cancellation using LMS algorithms 41


at Food Road 42


at Road 44


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LMS

FIR

MSE

SNR

NLMS

SSLMS

SDLMS

SELMS

RAM

Least Mean Square

Finite Impulse Response

Mean Square Error

Signal Noise Ratio

Normalized Least Mean Square

Sign-Sign Least Mean Square

Sign-Data Least Mean Square

Sign-Error Least Mean Square

Random Access Memory

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX NO.

TITLE

PAGE

A

Coding For Filtering Noise

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Documents

SPEECH PROCESSING FOR MAKHRAJ RECOGNITION …meningkatkan Makhraj untuk huruf Arab. Dalam projek ini, ia perlu untuk mereka Penapis Adaptif untuk menyingkirkan bunyi bising. Ada 30