Spectral selectivity of dopedzinc and aluminium oxide thinfilms prepared by spraypyrolysis for solar energyapplications

P C Simpemba1,2, K Chinyama1, J Simfukwe1 and N R Mlyuka3

1 The Copperbelt University, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 21692, 10101 Kitwe, Zambia.2 School of Physics, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa.3 The University of Dar es Salaam, Faculty of Sciences, Physics Department, P. O. Box 35063, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

E-mail: pcs200800@gmail.com

South African Institute of Physics 58th Annual Conference8-12 July, 2013

University of Zululand Richards Bay CampusRichards Bay, South Africa 1

OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION

• THEORY

• METHODOLOGY

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

• CONCLUSION

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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INTRODUCTION

Hydro and fossil energy prices are rising rapidly with chance to double in a space of five years (Skyways, July 2013, pg 38). Electricity load shedding is a norm rather than an exception –Eskom knowsBattle to meet country or regional energy demandUtilization of solar technologies offer nearly an immediate solution for cheap, reliable green energy.Looking to the skies for our energy requirements

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Metal oxide thin films are used for thin film solar cells (TFSCs)Development of cheap transparent conducting solid thin films –replacement of rare, expensive ITO.These must be spectral selectiveSpectral selectiveness is an important property in TFSCs

Figure 1. Electromagnetic

spectrum

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Figure 2. Typical thin film solar cell utilizing ITO as a TCO

A typical TFSC cell is made up of a substratea transparent conducting oxide (TCO) a window layer an absorber layer and a metal contact layer all of which have different physical, chemical, optical and electronic propertiesIndividual properties of the cell components affect the overall performance of the cell

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Focus in this study is on the TCOs.generally n-type semiconductor metal oxidesexhibit high transmittance of the visible(VIS) and near infrared (NIR) radiationhave high conductivity for efficient chargecarrier transport when used as thin filmelectrodes or contacts in solar cellsIn figure 2, ITO/SnO2 transparent conductingoxides bi-layer were used …….expensive

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We propose a new innovation to have a combination of mutually doped zinc andaluminium oxides making a bi-layer in a solar cell acting as the transparent oxides replacing the ITO/SnO2combination used in a typical solar cell in figure 2.……cheaper approach

We haveproduced mutually doped spectrally selective solid thin films of ZnO and Al2O3

investigated optical, electrical and structural propertiestheoretically modeled these properties tailor them for applications in efficient solar energy structures

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THEORY

2

2

1

1

n

nR

Reflectance as a function of reflective index for air-substrate interface

Absorption coefficientfor negligiblereflectance

Electrical resistance8

BAABA

BAABAB

MG

ff

2

22For an effective medium.

Maxwell-Garnett effective medium having respective dielectric permeability and

3

3

baf A

Bruggemann effective medium

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Raw materials:zinc chloride (ZnCl2)aluminium chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3.6H2O) The ZnCl2 and AlCl3.6H2O were weighed on anelectronic balanceMutual doping was done by adding a determinedamount to either chlorideMixture was dissolved in distilled water, forming aqueous solutions of different molar concentrations and doping levelshydrochloric acid was added to the solution to prevent precipitation to hydroxide

METHODOLOGY

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Spray pyrolysis technique was employed for coating thin films

Figure 3. Spray pyrolysis unit

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Transmittance and reflectance measurements

Figure 4. Integrating sphere of a spectrometer 12

Thickness measurements

Figure 5. Tencor Alpha Step profiler

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Film surface characterization

Figure 6. System components of the AFM: electronics interface, microscope, objective lens, Optical lighter, control monitor, display monitor and CPU.

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Electrical measurements

Figure 7. Physical arrangement of the four point resistance probe

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 8. Thermocouple temperature calibration curve

Figure 9. Oven temperature as a function of time.

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W id th (µ m )

0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0

Hei

ght (

Angs

trom

)

-4 0 0 0 0

-2 0 0 0 0

0

2 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0

W id t h (µ m )

0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0

Hei

ght (

Angs

trom

)

- 8 . 0 e + 4

- 6 .0 e + 4

- 4 .0 e + 4

- 2 .0 e + 4

0 .0

2 .0 e + 4

4 .0 e + 4

6 .0 e + 4

8 .0 e + 4

1 .0 e + 5

1 .2 e + 5

Figure 10. Thickness profile of single layer ZnO thin film

Figure 9. Thickness profile of double layer Al2O3 thin film

Figure 11. Transmittance curve for uncoated glass slide in UV-VIS-NIR

region

W a vele ng th (n m )

15 00 2 00 0 2 50 0 3 0 00 35 00 40 00 4 50 0 5 00 0 55 00

%T

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

10 0

Figure 12. Transmittance curve for uncoated glass slide in the IR region

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Figure 13. Solar transmittance curves for ZnO: Al films of thicknesses 1.67μ m and 1.28 μ m fabricated at 320o C and 340o C.

Figure 14. NIR and IR transmittance curves for ZnO:Al films of

thicknesses 1.67μ m and 1.28 μ m fabricated at 320o C and 340o C.

Figure 15. NIR and IR transmittance curves for ZnO:Al films of thicknesses 2.7 μm and 3.6 μm

fabricated at 340o C and 290o C.

Figure 16. NIR and IR transmittance curves for Al2O3coatings

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Figure 17. Reflectance curves for ZnO:Al Figure18. Reflectance curves for Al2O3

Spectral selectivity of the thin films is established.The thin films are therefore suitable for use asTCOs in RFSCs.

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Figure 19. Refractive index as a function of reflectance, effective media effect applied to figure 19 (d)

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Figure 20. Surface roughness of ZnO:Al Figure 21. Section analysis

Figure 22. Surface plot for undoped ZnO thin film deposited at 340oC

Figure 23. Distribution of grains in the thin film 21

Table 2. Calculated electrical values for ZnO: Al Table 3. Calculated electrical values for Al2O3:Zn

Table 1. Wavelength-dependent refractive indices of selected thin films in the VIS-NIR and FIR wavelength regimes.

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CONCLUSION

We have utilized a simple and cheap process offabricating spectrally selective thin solid films byway of the spray pyrolysis process.The films’ optical, electrical and structuralproperties have been investigatedA solar transmittance of 88 per cent was obtainedfor doped zinc oxide and 71.9 per cent foraluminium oxide filmsThis result is good for thin film application in solarcell manufacturereflectance peaks were observed in thewavelength range 8,000-13,000 nm 23

Film resistivities obtained were to the order of 10-4 m.This result was good for possible application in thin filmsolar cellsThe Maxwell-Garnett and Bruggeman effective mediumtheories were applied to obtain effective dielectricpermeabilities of the film coatingsA new transparent conducting thin film combination ofa ZnO:Al/Al2O3:Zn TCO combination has been proposedto replace the ITO/SnO2 combination as a cheaperalternative.

SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT BY PROMOTINGGREEN ENERGY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Copperbelt University (CBU)The International Science Program (ISP)-Uppsala UniversityThe of University of Dar es Saalam, Physics DepartmentThe University of Zambia (UNZA)

Authors of reference materials –see paper.

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THANK YOU ALL

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