Anatomy Quiz 1 Study Guide

Specify the DIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP between the following structures: (NOTE! If you’re creative you can see more than one answer for some of these. Take the first one; I’m hinting at distal/proximal, but in anatomical position the wrist would also be said to be superior/inferior? to the hand.)

The wrist is proximal & superior to the hand. (Hint: Distal? Or

Proximal?)

The trachea (windpipe) is anterior (ventral) to the spine.

The brain is deep & posterior to a mole on your forehead.

The urinary bladder is inferior to the liver.

The nose is anterior & medial to the cheekbones.

The chest is superior to the abdomen.

The big toe is on the medial side of the foot. (I did not specify a foot,

so left or right would be wrong here.)

The shoulder blade is on the posterior (dorsal) side of the body

The hand is distal & inferior (and probably a little lateral!) to the

elbow

The hips are inferior to the shoulders

The shoulders are lateral (and probably VERY SLIGHTLY

anterior/ventral!) to the spine

The knee is proximal & superior to the ankle=-=-=-=-=-=-=-Cytology is the study of cells while histology is the study of tissues.

What scientific study is based upon the study of body structure? Anatomy ... of body function? physiology

gross (i.e. large scale) anatomy is the study of structural features visible without a microscope.

homeostasis is the maintenance of function in a state of balanced stability at all levels.

Describe correct anatomical position: upright, arms at sides with palms facing forward (thumbs lateral, pinkies medial)

Which directional plane divides the body……into superior and inferior portions? transverse… into left and right portions? sagittal…into anterior and posterior (aka ventral & dorsal) portions? coronal

Write (or number 1-8) the following terms in the correct order from simplest to most complex:5 tissue 7 organ system 3 organelle 4 cell 2 molecule 8 organism 1 atom 6 organ

Name the 4 types of tissues in the body and a word or two that sums up each one’s function.

Epithelial tissue (covering); connective tissue (support or structure); muscle (movement); nervous tissue (control)

Muscles can really only do one thing and that is what? Contract/shorten

Metabolism is the general term for the complex chemical reactions that occur within the body to provide energy to carry on all life processes

Disease/disorder/death results if homeostasis is not maintained.

To which region of the body do the following terms refer:thoracic chest cervical neck axillary armpit inguinal groin (thigh/abdomen junction) femoral thigh gluteal buttocks cephalic head popliteal back of knee

What is a cranial nerve, and how many pairs are there? What is the longest nerve in the body?A nerve that originates in the brain12 pairs;Vagus nerve is the longest, extending down in to the abdomen.

List the three ventral body cavities. Which one contains by far the most organs?Thoracic; Abdomenal, Pelvic.Abdominal cavity contains the most organs

Differentiate between positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Give an example of each:- A positive feedback mechanism occurs when the response to a stimulus exacerbates (strengthens) the stimulus that caused it. BLOOD CLOTTING is an example. (Screaming audio speaker feedback is a non-biological example!)

- A negative feedback mechanism occurs when the response to a stimulus mitigates (weakens or softens) the stimulus that caused it. FEELING HUNGRY, THEN EATING, THEN YOU’RE NOT HUNGRY = biological negative feedback mechanism! (A thermostat turning on AC when the room is warm…then the room isn’t warm anymore, then the AC cuts off = a non-biological example)

Complete the chart:SYSTEM BASIC FUNCTION MAIN ORGAN

Integumentary covers the body skin

Muscular generate movement/motion muscles

Skeletal structural support bones

Nervous communication brain, spinal cord, nerves

Cardiovascular transports nutrients/chemicals heart

Lymphatic destroys/removes invading pathogens lymph vessels, lymph nodes

Digestive extracts chemical energy from food intestine (stomach too!)

Respiratory O 2/CO2 exchange lungs

Urinary removes aqueous waste kidneys, urinary bladder

Reproductive making new life gonads (ovaries, testes, uterus, penis, etc.

Endocrine CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION hormone producing glands

Briefly describe the following movements:Flexion___bending an appendage (ex. Moving your hand to touch your shoulder, you have FLEXED your arm. Raising your knee when standing, you have FLEXED your thigh relative to your abdomen.)

Extension___straightening an appendage (opposite examples of

FLEXION!)

Pronation___ ARM & HAND: Rotating palms to face DOWN/INFERIORLY FOOT: Rolling ankle so weight is on INSIDE/MEDIAL side of foot

Supination__ ARM & HAND: Rotating palms to face UP/SUPERIORLY Goofy mnemonic: the way you would rotate your palms if handing a bowl of soup to someone (“Here, have a bowl of soup!”)

FOOT: Rolling ankle so weight is on OUTSIDE/LATERAL side of foot

Elevation___moving a structure in a superior direction. (Putting your chin up, you ELEVATE your head)

Abduction__moving limb (rotating that limb’s joint) laterally, away from sagittal midline Goofy mnemonic: (“Someone is stealing my arm away, they are ABDUCTING my arm!”)

Adduction___ moving limb (rotating that limb’s joint) medially, toward sagittal midline Goofy mnemonic: (“They’ve returned my limb! I can ADD it back to my body!”)=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

Anatomy Leftover Questions! :-P1. What are the four most common elements comprising the human

body? What % of the total body mass is each?

O (65%), C (18.5%), H (9.5%), N (3.2%)

2. What is anatomical position, and why is it so important to medical science? It’s the STANDARD body position scientists and doctors use to refer to various regions and structures on the body: standing up, arms down with fingers splayed and palms facing forward, thumbs lateral (pointing away from the thigh) and pinkies medial (almost touching the side of the thigh). It’s the same reason everyone has to agree on what a meter is, or what words mean. It doesn’t really matter WHAT it is, as long as everyone agrees, it serves its purpose.

frontal = coronal

3. What is the difference between digits and phalanges? TYPICALLY digits refer to the entire finger or toe while phalanges are the bones within.

4. Which body cell seems to be the least complex? Which seems the most?

Least: RBC, erythrocytes (non-nucleated); Most: ovum, but this could be debated. The ovum is unquestionably the body’s largest cell, and the

only cell visible to the naked eye.5. What are the four basic tissue types and what single word could we

use for each to describe what it does?

Epithelial tissue (covering); connective tissue (support or structure); muscle (movement); nervous tissue (control)

6. Human blood is a liquid, so why is it considered connective tissue?

Cells surrounded by a fluid within a fibrous matrix. It only becomes fibrous during clotting. Technically it probably would be better described as “transportive” tissue.7. Muscles do all kinds of tasks in the body from major things like

moving food and waste along the alimentary canal, and moving blood all throughout the body, to very minor things like protecting the eardrum from excessive noise or controlling how much blood flows through a single capillary. But each muscle cell can individually do only what one simple thing? Contract/shorten

8. Fig. 6.7 (b) on page 170 shows a fully contracted sarcomere (contractile unit of a muscle cell). If you command a muscle to contract even more, you’ll likely trigger a painful cramp. Knowing this, what should you do if you get a leg cramp (or any cramp) at night (or any time)? Stretch the muscle! Separate those sarcomeres!

sarcomere diagram9. What is a more common name for a group of cells that didn’t get

the message to stop growing and/or reproducing? (more than one answer can be correct here; As I was writing this question I came up with five.)

tumor • neoplasm • malignancy • growth • cancerbenign?

10. The small intestine can be from 10 to 35 feet long, 2 to 7 times longer than the typical large intestine which is usually only about 4 or 5 feet long. Why do they have these names then? Diameter.

• Small intestine is about 1” in diameter (about the diameter of a garden hose, or your thumb) • Large intestine is ≈ 3” in diameter (about the diameter of your wrist)

11. What is a sphincter and how many are in the body? A circular muscle that acts as a valve or gatekeeper. There are 9000 types, and millions of precapillary sphincters. Most folks only know the four major digestive sphincters: two sealing the stomach at either

end, maybe the ileocecal sphincter between the small and large intestines, and the anal sphincter, of which you actually have TWO, believe it or not, both of which are more like two concentric cones, rather than two concentric circles. (One of these cones of muscle you can control—the outer/external one you use when you’re “holding it”—and one you can’t— the internal one that is always fully contracted…unless you’re actually sitting on the toilet….only THEN it relaxes, thankfully!)

12. What is a cranial nerve, and how many pairs are there? Cranial nerves are 12 pairs of mixed nerves (conduct both sensory & motor impulses) that emerge directly from the brain, (most nerves which emerge from the spinal cord).

13. Why is the vagus nerve so important? Longest nerve in the body. Most cranial nerves serve the head and neck, but the vagus nerve descends not only into the thorax but down into the abdomen. It conducts sensory and motor info to the pharynx, larynx, and thoracic and abdominal organs including the heart and digestive organs.

14. How would a doctor test to see if the hypoglossal nerve was functioning properly or not? He/She would ask you to stick out your tongue. (Hypoglossal literally means “below-tongue”)

15. How many sweat glands does the average person have? Anywhere from 2 million to 4 million

16. What are the three types of muscle tissue and what differentiates them?

a. Cardiac: involuntary, only found in the heart

b. Skeletal muscle: you can consciously control them. The muscles you can see externally.

c. Smooth muscle: that you cannot control (lining the GI tract, glandular openings, most sphincters, etc.)

17. What is the relationship between mitochondria, sugar, and ATP?

Mitochondria use oxygen to convert a food energy molecule, C6H12O6, (glucose,) that the cell can’t use, into another energy molecule, ATP, which the cell can and does use for energy. (SIDE NOTE: I was taught that glucose was too big for the cell to use and ATP was smaller and more readily used by the cell. But out of eternal curiosity, I looked up their respective chemical formulas: ATP’s chemical formula is C10H16N5O13P3 which is 47 flipping atoms! So THAT monster is small enough to use but C6H12O6—24 atoms—is TOO BIG??)

18. What is the only bone in the body that “floats?” (i.e. it does not articulate with any other bone). hyoid bone. It’s behind the chin, under the tongue sort of “within” the mandible (jawbone). To my eye, it kind of looks like a jawbone itself!

19. What are the three types of vertebrae in the human spine, and how many of each are there? Cervical (7) Thoracic (12); Lumbar (5). Way to remember these numbers: symmetrical positions on an analog clock, breakfast at 7am, lunch at 12 noon, dinner at 5pm

20. What are the “soft spots” in a baby’s skull called? You’d think they’d be dangerous, but the opposite is true: why are these soft spots so important for the baby to have? Fontanels, and if the

baby didn’t have them—if its skull was rigid—then the rigid skull would surely fracture during parturition (childbirth) from the tremendous pressure of the mother’s uterus and vagina.

21. People get the terms oxytocin, oxycodone and oxycontin confused. What is the difference between the three?

a. Oxytocin is a hormone released by a female’s pituitary gland during childbirth and before breastfeeding. It stimulates labor contractions in the uterus as well as the “letdown reflex” when breast milk is released. Synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin) is sometimes administered to induce labor or accelerate it.

b. Oxycodone is an opioid painkiller

c. OxyContin is a brand name of a 12(SR) version of oxycodone. [12 hour, slow release]

22. What is the difference between an opiate painkiller and an opioid?

An OPIATE is a derivative of the opium poppy: morphine, codeine, and of course opium itself are opiates.An OPIOID is a synthetic—or partially synthetic—opiate. Oxycodone (Percocet), hydrocodone (Vicodin), Demerol, Fentanyl and Dilaudid are opioids.

23. Differentiate between the thymus gland and the thyroid gland, and the thalamus.

•The THALAMUS is not really related to the other two. It’s a part of the center of the brain, at the top of the brainstem.•The THYROID surrounds the upper trachea and is an endocrine (hormone-producing) gland whose products regulate the body's metabolic rate as well as heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development and bone maintenance. Its correct functioning depends on having a good supply of iodine from the diet.

•The THYMUS is lymphatic gland above the heart that is active mostly in infancy and childhood to program certain WBCs (white blood cells) called T-lymphocytes. It is largely inactive in adults by which age it has shrunk considerably.

24. What are hormones, and what are the four typical changes they can induce in cellular activity? chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate—increase or

decrease—the metabolic activity of other body cells.

a. Change plasma membrane permeability or electrical stateb. Make proteins or enzymes in the cellc. Activate or halt enzyme activityd. Stimulate mitosis

25. What is the difference between the pharynx and the larynx?

pharynx = throat larynx = voicebox26. What is a lung, and how many lobes does each one have?

• Primary organ of mammalian respiration• Allows the bloodstream to come as close as possible to the atmosphere so O2 & CO2 can diffuse into and out of the blood and atmosphere. • Right lung has three, and since the heart takes up more of the left side of the thorax, the left lung has two. (Amphibians, reptiles, mammals of course, and one type of fish—A LUNGFISH! Who’d’ve guessed?— all have lungs.) Made of millions of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. These sacs are one cell thick and the capillaries that serve them are one cell thick, so the O2 & CO2 only need to pass through 2 cell layers for respiration to occur.

27. What is blood pressure? If someone’s blood pressure is 120/80, what does that mean? Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on the inner surfaces of blood vessels which keeps blood circulating even between heartbeats. 120/80 means a systolic pressure (when the left ventricle is at its strongest part of the pump or contraction) of 120 mgHg and a diastolic pressure of 80 mg Hg (when the ventricles are relaxed).

28. Where in the body will you find the bicuspid and tricuspid valves? Where else in your body will you find valves?

Tricuspid = between right atrium and right ventricle. Bicuspid (aka mitral) = between left atrium & left ventricle.

Aortic semilunar valve b/w left ventricle and aorta. Pulmonary semilunar valve b/w right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Also, deep veins in your legs have bicuspid valves that keep blood moving “north” so it doesn’t pool down in your legs. Your entire lymphatic system transports lymph with valves in the lymph vessels.