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Acute IllnessAcute Illness
An acute illness happens suddenly An acute illness happens suddenly and usually lasts a short time.and usually lasts a short time.
Examples may be:Examples may be: ColdCold Influenza (flu)Influenza (flu)
Chronic IllnessChronic Illness
A chronic illness occurs gradually and A chronic illness occurs gradually and lasts a long time.lasts a long time.
Examples include:Examples include: DiabetesDiabetes ArthritisArthritis Congestive Heart FailureCongestive Heart Failure
Conditions of the Skeletal Conditions of the Skeletal System:System:
1. osteoporosis1. osteoporosis
2. arthritis2. arthritis
Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis:
Thinning of the boneThinning of the bone Occurs mainly in older womenOccurs mainly in older women Caused by loss of calcium in theCaused by loss of calcium in the
bones.bones. Bones become weak and frail and can Bones become weak and frail and can
break easilybreak easily The spine shrinks and the personThe spine shrinks and the person
becomes shorter.becomes shorter.
Provide care for people with Provide care for people with osteoporosisosteoporosis
Help exercise as much as patient is Help exercise as much as patient is ableable
Standard safety precautions to Standard safety precautions to prevent fallsprevent falls Use transfer belt as neededUse transfer belt as needed Remove clutterRemove clutter
Arthritis:Arthritis:
Joints become stiff and painfulJoints become stiff and painful Offer warm baths Offer warm baths Encourage warm clothingEncourage warm clothing Do gentle range-of-motion exercises Do gentle range-of-motion exercises
(ROM)(ROM) Encourage patient to exerciseEncourage patient to exercise
Chronic Conditions of the Chronic Conditions of the Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
Angina pectorisAngina pectoris
Congestive heart failureCongestive heart failure
Angina Pectoris:Angina Pectoris:
Chest pain caused because the heart is Chest pain caused because the heart is not getting enough oxygen.not getting enough oxygen.
Provide care in relaxes, Provide care in relaxes,
unhurried mannerunhurried manner Encourage relaxationEncourage relaxation Stop activity if patient has Stop activity if patient has
chest pain and notify RNchest pain and notify RN
Congestive Heart Failure:Congestive Heart Failure:
Heart does not pump as strongly as it Heart does not pump as strongly as it shouldshould
Patient may have hypertension and Patient may have hypertension and edemaedema
Tires easily: provide frequent rest Tires easily: provide frequent rest periodsperiods
Monitor I&OMonitor I&O Fowler’s position is best breathing Fowler’s position is best breathing
positionposition
StrokeStroke(CVA- cerebrovascular (CVA- cerebrovascular
accident)accident) Affects the nervous Affects the nervous
systemsystem Caused by blood clot Caused by blood clot
in the brainin the brain Can cause weakness Can cause weakness
and paralysis, usually and paralysis, usually on one side of the on one side of the bodybody
Can cause dysphagia Can cause dysphagia and aphasiaand aphasia
How the CNA can help:
Place call light (and other articles) on Place call light (and other articles) on unaffected (strong) side of the body.unaffected (strong) side of the body.
Encourage pt to use the unaffected side to help exercise the affected side (ROM)
Supervise pt while eating Offer to assist w/ADL’s that may be
difficult.
Parkinson’s Disease
Parts of the brain that control movement are gradually destroyed.
Pt has stiff muscles Uncontrolled movement of head and
body Difficulty chewing and swallowing Confusion Mood changes and depression
How the CNA can help
Encourage rest avoid rushing pt Warm baths to relax muscles Use self-help devices for ADL’s
Hepatitis A
-The least serious form of Hepatitis -prevention- good hand hygiene -HAV vaccination is available
Hepatitis B
-Spread through direct contact with blood , semen, or vaginal fluids
-yellow color in eyes or skin- jaundice -nausea, fever, stomach/joint pain -extreme exhaustion -there is no cure -HBV vaccine is available -Use blood borne pathogen precautions
Hepatitis C
-spreads mainly through contact with infected blood (rare through intercourse)
-Carry the virus for life -serious liver damage is possible -there is no vaccine or cure -medications are available for treatment -use blood borne pathogen precautions
Eye DiseasesEye Diseases
Cataracts: Make the eye cloudy and Cataracts: Make the eye cloudy and can can cause blindness.cause blindness.
Glaucoma: pressure of the optic Glaucoma: pressure of the optic nerve nerve that can cause that can cause blindnessblindness
Disease of the Endocrine Disease of the Endocrine SystemSystem
DiabetesDiabetes: chronic disease: chronic disease 3 types:3 types:
Type I (Juvenile): Body does not produce insulin. Type I (Juvenile): Body does not produce insulin. Need insulin injections Need insulin injections
Type II (adult-onset) Most common; body doesn’t Type II (adult-onset) Most common; body doesn’t produce enough insulin or can’t use it produce enough insulin or can’t use it
correctly.correctly.
Can sometimes be manages with diet and oral Can sometimes be manages with diet and oral medication.medication.
Gestational: some mother get it during pregnancyGestational: some mother get it during pregnancy
In the United States, about 8% of the population, or 23 million people have
diabetes. This number is rising rapidly.
Complications of Diabetes
Vision: can lead to blindness Circulatory system: stroke, heart disease Nervous system: nerve damage Urinary: kidney failure GI System: many problems with digesting
food Skin: poor wound healing; can lead to
amputation toes, feet, legs, etc. Reproductive System: sexual dysfunction
Diabetes:Diabetes: Know the Know the
SymptomsSymptoms
Hypoglycemia:Hypoglycemia:
not enough sugarnot enough sugar
(glucose) in blood(glucose) in blood
Hyperglycemia:Hyperglycemia:
Too much sugarToo much sugar
Diabetic Foot CareDiabetic Foot Care
Wash feetWash feet Dry feet andDry feet and
between toesbetween toes No lotion No lotion
between toesbetween toes Look for soresLook for sores Do Not clip toenailsDo Not clip toenails
Conditions of the Respiratory Conditions of the Respiratory System:System:
Influenza/fluInfluenza/flu PneumoniaPneumonia COPD:COPD:
Pneumonia:Pneumonia:
Inflammation and infection of the lungsInflammation and infection of the lungs
Can be viral or bacterialCan be viral or bacterial
Aspiration pneumonia:Aspiration pneumonia:
Can occur in people withCan occur in people with
dysphagiadysphagia
Tuberculosis (TB)
Bacterial Airborne Isolation Precautions Staff must wear HEPA (N95) filter
mask in room
Chronic Obstructive Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Often caused by smokingOften caused by smoking Patient often need to wear oxygenPatient often need to wear oxygen Common symptoms:Common symptoms:
CoughCough Fatigues easilyFatigues easily Poor appetitePoor appetite TachycardiaTachycardia ConfusionConfusion