Vaccination Trials for Newcastle Disease Virus: Evaluation of Impacts on Village Poultry Production and Bushmeat Consumption

Alexander J. TravisMay 27, 2008

Specific Aims

2. To identify and integrate new technologies into the COMACO model to improve its profitability, food security, and rural incomes.

Veterinary Sciences:initial research:

survey of causes of poultry mortalitysurvey of husbandry practices

Notes:poultry most common livestock speciescattle uncommon (goats more common in S)livestock = “family savings account” not

usually for consumption (not even eggs)

Research

Predator Percentage of groups that blame thepredator for poultry mortality

Wildcat 91Snakes 63Birds 54Monitorlizard

45

Hyaenas 36Baboons 18Honeybadger

18

Cheetah 9Lions 9

many villagers bring the chickens into their homes at night--increasing risk for HPAI

green diarrhea most likely from NDwhite diarrhea most likely from salmonellosis

Disease Mnk Mw1 Mw2 Mw3 Nse Kak Mal1 Mal2 Sand1 Sand2 ChifFowlpox X X X X X X XMarek’sDisease

X X X X X

Externalparasitism

X X X X X X X X X X X

Coccidiosis XChronicRespiratoryDisease

X X

data obtained by showing pictures of birds with the classical symptoms, and discussions

• initial recommendations:

fresh water

feed supplementation

roost alteration

cleaning/manure utilization will both improve

soils and reduce parasite burdens• training during COMACO field days:

in grant yr 1, >500 villagers, slightly more

women than men, 11 sessions• generation of a poultry husbandy manual• training of COMACO extension officers and

setting up a small lab

results from yr 1

50% increase of poultry numbers

versus the same season the year

before

Problem: improvements in husbandry are not effective against endemic ND (high morbidity/mortality)

expanded research:Can a vaccination program for NewcastleDisease Virus improve village poultry production?

Can this ND vaccination program be cost effective?

Can we increase host nation capacity by training local community vaccination teams?

ND vaccination trial:1. identify test and control village area

groups (VAGS; one per chiefdom)

ND vaccination trial:2. participatory appraisal of household

flock patterns and needs

ND vaccination trial:2. participatory appraisal of household flock

patterns and needs (connections between poultry cycles and crop cycles)

birds reproduce and grow best at end harvest (cool, dry, vegetation helps them hide from predators)

birds have less access to food and are heat stressed as dry season progresses (high price of 15,000-20,000 ZMK because sellers are food secure; no requirement that they sell)

ND common at end of dry; flock sizes then decrease (death, sale before death, sometimes consumption of sick birds)

food insecurity causes sale during wet season (low price 5-10,000 ZMK)

December holiday period often involves consumption

ND vaccination trial:

3. community identification of vaccination teams (1M:1W); training over a 5 day period; design of vaccination cycles to meet community needs (3 cycles/yr: July, November, April)

4. implementation• ND-V4 HR vaccine (when freeze-dried, thermostable to

30˚C for a several months; when reconstituted stable up to 30˚C for a few hours)

• pricing: 250 ZMK/bird (175 for the vaccinators and 75 to COMACO to pay for vaccine) or trade [acceptance of price varied between villages]

Results:

Flock Size Information# Died # BornArea House

holdSize

# AdultChickens

# Sub-adult

Chickens

#Chicks

FlockSize Nov Dec Jan Nov Dec Jan

Chocha 269 305 113 170 588 48 50 200 161 148 213

Luero 232 366 139 45 550 106 28 16 26 31 19

Kalasa 195 394 261 192 847 254 93 50 268 100 132

Kamira 227 303 256 306 865 221 156 102 227 140 198

# Chickens VaccinatedArea Per

Household1st Vaccination:

# ChickensVaccinated

# Chickens Died after1st Vaccination (w/in

2 weeks)

2nd Vaccination: #Chickens Vacc inated

# Chickens Diedafter 2nd

Vaccination (w/in 2weeks)

Total 845 111 112 0ChochaAverage 22 2.9 2.9 0

Total 495 110 213 32LueroAverage 12 2.8 5.3 .8

Grand Total 1340 221 325 32

Egg Consumption

# Households Eating Eggs in January 2008 CHOCHA LUERO

# Eggs Eaten Yesterday Last Week Last Month Yesterday Last Week Last Month 0 35 35 27 24 28 10

1 to 5 2 1 4 11 5 24 6 to 10 1 0 3 1 3 0

11 to 15 0 1 1 0 0 1 16 to 20 0 1 1 0 0 1

more than 30 0 0 2 0 0 0 No Response 0 0 0 4 4 4

# Households Eating Eggs in January 2008 KALASA KAMIRA

# Eggs Eaten Yesterday Last Week Last Month Yesterday Last Week Last Month 0 20 21 18 29 19 3

1 to 5 14 13 9 1 10 6 6 to 10 5 5 6 0 2 14

11 to 15 0 0 3 1 2 0 16 to 20 0 0 1 0 0 7

more than 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 No Response 0 0 2 9 7 9

similar data collected for chickens and eggs sold, chickensconsumed, prices for chickens and eggs sold/purchased

Problems:floods in 2006-2007 wet season severely affected food security, causing many families to sell chickens rather than vaccinate in Nov. 2007 (why vacc. if you are selling in a week?)

data not collected from 1/5 control villages (no compensation for illness of that individual)

ethics of control villages: villagers perceive benefits of vaccination, want participation(one potential resolution would be to expand program, and add new control villages: significant increase in cost)

formation/dissolution of “poultry groups”--need for data re-analysis

Problems:

4/10 original vaccination team members left, requiring training of new vaccination staff

vaccination teams are concerned about the seasonal fluctuations in their income

distances can cause vaccine to degrade after reconstitution (several hours above temp)

seasonal movement of farmers to fields (in some areas) can change access to vaccinators

Veterinary Sciences:expanded research:

Will this ND vaccination program impact local bushmeat consumption?

Research

similar data collected for meat preferences, meat eaten, observations of meat eaten

Area Type of Meat Type of Meat (specific

names) # People

w/ access

Average Price/Unit (Zkw)

Pig 1 8,000 per piece Game Meat Buffalo 1 6,000 per kg Game Meat Impala 2 9,000 per kg

Chicken 29 10,255 per whole Beef 1 13,000 per kg

Guinea Fowl 2 gift Duck 10 16,818 per whole Mice 6 500-700 per rat Fish Bottlefish, Breem, Nfita,

Bumpha, Lobeo 24 2,519 per bundle

Termites 6 2,000-3,000 per plate

CHOCHA

Mopane Worms 1 2,000-3,000 per plate Game Meat Puku 1 Gift of 3 kgs Game Meat Impala 7 2,813 per kg

Chicken 28 10,560 per whole Beef 1 gift Duck 1 15,000 per whole

LUERO

Fish Breem, Tigerfish, Madfish

30 4,088 per kg

Game Meat Puku 2 10,000 per bundle Game Meat Impala 11 Not enough data to get avg Game Meat Warthog 4 Not enough data to get avg Game Meat Bush buck 1 12,000 per 20 kg Game Meat Buffalo 6 9,833 spent per person Game Meat Boli (Zebra) 2 5,000 per 2 pieces Game Meat Kudu 1 3,000 per bundle

Chicken 38 9,976 per whole Guinea Fowl 1 15,000 per whole

Duck 4 12,000 per whole

KALASA

Fish Cornish Jack, Mwanza Sebele, Mudsucker, Silver bable, Bottlefish, Chessa, Squicker, Breem, Lobeo

39 1,886 per bundle

Game Meat Buffalo 2 5,000 per 1 kg bundle Game Meat Duicker 2 4,000 per 1 kg bundle Game Meat Impala 1 No data available Game Meat Bushbuck 1 5,000 per 1.5 kg Game Meat Grysbok 2 2,000 per 1 kg bundle

Chicken 37 10,095 per whole

KAMIRA

Fish Bottlefish, Tigerfish, Breem, Bullfish, Lobeo, Kajiri, Chambo, Kapota

36 2,973 per bundle

potential economic model for economic assessment of intervention

Acknowledgements

Cornell UniversityAlfonso TorresBeth BucklesJon ConradBenjamin LucioAlice PellErin McDonaldTamika LewisEmily Steubing

Wildlife Conservation Society

Dale LewisSteve OsofskyWhiteson Daka

International Rural Poultry Centre

Robyn AldersBrigitte Bagnol