ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGYMs. TRAN Van Ty2015

LESSON 3 - INTRODUCTIONOIL AND GAS INDUSTRY PETROLEUM INDUSTRY The petroleum industry began with the successful drilling of the first oil well in 1859, and the opening of the first refinery two years later to process the crude into kerosene.

CRUDE OIL = BLACK GOLDCrude oil (petroleum) is a naturally occurring brown to black flammable liquid.Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons the exact composition depends upon where the oil comes from but typically it contains a lot of big molecules.

LESSON 3 CRUDE OIL DEFINITION

Crude oil is composed of the following groups:

Hydrocarbon compounds

Non-hydrocarbon compounds

Organometallic compound and inorganic salt (metallic compound)

small quantities of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen derivatives as well as trace metals.The most common metal impurities: nickel, vanadium, and sodium (other: copper, iron)

LESSON 3 CRUDE OIL DEFINITIONThe true boiling point curve (TPB curve) shows approximately the composition of anycrude oilsample.LESSON 3 CRUDE OIL PROPERTIES

The composition of anycrude oilsample is approximated by a trueboiling point(TBP) curve. The method used is basically a batch distillationoperation, using alarge numberof stages, usually greater than 60,and high reflux to distillate ratio (greater than 5). The temperature at anypoint on the temperature-volumetric yield curve represents the true boilingpoint of the hydrocarbon material present at the given volume percentpoint distilled. TBP distillation curves are generally run only on the crudeand not on petroleumproducts. Typical TBP curves of crude and productsare shown in Figures 1-1 and 1-2.ASTM DISTILLATIONForpetroleum products, amorerapid distillation procedure is used.This is procedure, developed by theAmerican Societyfor Testing andMaterials (ASTM), employs a batch distillation procedure with no traysor reflux between the still pot and the condenser.3 The only refluxavailable is that generated by heat losses from the condenser.5API Gravity (API = American Petroleum Institute)density

specific gravityLESSON 3 - CRUDE OIL PROPERTIES

SULFUR CONTENT:SWEET: 0.1-0.5 wt. %SEMI-SWEET: 0.5-0.8 wt. %SOUR: 0.8-5 wt. %API Gravity LESSON 3 - CRUDE OIL PROPERTIES

LESSON 3 - CRUDE OIL CLASSIFICATION

LESSON 3 OIL DISTRIBUTION

LESSON 3 OIL DISTRIBUTIONOPECorganization of petroleum exporting countries

LESSON 3 OIL PRICE The higher the crude quality the higher the market price.Light sweet crudes carry a price premium relative to medium and heavy sour crudes.

11LESSON 3 OIL PRICEUSD/barrelBarrel = 159 liters

Theprice of oil, or theoil price: spot priceof abarrelofbenchmark crude oil.North America: West Texas Intermediate (WTI) (TexasLightSweetWTI is a lightcrude oil, contains about 0.24% sulfur, rating it a sweet crude.

LESSON 3 VALUE CHAIN

LESSON 3 VALUE CHAIN

LESSON 3 - INTRODUCTIONOil refinery products listProducts

Cylinder of LPG

Sample of gasoline

Sample of kerosene

Sample of diesel fuelLESSON 2 GRAMMAR Comparison with adjectivesAdjectivesOne syllableThree or more syllablesTwo syllablesParticiple adjpleased, worried, boringAdj ending in ful and lesscareful, carelessafraid, alike, alert, ashamed, alone, awarecaution, certain, complex, confident, eager, exact, normal, frequent, modern, recentComparative forms-ermore/less

more/lessSuperlative forms-estmost/least

most/leastLESSON 2 GRAMMAR Comparison with adjectivesAdjectivesTwo syllablesOther adj

Adj has a comparative or superlative meaningComplete, equal, favourite, ideal, uniqueComparative forms

-er or more/less

NOSuperlative forms

-est or most/least

NOTo say that as one thing changes, another thing also changesCng th cng The er/more/less + adj + S + V, the er/more/less + adj + S + V The better the joke (is), the louder the laugh (is).The longer Sue stays in Canada, the less likely she will ever go back to England.It almost seems that the more expensive the wedding, the shorter the marriage.LESSON 2 GRAMMAR Comparison with adjectivesENOUGHEnough + NOUNEx. Is there enough bread? Do you have enough money?

ADJ + enoughEx. The house was comfortable enough but not luxurious. We are not in a strong enough financial position to cut taxes.

ADJ + NOUNI havent got big enough nails for the job.I havent got enough big nails for the job.LESSON 2 GRAMMAR Comparison with adjectivesTOO + ADJ + TOqu .The beams are too weak to support the roof.She was too ashamed to admit her mistake.

If we need to mention the things or people involved, we do this with for.The garage was just about big enough for two cars to fit in.The suitcase was too small (for him) to get all his clothes in.LESSON 2 GRAMMAR ExercisesComplete the sentences with an appropriate comparative or superlative form of the given adjective.I feel much (relaxed) now that the exams are over.Our new car is a little (wide) than our old one, but still fits easily into the garage.Her latest speech was strong and confident, and some people now consider her to be the (forceful) figure in British politics.Scientists claim that oil pollution is now the (common) cause of death among sea birds.Its has been the (hot) day in London for 35 years.The alkenes are (chemically reactive) than the alkanes.7. The (soon) you start studying for your English examination, the (good) for you. 8. The (efficient) machines we have, the (few) workers are required. LESSON 2 GRAMMAR ExercisesComplete the sentences with an appropriate comparative or superlative adjective.I feel much (relaxed) now that the exams are over. I feel much more relaxed now that the exams are over.2. Our new car is a little (wide) than our old one, but still fits easily into the garage.Our new car is a little wider than our old one, but still fits easily into the garage.3. Her latest speech was strong and confident, and some people now consider her to be the (forceful) figure in British politics. Her latest speech was strong and confident, and some people now consider her to be the most forceful figure in British politics.4. Scientists claim that oil pollution is now the (common) cause of death among sea birds. Scientists claim that oil pollution is now the most common cause of death among sea birds.LESSON 2 GRAMMAR ExercisesComplete the sentences with an appropriate comparative or superlative adjective.5. Its has been the (hot) day in London for 35 years.Its has been the hottest day in London for 35 years.6. The alkenes are (chemically reactive) than the alkanes.The alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes.7. The (soon) you start studying for your English examination, the (good) for you. The sooner you start studying for your English examination, the better for you.8. The (efficient) machines we have, the (few) workers are required. The more efficient machines we have, the fewer workers are required.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR ExercisesTranslate into EnglishBn hc ngn ng cng sm th cng d dng.Nhit cng cao th vt cht cng sn sng phn hy.Vn ny khng quan trng lm chng ta lo lng.Vic r r kh nghim trng cnh st s tn ta nh.ng ti ngh rng ng qu gi hc.Gi du m qu thp cho vic khai thc cc m du c tr lng nh c li v mt kinh t. LESSON 2 GRAMMAR ExercisesTranslate into English1. Bn hc ngn ng cng sm th cng d dng.Learn languages/ soon young/ easily2. Nhit cng cao th vt cht cng sn sng phn hy.Temperature/ high/ substance/ readily/ decompose3. Vn ny khng quan trng lm chng ta lo lng.problem/ important/ enough/ cause make/ worry concern.4. Vic r r kh nghim trng cnh st s tn ta nhgas leak/ serious/ enough/ police/ evacuate/ building.5. ng ti ngh rng ng qu gi hc.grandfather/ think/ old/ learn.6. Hin ti gi du m qu thp cho vic khai thc cc m du c tr lng nh c hiu qu v mt kinh t. Currently/ oil price/ low/ production/ oil deposit/ reserves/ small/ efficient/ economically.LESSON 2 GRAMMAR ExercisesTranslate into English1. Bn hc ngn ng cng sm th cng d dng. The younger you start learning languages, the more easily you learn. 2. Nhit cng cao th vt cht cng sn sng phn hy. The higher the temperature, the more readily the substance will decompose.3. Vn ny khng quan trng lm chng ta lo lng. This problem isnt important enough to cause us concern.4. Vic r r kh nghim trng cnh st s tn ta nh.The gas leak was serious enough for the police to evacuate the building.5. ng ti ngh rng ng qu gi hc.My grandfacther thinks he is too old to learn.6. Hin ti gi du m qu thp cho vic khai thc cc m du c tr lng nh c hiu qu v mt kinh t. Currently, the oil price is too low for the production of the oil deposit with small reserves to be economically efficient.