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Nonmetal Oxides in Water A nonmetal oxide is known as an acid anhydride. When mixed with water, it forms an acid. (This is the cause of acid rain.) SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) H 2 SO 4 (aq)
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Special Reactions
Remember these!!!
Acid-Base (Neutralization)
• When an acid is mixed with a base, a salt and water are formed.
HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + HOH (l)
acid base ionicsalt
water
Nonmetal Oxides in Water
• A nonmetal oxide is known as an acid anhydride. When mixed with water, it forms an acid. (This is the cause of acid rain.)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
Metal Oxides in Water• If a metal oxide, also called a base
anhydride, is mixed with water, a base is formed.
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq)
Combustion• Combustion of substances containing
carbon will form carbon dioxide gas.2 CO(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g)
• Combustion of substances containing carbon and hydrogen will form carbon dioxide and water.
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Incomplete Combustion• If not enough oxygen is present when
burning a hydrocarbon, the result is the formation of carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide.
2 CH4(g) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO(g) + 4 H2O(g)
Chlorates• When heated, chlorates will decompose
into their respective chloride salts and oxygen gas.
2 KClO3(s) 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)Mg(ClO3)2 (s) MgCl2(s) + 3 O2(g)
2 Al(ClO3)3(s) 2 AlCl3(s) + 9 O2(g)
Carbonates• Carbonates will often decompose into the
metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas.
K2CO3(s) K2O(s) + CO2(g)MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g)
Al2(CO3)3(s) Al2O3(s) + 3 CO2(g)
Carbonic Acid•Carbonic acid, H2CO3, will spontaneously decompose into carbon dioxide and water.
H2CO3(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l)
If carbonic acid is a product of a reaction, it will decompose. One should NEVER have carbonic acid as a final product!
Carbonates and acids• When a carbonate is mixed with an acid,
carbonic acid is usually a product. Recall that carbonic acid spontaneously decomposes into carbon dioxide and water!
• 2 HCl (aq) + MgCO3(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2CO3 (aq)
2 HCl (aq) + MgCO3 (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation and Reduction (Redox)(Redox)
• Electrons are transferred
11
2
0022
ClNaClNa
Each sodium atom loses one electron:
eNaNa10
Each chlorine atom gains one electron:
10 CleCl
How do you know if itHow do you know if it’’s s Oxidation or Reduction?Oxidation or Reduction?
GGainain EElectronslectrons = = RReductioneduction
An old memory device for An old memory device for oxidation and reduction goes oxidation and reduction goes like this…like this…
LEOLEO says says GERGER
LLoseose EElectronslectrons = = OOxidationxidation
LEO says GER :LEO says GER :
eNaNa10
Lose Electrons = Oxidation
Sodium is oxidized
Gain Electrons = Reduction10
CleCl Chlorine is reduced
Reducing Agents and Oxidizing Reducing Agents and Oxidizing AgentsAgents
The substance reduced is the oxidizing agent The substance oxidized is the reducing agent
eNaNa10
10 CleCl
Sodium is oxidized – it is the reducing agent
Chlorine is reduced – it is the oxidizing agent