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Special dietary requirements
Obesity, Dental decay, Heart disease, Osteoporosis, Bowel disorders, Diabetes, Coeliac, Vegetarianism
© pdst Home Economics.
Obesity – The Causes Energy intake is
greater than energy output.
Genetics or family tradition
Thyroid problems Slow metabolic rate
– elderly Certain drugs
Risks of Obesity Heart disease Difficulty breathing Gallstones Back pain Diabetes Arthritis High blood pressure Stroke Varicose veins
Controlling Obesity A low fat low carbohydrate
high fibre balanced diet. Exercise @least 30 mins 3
times a week .5-1Kg loss per week Don’t eat late Avoid alcoholic and sugary
drinks Low fat products Low fat cooking methods Slimming club
Dental Decay 2 types - (a) periodontal
disease affects gum, bone surrounding teeth (b) Dental cavities
Caused by plaque = mixture of saliva and bacteria. This builds up on teeth and damages gums
When carbohydrate, esp. sugar, is eaten plaque converts it to acid which decays the teeth
Prevention of dental problems
Avoid sugary foods Snack on nuts, fruit,
yoghurt Eat calcium and vit D
rich foods Use fluoride
toothpaste and drink fluoridated water
Thorough brushing @ least twice daily
Visit dentist @least once a year.
Coronary Heart disease Narrowing and
hardening of the coronary arteries due to build up of fat.
CHD can cause angina, heart attack, sudden death
Risk factors – smoking, high fat and cholesterol diet, obesity, high blood pressure
To reduce risk of CHD Reduce fat intake esp.
saturated fats and cholesterol
Eat foods with unsaturated fat
Use low fat products Increase fibre Reduce intake of salt
and refined carbohydrates
Exercise increases “good” cholesterol (HDL)
Don’t not smoke or abuse alcohol
CholesterolFunctions: produces hormones,
making cell membranes, production of bile
Liver makes cholesterol we don’t need to eat it in food
If too much cholesterol is in the blood it clings to artery walls and obstructs the blood flow
The body binds cholesterol with protein to make lipo-protein.
There are 2 types - LDL low density lipo-protein and HDL high density lipo-protein
LDL sticks to artery walls. HDL removes cholesterol
from the blood and gets it excreted
To Lower cholesterol
Eat less cholesterol rich food e.g. eggs, liver, shell fish.
Eat less foods high in saturated fats eg. fatty meat, butter, cream, cheese.
Consume polyunsaturated fats esp. fish oils - counteract effect of cholesterol on arteries.
Exercise to increase HDL in the blood
Osteoporosis Bones become light
and thin and break easily
Maximum bone mass should be reached before end of teenage years – calcium intake vital for this
Osteoporosis risk factors & prevention Being female – loss
of oestrogen @ menopause - HRT
Lack of Vit. D Family history Exercise 30 min 3
times/week Smoking and alcohol
abuse affect calcium absorption
Enough calcium during childhood, adolescents and child bearing years
Enough vit. D Exercise Don’t smoke or
abuse alcohol HRT
Bowel Disorders Fibre is not digested ,it
absorbs water and keeps the faeces large and soft and easy to eliminate with little pressure
Lack of fibre leads to small hard faeces that are slow and hard to eliminate.
This can cause constipation, haemorrhoids (piles), diverticulosis and cancer
Bowel disorders Haemorrhoids: Swollen veins of the rectum and anus- pain itching bleeding
Diverticulosis:Wall of intestine develops pouch-like structures. If they fill with food waste and bacteria they can become infected – diverticulitis.
Colon Cancer:Research shows connection between colon cancer and lack of fibre.
High Fibre Tips Change from white
to wholemeal bread Eats lots of fruit,
veg. and pulses. Fibre rich breakfast
cereal e.g. ‘All Bran’ Add some wholemeal
flour when baking. Try to use whole
grain pasta and rice RDA fibre = 25-30g
Diabetes Condition where the body cannot
control blood sugar levels. The hormone insulin made in the
pancreas controls blood sugar Diabetics do not produce enough
insulin or the insulin produced does not work properly
Glucose is not used to make heat and energy but excreted in the urine instead
If uncontrolled it can lead to heart attack, stroke, bad circulation, damage to kidney and eyesight
Diabetes: types and symptoms Type1: juvenile onset diabetes:
insulin dependent. Damaged pancreas unable to make insulin
Type2: maturity onset: Non-insulin dependent.Pancreas produces some insulin controlled by diet.
Symptomsincreased thirst, dry mouth, increased urination, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision
Controlling Diabetes Controlling diabetes involves balancing insulin
exercise and food so that the correct amount of sugar is kept in the blood.
Diet: 1. Eat three regular meals, and one or more snack. 2. High fibre starchy carbohydrates that increase blood sugar slowly.3. Avoid sugary foods, use diabetic products and artificial sweeteners.
Hypoglycaemia: blood sugar too low. Symptoms: feeling ill, perspiration, hunger, irritability, unconscious, coma. Control: take sugary sweet or drink.
Hyperglycaemia: blood sugar too high.Symptoms: vomiting, deep loud breathing, high temp, diabetic coma.Control: give insulin
Coeliac Disease Condition where by
gluten damages the lining of the small intestine and the ability to absorb nutrients is reduced.
Gluten is a protein in wheat, similar protein in rye barley and oats can also be harmful
Rice and maize are not harmful.
Symptoms of coeliac disease
Children Adults
Slow growth Abdominal pain
Weight loss Weight loss
Irritability Mouth ulcers
Pale bad smelling faeces
Tiredness
Anaemia and other deficiency diseases
Treatment of coeliac disease Strict gluten free diet Avoid wheat, barley rye oats and all
their by products such as bread, cakes, biscuits, pasta, breaded fish, pizza, pies, pastries.
Use naturally gluten free foods e.g. meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, fruit, veg.
Use special gluten free products e.g. gluten free flour, bread biscuits etc.
Avoid hidden sources of gluten e.g. sausages , black and white pudding, processed foods, some soups, sauces ,gravies.