SPD 5 Sustainable Building Design_0

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S u p pl e m e nt a r y P l a nn i n g D o cu m e nt N u m be r 5

B r i s t o l C i t y Co u n c i l - B r i s t ol L o c a l D evel o pm en t F r am ew o r k

Sustainable Building

Design andConstruction

Adopted February 2006


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Contact details

Comments on this document, or requests forfurther information, should be sent to:

Sustainable City TeamCREATE CentreSmeaton RoadBristol BS1 6XN

Tel: 0117 922 4489

Fax: 0117 922 4380

email: [email protected]

www.bristol-city.gov.uk/sustainabledevelopment

This document is also available inlarge print, braille, on audio tape,computer disc or in other languages.

Contact the Sustainable City Teamat the above address for moreinformation.

CreditsFront coverWellspring Healthy Living Centre, Barton Hill, Bristol.With thanks to Community at Heart.Other photographs: thanks to UWE, Ashley ValeAction Group, HBG

Supplementary Planning Document No. 5


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C O N T E N T S

Page:

Contact details and credits i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

PART ONE1.1 Introduction 31.2 Policy and context 41.3 Purpose and status 51.4 How to use this document 6

PART TWO2.1 Sustainable design and construction aims 72.2 Energy 82.3 Waste and recycling 142.4 Water 182.5 Pollution 252.6 Materials 292.7 Environmental assessment methods 33

APPENDICESA European, UK and regional policy 35B References 37C Glossary 38D Sustainable Urban Drainage: 39

Design criteria and guidelines advice on good practice


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This guidance sets out Bristols commitment toachieving sustainable development throughthe planning process. It supplements BristolLocal Plan policies, brings together relevantnational and regional guidance, and providesclear and practical advice on sustainablebuilding design and construction. In particularit relates to:

the quality of life theme in the Local Plan

the Sustainable Development objectives setout in the Management of the Environmentchapter of the Local Plan:

Local Plan policies ME1, ME2, ME4, ME5,ME6, ME8, ME11 and NE4

The Supplementary Planning Document (SPD)has been developed in accordance with local,regional and national planning policy, and theadoption of this guidance means thatsustainable design and construction are

material considerations to be given weight inconsidering development proposals, and can bethe subject of planning conditions and/orobligations in respect of appropriatedevelopment. Applicants for planningpermission will be expected to have consideredthis planning guidance and in so doing to havefocused on the five sustainable design andconstruction aims defined here to:

reduce overall energy use and maximisepotential for renewable energy supply and

use minimise waste and maximise re-use and

recycling both during construction and afteroccupation

conserve water resources, enhance waterquality, incorporate water sensitive designand minimise vulnerability to flooding

minimise polluting emissions to water, airand soil and minimise noise and lightpollution

maximise use of materials from sustainablesources

For larger development sites, applicants are

encouraged to set out how they haveaddressed these aims in a sustainabilitystatement which can be based on theframework provided by these key questions foreach aim:

Energy

E1 How will natural heating, cooling, daylightand ventilation be used in thedevelopment?

E2 How will the design ensure the efficient useof energy and reduce overall energy use?

E3 How will the design incorporate the use ofenergy from renewable sources?

Waste and recyclingWR1 How will the development provide space

or facilities for the separate collection ofall materials that can be recycled, or easyaccess to recycling facilities?

WR2 How will the development re-usedemolition, construction or otherreclaimed wastes on or close to the siteand/or from elsewhere?

WR3 How will waste of new construction

materials be minimised duringconstruction?

Use of solar panels on a new house inAshl ey Vale.


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Water

W1 How will any vulnerability to current orfuture flooding be minimised?

W2 How will mains water be conserved anddischarges of waste water into the maindrainage system be minimised?

W3 How will discharges of polluted waters beminimised?

W4 How are the aims of enhanced amenityand biodiversity being addressed throughwater sensitive design?

Pollution

P1 How will the development clean up anycontamination on site and/or avoid landcontamination in future?

P2 How will pollution of all kinds beminimised during construction?

P3 How will the development impact onexternal air quality?

P4 Will noise pollution be minimised withinthe development and from externalsources?

P5 How will light pollution be minimised inand around the development?

Materials

M1 How will the materials be specified to helpmaintain local character and ensure longlife?

M2 Will materials be specified to ensure lowenvironmental impact and to maintaingood internal air quality?

M3 Will PVC be avoided where an alternative isavailable?

Environmental assessments

EA1 Will the design be assessed against anaccredited scheme to assess the building'ssustainability such as the BREEAM orEcohomes standards and a target ratingset?

EA2 Will any housing element of thedevelopment exceed a rating of 80 on theBuilding Research Establishment (BRE) SAPRating?

Sustainable Building Designand Construction

Interesting use of materials from glazingto straw bale panels at the UWEarchitecture studio.


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PART ONE

1.1 Introduction

Bristol has a longstanding commitment tobeing a sustainable city, and sustainable designand construction of buildings is a crucial factorin this. More sustainable buildings are crucialto meet targets to reduce carbon dioxideemissions, both regionally and nationally - halfthe energy used in Bristol is used in heating,lighting and cooling buildings.

Sustainable building design and constructionwill also create comfortable, attractive andhealthy places for people to live and work in.Increased energy, water and running costs forbuildings and more demanding regulationsmean that it makes good commercial sense toanticipate requirements and aim for bestpractice and quality design. Buildingregulations cover some aspects of sustainablebuilding design (in particular energy), and the

trend of recent years is for the regulations tobecome ever more demanding in terms of

achieving sustainable design and construction

aims. This guidance does not seek to requireapplicants to go beyond the current standards.However, choosing to do so, aspiring toemerging trends in good practice and lookingfor site specific opportunities can help "futureproof" a building and ensure it that it will meetthe rising standards occupiers will come toexpect for many years to come. Usingsustainable design and construction methodsis also likely to provide higher quality and moreaesthetically pleasing buildings

Good sustainable design will also deliverdevelopments with lower running costs - anattribute that is highly attractive to bothhouseholders and businesses. Increasingly,commercial organisations, public bodies andindividuals want to do their bit by beingdemonstrably socially and environmentallyresponsible. They want to show that they areminimising greenhouse gas emissions,recycling materials, and using renewableenergy technology. A number of recent

sustainable construction developments in theUK have generated huge interest and a queueof potential buyers. A recent survey by theCommission for Architecture and the BuiltEnvironment and the World Wildlife Fundshowed that 87% of housebuyers want toknow whether their homes areenvironmentally friendly and 84% would beprepared to pay more for an eco-friendly home.


Sustainable building design andconstruction will also create comfortable,attractive and healthy places for people to

live in - new houses at Ashley Vale


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The guide has been well received, and cited as

an example of good practice. Feedback fromcolleagues, developers and architects hassuggested securing adoption of the guide as asupplementary planning document, toenhance the status of the advice, and toprovide focussed advice on building design andconstruction. This feedback has been used toinform the development of this document.

Local Policy

The adopted Bristol Local Plan (1997) sets out

the intention to:

" recognise and act upon local, national andglobal environmental issues by adopting andimplementing a long term environmentalstrategy to ensure a cleaner, greener, healthierand safer city both for present and futuregenerations."

This guidance sets out Bristols commitment toachieving sustainable development throughthe planning process. It supplements Bristol

Local Plan policies, brings together relevantnational and regional guidance, and providesclear and practical advice on sustainablebuilding design and construction. In particularit relates to:

the quality of life theme in the Local Plan to:recognise and act upon local, national andglobal environmental issueS by adopting andimplementing a long term environmentalstrategy to ensure a cleaner, greener,healthier and safer city both for present andfuture generations.

the Sustainable Development objectives setout in the Management of the Environmentchapter of the Local Plan:

2.1.3 A key objective of the Chapter and thePlan as a whole is to ensure that developmentproposals are sustainable. Sustainabledevelopment has been defined asdevelopment which meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs

1.2 Policy and context

The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act(2004) sets the framework for planning policydevelopment. Clause 39 of the bill Sustainable development requires any bodiesdrafting a regional spatial strategy or localdevelopment document to:

exercise the function with the objective ofcontributing to the achievement of sustainabledevelopment

Planning Policy Statement 1: DeliveringSustainable Development(2005) states that:

sustainable development is the core principleunderpinning planning

This guidance requires planning authorities to:

ensure that sustainable development ispursued in an integrated manner, in line withthe principlesset out in the UK strategy

and to:ensure that development plans contribute toglobal sustainability by addressing the causesand potential impacts of climate changethrough policies which reduce energy use,reduce emissions, promote the developmentof renewable energy resources, and takeclimate change impacts into account in thelocation and design of development

This SPD gives clarity on how this may be

achieved, and is based on the BristolSustainable Development Guide to Constructionwhich was published in 2002. The guide hasbeen extensively distributed and used as abasis for sustainability submissions on somemajor development sites in the city. Aprogramme of associated seminars has alsobeen offered between 2003 and 2005, basedon the topics in the guide.



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(World Commission on Environment and

Development The Brundtland Report OurCommon Future, 1987). Every developmentproposal has the potential to damage orchange the environment. One of the roles ofplanning therefore is to ensure that anydamage is kept to a minimum and withinacceptable limits. At the same time it isimportant to identify opportunities forimproving the environment through gooddesign.

The detailed objectives set out on theManagement of the Environment Chapter,section 2.3:

2.3.1 To ensure that development proposalsprovide a safe, clean and healthy environment,which improves the quality of life of peopleliving within Bristol both now and in thefuture.2.3.2 To ensure that, for all developmentproposals, a thorough assessment andevaluation of the environmental effects is

undertaken at an early stage, including theidentification of any appropriate compensatoryand mitigation measures, and that FullEnvironmental Statements are submittedwhere necessary.2.3.3 To encourage energy efficiency in thedesign of new developments and in buildingconversions, extensions and refurbishments.2.3.4 To support proposals for renewablesources of energy in appropriate locations.2.3.5 To ensure the appropriate siting, location

and design of all potentially pollutingdevelopments and pollution-sensitivedevelopments in order to minimise any risk ofpollution, or loss of amenity to local residents,or adverse impact on the physicalenvironment.2.3.6 To ensure that new development activitydoes not increase the risk of flooding.2.3.7 To ensure that new development providesappropriate space and facilities for the storage,separation and collection of waste material for

reuse and recycling.

and to Local Plan policies ME1, ME2, ME4,

ME5, ME6, ME8, ME11 and NE4

The Bristol Local Plan Sustainability Appraisal(2001) was commissioned to inform therevision of the Local Plan for Bristol, and so willinform the Local Development Framework.This has been used to inform the SustainabilityAppraisal for this SPD.

The Community Strategy for Bristol (2003,updated 2005) includes maintaining a high

quality environment as one of its five longterm aims for Bristol:

A high quality environment Bristol to be agreen capital in Europe, tackling the causes ofclimate change and creating a clean andattractive built and natural environment.

The Corporate Plan for Bristol, 2006 2009 alsohas the creation of a high quality environmentas a priority, and sets out Bristol City Councilscommitment to:

increasing awareness of environmental issuesand improving environmental regulatoryservices.We willencourage greater use ofsustainable design and construction methodsthroughout all sectors.

1.3 Purpose and status

The purpose of this supplementary planning

document is to set out clearly Bristolscommitment to achieving sustainabledevelopment through the planning process,and to set aims for development sites. Itsupplements Bristol Local Plan policies, bringstogether relevant national and regionalguidance, and provides clear and practicaladvice on sustainable construction. Thecontent of this document is primarilyconcerned with environmental sustainability,as issues relating to social and economicsustainability are covered in other guidance.



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SPD 5 provides focussed planning policy

guidance on design and construction matters.Broader sustainability concerns including thelocation of development, re-use of existingbuildings, mixed use development, density,biodiversity, and the integration of transportand land use planning are addressed in theexisting Local Plan and the emerging LocalDevelopment Framework.

This guidance has been developed inaccordance with local, regional and nationalplanning policy. The adoption of this guidancemeans that sustainable design andconstruction are material considerations to begiven weight in considering developmentproposals, and can be the subject of planningconditions and/or obligations in respect ofappropriate development. Applicants forplanning permission will be expected to haveconsidered this planning guidance and in sodoing to have focused on the 5 sustainabledesign and construction aims as set out insection 2.1.

For larger development sites, applicants areencouraged to submit a sustainabilitystatement which can be based on theframework provided by the key questions foreach aim set out in Part Two.

1.4 How to use this document

In part two of this guidance many practicalsuggestions are made for creating moresustainable buildings, related to the followingkey sustainable design and construction aims.These aims have been identified throughextensive consultation, on the basis of theexisting Guide to Sustainable Development andConstruction, and are consistent with national,regional and local objectives.

A key message of this guide is that the earlierin the development process sustainability isconsidered the lower will be the costs of doing

so.

This means that the inclusion of sustainability

considerations should start at projectinception. Key questions to consider include:

Has the client been informed about thepotential benefits of adopting sustainabledesign principles?

Have strategic sustainability objectives beendeveloped for the site?

Have you ensured that the design team hasaccess to the full range of expertise to enablesustainability to be adequately considered?

The suggested approach is to draft a brief forthe site which sets out how the developmentwill contribute to sustainable development.The key questions and checklists provided canact as a prompt for this, to help ensure all therelevant issues are covered. The sustainabilitystatement can then simply describe how thesite design and planned construction willrespond to each of the key questions relatingto the sustainable design and constructionaims.

For each key question, supporting informationis provided, together with details of agencieswho can help and further contacts, bothnational and local for example, grantschemes for renewable energy features. Achecklist is provided in each section, to act as aprompt for the key decisions to be taken atdifferent stages, from feasibility through tooccupation.

In section 2.7, some information onenvironmental assessment methods is given,together with related key questions. Thesemethods provide a useful means ofdemonstrating that sustainability has beenconsidered.



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PART TWO

2.1 Sustainable design and

construction aims

Part two of this guidance is concerned with key

sustainable design and construction aims.

These aims have been identified through

extensive consultation, on the basis of the

existing Guide to Sustainable Development

and Construction and are consistent with

national, regional and local objectives. For

each aim there is a section containing key

questions and supporting information.

These aims are to:

reduce overall energy use and maximisepotential for renewable energy supplyand use

minimise waste and maximise reuse andrecycling both during construction andafter occupation

conserve water resources, enhance waterquality, incorporate water sensitivedesign and minimise vulnerability to

flooding minimise polluting emissions to water,

air and soil and minimise noise and lightpollution

maximise use of materials fromsustainable sources

There is also a section (2.7) on environmentalassessment methods, with key questions andsupporting information.


Entrance lobby at the Wellspring Healthy Living Centre, Barton Hill.


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2.2 Energy

Local Plan policy - Bristol Local Plan Policy ME1deals with renewable energy:

ME1 Proposals for the utilisation anddevelopment of renewable sources of energy willbe permitted providing there is no unacceptableimpact on:(i) The amenity of local residents due to noise

or other disturbance;(ii) Public health and safety;

(iii) The visual quality of important landscapedesignations;

(iv) The natural environment.

Sustainable Design and Construction Aim:

reduce overall energy use and maximise

potential for renewable energy supply

and use

Background

Bristols buildings, in their construction andoperation, account for around half the citysenergy use. Through better design andoperation, energy consumption could bedramatically cut, saving money and reducingemissions of greenhouse gases such as carbondioxide (CO2), a major cause of climate change.

Reduction in the use of fossil fuels can also beaided by incorporating sustainable energysupply such as CHP (combined heat and

power) and using renewable energy sources.By combining energy efficiency, passive solardesign and sustainable energy supply it is nowpossible to design new developments with netzero carbon emissions.

Energy use can be reduced through designsthat keep buildings naturally cool in thesummer and warm in the winter. Warmersummers increase the demand for airconditioning, which increases energyconsumption, but careful building design canprevent or reduce the need for air conditioningthrough insulation and natural ventilation.

Buildings that are comfortable and well

ventilated in all seasons also promote healthand wellbeing. Fuel poverty and the lack ofaccess to affordable energy services to peopleon low incomes, is a problem for manyresidents of the city. For elderly people, highsummer temperatures can pose a threat tohealth. Improving the availability of energyefficient, comfortable and affordable housing isa high priority.

The National and Regional Context

The UK Climate Change Programme recognisesthat buildings have to become more efficient intheir use of energy and a greater proportion ofour energy supply needs to come from

sustainable sources. The UK is committed toincreasing electricity generated fromrenewable energy sources by 10% and toinstalling enough CHP plant to generate10,000MW of electricity by 2010. Thegovernment Performance and Innovation UnitEnergy Reviewhas recommended increasingthe target for electricity from renewablesources to 20% by 2020 and improving energyefficiency in the domestic sector by 20% by2010 and a further 20% in the following

decade.

Wellspring Healthy Living Centre in BartonHill has been designed to be naturally coolin summer and warm in winter.



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The commitment to increase renewable energy

supply is embraced in Planning PolicyStatement 22: Renewable Energy. Thisrecommends that local planning authorities:

consider the opportunity to incorporaterenewable energy projects in all newdevelopments and encourage such schemes

set out criteria that will be applied inassessing applications for planningpermission for renewable energy projects

consider small scale projects and not reject

planning applications which includerenewable energy generation because thelevel of output is small

The renewable energy assessment and targetsfor the South West commissioned byGovernment Office South West hasrecommended that the region should worktowards a target of procuring between 11%and 15% of its electricity from renewableresources. It also suggested that the formercounty of Avon could contribute 9-10 MW of

new renewable capacity (not includingphotovoltaics) by 2010.

The commitment for greater energy efficiencyis also enshrined in the Home EnergyConservation Act(1995) and the GovernmentsFuel Poverty Strategy(2001). The RegionalSustainable Development Framework - ASustainable Future for the South Westhas setan objective to promote efficient use ofaffordable energy and reduce energy demand.

The Utilities Actalso states that energy

suppliers now have a duty to invest indomestic energy efficiency in existing and newhomes. The EU is bringing forward legislationthat will require an energy certificate toaccompany all buildings for sale or for rent by2008.

Building design also needs to take account ofthe need to adapt to climate change withoutincreased energy use by integrating shelter andnatural cooling and ventilation.

Bristols Commitment to Action

The Bristol Local Plan (adopted December1997) - Policy ME1 deals with energyconservation and renewable energy

Bristol City Council aims to play its part inreducing energy use and emissions ofgreenhouse gases. The council is a memberof the Councils for Climate Protection (CCP)Programme, through which Bristol iscommitted to reducing its emissions and hasadopted a Climate Protection and Sustainable

Energy Strategy.

A study undertaken by Energy forSustainable Development (2001) for thecouncil sets out the options to raise theamount of energy supplied from renewablesources to 9.8% of total energy demand or24% of its electricity demand by 2010.

The Home Energy Conservation Act(1995)places a duty on Bristol City Council to securea significant improvement in domestic

energy efficiency across all housing tenures.Bristol City Council takes these obligationsseriously and has developed a range ofinitiatives in partnership with otherorganisations aimed at assisting house-holders to live affordably in warmer homes.

The Centre for Sustainable Energy based inthe CREATE Centre runs the Bristol andSomerset Energy Efficiency Advice Centreand Renewable Energy Advice Service withsupport from the Energy Saving Trust and

local authorities including Bristol CityCouncil.


Demonstration Ecohome at the CREATECentre.


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Key questions for energy

E1 How will natural heating, cooling,daylight and ventilation be used in thedevelopment?

We have freely available to us the energy fromthe sun. Passive solar gains can providesignificant contributions to space heating,lighting and ventilation in a building. Differentapproaches are needed depending on the sizeand use of buildings.

Useful solar gain in housing and smallercommercial buildings can be increased bymeasures such as:

Siting of buildings to maximise access tosolar gain and minimise overshading

Orientating buildings so that the mainelevation is facing within 30 degrees of duesouth

Ensuring that the main living spaces are

located on the southern facing sides of thebuilding with bedrooms on the north

Providing shelter from prevailing winds inthe form of trees or landscape design

Maximising the area of glazing on the southside of a building and minimising glazing onthe north side. It is essential that any suchdesign should incorporate means to regulatesolar gain to prevent over-heating

Incorporating heavy internal walls to store

the heat from solar gain

In large commercial offices as much as 40% ofenergy costs can be accounted for by lightingso good access to natural light should be a keydesign parameter. However excessive solargain can add to the heat generated by lighting,equipment and people to cause overheatingand increasing cooling demands. So designfeatures to avoid excessive solar gain should be

incorporated such as louvres, external blinds

and large roof overhangs to provide shade inhigh summer sun but still allowing maximumdaylight.

Sustainable design also includes the use ofnatural ventilation which can be achieved byfitting opening windows or vents in buildings,using displacement ventilation or using anatrium to create a rising 'heat stack'. This is amuch more sustainable option than airconditioning systems, which are costly toinstall and run, contribute to climate changeand have been linked to sick buildingsyndrome. Ice storage cooling can also beconsidered.

Maximising solar gain in winter with largegl azed area s, and a roof over hang toprovide shade in summer - the architecturestudio at UWE.



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Warmcell insulation made from recyclednewspapers to insulate walls.

Solar panels on roofs at Ashley Vale.

E2 How will the design ensure the efficient

use of energy and reduce overall energyuse?

Energy efficiency measures reduce harmfulemissions and also deliver considerable savingsin running costs during the life of the building.Effective measures include:

Super insulation of walls, roofs and floors

Advanced glazing systems such as argonfilled low-emission double glazing

High-efficiency boilers (e.g. gas condensingboilers) with good heating controls

High-efficiency luminaires and lightingcontrols

In larger buildings - Building EnergyManagement Systems (BEMS) to control andoptimise lighting, heating and ventilation

E3 How will the design incorporate the use

of energy from renewable sources?

By using energy from renewable sources suchas wind, solar, hydro and biomass; and byincreasing the efficiency of energy use throughCombined Heat and Power (CHP) and DistrictHeating (DH) systems major reductions inenergy use and green house gas emissions canbe achieved. Technologies can be incorporatedinto the design of new developments, such as:

Solar water heaters can be placed on the roof

Photovoltaic (PV) arrays can be incorporatedinto wall cladding, roof tiles or glazing togenerate electricity

CHP plant can provide both electricity andheat and can be fired by gas or renewableenergy sources such as coppice wood

Ground store heat pumps or heat exchangesystems can be used for heating

Wind turbines

Biomass can be integrated into largerschemes



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Use of external blinds for shading atHenbury School.

In larger developments, installing a district

heating or cooling network should beconsidered. These distribute heat or coolingfrom central plant (such as a CHP plant) acrossa neighbourhood (for more informationcontact the CHP Association). There may bepotential to connect to an existing districtheating or cooling network or to co-operatewith neighbouring building developments.Cooling in commercial office building is alreadya significant energy requirement and is likely togrow with our changing climate.

When considering building integratedrenewable energy generation, such as wind,solar and photovoltaics, careful siting anddesign can minimise potential visual impact.Existing planning policy governs issues such asproximity to existing development, and advicein Planning Policy Statement 22 includes:

'landscape and visual effects...may beminimised through appropriate siting, designand landscaping schemes'

Outline Proposal

Have you assessed the proposed site, andconsidered how to incorporate passive solardesign and where necessary shelter andshading?

Does the structure and form of thedevelopment enhance the potential forenergy conservation?

For housing developments, does thestrategy provide affordable comfortconditions for occupiers?

Detailed design

Have you ensured that you have correctlysized heating and ventilation plant?

Have your specifications ensured thatenergy use for lighting is minimised?

Have you incorporated any renewableenergy features in the design, or at leastallowed for them to be introduced at a laterstage?

Have you adopted an Energy orEnvironmental Management System for thebuilding?

Occupation

Is a maintenance manual and instructionhandbook available for building users, withdetails of heating, lighting and ventilationsystems?

Energy aim : checklist

Feasibility

Have you considered the potential for usingdistrict heating or combined heat andpower (CHP), including the potential toshare such plant with others in the area?

Have you considered incorporating solar,wind or photovoltaic energy generation into

the design? Have you assessed the energy running costs

of the development against the costs of up-front investment in energy conservation?

Have you considered linking thedevelopment to renewable energy supplies?



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Further Information

Building Research Establishment forBREEAM assessments and guidance onenergy conservationwww.bre.co.uk

Energy Saving Trust (EST) offers advice onenergy efficiency and conservation to homeowners and small businesseswww.est.org.uk

The Carbon Trust promotes low carbontechnology for non-domestic uses in the

private and public sectorwww.thecarbontrust.co.uk

ISO14001: More information from the BSI:www.bsi-global.com

Eco Management and Audit Schemewww.emas.org.uk

Association for Environment ConsciousBuilding (AECB)www.aecb.net

Combined Heat and Power Associationwww.chpa.co.uk

Part L of the Building Regulationswww.projects.bre.co.uk

Clear Skies grants for renewable energyinstallations for householders and not forprofit companieswww.clear-skies.org

Action Energy and Design Advice advice onenergy conservation in new build and

refurbishment grant aided energy surveysand design consultancywww.sustainable-energy.co.uk

Local Contacts

Centre for Sustainable Energy nationalbody. Includes energy advice for business,advice on renewable energy and energyefficiency advice service for householdersand small businessesCreate Centre, Smeaton Road,Bristol BS1 6XNwww.cse.org.uk

Climate Protection and Sustainable EnergyStrategy, Bristol City

Council (2004)www.bristol-city.gov.uk/climate

Eco Building a selection of the mostenvironmentally friendly buildings in theBristol and Bath Area publication availablefrom:CREATE Centre, Smeaton Road,Bristol, BS1 6XN,tel 925 0505,email [email protected]


Natural ventilation used at the newHenbury School.


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2.3 Waste and recycling

Local Plan policy - Bristol Local Plan Policy ME11covers the provision of recycling banks in newdevelopment.

ME11 Major shopping, leisure and residentialdevelopments will be required to provide bottlebanks for glass recycling for use by the public,taking into account the location of existingfacilities. Suitable sites for these and otherrecycling banks will be assessed according to the

following criteria:(i) Access and safety for local people

(particularly for women and disabledpeople);

(ii) Visual amenity;(iii) Impact on local residents, due to noise and

other disturbance;(iv) Traffic and highway safety;(v) The ability of collection vehicles to operate

effectively.

Sustainable Design and Construction Aim:minimise waste and maximise reuse and

recycling both during construction and

after occupation

Background

Bristol currently produces about 1.4 milliontonnes of waste each year of which about185,000 tonnes is domestic household waste.Analysis shows that between 70%-90% of

collected household waste is recyclable orcompostable, however over 80% of this wastegoes to landfill. Apart from squanderingresources, landfill disposal and incinerationcreates a range of other environmentalproblems. Organic waste produces largeamounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gasthat has 21 times the warming effect of carbondioxide.

Nationally, manufacture of construction

materials generates an estimated 12 milliontonnes of waste per annum, while anadditional 30 million tonnes of excavated soiland clay arise from construction sitepreparation. Demolition waste is produced insimilar quantities. Building and demolitionwaste accounts for 46% of Bristols waste goingto landfill.


Action is underway to reduce the proportion of

waste going to landfill. The EuropeanCommunity Directive 99/31 sets a target ofreducing biodegradable municipal waste tolandfill by 35% from 1995 levels by 2020. TheUK Government Waste Strategy for England andWales sets out the Governments vision forwaste management, including a target for localauthorities to recycle at least 33% of municipalwaste by 2015. Current planning policy forEngland on waste is outlined in Planning PolicyGuidance 10: Planning and Waste Management.

MPG6 outlines the Governments aim ofreplacing 20% of primary aggregate withreused or recycled waste material by 2006 anda whole range of recycled materials. Theintroduction of the Landfill Tax has created asignificant financial incentive to reuse andrecycle materials. It also makes using recycledmaterials in construction a more attractivefinancial option. The aggregate tax sends asimilar message about reducing theunnecessary use of new minerals and

supporting the re-use of construction anddemolition materials.

Demolition waste which could be re-used.



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On a construction site, as much as 20% of

materials can be wasted. Burning surplusmaterials is common practice that is wastefuland causes pollution and smoke nuisance thatcan lead to prosecution. The government'sstrategy of more sustainable construction -Building a better quality of life - puts forwarddesign for minimum waste as a key action forthe construction industry.


The Bristol Local Plan (adopted December1997) Policy ME11 covers the provision ofrecycling banks in new development.

The council's weekly black box collectionserves around 140,000 households, the mostcomprehensive such service in the UK, andthis has contributed to a recycling rate ofapproximately 18%.

Where it is not possible for the council toprovide homes with individual recyclingboxes, such as in a block of flats, mini

recycling centres are provided. The council has also sold more than 12,000

compost bins to city residents.

A headline indicator of quality of life inBristol is the total waste arising in the city.

An investigation has been commissionedlooking at the disposal of construction wasteby City Council departments.

Key questions for waste and recycling

WR1 How will the development providespace or facilities for the separatecollection of all materials that can berecycled, or easy access to recyclingfacilities?

By creating space within the structure for thesafe storage of waste for recycling, developerscan make the option of recycling easier forresidents and staff and assist the collection of

material by waste contractors. This isparticularly important in flats, and carefulthought should be given to storage which issafe and convenient. For new developments:

Space should be provided for storingrecycling bins. This space should be sufficientto allow separate storage for all recyclable orcompostable waste, including paper, cans,organic / garden waste, glass, cardboard,and plastics. Space for bins/boxes awaitingcollection should be provided within thedevelopment and not on the footway.

Where possible composting facilities shouldbe provided. Compost provides a valuableand free nutrient source for food growing,whether on site or elsewhere

Provide facilities for effective litter collectionand cleansing.

Applicants for all significant developmentsshould contact Bristol City Council to discuss

provision for domestic waste storage, as insome instances it may be possible for anumber of developments to share facilities orfor new developments to use existing facilitiesadjacent to the site.


Grinding up demolition waste for re-use.


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WR2 How will the development re-use

demolition, construction or otherreclaimed wastes on or close to thesite and/or from elsewhere?

The redevelopment of brownfield sites usuallyleads to the production of quantities ofdemolition waste. In addition excavations forfoundations and landscape design can result inthe production of waste soils. These arepotentially valuable materials. By re-usingthese materials developers can reduce their

environmental impact and can also save on thenow significant costs of landfill. Developersshould:

Audit the materials present on a site andassess the extent to which they could be putto use in the new development or in otherdevelopments elsewhere

Identify any hazardous materials (e.g.asbestos) on site and arrange forcontainment and disposal by a licensed

operator Assess the potential for using reclaimed and

recycled materials from elsewhere

Consider the life span of all constructionmaterials used, new and recycled, and theease with which they could be disposed of orused again once the structure reaches theend of its life

WR3 How will waste of new construction

materials be minimised duringconstruction?

The waste of materials during construction is awaste of money and adds to the burden ofmaterials being disposed of to landfill. Wasteof construction materials can be minimised by:

Design that utilises whole units ofconstruction materials

Storage of materials on site that minimises

losses to damage by damp and rain Separation of waste materials to facilitate

reuse on site or recycling

Wood waste can be re-used or recycledthrough the Bristol Wood Recycling Project.

Re-used bricks were combined with new tobuild the lower walls of the Ecohome atCREATE.

Some of the rubble generated by thedemolition of Henbury School ready to be

re-used.



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Have you arranged to return delivery and

packaging materials such as pallets back tothe suppliers?Feasibility

Have you audited the site and assessed theextent to which any materials could be re-used in the new construction project?

Have you identified the extent to whichrecycled materials could be used inconstruction?

How have you sought to minimise theamount of waste generated during

construction and decommissioning of thedevelopment?

Have you considered outlets for unwantedor re-usable materials that could be sent toreclamation businesses?

Outline Proposal

Does the design minimise the quantity ofnew materials wasted?

Have you considered using materials fromthe demolition of existing buildings on thesite and using recycled materials?

Does the proposal make the maximum useof space to avoid waste of valuabledevelopment land?

Detailed design

Have you selected recycled materials orsalvaged components?

Have you opted for materials with a longlife span and low maintenance

requirements? How have you made provision for storing

and recycling waste materials for all usersof the site? Is this space easily accessible?

Construction

Have you set up weather-proof storage formaterials?

Have you set up facilities for the separationof waste materials for recycling or re-use onsite?

Waste and recycling aim: checklist

Further Information

Waste and Resources Action Programme(WRAP) - Government sponsoredorganisation creating markets for recycledproductswww.wrap.org.uk

Wastewatch is an environmental charity

promoting sustainable resource use.www.wastewatch.org.uk

Guidance on minimising waste inconstructionwww.rics.org

Smartwaste - BRE have developed theSmartwaste tool to assist constructioncompanies with sustainable wastemanagement, reducing environmentalimpact and saving costs

www.smartwaste.co.ukLocal Contacts

SITA - is the City Council's contractor forhousehold waste collectionwww.sitaonline.co.uk

The Recycling Consortium is a not for profitcompany which encourages people to thinkagain about waste and how it is dealt with.TRC is based in Bristol, but also serves localcommunities in North Somerset, Bath and

North East Somerset and SouthGloucestershire.TRC, Create Centre, Smeaton Road, BristolBS1 6XNTel: 0117 930 4355Fax: 0117 929 7283www.recyclingconsortium.org.uk

The Bristol Wood Recycling Project collectswaste wood from building sites for re-useand recycling.www.bwrp.org.uk



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2.4 Water

Local Plan policy - Policy ME5 covers protectionof groundwater supplies. Policy ME8 coversdevelopment within the coastal zone. PolicyME9 covers development subject to flood riskor which would increase flood risk. Policy NE4covers development that might cause harm tonatural watercourses or loss of flood-plains.

ME5The location and design of development will berequired to incorporate appropriate remedialmeasures to avoid harm to groundwatersupplies which may otherwise result from thedevelopment.

ME8 Development within the coastal zonedefined on the Proposals Map, will only bepermitted where:(i) A coastal location is an operational

requirement.(ii) Appropriate flood defence works are

undertaken as part of development.

(iii) Nature conservation interests are notsignificantly affected, either directly orindirectly.

ME9(I) Development subject to flood risk will be

required to provide the appropriate defenceworks at the same time as the developmentitself.

(II) Development which would increase the riskof flooding, or which is likely to causeunacceptable effects arising from surface

water run-off, will be required to provide forthe appropriate drainage infrastructureworks and retention works at the same timeas the development itself.

NE4

(I) Development which would causeunacceptable harm to the naturalwatercourse system or to the extent of theloss of natural flood-plain will not bepermitted unless satisfactory compensatorymeasures are provided which take fullaccount of requirements for land drainage,watercourse management, good waterquality, nature conservation and amenity.

(II) Development which conserves or enhancesthe water environment will be permitted,provided that measures are included asappropriate to:

(i) Safeguard or enhance water quality(eg by decontamination);

(ii) Ensure there is no unacceptabledamaging run-off from hardsurfacing;

(iii) Prevent pollution where harmfuldischarges are likely to occur;

(iv) Retain wetland habitats and naturalwaterside vegetation and ensuretheir future management.


conserve water resources, enhance water

quality, incorporate water-sensitive design

and minimise vulnerability to flooding

A wi ld li fe pond incorporated into thedesign of a new amenity area aroundSeabank Power Station at Avonmouth.



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Background

Water is central to our existence and quality oflife. Construction projects therefore need toaccommodate local and regional hydrologicalprocesses rivers, groundwater, drinking watersupplies, rainfall patterns. Hydrologicalsystems pre-date human infrastructure, andsustainable design should recognise this anddesign in a way which respects the siteconstraints and opportunities relating to water.Water sensitive design can achieve thefollowing:

reducing peak flows to watercourses orsewers and potentially reducing the risk offlooding downstream

reducing volumes and the frequency of waterflowing directly to watercourses or sewersfrom developed sites

improving water quality by removingpollutants from diffuse pollutant sources

reducing potable water demand throughrainwater harvesting

improving amenity through the provision ofpublic open space and wildlife habitat

replicating natural drainage patterns,including the recharge of groundwater sothat base flows are maintained.

We use greater quantities of water than weever have, placing great pressure on riverecosystems and groundwater supplies. The lastdecade has seen the south west of England

affected by drought and flooding withsignificant cost and discomfort to homeowners and businesses in affected areas.Simple design measures could conserve waterresources, save money and reduce flood risk.


The UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP)has forecast that over this century globalwarming will lead to significant changes inrainfall distribution and intensity. Summerprecipitation in the southwest could fall by afifth by the 2020s and over 50% by the 2080s(UKCIP 2002), increasing pressure on watersupplies further. The Environment Agency isresponsible for the national water resourcesstrategy which is set out in Water Resources:the Future Strategy(March 2001).

Drier summers will be accompanied by wetterwinters, with rainfall in the Bristol areapredicted to increase by up to a quarter by endof the century. This rain is expected toincreasingly fall in heavy downpours,heightening the flood risk. Climate change isalso predicted to raise sea levels around theBristol Channel by 76cm over this century,leading to greater risk of flooding of low lyingareas such as Avonmouth, St. Philips, Ashton,

Broadmead, Redcliffe and the City Centre. It isanticipated that insurance for properties onflood plains may become increasinglyexpensive or difficult to obtain.

As a result of the increasing risk of floodingPlanning Policy Guidance 25: Development andFlood Risk, discourages all future developmentin vulnerable areas such as river flood plainsand exposed low-lying sections of coastline.Where redevelopments of existing settlementson waterfronts or in areas at risk of floodingare planned, advice should be sought from theEnvironment Agency and site specific measuresagreed. Raising the threshold of buildingsabove the flood level as defined by theEnvironment Agency (currently 9.4m AOD),



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Sustainable drainage at Henbury School.

while reducing flood risk, can be in conflict

with guidance on high quality urban designwhich provides active building frontages atstreet level, and inclusive accessible buildingsand spaces. A package of measures which caninclude off site mitigation, a contribution to aregional scheme and / or on site floodprotection measures would be preferred.Using ground floor levels for parking as aresponse to flood risk is not recommended,because it has a negative impact on the street,and favours cars over people on foot.

In addition to planning guidance, Part H of theBuilding Regulations was amended in 2002 toencourage and provide guidance on theincorporation of sustainable drainageapproaches.

Water pollution is a serious problem in the

south-west. In 1998 the region had the secondhighest number of pollution incidents inEngland. As well as acute incidents, thecumulative, long term effect of pollution fromsmall amounts of oils, chemicals and otherpollutants has a significant impact on waterquality.

Diffuse pollution can be greatly reduced by

using sustainable drainage designs forbuildings, roads open space and otherinfrastructure. Wrong connections fromproperties and the connection of washingmachines to rainwater downpipes are asignificant cause of pollution. In BristolOperation Streamclean investigates and takesaction to eliminate wrong connections. Caremust also be taken both for use and disposal ofwater on the actual construction site. Not onlywill this reduce the amount of water used, butalso reduce the risk of polluting watercoursesand blocking drains.

The regional sustainable developmentframeworkA Sustainable Future for the SouthWest, includes objectives to reduce waterpollution, ensure the efficient use of water andminimise the risk of flooding.

Building regulations on drainage now have asurface water drainage hierarchy, withinfiltration on site as the preferred disposal

option, followed by discharge to watercourseand then connection to a sewer.


Rainfall in the Bristol area is predicted toincrease by up to a quarter by the end ofthe century.


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The Bristol Local Plan (adopted December1997) Policy ME5 covers protection ofgroundwater supplies. Policy ME8 coversdevelopment within the coastal zone. PolicyME9 covers development subject to flood riskor which would increase flood risk. Policy NE4covers development that might cause harmto natural watercourses or loss of flood-plains.

The annual report: Quality of Life in Bristol

includes indicators relating to water demandand water quality.

Bristol City Council has a Living Riversproject with support from the EnvironmentAgency. This project aims to enhance waterquality in the city, and increase awareness ofand care for watercourses in Bristol. As wellas the Bristol Living Rivers Action Plan, theFloating Harbour Action Plan details longterm aims to improve water quality in Bristol.

Key questions for water

W1 How will any vulnerability to current orfuture flooding be minimised?

The Environment Agencys website containsdetailed maps of areas of coast and rivervalleys that are vulnerable to inundation, andshould be consulted to assess the flood risk onthe proposed development site. Individualflood risk assessments will be required fordevelopment in flood risk areas identified by

the Environment Agency. In some cases therisks may be such that the development willnot be permitted. In other cases, developmentmay be acceptable provided that the scheme isdesigned to minimise risks, that the use of thebuilding does not expose occupiers to unduerisk or that it contributes to flood defences oremergency arrangements.

Urban development and other land usechanges have often heightened the risk of

flooding through the creation of large areas ofimpermeable surfaces and drains which allowrapid flow of water off site. New developments,whether within flood plains or elsewhere,should aim to apply the CIRIA Guidance onSustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS), whichcan slow run off and enhance water qualityand biodiversity. (See also detailed SUDSdesign guidelines for Bristol, in Appendix D.)


Permeable paving in the Dings homezone.


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Using water butts to collect rainwater is asimple low cost measure.

The amount of impermeable hard surface

should be minimised to enable rainwater tofilter through

Existing water features on site, such aswetlands, should be protected and, whereappropriate, new features created orrestored. Wetlands areas can reduce thespeed of water run-off

Soakaways and other infiltration methodsshould be used where possible

Where surface water cannot be absorbed on

site, balancing ponds can help improve waterquality and can also be developed asattractive features for wildlife

The culverting and canalising ofwatercourses should be avoided as this canenhance the downstream flood risk (andupstream if the culvert is undersized)

Developers should also consider future risksof flooding

W2 How will mains water be conservedand discharges of waste water into themain drainage system be minimised?

Water use per person has increasedsignificantly over recent decades. The reasonsfor this include the greater use of waterintensive white goods such as washingmachines, the growth in the number ofhouseholds and the increase in gardenwatering and car washing. The drawing of

water from rivers and groundwater suppliesputs great pressure on river and wetlandecosystems and can affect the water table.Householders in the UK use around 40% of allwater consumed.

By incorporating water conservation measuresinto new and refurbished buildings, majorsavings in water use can be made, leavingbusinesses and home owners less vulnerable topossible future increases in water charges.

Rainwater can be harvested for use in flushing

toilets and irrigating planting. In residential developments, the provision of

water butts or community storage facilitiesto collect rainwater is a simple low costmeasure.

Buildings can be designed to allow recyclingof grey water for purposes that do notrequire mains supplies such as flushingtoilets and garden / green space irrigation

Water efficient toilets, taps and other

appliances should be installed as standard The need for irrigation of any open space

areas should be assessed and plants whichrequire a large amount of water avoided



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W3 How will discharges of polluted waters

be minimised? In general, the SUDS principles and design

criteria should be followed for all sitedrainage

In the case of sewage treatment, for morerural or peri-urban areas, consider usingsustainable alternatives to mains sewage, egconstructed wetland treatment systems,which can also provide visual andbiodiversity benefits

W4 How are the aims of enhanced amenityand biodiversity being addressedthrough water sensitive design?

Sustainability means taking an approach tolandscape design that places an importance onwater sensitive design.

Urban watercourses provide an importantcorridor for wildlife, allowing movement anddispersal of species between habitats

Urban watercourses support hundreds ofspecies, both below and above the water andin the surrounding margins

Green roofs provide biodiversity andaesthetic benefits, as well as reducing run-off.

Provision of open space within developmentsites is a normal planning requirement. Suchareas are suitable for the inclusion of a widerange of SUDS components (eg ponds, basinsand swales). De-culverting and restoration ofany existing watercourses could also beexplored, providing careful assessment withWessex Water has been undertaken.

Feasibility

Have you assessed the potential flood riskfor the site, both now and in the light ofpredicted climate changes?

Have you assessed the hydrology andaquatic habitats on and near the site andconsidered how these can be preserved andenhanced as part of the redevelopment?

Have you considered the effect of the

development on the quality and quantity ofrun-off from the site?

Have you conducted a SUDS feasibilitystudy? (see SUDS guidelines for Bristol, inAppendix D)

Have you discussed water storage andretention requirements with theEnvironment Agency?

Outline proposal

Have you considered the potential fortreating waste-water on site and have youconsidered the potential to integrate reed-bed treatment into the landscape design ofthe site?

How do you propose to minimise the use ofpotable water supplies, for examplethrough grey water collection or the use ofwater efficient appliances?

Does the design incorporate facilities tocollect, store and use rainwater and / or

grey water?

How do you intend to protect and enhancewater features on or near the developmentsite?

Have you considered the provision of agreen roof or roof area?

Water aim: checklist



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Detailed design

Have you considered integration ofrain/grey water collection for flushingtoilets and irrigating landscape features?

Do your planting design plans for the siteminimise the need for watering?

Have you specified water efficient taps,WCs, showers and urinals?

Local Contacts

Wessex Water is the regional water andsewage company providing water supply andsewerage services. The company can becontacted at:Wessex Water,Claverton Down Road,Bath BA2 7WWwww.wessexwater.co.uk

Bristol Water plc is the supplier of water toBristol

Box 218, Bridgwater Road,Bristol, BS99 7AUTel 0117 9665 881www.bristolwater.co.uk

Bristol Living Rivers Project Bristol CityCouncil and the Environment Agency jointprojectwww.bristol-city.gov.uk

Further Information

Environment Agency - SUDS and Flood RiskInformationwww.environment-agency.gov.uk

CIRIA 522: Sustainable Urban DrainageSystems design manual for England andWaleswww.ciria.org.uk

Planning Policy Guidance Note 25:Development and Flood Riskwww.odpm.gov.uk

Water Resource Information Sitewww.water.org.uk

UK Climate Impacts Programme offersinformation on the potential national andregional impacts of predicted climate changewww.ukcip.org.uk

CABE frequently asked questions onfloodingwww.cabe.org.uk

Green / Living Roofs

www.greenroofs.comwww.greenroof.co.uk

Sewers for Adoption 5th Edition, 2001www.wrcplc.co.uk



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2.5 Pollution

Local Plan policy - Policy ME2 covers generalpollution impacts, Policy ME4 covers noise andPolicy ME6 covers contaminated land.

ME2Development which has an unacceptableimpact on the environmental amenity orwildlife of the surrounding area by reason offumes, odour, dust or other forms of air, land orwater pollution will not be permitted. In

determining planning applications account willbe taken of:(i) Provision of adequate facilities for the safe

storage and disposal from the site of wastematerials.

(ii) Measures to stop unacceptable levels of runoff and emissions.

(iii) Hours of operation.(iv) Location, design and layout.(v) Measures that reduce existing levels of

pollution.

ME4(I) Development which has an unacceptable

impact on the environmental amenity orwildlife of the surrounding area by reasonof noise will not be permitted.

(II) In determining planning applications inareas of existing noise such as roads,aerodromes, railway lines,industrial/commercial developments andsporting, recreational and leisure facilities,account will be taken of the provision ofadequate sound insulation measures.

ME6Development on land which is contaminatedwill only be permitted if appropriate remedialmeasures are included in any planning proposalsubmitted to the council to ensure that the siteis suitable for the proposed use and that there isno unacceptable risk of pollution within the siteand in the surrounding area.


minimise polluting emissions to water, airand soil and minimise noise and light

pollution

Background

New development can enable polluted land tobe restored but can also be a source ofpollution both on and off site. There isincreasing pressure to re-use land but theEnvironment Agency estimates that 300,000hectares of land in England and Wales areblighted by contamination, the legacy of pastindustrial processes.

The construction process can create noise,dust, water and air pollution, damaging theenvironment and causing nuisance to thoseliving nearby. In 2000, the Environment Agencyrecorded 483 pollution incidents arising fromconstruction activities, making the sector amajor contributor to the overall total of

pollution incidents. Noise pollution has asignificant impact on quality of life in the UK,and the problem is getting worse. Between1984/5 and 1994/5 noise complaints to LocalAuthorities increased by 62%, with complaintsabout construction sites rising by 65%.Excessive construction noise can stem fromequipment used on site, and also other factorssuch as vehicle movements.

The manufacture and transport of construction

materials releases about 10% of the UKscarbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and also isresponsible for significant release of volatileorganic compounds (VOCs), methane (CH4),oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide(SO2). All such impacts can be reducedsignificantly through good environmentalpractice.



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Prevention of pollution is highly regulated andis covered by a raft of both European Unionand UK legislation. Some of the legislation thatis relevant to development and constructionincludes:

EU Contaminated Land Directive

Noise Act 1996

Circular 11/94 Environmental Protection Act1990

Water Resources Act 1991

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control(IPPC)

Control of Pollution (Amendment)Act 1989

Environment and Safety InformationAct 1988

The Environment Agency also produces a rangeof Pollution Prevention Guidance Notes

including some specific to construction. Thefull range of the 26 guides can be found on theEnvironment Agency Website.

Planning Policy Guidance: 23 Planning andPollution Control provides good guidance onhow to minimise pollution risks in newdevelopment.


The Bristol Local Plan (adopted December1997) Policy ME2 covers general pollutionimpacts, Policy ME4 covers noise and PolicyME6 covers contaminated land

Bristol City Council has now mapped allcontaminated sites in the city.

Land pollution and the amount ofcontaminated land are issues covered inIndicators of Quality of Life in Bristol

A Pollution Control Team deal with pollutionand nuisance including noise.

The City Council are currently producing aStreet Lighting Strategy which looks at thedifferent types of street lamp available andconsiders them for different uses in differentlocations to limit the amount of lightpollution. Some street lights are low energy.

Consderate Constructor scheme helping toimprove the image of construction andreduce pollution.



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Key questions for pollution

P1 How will the development clean up anycontamination on site and/or avoid landcontamination in future?

Through a range of mechanisms includingLandfill Tax credits, the Single RegenerationBudget (SRB), English Partnerships and theSouth West Regional Development Agency,developers can now receive up to 100%funding for the costs of land remediation.

Through rehabilitating contaminated land,developers can marry economic withenvironmental regeneration. Developers shouldprovide information on the contaminationstatus of the site they intend to develop andthe reasons for selecting the site. Both CIRIAand the Environment Agency provide guidanceand advice on dealing with contaminated land.

P2 How will pollution of all kinds beminimised during construction?

It is in the interests of construction companiesto minimise pollution as breaches ofregulations can result in significant fines. Inmost cases complying with codes of practiceand adopting best practice should minimisenuisance to neighbours and safeguard theenvironment. The Considerate Constructorscheme provides a way of managingconstruction to minimise pollution anddisruption and is recommended.

The following are relevant sources ofinformation:

A model Code of Practice on ParticulateEmissions has been produced by the BuildingResearch Establishment, to cut particulateemissions from construction activity andreduce its impact on human health and thelocal environment.

The Environment Agency publishes PollutionPrevention Guidelines 6 - Working at

Construction and Demolition Sites

Control of pollution from construction sites -

CIRIA Noise on construction sites is regulated byLocal Authorities under the Control ofPollution Act (COPA) 1974

P3 How will the development impact onexternal air quality?

Air quality impacts can also be significant.Developers and operators need to assess theemissions that would result from heating

cooling and ventilation plant. In particular theyshould specify heating plant with low nitrousoxide emissions.

The environmental impact of newdevelopments can extend far beyond the site,most especially in relation to trafficmovements and related air pollution.Transport impacts should be mitigated throughthe development of traffic reduction measuresand the promotion of more sustainable modes

of transport. This may be calculated using theProximity Principle in sourcing raw materialsand waste disposal sites.

P4 Will noise pollution be minimisedwithin the development and fromexternal sources?

Transmission of noise can be a problembetween dwellings such as flats and terracedhousing. It can also be a problem in other

building such as open plan offices. Ventilationand heating plant can also produce noisepollution particularly when located on roofs.Buildings located near to busy roads, railwaysor industrial sites may also suffer from highnoise levels. Design of buildings can minimisethese problems if attention is given to:

Adequate sound insulation in floors andwalls

Sound insulation for plant rooms and planthousing



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Double glazing on all aspects exposed to

high levels of noise Ventilation on aspects exposed to high levels

of noise - natural ventilation by openingwindows may not be a practical option

P5 How will light pollution be minimised inand around the development?

Light pollution has emerged as a significantissue in populated areas. Light pollutionobscures the night sky, is wasteful of energy

and can also be disruptive to those living inand beside any new development. Public safetyrequires that highways and other public spaceare illuminated. However, light pollution can bereduced by the use of directional lighting, ascan energy costs, without any loss ofillumination.

Pollution aim: checklist

Detailed design

Have you assessed the potential lightpollution impact of the site and thepotential to reduce this?

Have you specified adequate soundinsulation?

Have you specified low toxicity paints,sprays etc?

Construction

Are you complying with best practice incontrolling pollution during construction?

Are you committed to using a ConsiderateConstructor scheme?

Feasibility

Have you considered the localenvironmental impact caused by thedevelopment, in terms of air, water, landand noise pollution?

Have you surveyed the site forcontamination?

Outline proposal

Have you considered how to minimiseexposure of the local community to

external noise, air pollution, run off, trafficand wastes?

Have you determined appropriate methodsfor remediation of contaminated land?

Does the design minimise the nuisancefrom external noise on the inhabitants ofthe completed development?

Further Information

Environment Agency information onenvironmental regulation, contaminatedland and light pollutionwww.environment-agency.gov.uk

National Society for Clean Airwww.nsca.org.uk

European Directive on Environmental Noisewww.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/noise

UK Quiet Pageswww.quiet.org.uk

Building Research Establishmentwww.bre.co.uk

The Noise Net

www.noisenet.org Considerate Constructor scheme

promoting working practices which minimisenoise, dust and nuisance, and high qualitysite managementwww.considerateconstructorsscheme.org

Construction Industry Research andInformation Associationwww.ciria.org.uk

Campaign for Dark Skies

Light pollution sitewww.dark-sky.org



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2.6 Materials

Local Plan policy - Policy B1 refers to buildingdesign and to objectives in the builtenvironment chapter to:

.. promote a quality of new development whichenhances the environment generally and meetsthe green agenda described in Chapter 2:Management of the Environment

B1 In determining applications, account will be

taken of the following design issues:(i) The local context(ii) Accessibility(iii) Safety and security(iv) Layout and form(v) Building exteriors and elevations(vi) Landscape treatment and environmental

works(vii) Environmental impact


maximise use of materials fromsustainable sources

Background

The choice of construction materials has widepotential impacts but sustainability can begreatly enhanced by careful specification.Reusing and recycling materials is often themost sustainable choice. Some plastics, paints,treatments and chemicals may contribute to

health problems for those using the building(so-called sick building syndrome), are energyintensive and can leave a toxic legacy that isexpensive and difficult to dispose of. Materialsthat need the minimum of processing e.g.timber from sustainable sources are generallypreferable to highly processed materials suchas plastics.

Use of locally sourced materials, for example

local stone or timber, helps to maintain localcharacter and reduce transport impacts.Longevity and low maintenance are highlydesirable qualities. In all instances a balanceneeds to be drawn between factors, forexample the use of aluminium might bejustified on grounds of low maintenance, longlife and recyclability even though it has highembodied energy. Construction in the UK uses60 % of all softwood and 44% of hard woodtimber, most of which is from unmanagedsources world-wide. Construction materialsand energy use in buildings accounts for 50%of all energy consumption in the UK andconstruction accounts for 90% of minedaggregates.


The Government is promoting the use ofsustainable materials through its Strategy formore sustainable construction - Building aBetter Quality of Life. It is promoting the Eco

Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) and ISO14001 that for companies involved indevelopment and construction includes the useof sustainable materials. The government hasalso commissioned the Building ResearchEstablishment to produce the Green Guide toSpecification which provides a systematicassessment of the environmental impacts andbenefits of all types of building elements.Selecting primarily A rated materials from thisguide gives a straightforward method for

specifying more sustainable materials.

In March 2001 the Prime Minister reiteratedthe UK commitment to require all timbersupplied under government contracts to befrom legal and sustainable sources.


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Bristol City Councils Property Services Divisionhas adopted a policy of using materials rated Aor B in the Green Guide to Specificationwherever possible

A timber and wood products policy wasadopted by the Council in April 2001committing all departments to review theircontracts and service specifications over afive year period to emphasise preferentialuse of responsible timber. Contractors willalso be informed of the preference forindependently certified timber. There isguidance on the Bristol City Council web siteabout the use of local and responsiblymanaged timber and wood products.

Bristol City Council has built the Ecohome atthe CREATE Environment Centre todemonstrate the use of recycled andsustainable materials and to provideinformation to builders and developers.Contact CREATE for opening hours on 0117

925 0505 The Sustainable City Team organise events

and training promoting the sustainable useof materials in construction andrefurbishment

Key questions for the use of materials

M1 How will the materials be specified tohelp maintain local character andensure long life?

The choice of locally sourced materials cancontribute towards local character in keepingwith the surrounding community, and reduceroad transport. Traditional materials such aslocal stone, brick and wood (particularlyhardwoods) are not only attractive but have

proved more durable than many syntheticmaterials and have lower lifetimeenvironmental costs. Longer-lasting materialscan save on repair costs and reduce the long-term use of energy and resources but may beless 'green' than simpler materials. The impactof local air pollution on the weathering ofmaterials should be taken into accountparticularly where developments are adjacentto busy roads. Consideration should be given tosulphate attack.

M2 Will materials be specified to ensurelow environmental impact and tomaintain good internal air quality?

Current synthetic building materials create arange of environmental and health problems,from the impact of extraction and processingthrough to disposal. By opting for sustainable,natural and local materials, a healthier internalenvironment can be created in buildings while

minimising environmental impact andsupporting the local economy.

Where possible, the aim should be to:

Use reclaimed materials, or if not, recycledmaterials (such as aggregates) forconstruction. This minimises energy use andthe other environmental impacts linked toextraction and disposal. The bestenvironmental option is to re-use materialsalready present on the development site

The Ecohome at CREATE used wood fromsustainable sources in its construction andthe table and chairs are made fromreclaimed timber.



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Use locally sourced materials thereby

reducing transport impacts and supportinglocal employment however ensure thattheir extraction is not destroying an areaimportant for nature conservation.

Select materials which have low levels ofembodied energy (energy used inmanufacture)

The U-value (or heat loss factor) is ameasurement to express the heat loss factor ofa material. The lower the U value, the less heat

can be transmitted through the material. Thisshould be considered and taken into accountwhen selecting materials to be used in theconstruction.

Many chemicals used to treat and coat walls,as solvents and as insulation have been showto cause health problems for building usersand to provide disposal problems ondemolition. Architects should specify materialswith low toxicity that are benign during use

and on disposal. Natural, non-toxic and lowVOC (volatile organic compounds) glues,solvents, treatments and coatings should beused wherever possible.

M3 Will PVC be avoided where an

alternative is available?

PVC is a hazardous, non-biodegradablematerial that has also been linked to healthproblems in humans, both during use and ondisposal through incineration or landfill. Inalmost every case PVC can now be replaced bymore sustainable alternatives, and its useshould be avoided if at all possible.

Feasibility

Have you analysed the potential for on-sitere-use and recycling of demolition andconstruction waste?

How have you sought to minimise theamount of waste generated duringconstruction and decommissioning of thedevelopment?

Outline proposal

Have you considered the relative benefits ofdifferent construction techniques andmaterials?

Have you sought to minimise the quantitiesof new materials used?

Have you considered the compatibility ofthe new building(s) and materials with thesurrounding neighbourhood?

Have you ensured that as far as possible allmaterials used are locally sourced?

Have you sought local suppliers formaterials produced in or near Bristol?

Have the SAP and U-values of the buildingand material been considered?

Materials aim: checklist

Clay plasters and natural paints are nowreadily available.


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Detailed design

Have you selected materials rated A or B inthe Green Guide to Specification?

Have you selected materials with lowenergy intensity (embodied energy)?

As far as possible, have you opted fornatural and non-toxic materials?

Have you specified Forest StewardshipCouncil (FSC) accredited timber and woodproducts for all purposes?

Have you selected materials with a long lifeand low maintenance requirements?

Construction Resources eco building centre:

materials, systems and trainingwww.constructionresources.com

New Builder Online Building for a Future Green Building Bible, directory of builderswww.newbuilder.co.uk

Worldwide Fund for Nature - newsletterwww.wwf.org.uk

Friends of the Earth Good Wood Guidewww.foe.co.uk

For advice on materials, small constructors,

sustainable building methods -www.constructsustainably.com

Local Contacts

Forest of Avon Wood Products Co-operative alimited company promoting and sellinglocally produced woodland productswww.forestofavon.org

Bristol City Council Timber and WoodProducts Policy

www.bristol-city.gov.uk

Bristol Wood Recycling Project local not forprofit social enterprise. Collects waste woodfrom clients including buildings sites,universities, schools and the general public.Timber and other products for sale to thecommunity at reduced rates from site onCattle Market Road.www.bwrp.org.uk

Further Information

To assist in this process, the BuildingResearch Establishment (BRE) has developedan Environmental Profiles website whichprovides reliable and independentinformation about building materials andcomponents. Another useful informationsource isAchieving Sustainability in

Construction Procurement, produced by theOffice of Government Commerce. Can beobtained, together with the BRE Green Guideto Specification from BRE.www.bre.co.uk

Timber Recycling Information Centrewww.recycle-it.org

Building for a Future - regular magazine forthe association for Environment ConsciousBuilders with search facility. AECB also offers

lists of contractors www.aecb.net CIRIA

www.ciria.org.uk

Office of Government Procurementwww.ogc.gov.uk

Forest Stewardship Council productdatabasewww.fsc-uk.demon.co.uk

Green building shop Stroud materials,paints and books

www.greenshop.co.uk



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2.7 Environmental assessment

methods

Background

Some of the benefits of using independentenvironmental assessment methods to ratenew buildings and developments are:

demonstrating sustainability credentials toplanning authorities

demonstrating environmental credentials to

investors to help minimise investment riskand increase the appeal to ethical investors.

demonstrating superior environmentaldesign to customers including reducedrunning costs, health, comfort and flexibilityof internal environments, and access to localamenities

There is also growing evidence that achievinghigh ratings through these assessmentmethods gives a market advantage. The EU

Energy Directive will require an energy rating tobe applied to all new build projects, with theratings available on display in public buildings.Developers who are already using theseschemes will be at an advantage.


There is a range of tools available to helpassess and demonstrate the sustainability of adevelopment. Among the best establishedenvironmental assessment methods are

Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) ratings,the Building Research EstablishmentEnvironmental Assessment Method (BREEAM)and Ecohomes.

The government requires all new homes tohave a SAP rating, and for this to be clearlydisplayed on completion of construction. Thisrequirement was incorporated into BuildingRegulations in 1995, although compliance isnot always achieved.

Since 2003, the Housing Corporation, which

provides funding to housing associations, hasrequired an Ecohomes assessment for fundedschemes, with a current minimum standard ofpass which will rise to very good by 2006.


In city council projects materials rated either Aor B in the BRE Green Guide are used whereverpossible, which contributes to a higherBREEAM score. In partnership projects, biddersare asked to reach a BREEAM score of at least

good and where possible, a percentage of thedevelopment should be rated excellent.

Standard Assessment Procedure

The Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) isthe most widely used means of assessing theenergy efficiency of domestic properties. SAP ismeasured on a scale of 1 to 120 1 being verypoor, 120 being excellent. A typical SAP for anaverage house in England would be 45, and a

typical SAP rating for a new house would bearound 80. The factors that affect SAP ratinginclude location and orientation, the size of thedwelling, fuel type and the hot water systemused.

BREEAM and Ecohomes

BREEAM and Ecohomes are managed by theBuilding Research Establishment and these areboth an environmental assessment tool and anaccreditation scheme. BREEAM can be applied

to offices, retail developments and industrialbuildings and Ecohomes is the version ofBREEAM for residential development. ABREEAM for schools is in development, and willbe used to assess new school buildings. Theseassessments cover energy, water, materials,transport, pollution, ecology and health andgive a rating of pass, good, very good orexcellent. A checklist can be used to predict arating from plans and specifications. Asoftware tool to assist with this process is

available from BRE see below.


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Key questions

EA1 Will the design be assessed against anaccredited scheme to assess thebuilding's sustainability such as theBREEAM or Ecohomes standards and atarget rating set?

For development locations within Bristol,where the location is likely to be previouslydeveloped and close to public transportconnections, a BREEAM rating of good would

be easy to achieve, and should be regarded as aminimum. Achieving a rating of very good orexcellent would demonstrate thatsustainability has been considered.

The BREs ENVEST software tool can helpsimplify the complex process of designingenvironmentally friendly buildings. ENVESTallows developers to identify those elements ofa building with the greatest influence on thebuildings environmental impact. It alsopredicts the environmental impact of various

strategies for heating, cooling and operating abuilding.

EA2 Will any housing element of thedevelopment exceed a rating of 80 onthe Building Research Establishment(BRE) SAP Rating?

Applicants for planning permission withinBristol will be encouraged to demonstrate that

the energy rating of housing has beenconsidered early in the design process - arating of 80 or over would be desirable.Designing to a high SAP rating ensures thatlow-income householders can have affordablewarmth. Being able to demonstrate lowenergy running costs is a good selling featurefor private housing.

Further Information

Information on SAP ratings, BREEAM /Ecohomes, the Green Guide to Specificationand ENVEST softwarewww.bre.co.uk

Hou

Documents

SPD 5 Sustainable Building Design_0