CHAPTER – IV

SPATIO TEMPORAL CHANGE

IN DAIRY FARMING

CHAPTER – IV

SPATIO TEMPOERAL CHANG IN DAIRY FARMING

4.1 INTRODUCTION:-

Need of milk and direct as well as indirect employment opportunity to

the people. A large number of rural people are engaged in this subsidiary

activity through which additional income is received by the farmers. The

present stock of food grains in India will not help in providing food for all

people. Most of the farmer’s landless labor’s and the people below poverty

line have no money to buy relatively expensive food grain. In Sangli district

16.59% families are under poverty line. There are 14.37 lakh total live stocks

(2007) in Sangli district, out of these 5.80 lakh milch animals. Total milk

production in 2007-08 was 18.50 Cores Litres. Co-operative dairies plays vital

role in the development of dairy farming in Sangli district.

Agriculture is a primary activity in India and animal husbandry is

closely associated with it. Since origin of Agriculture, the domestication of

animals has been a part of it. In the early stage the agriculture and animal

husbandry were confined to the Centerof origin of agriculture (Saver 1952).

The domestication was made for milk purpose and later with the development

of agriculture animals were also used for agriculture operation.Although milk

has been obtained from cows, buffaloes, camels, sheep, goats and others. There

is a major contribution of cows and buffaloes in milk production of the world.

In India cows and buffaloes play an important role in milk production. In the

western countries scientific development is made in dairy farming and it is

considered as a business.

Live stock is a sub-sector of Indian agriculture. The contribution of this

sub-sector to the agriculture is nearly 24% and dairy farming is again sub-

sector of live-stock sector. The small and marginal farmers and landless labor’s

each own one or two milk animal. At present India's dairy farming industries is

growing at a faster rate and need a special and temporal analysis. Present study

is attempt that the spatial pattern of milch animals and milk production in

Sangli district.

Table – 4.1

Disribution of Rainfall (2007-2008)

No. Tahsil Rainfall in mm %

1. Shirala 1019 18.0

2. Walva 692 12.1

3. Palus 619 11.0

4. Khanapur 543 9.5

5. Atpadi 468 8.2

6. Tasgaon 616 10.9

7. Miraj 643 11.31

8. Kavathe Mahankal 529 9.31

9. Jat 553 9.7

10. Kadegaon 653 11.3

Distribution of Rainfall

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Shirala Walva Palus Khanapur A tpadi Tasgaon Miraj KavatheMahankal

Jat Kadegaon

Figure No. 4.1

Rainfall plays an important role in the development of dairy farming.

The distribution of live stock and types of animals also depends upon rainfall

distribution. The Following table shows the distribution of livestock in Sangli

district.

Table – 4.2

Distribution of Livestock in Sangli Districts (2007)

Sr. No.

Tahsil Cow Buffalo Total

(Cow+ Buffalo)

Ship Goat Poultry

1 Walwa 36559 107014 143673 28917 14625 327771

2 Khanapur 16142 41301 57443 29226 5160 193429

3 Kadegaon 20359 28924 49283 14720 5339 495836

4 Tasgaon 24230 68713 92943 33309 5698 117023

5 Palus 13088 42153 55241 16439 751 84572

6 Miraj 31695 85557 117252 42419 13304 580046

7 Kavathe Mahankal

27671 35929 63610 41143 173889 388730

8 Jat 78030 51500 129530 117911 77527 263190

9 Shirala 24259 52119 76378 9282 2070 123939

10 Atpadi 21913 21525 43438 55328 47839 166421

Total 294046 534745 828791 190112 398594 4481749

Source- Livestock Census Report, 2007.

Distribution of Livestock in Sangli Districts (2007)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Walw a Khanapur Kadegaon Tasgaon Palus Miraj KavatheMahankal

Jat Shirala Atpadi

Cow

Buffalo

Figure No. 4.2

According to table 4.2 the total number of live stock population is high

in Jat tahsil and in Walwa, Miraj, Kavathe Mahankal, Shirala and Atpadi tahsil

live stock population is moderate and in Palus, Khanapur, Kadegaon tahsil

there is low live stock population. As per climatic condition number of cows

and buffaloes are more in high rainfall region and sheep’s and Goats are more

in Jat and Atpadi tahsil where rainfall is low.

The co-relationship between rainfall and total livestock has been

analyzed by using Karl’s Pearson correlation method, It shows a negative

correlation .(r = - 0.26); it indicates that there is a low livestock in high rainfall

area and high livestock in low rainfall area. Shirala tahsil rainfall is high but

total livestock population is low and in Atpadi and Jat tahsil rainfall is low but

livestock is high.

In dairy farming cows and buffaloes are most important animals. More

than 90% of milk is produced by cows and female buffaloes. For the study of

the spatial pattern of milk production in Sangli district only milk animals are

considered. The Following table shows the distribution of milch animals and

total milk production in Sangli district.

4.2DISTRIBUTION OF MILCH ANIMALS AND MILK PRODUCTIO N:

Table No.3 indicates that the distribution of milch animal’s and milk

production in Sangli district. In Walwa there are more milch animal’s and milk

production, in Miraj, Tasgaon, Shirala and Jat tahsil there are moderate and

with animal’s while in Khanapur, Atpadi and K. Mankhal there are low

number of milk animal. It indicates that Walwa tahsil is leading first in milch

animals as well as in milk production, while K. Mahnkhal, Khanapur,

Kadegaon tahsil are low in milk production. In Atpadi tahsil milch animals are

low but milk production is high while in Jat tahsil mlich animals are more

comparatively milk production is low.

Table – 4.3

Distribution of Milch Animals and Milk Production ( 2007-08)

Sr.

No. Tahsil Cow Buffalo

Total No. of

Milch

Animals

Milk

production

(in 000 litre)

1. Shirala 16981 36483 53465 17885

2. Walwa 25591 74910 100501 65700

3. Palus 9162 29507 38669 13505

4. Khanapur 11299 28911 40210 7300

5. Atpadi 15339 15068 30407 16425

6. Tasgaon 16961 48099 65060 16000

7. Miraj 22187 59890 82076 13505

8. K. Mahankal 19370 25150 44520 9125

9. Jat 54621 36050 90671 15330

10. Kadegaon 14251 20247 34498 10220

District Total 205762 374315 580077 185055

Source – Live Stock Census Report, Sangli, 2007.

Figure No. 4.3

In the development of dairy farming green fodder for milch animals is

most essential. The availability of green fodder for milch animals depends upon

availability of water. In the present study, we have attempted to show the co-

relation between the percentage of irrigated area, the percentage of milch

animals and percentage of milk production.

Table – 4.4

Irrigation and Milk Production

Sr.

No. Tahsil

Percentage of

irrigated area

Percentage of

milk animals

Percentage of

milk production

1. Shirala 30.29 9.22 9.66

2. Walwa 39.42 17.33 35.05

3. Palus 25.05 6.67 7.29

4. Khanapur 17.93 6.93 3.94

5. Atpadi 14.03 5.24 8.87

6. Tasgaon 22.66 11.22 8.67

7. Miraj 28.99 14.15 7.29

8. K.Mahankal 14.83 7.67 4.93

9. Jat 9.84 15.63 8.28

10. Kadegaon 30.5 5.95 5.52

Source – Live Stock Census Report, Sangli, 2007.

Table No. 4.4 shows that the percentage of milk production and milk

animals in Sangil district. Correlates with the percentage of irrigated area to

percentage milch animals and milk production have been calculated with the

help of Pearson co-relation method. After calculating the co-relation between

these factors we get r = 0.61 and 0.64. Indicate value clearly shows the positive

co-relation between irrigated area and milch animals and milk production.

Figure No. 4.4

According to table no.4.4, in Walwa thasil irrigated area is 39.40

percent. It is the highest in Sangli district as well as Milk production in Walwa

thasil is 35.05 percent it is also highest in Sangli district. It reveals that

irrigation plays the most important role in the development of dairy farming in

Sangli district.

4.3 BREEDS OF MILCH ANIMALS IN SANGLI DISTRICT:-

A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters

like general appearance, features, size, configuration etc. are said to be a breed.

There may be considerable differences between individuals, still they have, as a

group many common characters which distinguish them other groups. Such a

common characteristic group is termed a breed.

An all India cattle breeding policy has been laid down by a Joint

committee consisting of members of the Animal Breeding Committee and the

Livestock Committee of the Indian council of Agricultural Research which has

been adopted by the central and the state Governments and is now adopted

throughout the country. According to this policy each state has been divided

into zones and allocation made regarding the breeds of bulls suited for each

zone. It is intended to develop the well defined local breeds by selective

breeding in their native tracts, and to take up upgrading of the indigenous stock

in other areas with the help of suitable Indian breeds, preferably milch breeds.

In India as many as twenty five well defined cattle breeds and seven

buffalo breeds. These breeds are located in one or the other region from which

they sometimes derive their names.

The Krishna valleys are known for the local breeds of milch animals.

The pure breeding of cattle is encouraged through pure breed bulls and cows

supplied to cultivators, by upgrading the local non-descript cattle by supplying

superior type of pure breed bulls and through artificial insemination. Owing to

different geographical situations the milch animals in the region are of different

types. They are well known for their draught resisting qualities and to

withstand the diseases and parasites. They possess potentialities for

improvement and respond favourably to better feeding and management. The

buffaloes are not classified under the recognized breeds of India but are fairly

good milk yielders and are known as Pandharpuri buffaloes. The commonly

predominant breeds of milch cattle are Khillar, Dangi, Krishna valley and

Deshi. The breeding Centeris found in Jat named as ‘Valumata Sangopan

centre.’

A. Khillar :-

The Sangli district is very famous for its indigenous breed of cattle

known as ‘Khillar’. The milch animals belonging to this breed are mostly

located in the region. The cattle markets which are held at the time of the

annual fair of Shri Siddheshwar at Kharsundi, Kargani and Jat are famous for

the Khillar breed. In addition to these efforts to enrich the livestock of the

district, Government has started one Khillar cattle Breeding Farm and one Kev

village Centerat Jat.

Khillar is a very hardy animal. In fact it is a draught progeny and is used

for production. The elongated body, white colour and pointed horns are the

characteristic features of this breed. The milk yield is quite low. The average

milk yield per day is 3 to 4 litres. The lactation period is of 300 days. The milk

yield per lactation is not more than 1000 to 1200 litres. Efforts are being made

to increase the milk yield of this breed.

B.Krishna valley :-

The origin of this breed is found along the banks of Krishna river. The

animals are heavy draught type. They have potentialities of good milk yield.

Krishna Valley is a dual purpose breed but very slow at work. The average

daily milk yield is slightly more than 3 litres. Yield per lactation is not more

than 1000 litres. The lactation period is of 300 days.

C. Jawari / Deshi:-

These are also called as ‘Deshi’. This is a heavy breed with low milk

yield. The average milk yield per day is less than 2 litres. The yield per

lactation is 400 to 500 litres. These animals are marked for their larger dry

period. The breed is found in almost all the tahsils of the region and is

improved by crossing with local animals, to withstand the local environmental

conditions. These are small sized animals of mixed and non – descript origin.

The other breeds which are not local but are found in the region are Gir,

Tharparkar. The animals of these breeds are crossed with the local breeds. Thus

they are not seen in the pure form.

D.GIR:-

These animals are also known as Kathewadi – Surti. These animals are

found in the central and southern parts of the region. The appearance of these

animals in strikingly impressive, with well percentageed body. Ears are

markedly long. The head is moderately long but massive in appearance with

prominent bodyforce head are the most marking characteristics of the breed.

Colour is seldom entire varying from almost red to almost black, spots of

different colours is also a striking features of the breed. When crossed with

local animals, deep brownish colour, thick short horns and drooping ears are

the main characteristic features. These animals are good milk yielders. The

average daily milk yield is 5 to 6 litres and yield per lactation is 1700 to 2000

litres.

E.Tharaparkar:-

This is also a dual purpose breed. The animals belonging to this breed

are found in the central and northern parts of the region. Medium size, deep

built, short – straight and strong limbs, thick horns, long ears and white kosa

colour are the important characteristic features of the breed. The animals are

good milk yielders. The average milk yield in local conditions is 4 to 5 litres

per day. Milk yield per lactation is 1200 to 1500 litres.

In last two–three decades the cows of improved, imported breeds are

introduced in the region. The number of exotic and crossbreeds of Jersey and

Holstein Friesian breeds is increasing day by day.

F. Jersey:-

Jersey exotic is the suitable breed for local conditions in the upper east

Krishna Valley. The animals are heavy, with light brown colour, with or

without white markings. Cows have straight top lines level rumps, sharp

withers. Head has a double dish. The average milk yield is 13 to 15 litres per

day and 4000 to 4500 litres per lactation. The Holstein Friesian animals are

replaced by Jersey breeds as they can withstand tropical and humid climatic

conditions.

Jersey animals are crossed with Deshi animals and the crossbreed thus

obtained has proved to be most suitable for the region. The average yield of

Jersey cross is 8 to 10 litres per day and 2000 to 3000 litres per lactation

period. The number of this breed is increasing in Miraj, Tasgaon and palus

tahsils.

The cross breed cows are more popular in the sugarcane growing areas

of the region. These animals require a heavy initial and recurring investment

which is possible to the rich, sugarcane growers in the western – central and

southern parts of the Sangli district.

Table – 4.5 Distribution of crossbreed cows in the Sangli District (2007)

Sr. No. Tahsil Number of crossbreed

cows Percentage

1 Walwa 12720 17.7

2 Khanapur 5567 7.7

3 Kadegaon 3537 5.0

4 Tasgaon 10378 14.4

5 Palus 9200 12.8

6 Miraj 11698 16.3

7 Kavathe Mahankal 3805 5.3

8 Jat 2020 2.8

9 Shirala 9271 13.0

10 Atpadi 3537 5.0

Total 71733 100 Source – Compiled by the researcher.

Distribution of crossbreed cows in the Sangli District (2007)

Atpadi, 5

Shirala, 13

Jat, 2.8

Kavathe Mahankal, 5.3

Miraj, 16.3

Palus, 12.8

Walwa, 17.7

Khanapur, 7.7

Kadegaon, 5

Tasgaon, 14.4

Figure No. 4.5

The table 4.5 reveals that the distributions of number of crossbreed cows

and their percentage in all tahsils in the Sangli district in 2007. The highest

number of crossbreed cows is observed 12720 in Walwa tahsil followed

by11698 in Miraj tahsil.

The crossbreed cows are more popular in the sugarcane growing areas of

the Sangli district. These animals require heavy initial and recurring

investments which is possible to the rich, sugarcane growers in the central parts

of the region.

The table 4.5 shows that the Walwa tahsil ranks first in the percentage of

crossbreed cows as 17.7 per cent in 2007, followed by 16.3 and 14.4 per cent of

crossbreed cows in Miraj and Tasgoan tahsil respectively,and 13 percent in

Shirala tahsil These Four tahsils account for 59 per cent of the total crossbreed

cows in the region. The lowest number of crossbreed cows observed in Jath

(2.8%) tahsil.

4.4 Important breeds of buffaloes found in the Sangli District are as

follows:-

A. Pandharpuri:-

This breed is similar to Nagpuri breed. The animals are hardy and well

suited to the low rainfall conditions. These animals are found in the eastern

parts of the region. They are fairly good milk yielders. Average milk yield is 6

to 7 litres per day and yield per lactation period is 1300 – 1500 litres.

B. Jawari / Deshi:-

This is a non descript local breed. Perfectly black colour is the important

feature of these animals. They are found in almost all the tahsils of the Sangli

district. The lactation period of these animals is variable depending upon the

local climatic conditions. The milk yield per day is 1.5 to 2 litres and yield per

lactation is 500 to 600 litres. The yield decreases in the hot – dry season due to

high temperatures and non availability of green fodder.

C. Murrah:-

The Murrah buffaloes are the most important and widely distributed

milch buffaloes in northern part of Khatav tahsil and central and southern part

of the Sangli district The animals are heavy, with short, wide backs, light neck,

fine head, and short styled tightly curled horns. Ears are short, thin and alert.

The colour is black. She buffaloes are most efficient milk and butter products.

Average milk yield is 12-5 litres per day and yield per lactation is 1800 to 2000

litres. The lactation period of this breed is varies from 270 to 305 days.

D. Mehsana:-

The animals are widely distributed in northern part of Khatav and

central and southern part of Sangli district They probably originated in a cross

between Surti and Murrah buffaloes and show variations in body– form and

yield. They are valued for their early sexual maturity, their good milk yield and

their high rate of reproduction.

The buffaloes are black in colour, limbs lighter, head longer and heavier,

less curled horns, white markings on face, legs or tail tip. Average milk yield is

10 litres per day and yield per lactation is 1400 to 1600 litres.

E. Jafarabadi:-

They are strong, massive animals with prominent convex forehead,

heavy, broad and drooping long horns, ears are larger and drooping, thick and

broad neck, long, wide and flabby body and black colour are the characteristic

features of these animals. Average milk yield is 14 – 18 litres perday and yield

per lactation is 1800 - 2500 litres.

4.5 DISTRIBUTION OF MILCH COWS IN SANGLI DISTRICT:-

The main aim of keeping a cow is to obtain and replace draught force

when the need arises. Its position as milch stock is secondary in undeveloped

area. The number of cows is being replaced by the she buffaloes as a milch

stock in the lift and canal irrigated areas. The comparative study of milch cows

and milch buffaloes clearly shows that the number of milch cows is less where

as the number of milch buffaloes more.

Table – 4.6 Number of milch cows in Sangli District 2007

Sr. No. Tahsil No. of Milch cows

2007 % 1 Walwa 25591 15.0

2 Khanapur 11299 6.6

3 Kadegaon 14251 8.3

4 Tasgaon 16961 10.0

5 Palus 9162 5.3

6 Miraj 22187 13.0

7 Kavathe Mahankal 19370 11.41

8 Jat 18621 11.0

9 Shirala 16981 10.0

10 Atpadi 15339 9.0

Total 169762 100 Source – Live Stock Report 2007

Percentage of milch cows in Sangli District 2007

Atpadi, 9

Shirala, 10

Jat, 11

Kavathe Mahankal,

11.41 Miraj, 13 Palus, 5.3

Walwa, 15

Khanapur, 6.6

Kadegaon, 8.3

Tasgaon, 10

Figure No. 4.6

Table 4.6 reveals that the distribution of milch cows in 2007 in the

Sangli district. The highest number of milch cows are found in Walwa (15.0%)

and Miraj (13.0%) tahsil. in 2007 because here farmers has sold unproductive

cows in the market as early as possible and new milk cows are purchased due

to shortage of available water in the summer season. Followed by Miraj

(13.0%), avate Mhankal (11.41%) and Jath (11.0%) tahsil. The lowest number

of milch cows (5.3%) in Palus tahsil.

The highest number of milch cows as 15.0% in Walwa tahsil in 2007,

because available of good irrigation facilities, development of industries and

urban area, thus demand of milk is high. Followed by Miraj (13.0%), Kavathe

Mahankal (11.41%) and Jath (11%) tahsil. The lowest percentage of milch

cows in Palus tahsil.

4.6 DISTRIBUTION OF MILCH BUFFALOES IN THE SANGLI

DISTRICT:-

Buffaloes are an important source of milk supply yielding nearly two to

three times as much milk as cows. The Indian Dairy Industry of late has come

to depend more and more on the buffalo to the neglect of the cow. Thus a large

share of milk production comes from buffaloes.

It is difficult for the landless class or the poor farmers to keep she

buffaloes due to their large requirements of fodder and concentrates for good

milk yield. As a result, the average yield is generally very low. Besides, the

buffaloes in the state do not yield milk uniformly throughout the year.

September to December being only period when their yield is maximum. This

is not the case with respect to the cows which yield milk uniformly throughout

the year.

Table – 4.7

Number of Milch Buffaloes in Sangli District. (2007)

Sr.

No. Tahsil

No. of Milch Buffaloes

2007 %

1 Walwa 74910 20.1

2 Khanapur 28911 7.7

3 Kadegaon 20247 5.4

4 Tasgaon 48099 12.8

5 Palus 29507 7.8

6 Miraj 59890 16.0

7 Kavathe Mahankal 25150 6.7

8 Jat 36050 9.6

9 Shirala 36483 9.7

10 Atpadi 15068 4.0

Total 374315 100

Source – Live Stock Report 2007

Percentage of Milch Buffaloes in Sangli District. (2007)

Atpadi, 4Shirala, 9.7

Jat, 9.6

Kavathe Mahankal, 6.7

Miraj, 16

Palus, 7.8

Walwa, 20.1

Khanapur, 7.7

Kadegaon, 5.4

Tasgaon, 12.8

Figure No. 4.7

The table 4.7 shows that the number of milch buffaloes percentage in

2007.The highest number of milch buffaloes in Walwa tahsil as 20.1%,

followed by Miraj (16.0%) and Tasgoan (12.8%) tahsil. The lowest number of

milch buffaloes in Atpadi tahsil (4.0%).

4.7 CROSSBREEDING PROGRAMME IN THE SANGLI

DISTRICT:-

Cross breeding of well established Indian dairy breeds with exotic

western breeds can raise the average production to 2500 – 3000 litres per

lactation. ICAR is studying the combining ability of various exotic breeds with

important Indian breeds and developing new breeds of dairy cattle, best suited

to milk production in different parts of India.

A comprehensive coordinated cattle breeding programme envisages

cross breeding of three important Indian breeds, namely Hariyana, Gir and

Ongole with three exotic breeds, namely Holstein, Jersey and Brown Swiss.

For a successful cross – breeding programme on a massive scale, the important

prerequisites are cattle breeding farms, frozen semen banks and other

equipment for artificial insemination and special disease – control methods.

Introduction of improved milch animals is necessary because of increase

the milk production. It is not practicable to bring the exotic breeds like Holstein

Friesian and Jersey as they do not suit to the environmental conditions in the

region. The only solution to this problem is up – grading of the local milch

cattle by cross –breeding programme. The cross – breeding programme has

been taken up in the region by various agencies such as Intensive Cattle

Development Programme (ICDP),Animal Husbandry Development, Operation

Flood Programme.

The cattle breeding Centeris found in Jat named as ‘Valumata Sangopan

Centre’. The Intensive Cattle Development Project Miraj covers all tahsils of

Sangli district. In Sangli district there are other artificial insemination sub-

Centers at Tasgaon, Vita and Sangli. A qualified staff is engaged in

inseminating local milch animals.

The element of upgrading the local milch animals is included in

Operation Flood Programme. A spearhead team of qualified veterinary doctors

is engaged in carrying out artificial insemination work, at the villages having

Anand Pattern dairy co-operatives. A local person from each village is trained

as inseminatory, who does the work of artificial insemination.

Table – 4.8

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION AND MILK PRODUCTION IN SANG LI

DISTRICT (2007-10)

Sr. No.

Tahsil

Artificial Insemination %

Milk Production in (000)mTone

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

1 Walwa 74.59 71.86 90.00 135.00 153.10 159.50

2 Khanapur 63.40 69.49 100.74 57.10 65.60 67.80

3 Kadegaon 62.74 69.43 105.51 36.40 36.30 35.40

4 Tasgaon 63.34 69.21 107.36 115.40 108.60 119.00

5 Palus 44.97 44.17 67.03 87.50 70.50 92.70

6 Miraj 93.76 89.05 144.80 110.00 114.00 119.00

7 Kavathe Mahankal

85.60 82.31 77.08 57.10 70.50 94.80

8 Jat 88.33 108.10 40.15 73.00 70.00 72.00

9 Shirala 66.13 70.31 85.84 52.00 61.40 66.10

10 Atpadi 88.77 78.11 83.85 60.00 50.00 69.00

Total 783.50 800.00 895.30

Soures - Sangli district Statistical Repoart.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION AND MILK PRODUCTION IN

SANGLI DISTRICT (2007-10)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

Artificial Insemination % Milk Production in (000)mTone

Walwa Khanapur KadegaonTasgaon Palus MirajKavathe Mahankal Jat ShiralaAtpadi

Figure No. 4.8 The table 4.8 shows the Artificial Insemination is Highest ration in

Miraj Thasial (144.80), followed by Tasgoan (107.36) and the lowest is in Jath

(40.15). The milk production highest in Walwa (159.50), followedby Miraj and

Tasgoan (199.0) and the lowest is Kadegoan (35.40) .