Spatial Pattern of Korean Major 38 Estuaries and …...Spatial Pattern of Korean Major 38 Estuaries and their Relationship with Land‐based Activities CHANG, Won Keun and Jungho NAM

Spatial Pattern of Korean Major 38 Estuaries and their Relationship with

Land‐based Activities

CHANG, Won Keun and Jungho NAM

Korea Maritime Institute, KOREA

The ninth EMCES International Conference

27-31, Aug. 2011 Baltimore, MD USA

I. Backgrounds

II. Current Policy and Science for Coastal

Environment Protection

III. Why enclosed sea area ?

Contents

I. Backgrounds

History of Coastal and Marine Environment Protection

Source : modified from Nam and Kang(2003)

• MOE• Agenda 21 Ch. 17• Survey & Research• Red tides, Oil spills• Wetlands loss

• MOMAF• Introduction of ICM• New laws & Policies• Investment expansion• Int’l cooperation

1996

Emergence of

New Concepts

Formulation of

Institutions

Watershed-based

approach

1992 2001

Episodic

Management

BAT(End-of-Pipe Control)

Precautionary(Front-of-Pipe Control)

• TPLMS introduction in 3 River basins

• Coastal & Marine Protected AreaS(COMPAS)

• Coastal Environment Management Areas(CEMAs, SMAs, etc.)

Ecosystem-based

approach

2006

• HABs, Oil spills• Reclamations

• TPLMS introduction in Han River basin

• NPA (2006)• TPLMS in Masan Bay(2008)

• Global Cooperation• Global Warming• Marine Spatial Planning

2010

[ Water quality (COD) standard in Korea]

COD CharacteristicsNote

(Use of Waters)

Grade I

(<1mg/L)

No artificial facilities

Low utilization & development density Swimmable

&

FishableGrade II

(1~2mg/L)

Developed area

No Heavy metals or POPs in

environments

Grade III

(2~4mg/L)

Highly developed estuaries

Heavy metals or POPs in several

area

Only for industrial

and navigational

activities

Guideline of Water Quality

Status of Overall Coastal Water Quality

67 Mgmt. Area

Sea

Watershed

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

전국연안 서해안 남해안 동해안 제주도연안

TN (‘05~’09)

Unit : mg/L

II

III

I

SouthWest East Jeju Is.Overall

0

0.03

0.06

0.09

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

전국연안 서해안 남해안 동해안 제주도연안

TP(‘05~’09)

단위 : mg/L

II

III

I

SouthWest East Jeju Is.Overall

II. Current Policies and Scientific Knowledge

for Coastal Environmental Protection

Coastal Water Quality Targets(‘07.10)

Public Notice (’07.10)- 66 Coastal Units

- W/Q Targets (COD-based)

1st Grade

2nd Grade

3rd Grade

Emission

Response

(Evrn., Ecosystem, Human)

Fate & Transport

Human Activities Natural Processes

Exposure

Mgmt.

&

Action

Plan

Economic Impacts

COD, N, P,

Trace Metal, POPs,

Reclamation, etc.

Land

Marine

Ecosystem

Emission

Human Activities Natural Processes

Concept of Environmental Mgmt. of Coastal Waters

National Assessment

(every 5 year)

Water QualityItems : COD, TN, TP, HABs, SS, Chlo-a, etc.

Criteria : Achieve Water Quality Target or Not ?

Sediment Quality

Polluted ?

Area of Concern

Urban

Yes

Source

determined ?

Pressure from Land-

based Activities

RuralIndustrial

Unknown

Re-

Assessm

et

Yes

No

Items : 7 Heavy Metals(Cu, Ni, As, Pb, etc)

Criteria : ERL, ERL, etc.

Item : 8(Pop., Ag., Capacity of Sewage Treatment, Imperviousness,

etc.)

Tool : Non-parametric Stats.

Classification of Mgmt. Type

of Area of Concern

General AreaNo

Flow Chart of Environmental Mgmt. of Coastal Waters

Unit No. COD TN TP Sum Rank Name of Unit

3 0.933 0.761 0.907 2.601 1 시화호

10 0.829 0.836 0.861 2.526 2 군산연안

13 0.556 0.926 0.948 2.430 3 함평만

37 0.914 0.674 0.761 2.348 4 마산만

12 0.803 0.663 0.868 2.335 5 고창연안

38 0.917 0.588 0.801 2.305 6 행암만

2 0.587 0.809 0.890 2.286 7 인천연안

23 0.772 0.799 0.692 2.264 8 여자만

20 0.415 0.908 0.937 2.259 9 도암만

11 0.714 0.750 0.783 2.246 10 전주포 연안

………………………………………………………

45 0.272 0.219 0.341 0.832 55 감포연안

58 0.436 0.119 0.239 0.794 56 속초연안

55 0.444 0.121 0.224 0.789 57 강릉연안

47 0.337 0.219 0.220 0.776 58 영일만

46 0.185 0.227 0.307 0.719 59 구룡포 연안

59 0.274 0.140 0.203 0.617 60 거진연안

51 0.164 0.107 0.239 0.510 61 후포연안

50 0.187 0.109 0.185 0.481 62 축산연안

49 0.160 0.079 0.207 0.446 63 강구연안

48 0.191 0.069 0.131 0.391 64 원포연안

Organic Contaminations (as of 2007)

Kwang-Yang(26), Ulsan(32), Busan(41), Nakdong River Estuary(42),

Kamak(31), Deokryang(24), Wando-Doam(20)

KCWQA

(mg/L)

% of

‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ’07

C

O

D

92.83 81.6 104.6 96.3 82.5 74.5 73.3

Achievement

(%)67.7 87.1 79.7 62.5 53.1 48.4

TN 14.567 185.8 184.0 173.5 214.7 192.4 229.7

TP 1.313 240.6 207.6 223.0 224.1 224.3 215.5

Results of Assessment

TP

- Grade I (<0.03mg/L), Grade II (<0.05mg/L), Grade III ( <0.09mg/L)

Grade I II III

’06 26.91% 28.4% 44.8%

T P( 2 0 0 6 )

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.060

0.070

0.080

0.090

0.100

0.110

0.120

0.130

가

로

림

연

안

가

막

만

감

포

연

안

강

구

연

안

강

릉

연

안

거

제

도

남

안

거

제

도

동

안

거

진

연

안

고

성

.

자

란

만

고

창

연

안

고

흥

연

안

광

양

만

구

룡

포

연

안

군

산

연

안

기

장

연

안

낙

동

강

하

구

남

해

도

남

안

대

산

연

안

대

정

연

안

도

암

만

동

해

연

안

득

량

만

마

산

만

목

포

연

안

무

안

연

안

보

령

연

안

부

산

연

안

사

천

연

안

삼

척

연

안

서

귀

포

연

안

섬

진

강

하

구

성

산

연

안

성

산

포

연

안

속

초

연

안

시

화

호

신

안

연

안

신

항

신

항

연

안

아

산

연

안

양

양

연

안

여

수

연

안

여

자

만

영

일

만

온

산

연

안

완

도

연

안

울

산

연

안

월

포

연

안

인

천

연

안

전

주

포

연

안

제

주

연

안

조

천

연

안

주

문

진

연

안

죽

변

연

안

진

도

연

안

진

주

만

진

해

만

천

수

만

축

산

연

안

태

안

연

안

통

영

연

안

통

영

외

안

표

선

연

안

한

림

연

안

함

평

연

안

해

남

만

행

암

만

후

포

연

안

III

II

I

67 bays in Korea


Assessment of Water Quality

Organic pollutants Heavy metals

Priority Category 1

Priority Category II

Priority Category III

Priority Category IV

Priority Category V

Priority Category 1

Priority Category II

Priority Category III

Priority Category IV

Priority Category V

MOMAF, 2002

Multi Criteria Assessment

(Ulsan SMA)

30

50

70

COD

TN

TP

N/ P Ratio

Multi-Criteria Assessment

(Duk-Ryang Bay CRMA)

30

50

70

COD

TN

TP

N/ P Ratio


Masan Bay HangAm Bay GunSan InCheon

Ulsan OnSan Shiwha GwangYang


Water Volume

Area Volume(×108m3)

Shiwha 7.0459

Masan 7.7075

Busan 25.1677

KwngYang 11.3524

Ulsan 9.8561



Monitoring the Rivers, Streams, and Discharging Facilities


25 Areas of Concern as of 2006

Urban

Rural

Unknown

Industrial


한강하구연안

인천연안

시화호

가막만

여수연안

통영연안

거제도남안

마산만

행암만

낙동강하구

부산연안

온산연안

울산연안

제주연안

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65

(%)

Impervious of Watershed

: Han River Estuary, Inchon, Shiwha, Gamak, Yeosoo, Tongyoung, Gaejae, Masan,

Hangam, Nakdong River Estuary, Busan, Onsan, Ulsan, Jaeju Is. Etc.

Pressure of Land-based Activities

Highly Impervious Areas

- Busan (33.18%), Hang-am (30.71%), Masan (28.76%), Inchon (26.71%)

Busan SMA

Masan Hangam

Inchon


LivestockPopulation


0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

한

강

하

구

연

안

인

천

연

안

시

화

호

아

산

연

안

대

산

연

안

가

로

림

연

안

태

안

연

안

천

수

만

보

령

연

안

군

산

연

안

전

주

포

연

안

고

창

연

안

함

평

연

안

무

안

연

안

신

안

연

안

목

포

연

안

해

남

만

진

도

연

안

완

도

연

안

도

암

만

득

량

만

고

흥

연

안

여

자

만

가

막

만

여

수

연

안

광

양

만

섬

진

강

하

구

진

주

만

남

해

도

남

안

사

천

연

안

고

성·

자

란

만

통

영

외

안

통

영

연

안

거

제

도

남

안

거

제

도

동

안

진

해

만

마

산

만

행

암

만

신

항

낙

동

강

하

구

부

산

연

안

기

장

연

안

온

산

연

안

울

산

연

안

감

포

연

안

구

룡

포

연

안

영

일

만

월

포

연

안

강

구

연

안

축

산

연

안

후

포

연

안

죽

변

연

안

삼

척

연

안

동

해

연

안

강

릉

연

안

주

문

진

연

안

양

양

연

안

속

초

연

안

거

진

연

안

제

주

연

안

조

천

연

안

한

림

연

안

성

산

연

안

표

선

연

안

서

귀

포

연

안

대

정

연

안

개소

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

천㎥

/ 일

업소수

폐수방류량


Nb. of Plant

Amount of Discharge

Number of Plant that discharges waste water

Nb. of WWTP


Amount of Landfill

TN TP COD a1 a2 a4 a5 a7 a8 a9

TN 1.00 0.82 0.63 0.30 0.17 0.36 0.14 -0.63 0.45 0.40

<.0001 <.0001 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.27 <.0001 0.00 0.00

TP 0.82 1.00 0.85 0.36 0.26 0.36 0.14 -0.59 0.51 0.32

<.0001 <.0001 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.27 <.0001 <.0001 0.01

COD 0.63 0.85 1.00 0.49 0.43 0.16 0.22 -0.66 0.63 0.38

<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.00 0.21 0.08 <.0001 <.0001 0.00

a1 0.30 0.36 0.49 1.00 0.60 -0.12 0.13 -0.83 0.93 0.70

Pop. density 0.01 0.00 <.0001 <.0001 0.35 0.29 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001

a2 0.17 0.26 0.43 0.60 1.00 -0.14 0.29 -0.51 0.64 0.50

Sewage Coverage 0.19 0.04 0.00 <.0001 0.26 0.02 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001

a4 0.36 0.36 0.16 -0.12 -0.14 1.00 -0.11 -0.09 -0.06 0.04

Density of Live stock 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.35 0.26 0.37 0.46 0.63 0.76

a5 0.14 0.14 0.22 0.13 0.29 -0.11 1.00 -0.29 0.25 0.24

Discharges from Ind.

Plants(BOD)

0.27 0.27 0.08 0.29 0.02 0.37 0.02 0.05 0.06

A7 -0.63 -0.59 -0.66 -0.83 -0.51 -0.09 -0.29 1.00 -0.91 -0.72

Nonpoint source

Discharge

<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.46 0.02 <.0001 <.0001

a8 0.45 0.51 0.63 0.93 0.64 -0.06 0.25 -0.91 1.00 0.69

Imperviousness 0.00 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.63 0.05 <.0001 <.0001

a9 0.40 0.32 0.38 0.70 0.50 0.04 0.24 -0.72 0.69 1.00

Discharges from

IWWTPs( BOD)

0.00 0.01 0.00 <.0001 <.0001 0.76 0.06 <.0001 <.0001

Pearson Index


Eigenvalues of the Correlation Matrix: Total

= 9 Average = 1

factor Eigenvalue Difference Proportion Cumulative

1 4.1358 2.5355 0.4595 0.4595

2 1.6003 0.6373 0.1778 0.6373

3 0.963 0.0537 0.107 0.7443

4 0.9093 0.2762 0.101 0.8454

5 0.633 0.2282 0.0703 0.9157

6 0.4048 0.202 0.045 0.9607

7 0.2028 0.0879 0.0225 0.9832

8 0.1149 0.0788 0.0128 0.996

9 0.0361 0.004 1

Standardized Scoring Coefficients

Factor1 Factor2 Factor3 Factor4

Impervious 0.25514 -0.05681 0.03855 -0.09308

Pop. Density 0.28076 -0.10876 0.00772 -0.21466

Sewage Effluent 0.28086 0.12665 -0.34579 0.03153

Sewage Coverage 0.12728 -0.03194 0.06232 0.20934

Non-Point Sources -0.23766 -0.04702 -0.01537 0.04672

# of Livestock 0.02795 0.54399 -0.18325 0.12892

Density of Farming -0.06555 0.55157 0.2856 -0.12173

Industrial Area -0.10524 0.05197 0.89053 0.02462

Industrial Sewage -0.11873 0.01469 0.01634 0.93505

Factor Analysis

Source : Chang et al.(2008)


해역

번호해역명

인구

밀도

하수

인구

하수

방류축산

공단

면적폐수 토지

불투

수층COD TN TP DO

40낙동강

하구5 1 5 4 2 4 1 4 2 2 2 5

3 시화호 5 1 5 3 4 5 1 4 5 5 5 5

37 마산만 5 1 5 1 5 5 1 5 5 4 5 5

41 부산연안 5 1 5 1 1 4 1 5 1 2 3 4

2 인천연안 5 1 5 1 4 3 1 5 1 5 4 1

11 전주포연안 3 1 5 4 2 4 2 3 2 4 4 1

4 아산연안 4 1 4 4 3 4 2 3 1 4 3 1

38 행암만 5 1 3 1 1 3 1 5 5 2 4 1

24 가막만 5 1 1 4 5 2 1 4 3 3 3 1

10 군산연안 2 4 4 5 4 3 2 3 2 4 4 1

12 고창연안 1 4 2 5 1 2 3 2 4 1 4 1

13 함평연안 2 4 1 5 1 1 2 2 4 5 4 4

14 무안연안 1 5 1 5 1 1 2 2 1 5 4 3

16 목포연안 2 2 4 5 3 4 2 3 2 5 2 2

26 광양만 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 1 5 4 2

44 울산연안 4 1 4 2 3 5 2 4 1 2 3 5

43 온산연안 3 1 4 1 4 5 2 4 1 2 2 4

23 여자만 3 2 1 3 3 2 3 2 4 5 4 1

27 섬진강하구 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 1 3 4 4 4

20 도암만 1 4 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 5 4 3

18 진도연안 1 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 5 3

19 완도연안 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 5 5 4

Classification of Types of Area of Concern

TypeCOD TP DIP TN Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate DIN

Urban

(A/B)2.01

(2.32/1.40)

0.073

(0.086/0.048)

0.040

(0.049/0.022)

0.699

(0.804/0.488)

0.118

(0.156/0.044)

0.015

(0.018/0.010)

0.210

(0.243/0.144)

0.326

(0.391/0.197)

Industrial 1.55 0.050 0.029 0.485 0.110 0.012 0.131 0.241

Rural 1.32 0.064 0.017 0.570 0.020 0.013 0.140 0.163

Unknown

(A/B)1.29

(1.23/1.34)

0.049

(0.052/0.046)

0.019

(0.017/0.021)

0.490

(0.568/0.426)

0.031

(0.022/0.040)

0.010

(0.011/0.008)

0.098

(0.125/0.077)

0.132

(0.148/0.118)

Nation

(S.D.)1.28

(0.50)

0.047

(0.020)

0.020

(0.012)

0.459

(0.163)

0.047

(0.048)

0.009

(0.004)

0.123

(0.128)

0.156

(0.099)

Coastal W/Q and Environmental Issues of Management type

- Urban Type: Impairment of W/Q and trace metal

- Industrial Type: Trace Metal conc. in sediment, and Ammonia

- Rural Type : DOP and DON

- Unknown Type : coastal water and sediment pollution


Pop. Density

(#/km2)

Sewage

Coverage

(%)

Density of

Livestock

farming

(#/km2)

Industrial Sewage

(Kg/day)

Industrial Area

(%)

General

Land Use

Impervious

(%)

Urban

(A/B)

3,265

(3,954/1,885)

85

(84/87)

2,004

(1,387/3,240)

10.8

(12.6/7.3)

60.2

(42.7/89.4)

74.9

(70.6/83.4)

21.1

(25/13.3)

Industrial 1,397 87 287 54.4 45.8 87.4 10.8

Rural 174 24 10,359 0.1 0 86.7 4.3

Unknown

(A/B)

432

(198/627)

56

(45/66)

1,108

(637/1,501)

7.0

(12.9/2.1)

4.7

(6.5/2.1)

90.6

(91/90.2)

6.3

(3.7/8.4)

Nation

(S.D.)

817

(1,330)

53

(29)

1,516

(2,196)

6.7

(17)

24

(49.8)

89.5

(7.8)

7.6

(7.1)

Watershed Characteristics of Mgmt. Type(Environment Pressure)

- Urban Type : Population(A), Impervious(A), Industrial Area(B) / Sewage Coverage,

Non-Point Sources (especially, CSO)

- Industrial Type : Industrial Sewage / Sewage Coverage, Density of Livestock

Farming

- Rural Type : Density of Livestock Farming / Population, Sewage Coverage,

Industrial Sewage and Area

- Unknown Type : Unknown


flow Diagram

Management framework– Step 1 : Initial preparations

– Step 2 : Identification of problems, constrains & opportunities

– Step 3 : Formulating of realistic strategies and action plans

– Step 4 : Implementation of national measures and on-ground activities

– Step 5 : Monitoring, evaluation and revision

Sources : UNEP/GPA

cyclical approach

Management of Land-based activities

1. Analysis

(Preliminary Survey)

3. Policy

Enforcement

2. Planning

(Developing NPA)

Developing

Realistic Action

Towards successful implementation

Refinement of Policy

Phase I (2008) Phase II (2010) Phase III (2010 ~)

Status Survey Boundary Assessment of land-based pollutants (Identification of management issues ?) Classification of Coastal Type & Suggestion of Policy Direction Establishment of Survey Planning &Design

Establishment of the

“comprehensive

national management

plan”

Development of

management strategies

In-depth Surveys

Capacity-Building for

supporting scientific

Decision Makings

Implementation of

management action plans

Case Study (Projects)

Assessment of marine

capacity

Detail Survey

Development of the “National Management Framework for Land-based

Activities” to protect marine & coastal environment as well as to

achieve sustainable development

Refinement of Policy

III. Why Enclosed Sea ?

Why focusing on 37 enclosed coastal areas ?

Area of Concern = Enclosed Sea Area

피어슨상관계수,N=37

tot_pop_den bsn_nb wwd_nb tt_da_den tt_lnd_den area_kmt_wsa lng_km_wsa elv_wsa slope_wsa mjr_axis_wsamnr_axis_ws

a

tot_pop_den

1 0.39651 -0.14302 -0.09238 -0.09829 -0.09274 -0.10613 -0.13688 -0.11809 -0.12317 -0.14907

0.0151 0.3984 0.5866 0.5628 0.5851 0.5319 0.4192 0.4864 0.4677 0.3786

bsn_nb

0.39651 1 -0.05114 -0.05652 -0.28715 0.65653 0.52466 -0.16983 -0.23995 0.56524 0.60197

0.0151 0.7637 0.7397 0.0848 <.0001 0.0009 0.3149 0.1526 0.0003 <.0001

wwd_nb

-0.14302 -0.05114 1 -0.14748 -0.24786 0.04735 -0.11635 0.2054 0.14296 0.11947 0.09937

0.3984 0.7637 0.3837 0.1391 0.7808 0.4929 0.2226 0.3986 0.4813 0.5585

tt_da_den

-0.09238 -0.05652 -0.14748 1 0.79718 -0.06417 -0.08365 -0.24683 -0.36638 -0.16294 -0.15347

0.5866 0.7397 0.3837 <.0001 0.7059 0.6226 0.1408 0.0257 0.3353 0.3645

tt_lnd_den

-0.09829 -0.28715 -0.24786 0.79718 1 -0.28685 -0.26087 -0.19334 -0.2907 -0.39406 -0.41745

0.5628 0.0848 0.1391 <.0001 0.0852 0.1189 0.2516 0.0809 0.0158 0.0102

area_kmt_wsa

-0.09274 0.65653 0.04735 -0.06417 -0.28685 1 0.77066 0.03092 -0.03185 0.91638 0.94485

0.5851 <.0001 0.7808 0.7059 0.0852 <.0001 0.8558 0.8516 <.0001 <.0001

lng_km_wsa

-0.10613 0.52466 -0.11635 -0.08365 -0.26087 0.77066 1 -0.15098 -0.1085 0.81255 0.79813

0.5319 0.0009 0.4929 0.6226 0.1189 <.0001 0.3724 0.5227 <.0001 <.0001

elv_wsa

-0.13688 -0.16983 0.2054 -0.24683 -0.19334 0.03092 -0.15098 1 0.90571 0.16555 0.10615

0.4192 0.3149 0.2226 0.1408 0.2516 0.8558 0.3724 <.0001 0.3275 0.5318

slope_wsa

-0.11809 -0.23995 0.14296 -0.36638 -0.2907 -0.03185 -0.1085 0.90571 1 0.10601 0.04168

0.4864 0.1526 0.3986 0.0257 0.0809 0.8516 0.5227 <.0001 0.5323 0.8065

mjr_axis_wsa

-0.12317 0.56524 0.11947 -0.16294 -0.39406 0.91638 0.81255 0.16555 0.10601 1 0.95423

0.4677 0.0003 0.4813 0.3353 0.0158 <.0001 <.0001 0.3275 0.5323 <.0001

mnr_axis_wsa

-0.14907 0.60197 0.09937 -0.15347 -0.41745 0.94485 0.79813 0.10615 0.04168 0.95423 1

0.3786 <.0001 0.5585 0.3645 0.0102 <.0001 <.0001 0.5318 0.8065 <.0001



Cluster Analysis

Cluster Analysis


CLUSTER Nb. Of Obs. Variable Mean Median SD Min Max

1 21

COD 0.91 0.95 0.21 0.51 1.36

TN 0.33 0.31 0.12 0.13 0.5

tt_da_den 1127.77 572.31 1307.63 0.27 5260.15

tt_lnd_den 1048671.52 1054319.34 191924.02 604181.93 1445429.69

impm 8.65 6.08 7.37 1.2 32.59

elevation 158.05 122.99 128.19 33.61 489.9

area_sea 62.51 46.42 57.22 1.27 183.8

wwd_bsn 140.82 46.79 220.95 2 810.7

area_kmt_wsa 414.61 328.59 326.85 49.8 1303.87

cs_ht 128609.44 83486.49 152187.24 0 686962.04

2 11

COD 1.08 1.12 0.18 0.75 1.38

TN 0.72 0.73 0.1 0.58 0.92

tt_da_den 7361.67 744.11 16046.36 116.15 54781.18

tt_lnd_den 1208949.88 1082586.48 404902.63 904575.26 2350692.93

impm 7.99 5.46 8.27 3.1 31.94

elevation 99.36 72.23 90.89 26.55 329.83

area_sea 136.95 88.83 148.07 14.49 423.38

wwd_bsn 95.3 15.1 166.54 0 447.4

area_kmt_wsa 822.02 450.83 1171.34 46.1 4154.01

cs_ht 92694.69 54403.68 104572.36 682.73 284788.21

3 5

COD 1.96 1.8 0.37 1.66 2.57

TN 0.52 0.59 0.24 0.27 0.77

tt_da_den 1501.86 491.17 2303.15 6.29 5481.72

tt_lnd_den 1084617.62 1069769.78 38881.29 1054763.89 1152451.17

impm 15.7 9.09 12.94 4.73 30.7elevation 110.31 131.23 46.22 41.28 157.35

area_sea 161.06 210.16 143.73 9.35 339.94

wwd_bsn 53.73 38.53 43.81 14 126.79

area_kmt_wsa 439.95 386.98 345.55 25.11 798.32

cs_ht 79860.88 81269.07 71692.41 0 182164.29


Imperviousness: Stormwater mgmt.

Coastal and Marine Pollution… do not manage it directly,

but do Socio-economic Activities of Humans.

Documents

Spatial Pattern of Korean Major 38 Estuaries and …...Spatial Pattern of Korean Major 38 Estuaries and their Relationship with Land‐based Activities CHANG, Won Keun and Jungho NAM