SPACES CROSSING BORDERS Abstract Book...Urban spaces crossing borders – The potentials and obstacles to the cross-border development of Komárom–Komárno twin city ..... 27 B.5

The First Central and Eastern European Planning Conference

Organised by: Partner:

Organised with:

Budapest | May 23rd - 24th 2018

Geo Institute, CUB 2018

available at:www.uni-corvinus.hu/SCB_AbstractBook

SPACES CROSSING BORDERS Abstract Book

Géza Salamin – láSzló Jeney – márton Péti (eds.)

SPACES CROSSING BORDERSAbstract Book

Géza Salamin – László Jeney – Márton Péti (eds.)

SPACES CROSSING BORDERSAbstract Book

Geo Institute, Corvinus University of BudapestBudapest, 2018

Edited by: Géza Salamin László Jeney Márton Péti

Typography: László Jeney

The international conference titled with ‘Spaces Crossing Borders’ was supported by

and

The Central Bank of Hungary GDi Hungary Co. Ltd.

© Geo Institute, Corvinus University of Budapest, 2018

ISBN 978-963-503-701-8

Electronic publication

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the

publishers.

7

Table of Contents

Plenary Session I. .....................................................................................11

I.1. Is territorial cohesion still valid as a policy driver? .................................................12I.2. Europeanization with Cohesion Policy? Changes of spatial planning practice in countries of Europe from a perspective of Central and Eastern Europe ........................14I.3. Planning for fuzzy borders in Europe ......................................................................15

Session A – Geostrategy & the East ........................................................ 17

A.1. Smart city practices: the case of Songdo and the India Smart Cities Mission .......18A.2. Auroville’s disappearing beaches (India) ...............................................................19A.3. Evolution of regional development policy in China ..............................................20A.4. The Central European Initiative and the New Silk Road .......................................21 A.5. Energy storage concept in a Central European sustainable energy system ............22

Session B – Shaping the city .................................................................... 23

B.1. The future of a shrinking Hungarian city, Salgótarján ...........................................24B.2. ESRI Solutions for Urban Planning .......................................................................25B.3. Renewals of urban and territorial planning in Romania – between the policies and politics ............................................................................................................................26B.4. Urban spaces crossing borders – The potentials and obstacles to the cross-border development of Komárom–Komárno twin city .............................................................27B.5. Planning for economic development: The case of Székesfehérvár ........................28

Session C – Planning system and new spaces ........................................ 29

C.1. Reflection on limits in transnational spatial planning – Lesson from the Common Spatial Strategy of the V4+2 countries ..........................................................................30C.2. Unique experiences of cross-border integrated planning by the example of some EGTCs ............................................................................................................................31C.3. Deficient container – The dissonance in Central European cross-border regional planning ..........................................................................................................................32C.4. Current trends of spatial planning in Ukraine ........................................................33C.5. Practical aspects of cross-border territorial planning – What about GIS solutions in cross-border cases? .........................................................................................................34

Plenary Session II. ................................................................................... 35

II.1. The Planner’s Duty to Transcend Borders ..............................................................36

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SPACES CROSSING BORDERS – Abstract Book

Cityregion – Onsite workshop with guided tour in Törökbálint ......... 37

CR.1. Suburbanisation in the South-Western Budapest Suburban Belt .........................38CR.2. Planning Smart City Regions ...............................................................................39CR.3. Green governance in Metropolis areas ................................................................40

Cross-border territorial impact assessment – Thematic panel organised by CESCI ................................................................................ 41

CT.1. The research experiences of ITEM regarding territorial impact assessment .......42CT.2. Assessing Impacts of EU Territorial Cooperation Programmes ...........................43CT.3. The role of borderscaping in cross-border territorial impact assessment .............44 CT.4. Territorial Impact Assessment from the ESPON’s point of view .........................45

Session D – Border regions & spaces ..................................................... 47

D.1. Profits and risks in transborder spatial planning ....................................................48D.2. Borders and changing territorial development – Hungarian experiences ..............49D.3. Barriers and borders in the public transport of rural areas .....................................50 D.4. Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) in a multi-level governance system in Southeastern Europe territories – The case of Romania – Serbia border space and the associated challenges and obstacles for their integration ...............................................51D.5. Slovakia – Hungary Cross-border Spatial Study ....................................................52

Session E – Planning & governance shift ............................................... 53

E.1. Spatial, territorial, physical, systematic? Romanian planning practice put into context ............................................................................................................................54E.2. The adaptation of territorial governance from unitary state perspective ................55E.3. Hungarian urban planning and the challenge of integrated development planning – a sociological analysis ....................................................................................................56 E.4. Challenges for participation and local democratic processes within urban development – German experiences ..............................................................................57 E.5. North–South as the new East–West: Twist between Northern praxis and process of education on the South ...................................................................................................58

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Table of Contents

9

Session F – EU & economy ...................................................................... 59

F.1. The impact of EU cohesion policy on planning and development activities that cross administrative borders – The Hungarian case .......................................................60F.2. Challenges and lessons learned during the initial implementation of EU urban mobility policy in Bulgarian cities in the period 2007–2017 .........................................61F.3. Competitors’ network at interregional level ............................................................62 F.4. Financial institutions matter for territorial development – Challenges to achieve growth and positive impacts on local economies in Hungary (2007–2013, 2014–2020) ........................................................................................................................................63 F.5. Territorial aspects of cluster policy in Hungary: connect to (smart) specialisation 64

Session G – Greening & landscape ......................................................... 65G.1. Generating complex greening of the territory of Ternopil city as an important element of its planning structure ....................................................................................66G.2. What can we learn from Western European landscape policies? Comparison analysis of European landscape policies focusing on Poland and Hungary ..................67G.3. Urban density as key tool of planning for a sustainable city – long term planning and conflicts in Paks, Hungary .......................................................................................68 G.4. Separate or Connect? Land values on the two banks of Ipoly ...............................69 G.5. A cross-border review of green infrastructure planning methods and differences .70

Plenary Session III. ................................................................................. 71III.1. Spatial planning and transport development – Challenges for the EU supported investment ......................................................................................................................72III.2. Territorial cooperation is a necessity not a luxury ................................................73III.3. European Spatial planning challenges ..................................................................74

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11

Plenary Session I.

Room C V–VI23rd May

13:30–14:50

12


Jacek Zaucha1

I.1. Is territorial cohesion still valid as a policy driver?

Although included in the Treaty of Lisbon (Article 3) and becoming one of the main important horizontal objectives of the EU, territorial cohesion seems to have lost some of its policy appeal in the recent years. This loss can be partially attributed to a lack of hard evidence illustrating the ways in which territorial cohesion works in practice and how it contributes to the EU’s well-being as such. However, the main reasons for this phenomenon are directly related to the evolution of EU priorities, even those not yet officially acknowledged in the official EU documents. This correlation can be traced by analysing changes in the EU budget, for instance. While the share of cohesion spending has slightly declined in the recent financial perspective, spending has increasingly pertained to areas such as research, trans-European networks and external action, and to programmes that are directly managed at a European level. Thus, both at an EU and national level, one can observe a movement away from a decentralisation of development policies. However, the truth is that, there has recently been a radical increase in terms of the challenges faced by the EU. The EU Cohesion policy, aimed at ensuring growth in prosperity in the entire EU territory, is challenged by emerging phenomena that can weaken the foundations of the European project. These issues include the refugee crisis, the threat of organised crime and terrorism, socio-political tensions, a mismatch between micro and macro-economic rationality resulting in wasteful production patterns, for instance. This agglomeration of problems has led to a reconsideration of the objectives of the EU Cohesion policy and a shift in focus from sustainable growth to the fostering of continuous economic convergence and resilience. This change also necessitates a greater amount of attention paid to a broader range of institutions (including relational and social capital ones) instead of a single-minded focus on market institutions (clarity and transparency of the single market). As a consequence, new policy vehicles recently emerged from the EU agenda, including ‘sharing economy’ or ‘circular economy’, to name a few of the most popular ones Changes in the composition of the EU

1 University of Gdansk, Maritime Institute in Gdansk

13

Plenary Session I.

budget are also expected.This paper analyses territorial cohesion in view of the aforementioned

changes. It presents the operational definition of territorial cohesion elaborated by the Polish scholars actively researching this issue and relates the three dimensions of territorial cohesion (policy territorialisation, territorial assets and territorial utility) to the new challenges listed above and their appropriate solutions. The outcomes of these analyses are unequivocal. Some dimensions like territorial assets seem to have greater importance whereas, some others, like territorial utility call for new mechanisms of their application if they are expected to reinforce new ways of addressing policy challenges, e.g. circular or sharing economy, and ease socio-political tensions.

Acknowledgement:

The abstract was elaborated on the outcomes of the research conducted by the Institute of Development in Sopot and financed by the Polish National Science Centre. The project was entitled ‘Concept of the territorial cohesion in cohesion policy. Implications for Economic Growth’ (no. 2012/05/B/HS4/04212).

14


Géza Salamin – Márton Péti2

I.2. Europeanization with Cohesion Policy?Changes of spatial planning practice in countries of Europe from a perspective of Central and Eastern Europe

This paper will introduce some of the results of a recent empirical research of the authors on the European transformation in (public) spatial planning focusing on the impact of European integration on the planning practices of countries performed at various territorial levels, such as regional and urban planning. Although spatial planning has not been turned into a common EU policy – this field has remained in the ambit of Member States’ own competence –, the European Union exerts significant indirect influence on the changes in its members’ spatial planning policies and practices, thus contributing to their Europeanization. As its specific objective, the work investigated how the conceptual framework of European-level spatial planning – as well as the idealised planning model deriving from it – manifests in the transformation of planning systems of European countries. Based on the review of a profuse literature dealing with the Europeanization of spatial planning as well as on the analysis of messages adaptable from European-level planning strategies for the use of national-level planning systems, we have included changes encouraged or induced by the European Union into the theoretical-conceptual framework of the ’European’ Model of Spatial Planning (EMP). The directions of change are presented within the five pillars of the EMP. The sources of Cohesion policy have a motivating impact on adapting European Union patterns in planning. As a result of the analyses of the three periods between 2000 and 2020 it can be visible that while the total funding of Cohesion Policy has modest positive correlation with Europeanization of domestic spatial planning the sources used by territorially relevant operational programmes show clear correlation with Europeanization trends.

2 Geo Institute, Corvinus University of Budapest

15

Plenary Session I.

15

Maros Finka3

I.3. Planning for fuzzy borders in Europe

The essence behind the terms ‘fuzzy borders’ or ‘fuzziness’ is not new in spatial planning theory and spatial development practice in European countries. The European integration catalyzes the processes of the extension of the spatial range of the activities of the EU citizens across administrative borders of their home municipalities, regions and states determined by the globalization processes, growing mobility and ICT development. The Schengen agreement institutionalized the permeability of the national borders of the majority of the EU member states. Although the need to reflect the fact, that the settlement structures lost their hard borders strengthening their spacio-temporal dynamic and multilevel character was recognized already in 1985 (Steis, R. 1985 p. 65.), only the changes at the turn of the centuries opened new space for self-organizational mechanisms, typical for opened fuzzy systems with high level of individual freedom (e.g. decision-making freedom) deriving numerous potential parameters initiating changes of the system. Functioning democracy and market economy have created the preconditions for less-deformed self-organization processes playing decision making role in spatial development including the development of specific spatial patterns of the knowledge based economy and society (e.g. clusters) with fuzziness as one of the main features. Specific situation in Central Europe countries with small national states, with historically negative experience from centralistic planned economy, skeptic perception of any structuralized planning and general turn towards neo-liberal policies in the combination with high dynamics of economic and social transformation and development creates very positive environment for the development not only of new fuzzy spatial structures but of soft governance modes related to fuzzy spatial structures as well. Recent processes and research show that the multivalent topic of fuzzy spaces and fuzzy governance is important topic especially for Central Europe. It is the object of academic discussions and research in different contexts and facets, although the main driven force in the adaptation processes reflecting the fuzzification is the space management practice.Reference:Steis, R. 1985: Nový urbanizmus. – Bratislava: Veda

3 Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava

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17

Session AGeostrategy & the East

Room C VIII23rd May

15:30–17:40

18


László Gere4 – Norbert Csizmadia5

A.1. Smart city practices:The case of Songdo and the India Smart Cities Mission

Technological innovations are key drivers of the 21th century; the 4th industrial revolution is fundamentally changing our way of life in the very near future. The concept of ‘smart city’ is something that also cannot be avoided – urban planners and urban management professionals have to deal with it, in my argument it is a prerequisite in the future urban planning. Therefore, the most important question in this respect is how can we manage this issue (i.e. the introduction of smart solutions in urban spaces and services) consciously, in close co-operation with other actors.

The first part of the presentation will show the challenges raising through the application of smart city solutions: the exact definition of the concept, the sectoral distinctions in the understanding of it, the different planning approaches of smart cities, the socio–economic tensions that emerge through smart city developments. The second part of the presentation will show examples how the smart city concepts work in practice, through the case of the South Korean city, Songdo, and the Smart City Programme of India.

4 University of Pécs, Pallas Athene Innovation and Geopolitical Foundation5 Geo Institute, Corvinus University of Budapest

19

Session A – Geostrategy & the East

Boglárka Nagy6

A.2. Auroville’s disappearing beaches (India)

On February 28th 1968, the city of Auroville was solemnly funded in India with the aim of searching for solutions to humanity’s most pressing questions. Over the past 50 years the heavily eroded area has undergone exemplary landscape rejuvenation and a small city has been formed with 3,000 residents from 54 countries of the world. National governments, international organizations and universities support and observe the development of this experiment.

The majority of Auroville’s land is a few kilometers away from the Coromandel Coast, but there are a few shoreline settlements that serve as centers for recreational and beach activities. In recent years the coast has undergone rapid erosion which has washed away beaches and buildings, and despite attempts to minimize this it is an ongoing process. Investigation suggests that the new port development in Pondicherry, a few kilometers south of Auroville, is the main cause of the destruction. As the shores disappeared the groundwater became salinated. The primary sufferers of the change are those in coastal settlements: resorts and fishing villages. The affected coastline extends across the borders of two states: Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry, and constructive proposals are often lost in political battles.

In my research paper, which is based on interviews and literature analysis, I aim to outline the situation. I describe the attempts that were made to stop the destruction and to initiate cooperation of local stakeholders within the various layers of society, and to target the decision makers at state and national level.

6 Szent István University

20


Júlia Gutpintér7

A.3. Evolution of regional development policy in China

Due to its geography, diversity, history and unprecedent growth China’s regional development can be characterised with persistent, deep-rooted and multidimensional inequalities. Evolution of regional disparities is primarily shaped by policy which significantly increased inequalities during the reform era. Since the early 2000’s China has taken an increasingly progressive approach on regional development in order to prevent the potential negative effects of regional inequality such as threatening national unity, social stability and hampering growth. Western Development Strategy launched in 2000 was the first major attempt for this. It aimed to reduce the underdevelopment of the Western Region primarily through steering and concentrating state and private investments into the area. In 2013 Xi Jinping launched the highly ambitious One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative with foreign policy and economic development policy objectives as well. Since addressing China’s regional inequalities, particularly interregional and interprovincial inequalities is one of OBOR’s main domestic focus, OBOR can be interpreted and analysed as a regional development strategy. The paper aims to deliver a brief but not comprehensive review of the vast literature on China’s regional disparities as well as to look over the policies and strategies targeting mitigation of regional inequalities. Among these policies OBOR initiative will be assessed from a regional development perspective.

7 University of Pécs, The Central Bank of Hungary

21

Session A – Geostrategy & the East

21

Ádám Sashalmi8

A.4. The Central European Initiative and the New Silk Road

The essay examines the attitude of the Central European Initiative (CEI) to the Chinese New Silk Road initiative. Supposedly, CEI could choose between blocking, ignoring or supporting the Chinese plans. CEI was founded in 1992 as a multilateral cooperation which is primarily financed by Italy. Nowadays, CEI has 18 members and could be the Italian-led rival initiative in South-East and East-Central Europe of the Chinese 16+1 cooperation. CEI has been an important actor in the implementation of European-financed international projects and the developments aiming for the catch up of the Western Balkans and the post-Soviet region. CEI’s geographical position makes it unavoidable for the Chinese initiative. Italy itself is also interested in the Chinese project, because the North Adriatic ports could be the logistic centres of Chinese goods’ arrival in Europe. CEI also invests in the New Silk Road initiative and improves the business environment in the Balkan countries, which creates a win–win situation for both sides. The volume of trade with China grew significantly in CEI member states during the last years. Further development of infrastructure could catalyse Italian investments in these countries as well.

8 University of Pécs

22


Béla Munkácsy9 – Péter Kádár10 – Ádám Harmat11 – Tamás Soha – Csaba Csontos12 – Márton Havas13 – Apor Dósa –

Viktória Molnár – Luca Papp – Gábor Csüllög14

A.5. Energy storage concept in a Central European sustainable energy system

Electricity storage will be one of the most important areas of development in the field of energy transition to achieve EU climate targets. The short term storage seems to be resolved by the pumped-hydro energy storage (PHES), although, in Hungary there are just limited possibilities for PHES. As for the seasonal storage, the most promising technology these days is the power-to-gas (P2G). This is similar to the seasonal natural gas storage, which is broadly used in Hungary. In this paper the possibilities of a Central European cooperation were studied in the field of electricity storage, using a desktop research focusing on the energy strategies of the countries in the region. As a result, it is clear that the P2G storage would be a good research and development opportunity for Hungary, while PHES is more favourable in mountainous areas in the neighbouring countries. Considering the regional energy security and flexibility of the border-crossing electrical network, as well as the innovation potential, the quick recognition and decision would be important from strategic viewpoint of Hungary.

9 Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest10 Óbuda University11 WWF Hungary12 Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest13 Budapest University of Technology and Economics14 Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest

23

Session BShaping the city


15:30–17:40

24


Bálint Balázs – György Alföldi15

B.1. The future of a shrinking Hungarian city, Salgótarján

It is well known that the world’s population is growing and more and more people want to live in cities. But some towns, cities or urban region are in the period of shrinking. Although it has been analysed quiet a lot in western countries, in Hungary the decision makers and planners still think of urban shrinkage as a stage in the history of the city’s ups and downs. Using the example of a Hungarian industrial city, called Salgótarján, I am trying to show why is it a really important to issue shrinkage as a must-solve world phenomenon in its complex way. Salgótarján is situated in the north part of Hungary and it is the seat of Nográd county. But the city has been declining since the change of the regime. It has led to suffering from population loss, abandoned buildings, social problems, low level of human innovation, lack of entrepreneurship and economic downturn. In the course of our student research we tried to analyse the history and the structure of the city, the social disorders, and the possibilities that can help Salgótarján to re-develop.

15 Budapest University of Technology and Economics

25

Session B – Shaping the city

Klaudia Horváth – László Csunderlik16

B.2. ESRI Solutions for Urban Planning

Using GIS provides the tools planners need to map and analyze their neighborhoods and cities. ESRI software solutions can help planners to research, develop, implement, and monitor the progress of their plans.

The ability to visualize urban areas in 3D is important in the design process. Working with CityEngine and ArcGIS Pro allows users to create 3D cities and buildings based on their existing 2D/3D GIS data, do conceptual Geodesign in 3D based on procedural rules, save changes for further analysis or share 3D content through ArcGIS Online.

16 GDi Hungary Co. Ltd.

26


Bogdan Suditu17

B.3. Renewals of urban and territorial planning in RomaniaBetween the policies and politics

In Romania, as a result of the abrogation of the legal legal framework in December 1989, all the norms, institutions, principles and role of public and private entities involved in urban and tertiary planning had to be rebuilt. The process was not coherent and consistent, and the rebuilding of the field was not always correlated with the dynamics and resources (human and financial) of public administration, or with the pressure that the real estate market and its actors had exercised forever. In this context, where the reputation and the need to set up an efficient urban and territorial planning system were questioned, the establishment of the new planning rules was not easy, because the political will of the legislators was influenced more by the views of the private economic actors (citizens or real estate developers) than of the representatives of professionals and public authorities. Against this background, although urban and territorial planning and good governance have been mentioned as priorities for the reform by many governments, the implementation of reforms has been delayed or fragmented as a result of the objections or hesitations of politicians at the local or central level. The research has an interdisciplinary approach – planning and governance, intending to explain the functioning and the limits of the current normative and institutional framework of urban and territorial planning in relation to the administrative–territorial structures in Romania.

17 Departement of Human and Economic Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest

27

Session B – Shaping the city

27

Roland Hesz18

B.4. Urban spaces crossing bordersThe potentials and obstacles to the cross-border development of Komárom–Komárno twin city

In line with the process of significant de-bordering in Central and Eastern Europe, social and also urban spaces have started crossing the state borders in recent decades. This relatively new phenomena has resulted in various new forms of cross-border functional areas of which the emergence of cross-border twin cities represents a unique type to be dealt with from Słubice–Frankfurt (Oder) through Český Těšín–Cieszyn to Ruse–Giurgiu. Since functional urban territories are getting less aligned to borders new planning solutions are needed. The main aim of the paper is to support a planning approach of fluid borders, which overcome the rigidity of the pre-de-bordering age of planning concepts. The paper attempts to introduce the case of cross-border functional integration regarding the twin-city of Komárom–Komárno situated on the Slovak–Hungarian border. It starts with the description of potentials as both theoretical and practical reasons to urban integration. It shows why it is needed to overcome the previously intra-state type of planning and governance. Cross-border initiatives which have supported the joint planning and governance of the twin city region will be discussed underlying the still existing obstacles in effective development of the cross-border functional area. Finally the actions carried out will be critically summarized pointing out the deficiencies and challenges in introducing a cross-border planning methodology with regard to the twin city. Some solutions on how the rigid system may be changed will be named shortly based on best practices from Western Europe.

18 Central European Service for Cross-border Initiatives, CESCI

28


Márton Péti – András Márton19

B.5. Planning for economic development:The case of Székesfehérvár

Smart specialization is a new regional development paradigm to achieve competitiveness. According to this logic all the regions or cities can find their specific characteristic features in which they can realize international competitiveness. These features are usually sectoral issues representing direct (vertical) development intentions. We try to explore the potential role of horizontal economic development ideas in supporting smart specialization.

Authors present the case of Székesfehérvár. This settlement is a major city according to the Hungarian standards, having a regional influence and a strong industry-based economy with Hungarian and multinational firms, functioning also as a logistic center. Authors also examined the case of local energy management (including renewable energies) as a cross-cutting horizontal consideration, the management of individual firms as well as the cooperation between firms and between firms and public institutes. This study tries to identify the possibilities of managing local energy issues in order to support the city’s and its region’s already defined smart specialization directions.

According to the results, different types of firms according to their size or to their ownership conditions act differently. While the role of public sector (local government) is also crucial. Applying a long-term public planning and governance approach crossing boundaries of different sectors, public sector could help companies to the preferred key areas of a Smart Specialization Strategy (while taking present values into account), and to motivate research and innovation to better the city’s ability of creating value added.

19 Geo Institute, Corvinus University of Budapest

29

Session CPlanning system and new spaces

Room C IX23rd May

15:30–17:40

30


Magdalena Belof20

C.1.ReflectiononlimitsintransnationalspatialplanningLesson from the Common Spatial Strategy of the V4+2 countries

Between 2008 and 2014 the Visegrad countries (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia) together with Bulgaria and Romania conducted intergovernmental cooperation focused on elaboration joint strategic spatial planning document for the whole transnational area (V4+2). The process unveiled numerous problems on methodology, organizational and responsibility levels that influenced the cooperation’s smoothness and effectiveness. The paper aims at better understanding of those limitations – their background and consequences – as a basis for broader reflection on organization of spatial planning cooperation in larger transnational areas.

20 Wrocław University of Science and Technology

31

Session C – Planning practice and new spaces

31

Mátyás Jaschitz21

C.2. Unique experiences of cross-border integrated planning by the example of some EGTCs

The future evolution of the concept of territorial cohesion is on the move at the moment. But the genuine aim of territorial cohesion can only be achieved by the effective integrated development of the (internal) peripheral border areas of Europe – which is not exactly the living practice yet; and which is especially true for Central and Eastern Europe.

The study will introduce a complex cohesion focused cross-border planning and governance approach. Through some fresh case study examples implemented by CESCI (Central European Service for Cross-border Initiatives; a Central European think and do tank of cross-border and transnational cooperation) it will highlight the special relation and interdependence of planning and governance in border regions. It will provide a description of a special cohesion focused cross-border spatial planning methodology, which reveals the policy-driven opportunities and threats of (internal) European Union borderlands; and it will also show some possible best practices regarding the issues of planning and governance in such cases.

As a result, the study also confirms how this complex cohesion focused planning and governance approach could contribute to the recent European ‘space making’ process and the planning discourse itself.


32


Kitti Dubniczki22

C.3.DeficientcontainerThe dissonance in Central European cross-border regional planning

The regional planning of Central and Eastern Europe is placed within strict administrative boundaries. Between strategic planning (defined by law) and development activities, it often fails to create the necessary coherence. The hierarchical order of the strategic planning grows from object design to planning on national level, but these activities never cross different administrative borders. The realized investments in the landscape are mostly not the results of by law defined strategic planning but of programmes, which were elaborated for the utilization of EU funds and the timeframe of these programmes takes only a budgetary period. Additionally, this is really problematic, because due to the practice of Central and Eastern European planning, the harmonisation of cross-border development ideas appears mostly only in this type of planning. Another problem is, that some interventions of these programmes could cause ad hoc effects on spatial plans as well.

The study aims to find the answers to the next questions, through CESCI’s experiences in cross-border planning and the lessons learnt of some concrete initiatives:

⊕What kind of relationship there are between the different planning documents?

⊕Which topics needs cross-border spatial planning?⊕How does cross-border spatial planning cooperation look like along

the Slovakian-Hungarian border area?⊕How strong could be the cross-border impact of a spatial plan? (By the

elaboration process of Nógrád County’s Spatial Plan.)⊕What kind of role could macro-regional programmes play in terms of

planning in cross-border areas?⊕Which type of paradigm shift is necessary based on CESCI’s

experiences? What are the chances of a spatial planning realized in the social/functional areas?


33

Session C – Planning practice and new spaces

Maryna Zerkal – Anastasiia Oleshchenko23

C.4. Current trends of spatial planning in Ukraine

Currently Ukrainian spatial planning system is going through an active process of development due to changes in the administrative division of Ukraine and introduction of newest technologies. Thus, spatial planning system keeps the consistent hierarchical structure of three levels: state, regional and local. But the creation of new administrative division level of ‘hromadas’ (communities) as a basic level of government calls for introducing appropriate level of spatial planning documentation. This governmental issues are supplemented with modern demands of transparency and accessibility of spatial planning data to any decision makers and average citizens. The last mentioned demand is supported by active development of geographical information systems and their on-line capabilities – geoportals. Creation of a joint distributed geoinformation system of spatial planning data is under active discussion and a chain of pilot projects have been implemented already and are now under implementation. This process is closely connected and has to be adjusted with creation of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, which also takes place currently in Ukraine. All this trends are demanding significant legislation development considering national traditions, foreign experience and requirements of international agreements. One more noteworthy trend is active participation of public organisations in spatial planning and processes of its development.

23 State Enterprise Y. Bilokon Ukrainian State Scientific Research Institute of Urban Design ‘DIPROMISTO’

34


Éva Gangl24

C.5. Practical aspects of cross-border territorial planningWhat about GIS solutions in cross-border cases?

The existence of soft and hard data for a given area on the lowest possible administrative level is crucial in case of well-founded and also sustainable spatial planning. Within national frameworks, it is quite obvious that all the information needed for planning is available for the experts and planners. But what if the region in question is affected by more than one country? What sort of data, databases are available for cross-border territorial planning? What kind of database deficiencies and methodological problems are we facing in terms of cross-border planning and what solutions can bridge these gaps?

Based on the CESCI multi-year experience in cross-border planning, in the presentation we take into account the most common obstacles of carrying out a complete cross-border planning and last but not least we flash some solutions of ours developed over the past few years.


35

Plenary Session II.


17:40–18:15

36


Andreas Faludi25

II.1. The Planner’s Duty to Transcend Borders

States with their monopoly on the legitimate use of force and taxation exercise what R. D. Sack in ‘Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History’ (Cambridge 1986) describes as territoriality. Research on European spatial planning shows territoriality touching a raw nerve of member states. They join battle with the European Union over amounts for, and the uses of the Structural and Investment Funds. Amounts for European Territorial Cooperation are less, but territoriality is an immediate issue. Member states suspect cross-border planning to subvert their sovereignty. But spatial planners working at all levels in the public realm confront the same challenge. Their calling is the integrated development of their territories. But the outside can influence what can be done inside each, and vice versa. Pursuing integrated development, planners must therefore transcend the boundaries that define their area of responsibility. They may seek to increase the scope of planning, implying planning at ever-larger scales. European spatial planning has been an – unsuccessful – attempt to do that. But no administrative territory will ever cover all relevant spatial relations. Which is why planners qua planners must transcend borders. To cope with the inter-relatedness of development, they must enter into ever more ad-hoc arrangements. A jumble of overlapping planning areas, the outcome is a far cry from the neat stack of territories, from the local to the regional, the state, the European Union and who knows beyond, framing our thinking about planning, government and administration.Reference:Sack, R. D. 1986: Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History. – Cambridge

Studies in Historical Geography 7.

25 Delft University of Technology

37

CityregionOnsite workshop with guided tour in

Törökbálint

Törökbálint24th May

18:50–11:30

38


János B. Kocsis26

CR.1. Suburbanisation in the South-Western Budapest Suburban Belt

The suburban belt around Budapest has undergone rapid transformation after 1989 as first waves of outflux of people from the central areas have appeared beyond the city borders and later economic and business activities have sprung up in particular areas, profoundly modifying its social and economic character.

Virtually all towns and villages in the belt abutting Budapest have been affected by the above phenomena but the ones in the south-western fringe area have some special attributes that justify particular attention.

Before the 1980’s, population grew steadily with them overall majority of the newcomers belonging to the lower middle social strata as a superstratum on the previous ethnic minority dominated local society. Adjoining directly to the most prestigious areas within Budapest, they became prime residential target areas of upper strata from the early 1990’s as the infrastructural conditions abruptly ameliorated after 1989, with some of them having attained status among the richest of the county.

Early 2000’s brought about changes in the economic structure of the region as well. Its advantageous position with three motorways in the close vicinity rendered it prime location for logistics, wholesale and retail as well as other commercial activities and somewhat later offices and other business activities appeared concentrated in some specific towns.

The previously dominant residential character thus changed to more mixed composition where towns and villages emit and attract in parallel workforce and other commuters and the area has grown into a major subcentre in the more and more polycentric metropolitan area of Budapest.

26 Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest University of Technology and Economics

39

Cityregion – Onsite workshop with guided tour in Törökbálint

Richard Blyth27

CR.2. Planning Smart City Regions

Across Europe and the world, city regions are emerging as the key agents in achieving economic growth, applying technology and combatting climate change, even as nation states seem to be struggling with these challenges. Strategic planning is needed for city regions to take advantage of these roles faces major challenges due to fragmented government and the multiplicity of single-purpose agencies. And in many countries, not just in Eastern Europe, the political and popular support for future-focussed policy making such as urban planning, has been reduced in the face of current crises and indebted governments.

The paper will draw attention to the barriers that planners experience when dealing with city-level political fragmentation on the one hand, and centralised policy making on the other. The role of urban planning in achieving place-based coordination, and the impact of factors such as mega events, will be explored and celebrated.

Drawing on work by the RTPI, ESPON and the OECD, this paper will focus on good practice in city region governance and identify critical success factors for the future. These will include voluntary bottom up cooperation, comprehensive strategy making, strong business and political support. The work of municipalities across Greater Manchester, England, and Lille Metropole, France, will be among the case studies examined.

27 Royal Town Planning Institute

40


Paloma Gonzalez de Linares – Krisztina Filepné Kovács – Vera Iváncsics – István Valánszki – Klaudia Máté28

CR.3. Green governance in Metropolis areas

Metropolis regions have different governance policies, strategies and tools for preserving and developing green spaces. Budapest has just elaborated its Green Infrastructure Plan and the Land Use Framework Plan of Budapest Agglomeration Zone is under revision. It is high time and really worth to analyse and compare the ‘green governance system’ of other metropolis regions and draw the consequences for Budapest. We have chosen 5 metropolis regions with similar administration: Montreal, Marseille, Vienna, London, Budapest. London and Vienna have a strong greenbelt regulation which was also the original aim at the introduction of the Spatial Plan of Budapest Agglomeration. In Montreal the districts are planned at human scale under the concept of ‘Eco-neighborhoods’. We question what are the motivations and tools of green space protection and development? How does the governance system of the agglomeration area influence environmental policies? How do green policies help in controlling urban sprawl? How are the agglomeration planning tools integrated into the general spatial planning system of the state? Is the planning process mainly regional and global or local and community based?

In the frames of a comparison analysis we explore the most important conflicts and highlight the most successful strategies in controlling urban sprawl and green infrastructure development of metropolis regions and draw the consequences for Budapest.


41

Cross-border territorial impact assessmentThematic panel organised by CESCI

Room C VIII24thMay

9:30–11:30

42


Anouk H. H. Bollen-Vandenboorn29

CT.1. The research experiences of ITEM regarding territorial impact assessment

The Institute for Transnational and Euregional cross border cooperation and Mobility (ITEM) offers a scientific contribution in the field of cross-border cooperation and cross-border mobility. The power of ITEM is the academic and interdisciplinary approach from which concrete, practical solution paths are proposed. A unique and characteristic feature of ITEM is that it has a hub function. ITEM therefore represents ‘Knowledge for policy and knowledge for practice’.

One of ITEM’s research activities is the development and application of an annual cross-border impact assessment. This assessment contributes to the exploration and identification of (potential) negative or positive cross-border effects of planned legislation or policy initiatives. Currently, there is a lack of information concerning the (expected) impact of national and EU policy and legislation on border regions.

The cross border impact assessment offers additional and complementary insights to national and EU initiatives, and aims to be a valuable tool and resource for policy makers when making decisions concerning border regions.

According to the report published by the European Commission on ‘Boosting Growth and Cohesion in EU border regions’ in September 2017 the economy in border areas could grow with 8 percent. This communication shows the possibilities and gives special attention to the chances for cross border cooperation. ITEM’s cross border impact assessment was mentioned in that communication as ‘good practice’. Together with other good practices mentioned in this communication, ITEM’s impact assessment shows the way forward.

29 The Institute for Transnational and Euregional cross border cooperation and Mobility, ITEM

43

Cross-border territorial impact assessment – Thematic panel organised by CESCI

43

Eduardo Mederios30

CT.2. Assessing Impacts of EU Territorial Cooperation Programmes

This presentation discusses the advantages of making use of Territorial Impact Assessment procedures on European Territorial Cooperation Programmes. In more detail, it underlines the advantages of Territorial Impact Assessment as a novel Project/Programme/Policy evaluation tool, when compared with other existing policy evaluation techniques, and how it can be applied to assess European Territorial Cooperation Programmes. Additionally, it presents a concrete case-study of applying a Territorial Impact Assessment tool (TARGET_TIA) in assessing the main territorial impacts of a European cross-border cooperation sub-programme: Inner Scandinavia from the Swedish–Norwegian INTERREG-A Programme. This chapter then proposes several main policy dimensions to be used when assessing territorial impacts of the three different types of European Territorial Cooperation Programmes: cross-border cooperation, transnational cooperation and interregional cooperation. Finally, it presents several advices, following from the author previous experience, on how to produce relevant, and rapid as possible, territorial impact assessment studies, namely for evaluating European Territorial Cooperation Programmes.

30 University of Lisbon

44


Gyula Ocskay31

CT.3. The role of borderscaping in cross-border territorial impact assessment

It is a permanent challenge, how to measure cross-border impacts of a development (and thus the efficiency of spending of European money dedicated to CBC programmes). During the recent years, several attempts have been made to develop a model of measuring these impacts. In my presentation I will concentrate on the results of a three-year long research implemented in the Ister–Granum region by CESCI, involving scholars of different scientific fields.

The approach applied during the research was based on changing perceptions of the border people on the border area examined. According to the new model of cross-border TIA proposed by CESCI, the use of invested money is efficient if it can contribute to the joint experience and ownership of a border region: if the border people considers the cross-border region as a common homeland; if they use the facilities, services and territorial assets available on the other side just like their own. A development / a project is useful if it improves the representation of the shared borderscape.

Obviously, it is not easy to measure these processes. However, in my presentation (based on the results of the reasearch) I will make an attempt to show such a model.


45

Cross-border territorial impact assessment – Thematic panel organised by CESCI

Zintis Hermansons32

CT.4. Territorial Impact Assessment from the ESPON’s point of view

ESPON targeted analysis project ‘Territorial Impact Assessment for Cross-Border Cooperation’ will be kicked off on 23rd May 2018. The objective of this activity is to develop and test a methodology specifically tailored to assess ex-post territorial impacts of Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) programmes. During the project a step-by-step methodology will be developed, describing how to determine the ex-post impact of any cross-border cooperation (CBC) programme. A test of the methodology will also be performed in five (5) the stakeholder territories by providing evidence on how the territorial impact assessment of cross border cooperation programmes works in practice. The presentation will look into details of the project and outline the planned activities.

32 ESPON EGTC

46


47

Session DBorder regions & spaces

Room C V–VI24th May

13:00–15:00

48


Maciej Borsa33

D.1.Profitsandrisksintransborderspatialplanning

Transborder planning in CEE has been experienced since three decades. In its pioneer times it allowed to turn the borderlands, previously treated as buffer zone or ‘scorched Earth’ along the Iron Curtain or between quasi-autarchic post-communist countries, into the vital regions with downscaled border regimes. But in the next phase two contrary approaches has been distinguished: long term and short term (transnational and crossborder). Long term thinking focuses on perspective of decades and therefore it is not convincing as practical tool to do something. Short term thinking seems to be very practical, but the dispersed ideas cannot be coordinated without long term vision. The examples of these two approaches in the past and the analyses what we gained and what we lost because of them, may help us to plan more effectively in the future.

33 Department of Spatial and Urban Planning, Katowice School of Technology

49

Session D – Border regions & spaces

49

János Pénzes – Tibor Kóti34

D.2. Borders and changing territorial developmentHungarian experiences

The paper is about the territorial development and its changes along the state border of Hungary on the level of settlements. Border areas often regarded as peripheral in geographical terms and in the context of territorial development as well – especially in Central Europe. The analysis of the development paths of border settlements draws the attention to the characteristically altering sections of the Hungarian border areas and the different dynamism of territorial development. As part of the paper, different indicators of territorial development are investigated from the 1990’s in the case of the given set of settlements. The outstanding position of the Austrian and Western Slovakian sections of the border area is confirmed, with the developing Slovenian border area. At the same time, the Ukrainian, Romanian, Serbian and Croatian sections of the Hungarian border area represent significantly different character with major regional disparities. The objective of the paper is to investigate these territorial features in dynamic context on the basis of social, infrastructural and economic indicators.

34 University of Debrecen

50


József Pál Lieszkovszky35

D.3. Barriers and borders in the public transport of rural areas

The decreasing level of rural public transport is not only a problem in Central and Eastern Europe but also in the developed Western European countries, where it was an existing phenomenon in the 1970’s and 1980’s. Among the reasons we can mention the explosive growth of car users at first place, but the process of depopulation and the decrease of natural growth are also important factors. However, there are also other factors which affect these processes: the barriers and the borders which can be detected mainly in rural areas.

Regarding the barrier factors, the most important ones can be connected to the spatial and time-dimensional accessibilities. These factors must be realized simultaneously but at the same time in rural areas it cannot be happened easily, and it is a source of many problems for the rural population. But we know legal and service planning barriers (conventional public transport vs. demand-responsive services) regarding this issue.

The border factors are quite different, too. The administration (county or district) border can also be an acute problem which connects to the institutional borders (eg. there is a debate between the public transport service providers on serving the settlements located next to the county border) and there are geographical borders as well.

Now, in this theoretical paper, I try to analyze the barrier and border factors and investigate their effects on each other from different approaches.

35 Széchenyi István University

51

Session D – Border regions & spaces

Ana Vulevic36 – Vidomir Obradovic37 – Rui Alexandre Castanho38 – Dragan Djordjevic39

D.4. Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) in a multi-level governance system in Southeastern Europe territoriesThe case of Romania – Serbia border space and the associated challenges and obstacles for their integration

Considering the actual panorama of a multi-level governance on EU, the macro-regional strategies fosters coordination across three dimensions: (i) sector policies (horizontally), (ii) different levels of governance from EU to regional or local (vertically), and (iii) across administrative boundaries (geographically).

The present research aims to analyze and assess the ability, challenges, and obstacles of Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) strategies, projects and programs to improve integration and cohesion peripheral territories as is the case of the border region of Romania – Serbia, enabling to articulate border areas and create synergies among them. In this regard, it will be considered the latest findings on new insights towards spatial integration in border and transnational contexts. In fact, regional disparities and territorial cohesion can be understood in order to support policy-making actions, as well as to explore the potentials for achieving the EU 2020 strategy objectives, focusing the most relevant limitations and obstacles towards the territorial success of the Romanian–Serbian CBC strategy. Through the present research will be presented some hypothesis for a well-planned long-term sustainability for this territory.

Contextually, recent experiences show that macro-regional cooperation – specifying the EU strategy for Danube region/EUSDR – is complex and time-consuming, and it will likely succeed if a strong political commitment regarding the macro-regional level is carried out. Therefore, it should be considered that these successful examples are not possible to be implemented for all European territories, however, it is possible to retain powerful lessons to be learned regarding the coordination and management of policies in the EU’s system of multi-level governance that could have a wider application and scope.

36 Institute of Transportation, CIP37 University of Banja Luka38 University of Extremadura, University of Évora, Valoriza, Portoalegre39 Institute of Transportation, CIP

52


Anikó Devecseri – Július Hanus40

D.5. Slovakia – Hungary Cross-border Spatial Study

The project was commissioned by the Hungarian and Slovak Ministries responsible for spatial planning. The elaboration took between May 2016 and December 2017 by the Lechner Knowledge Center on Hungarian side and the Institute of Spatial Planning on Slovak side.

The project addressed issues on the assessment of the quality of settlement environment at the LAU1 level and the subsequent design of measures for its further positive development by 2030. Particular attention was given to the creation of basic information conditions for the elaboration of landuse planning documents in the cross-border territory.

The territory concerned included roughly all LAU1s along the Slovak–Hungarian border. The assessment was based on 37 indicators in the fields of demography, civic amenities, economy, transport, technical infrastructure and natural components of the environment. It covered four time periods between 2001 and 2014, with an extrapolation to 2030. GIS and SDSS (Spatial decision support system) technologies were applied, based on the works of the SEE OP Donauregionen+ Project and subsequent study on the evaluation and monitoring of the Nitra Self-Governing Region.

The final report consists of Analytical Section, SWOT analysis and subsequent Conclusions and Recommendations. Planning web portal has been created for accessing the database in order to improve the conditions for elaboration of the spatial planning documents at regional and local levels on both sides of the border.

40 Institute of Spatial Planning, Slovakia

53

Session EPlanning & governance shift

Room C VIII24th May

13:00–15:00

54


László Csák41

E.1. Spatial, territorial, physical, systematic?Romanian planning practice put into context

The study is a part of an ongoing individual research on the evolution of Romanian planning from the Haussmanian beginning to its postmodern present status.

In the present paper I focus on the following:⊕ international trends influencing the planning system (including the EU

harmonization process),⊕ governance of planning (official and informal both),⊕ links between development policy and planning.

41 Babes–Bolyai University, Planificatio Kft./S.R.L.

55

Session E – Planning & governance shift

55

Edit Somlyódy-Pfeil42

E.2. The adaptation of territorial governance from unitary state perspective

During the past twenty years all over Europe it can be experienced the ploriferation of networked governance forms, which are not harmonise with statutory state spaces. Parallel with this, in the planning theory it is discussed about the modernisation of planning and the birth of new spatial categories, about ‘soft spaces’, which make state boundaries fuzzying and allow the space construction for public–private networks. The precondition of this process has been the rescailing of the state territories and the devolution of state power to multiscalar new spatial entities. Consequently the modernisation of planning, the predominance of cooperative planning is in strong correlation with the new type of governance which is based on the self-definition and autonomy of local actors engaging themselves in networks. Ultimately, it creates new innovative structures and development priorities, which results in significantly higher efficiency compared with previous hierarchical–bureaucratic planning.

The presentation will stress the different characteristics of territorial governance efforts in CEC, especially in comparing Hungary to high developed countries. In this later country it can be recognized significant obstacles in adaption of governance structures on the one hand, and on the other the very weak vertical connections between the different political levels, owing to the rejection of decentralisation by the state. Unlike the international local governmental reforms, the new conservative state philosophy stresses the statutory state. The crucial question of the presentation will be whether the institutional and regulatory environment gives the local and territorial actors a chance for network-building and taking part in the national planning scheme.

42 Széchenyi István University

56


Adrienne Csizmady – Lea Kőszeghy43

E.3. Hungarian urban planning and the challenge of integrated development planninga sociological analysis

Since 1989–1990 Hungarian urban planning had to react to several changes in the systemic powers framing its operation. Urban planning, previously integrated to a highly centralised and subtle state-party system and a predominantly planned economy had to redefine itself in the evolving new political and economic system as well as among changing societal values. With the increasing reliance of urban development on EU structural funds, new planning principles, most notably, integrated development planning had to be incorporated. These changes, together with more recent ones e.g. concerning the reorganisation of public services, significantly altered the key actors of urban planning, their power relations and practices and challenged planners’ role perceptions. Based on a series of empirical research aiming at a sociological analysis of urban planning since the 1990’s, the paper first analyses key trends in these respects, including a changing ‘face of power’, persistence of planning’s strongly resource-driven logic with changing key actors, specific features of the planning system and culture limiting substantial public participation and a strong tradition of planners’ professional–technocrat role perception. Then, based on literature and first results of an ongoing research (The sociology of urban planning – urban planning and society, NKFIH No. 124940.), it presents how such specificities make the implementation of integrated urban planning principles strongly path-dependent.

43 Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences

57

Session E – Planning & governance shift

Christian Höcke44

E.4. Challenges for participation and local democratic processes within urban development – German experiences

Informal participation has become an integral part of planning practice in most communal authorities in Germany. As an adjunct to statutory participation, as defined in the Federal Building Code (Baugesetzbuch), informal participation is e.g. required by beneficiaries of federal urban development assistance programmes, or ‘Städtebauförderung’. Due to a lack of local financial resources, many cities are dependent on this funding.

This requirement can, when for instance participation is seen as a necessary evil, result in a loss of process quality and, as Selle stated, ‘Particitainment’ (ibid. Selle, K. p. 3). However, many methods for participatory planning processes have been developed and cities in Germany set up their own guidelines for good participation. Unfortunately, within the context of post-democratic trends, public participation in local politics has received the same criticism by political science, as has the representative democracy. In many cases, instead of being an effective instrument for feedback between state and citizens, it can rather reproduce societal injustice (Merkel, W. 2015; Kuder, T. 2017). In that case, the loss of process quality and legitimacy is exacerbated, when participation is dominated by actors, who are not legitimated by a representative public or majority.

Against this background, the presentation focuses on the question how citizen participation could be improved, to overcome the democratic deficits described. It builds on quantitative and qualitative data and experience gained from several participatory projects in eleven German cities, which aimed at improving quality, societal inclusion and justice to strengthen local democracy.References:Kuder, T. 2017: Bürgerbeteiligung – neu justiert! Fair, informiert und

gleichberechtigt zum ‘besseren’ Ergebnis. – Berlin: vhw-werkSTADT 16Merkel, W. 2015: Nur schöner Schein? Demokratische Innovationen in

Theorie und Praxis. – Frankfurt am MainSelle, K. 2011: »Particitainment« oder: Beteiligen wir uns zu Tode? – In:

PNDonline III.

44 Federal Association for Housing and Urban Development

58


Vladan Djokić – Milica Milojević – Mladen Pešic45

E.5. North–South as the new East–West:Twist between Northern praxis and process of education on the South

Research focuses on the emerging new ways of knowledge dissemination regarding teaching strategies in planning. In doing so paper will present processes of work within Design Studio – Master thesis and Master project that is part of Master program in Architecture curriculum at Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade. In previous years, specific cooperation between architectural firms and public institutions from Helsinki and teaching staff from Faculty was established. As a result students had the opportunity to develop their Master projects on various sites in and around Helsinki. During this process they had an opportunity to gain new knowledges regarding new strategies and tactics in planning and spatial design. In this way a specific space of knowledge that crosses borders was established, as a way of cooperation and sharing of northern experiences in planning and specific academic surrounding that are present in Serbian University.

Having in mind planning’s status as an interdisciplinary field of knowledge and specific context of Serbia as post socialist country, this research explores ways to share, discuss and produce knowledge within the disciplines of architecture and urbanism. This paper will examine new culture of spatial planning and new issues regarding the innovative and creative ways of teaching and discussing the subject of planning university education.

45 University of Belgrade

59

Session FEU & economy

Room C IX24th May

13:00–15:00

60


Éva Perger46

F.1. The impact of EU cohesion policy on planning and development activities that cross administrative bordersThe Hungarian case

The need for a place based, territorially sensitive and integrated approach has become one of the most highlighted issues in the course of consultations on EU cohesion policy over the last decade. A number of EU documents have also supported the idea of creating a territorially more flexible regulatory and institutional framework. In practice, the EU legislation for the 2014–2020 programming period has initiated new tools to facilitate the delivery of integrated territorial strategies (CLLD, ITI) and created a new regulation on European territorial cooperation and on EGTC to promote cross-border cooperation. However, the recent developments have marginally affected the Hungarian development practice. Moreover, the overall impacts of EU cohesion policy on planning and development activities in functional regions that cross administrative borders have been clearly controversial. The presentation provides a historical overview of the Hungarian case, analyses the possible reasons of the failures (e.g. some elements of EU regulation, the lack of multilevel governance, poor cooperation culture) and highlights dilemmas concerning the planning and management structures in functional territorial units of CEE countries. In addition to literature processing and document analysis, the presentation relies on the results of field work of the ESPON COMPASS project and the project no. K109269 ‘Institutional and individual responses to state restructuring in different geographical context’ financed from NRDI Fund Hungary.

46 Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Science

61

Session F – EU & economy

Vasil Madzhirski – Elena Dimitrova47

F.2. Challeges and lessons learned during the initial implementation of EU urban mobility policy in Bulgarian cities in the period 2007–2017

The paper addresses the challenges that Bulgarian cities of today face in developing strategic planning instruments for sustainable mobility. Large Bulgarian cities have been developing integrated urban transport projects (IUTP) since the previous programming period (2007–2013); the plans should be upgraded during the current programming period (2014–2020). The sustainable urban mobility plans (SUMP), developed as strategic instruments of EU urban policy, have been already acknowledged by many cities in the country as part of the overall strategic development framework. Yet, the efforts of local authorities in taking action for mobility improvement have in some cases faced lack of awareness on urgent local imperatives and contradictory views among different stakeholders on the way to overcome difficulties. The analysis undertaken by the author/s aims to outline: A.) the effectiveness of the policy measures already introduced in the

country; B.) the opportunities for a more effective implementation of EU urban

policy instruments; and C.) the degree to which local public authorities appreciate citizens’

involvement in the process as an important success factor.

Conclusions are drawn about the importance of lessons learned on both sides – by Bulgarian city authorities and experts, in developing current mobility development framework; and by EU policies in supportively addressing the spatial, economic and sociocultural context of urban mobility policy implementation in Bulgaria.

47 University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy in Sofia

62


György Jóna48

F.3. Competitors’ network at interregional level

The gain of my conference presentation is to demonstrate complex spatial accomplishment of two transboundary coopetitive networks. The coopetition based on inter-firm collaboration can be defined as a network. Furthermore, the coopetition refers to special dynamic interplay among rivals in which competitors corporate and compete with each other simultaneously to reach higher profit rate and to reduce expenditures and risks. In the coopetitive network model, the node implies geographical position of a firm, meanwhile the edge means coopetitive interaction among rivals. The first network operates in Krakow and Katowice (bakers’ network), the second network can be found in Budapest and Vienna (designers’ network). Actually, the competitors cooperate in the mutual transportation and purchase goods together to eliminate expenditures. They save financial resources that are invested in establishing new jobs and/or increasing incomes.

Whereas the coopetitive networks in the reality have spatial extension so in this context the competitors’ network must be dissected by synthesizing advanced toolkits of spatial network analysis (SpNA), multilevel analysis in geography (MAG) and spatial econometrics (SE) to recognize and explain spatial attributes of coopetitive networks.

Basically, the empirical results reveal that coopetitive networks can be referred to as a main driving force of the regional economic growth and development. Two networks could cover more than 50 new jobs and could increase incomes by 4–6 percent every year. Moreover, material and immaterial territorial capacities were exploited by utilizing coopetitive savings at transboundary level.

48 University of Debrecen

63

Session F – EU & economy

Sára Farkas49

F.4. Financial institutions matter for territorial developmentChallenges to achieve growth and positive impacts on local economies in Hungary (2007–2013, 2014–2020)

Based on the facts that financial intermediary system has crucial impacts on national economic growth, territorial cohesion and on local economic development as well, financial instruments and their intermediary institutions could play a greater role in territorial development. Hungary was among the first member states where financial instruments of the EU’s cohesion policy were introduced in 2007, however in the new development phase (2014–2020) experiences of the delivery system have been just partly applied. The new model operates in a more centralized manner and has a lower level diversity in the financial institutions responsible for the financial intermediation.

This presentation aims to give a brief overview about the financial instruments’ role in development policy in the EU and in Hungary, to highlight the special features of the Hungarian delivery system (2007–2013), and to identify the risks and challenges on local economic development arising from the new institutional setting (2014–2020).

49 University of Pécs, The Central Bank of Hungary

64


Zoltán Dorogi50

F.5. Territorial aspects of cluster policy in Hungary:Connect to (smart) specialisation

Policies around the concepts of smart specialization and clusters follow various methods, and cluster policy is one of this ways. In Hungary, first programs of cluster policy started in 2000, so during this two decades several aims and initiatives were formed. At first round, cluster policy generate co-operations among regional actors to create connections, establish clusters. While on the second round the policy focus on sectoral specialization and the demands of regions. Clusters in Hungary have territorial aspects as well connected to the regional development funds. On the third period, aim of cluster policy to reach the critical mass with some large clusters involve nation-wide actors. Strengthening effectiveness of cluster organizations via visibility, develop R&D capacity and activity, enhance professionalization of cluster management, etc.

The cluster policy connects to the national smart specialization strategy (S3) which was created in 2014. Clusters have an important role to develop competitiveness of SMEs, contribute to reindustrialization policy of Hungary.

It is clear that territorial dimension is dominant in the process of clusterization. Various actors participate in clusters, but what the main actors are? Which actors drives this co-operation? What are the main rules of creating and managing clusters? The challenge of planning in cluster and innovation policy is to specify different actors, the motivation and role of actors, connection among them. Other question is the adaptation of new methods, create more direct links to innovation policy, to economic development, to the higher education institutions and co-ordinate this activities in spatial strategies, territorial dimensions.

50 Széchenyi Programiroda

65

Session GGreening & landscape

Room C 10724th May

13:00–15:00

66


Anastasiia Oleshchenko – Maryna Zerkal51

G.1. Generating complex greening of the territory of Ternopil city as an important element of its planning structure

The main tendencies of improvement and landscaping of settlements both in Ukraine and abroad are to create and maintain an optimal balance of the city’s green funds, areas of residential and public buildings and industrial territories. Unfortunately, under the present conditions, the same problems appear while greening large cities regardless of the character and conditions of development of settlements themselves. First of all, this is the irregularity of greening the territory and the lack of areas of different types of greenery in certain areas. Consequently, the development of such kind of project documentation as a Scheme of Greening Settlement is extremely relevant in present conditions. State Enterprise ‘DIPROMISTO’ on the order of Ternopil City Council has elaborated the project ‘The Scheme of Greening Ternopil City’. Based on the analysis of the current legislative and regulatory framework, the main directions of the city greening have been developed, which emphasize the important role of natural complexes in the landscape organization and create a conceptual basis for the implementation of local environmental programs in the field of providing integrated landscaping in Ternopil City. Taking into account the decisions of the project, the green plantations of Ternopil City are intended to provide relatively uniform and continuous landscaping of residential districts and microdistricts, public and cultural centers, industrial areas and sanitary protection zones.

51 State Enterprise Y. Bilokon Ukrainian State Scientific Research Institute of Urban Design ‘DIPROMISTO’

67

Session G – Greening & landscape

Krisztina Filepné Kovács – Paloma Gonzalez de Linares52 – Vera Iváncsics53 – Anita Kukulska – Magdalena

Wilkosz-Mamcarczyk – Katarzyna Cegielska – Marta Szylar – Tomasz Noszczyk54 – István Valánszki55

G.2. What can we learn from Western European landscape policies?Comparison analysis of European landscape policies focusing on Poland and Hungary

With the contribution of our international team we compared the main elements of landscape policy of France, Germany, Poland and Hungary. Germany and France, all have a strong landscape policy but of different types, tools and institutional systems. In our analysis we compare these systems with the landscape policy tools of East-Central European countries. The French state offers several possible tools for local authorities for landscape protection and development. Germany has an exceptional hierarchic and detailed system for landscape plans integrated into the spatial planning system.

Research questions:⊕How the landscape policy is integrated into the spatial planning system?⊕What are the tools and institutional system of landscape policy?⊕What are the means of public participation?⊕How the European Landscape Convention influenced the landscape

policy?

In Poland and Hungary as former socialist countries landscape and spatial policy had to be changed, adjusted to market demands. In all countries landscape assets are important part of our heritage and the countries have chosen different methods to protect them. We compare the tools, the mechanism and draw consequences for the Hungarian and Polish landscape planning practice.

52 Szent István University53 Hétfa Research Institute, Szent István University54 University of Agriculture in Krakow55 Szent István University

68


Árpád Szabó56

G.3. Urban density as key tool of planning for a sustainable cityLongtermplanningandconflictsinPaks,Hungary

The city, Paks, is facing the biggest challenge of its history as the nuclear power plant of the country is planned to be built at its southern industrial zone. The city is hoping to attain large public and private development sources, which can provide funds for the complete restructuring of the city.

The municipality, keeping in mind the well-being of its citizens, is preparing its spatial development plans with a vision of urban sustainability for a large temporary population growth and for a more modest number of new permanent residents.

The city has the goal of using its brownfield zones and undeveloped areas close to its center and planning its new developments with a balanced approach on residential densities and green infrastructures. Meanwhile the compact city approach has mobilized private investors preparing new residential projects in the historic center causing conflicts with the current residents of the traditional core.

How to keep balance between densification and the apparent negative short term impacts of developments? How to use urban density as a planning tool in a small city in Hungary? The paper presents the approaches and tools of the municipality and the urban planning team and also the resulting local conflicts at social and political level.

56 Budapest University of Technology and Economics

69

Session G – Greening & landscape

Zita Szabó – Klaudia Máté – Ágnes Sallay57

G.4. Separate or Connect?Land values on the two banks of Ipoly

Watercourses can be natural and political borders. Ipoly river is a border between Hungary and Slovakia. The river has separated and connected villages for centuries. After the establishment of Slovakia, it became a frontier for long kilometers between Hungary and Slovakia. The past interconnected development of the villages was interrupted for decades. The EU accession of the two countries opened up the possibility of joining the two sides again.

Land values give information about the history of the settlements. In the framework of the TÉKA (Land Value CT) project, the landscape value cadastre of the Ipoly settlements was completed. We used the datas of the cadastre to find answers for our research questions. How the political separation and the re-cooperation did change the land values? Is there significant role of the nationality to protect land values? Does minority existence improve or impair the chances of survival of values?

People’s attachment to their home is well illustrated by how they relate to their land values. Land values give uniqueness and character for landscape. These values give information about the separation and connection. We examine the land values to find out evidences of separation and connection. We find that the population has preserved the land values of cultural history, especially religious, in the past centuries.


70


Vera Iváncsics58 – Krisztina Filepné Kovács – Klaudia Máté – István Valánszki – Paloma Gonzalez de Linares –

László Kollányi59

G.5. A cross-border review of green infrastructure planning methods and differences

The research presents the different practices of green infrastructure (GI) development between countries, groups of countries. The concept of GI, published in the United States in 1996 (Benedict, M. A. – McMahon, E. T. 2006), was adapted by the whole world. However, the practical transposition of a complex concept at a theoretical level differs in many countries, with unique aspects focusing on the country’s culture. After studying the concept of GI, the study analyses the practice of neighbouring, European and more distant countries based on given criteria and then typizes their practice.

Our research questions are:⊕What is the institutional system of GI planning?⊕What is the main objective of GI planning (ecosystem services, GI

elements, urban–rural relations, multifunctionality, etc.)?⊕What are the main tools for GI development?⊕What typical means of realisation and financing schemes can be

identified?

Along with this, geographic location and landscape pattern, and land use regulation traditions can influence the formed characters. As the results shows there is a great difference between the end user of the planning strategies and documents: titled to civil user, to professional management body or both. Thanks to this research, the currently developed GI implementation in Hungary can be integrated into international trends, providing further points for policy-makers.Reference:Benedict, M. A. – McMahon, E. T. 2006: Green Infrastructure: Linking

Landscapes and Communities. – The Conservation Fund – Island Press

58 Hétfa Research Institute, Szent István University59 Szent István University

71

Plenary Session III.

Room C V–VI24th May

13:00–15:00

72


Tomasz Komornicki60

III.1. Spatial planning and transport developmentChallenges for the EU supported investment

Development of transport infrastructure is in most countries dependent on the spatial planning system. In the states being beneficiaries of cohesion policy, a large part of transport investments is conducted with the support of the European structural funds. Cohesion policy overlaps with transport policy and spatial planning has often proved unprepared for such a significant intensification of investment process. The problem is also cooperation between individual entities (including local government units), which is indispensable in linear investments as well as in development of public transport. In the Western European countries the role of cohesion policy in the development of transport and improvement of spatial accessibility is limited to specific projects within the TEN-T network.

The paper presents the effects of transport investments supported by the European Union in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The results of research on transport accessibility and evaluation of operational programs in Poland were also described. Against this background, the problem of mutual relations in the triangle between the national spatial policies, the EU cohesion policy and the EU transport policy was raised. The strong position of sectoral policies has been pointed out. The summary presents the challenges and recommendations for future support for transport investments in Europe.

The paper presents the result of the GRINCOH (FP7) project as well as the result of the grant financed by the Polish National Science Center No. 2014/13/B/HS4/03397.

60 Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences

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Plenary Session III.

Kai Böhme61

III.2. Territorial cooperation is a necessity not a luxury

Today’s spatial development and planning faces challenges asking for a stronger territorial dimension of policies and a broader, more strategic perspective of spatial planning (e.g. increasing fragmentation & disintegration, growing interdependencies & their externalities and the mismatch of functionalities). Most challenges can no longer be mastered by decision makers in charge of individual territories, be it municipalities, regions or countries. The high levels of territorial interdependencies and interaction imply that for almost any development issue, territorial impacts extend beyond administrative borders and decisions at different administrative/territorial can only be solved through territorial cooperation. Europe has built up a strong tradition of territorial cooperation including various tools such as Interreg, EGTC, ITI, and we need to further develop this at all geographical levels. Depending on the question at stake we need to further develop cooperation between the EU and its neighbours, within the EU, in macro-regional or transnational regions, in cross-border areas, but also in functional areas within countries. At the same time, we also need to acknowledge recent development, policy and governance trends which can make territorial cooperation more cumbersome.

61 Spatial Foresight

74


Joris Scheers62

III.3. European Spatial planning challenges

Globally as well as on the European continent, existing spatial structures are challenged by digitalization and urban development. New economic realities urge existing public and private institutions to provide answers for future qualitative living environments. The growing importance of urban issues can be acknowledged. The EU suggests that the development of cities will determine the future economic, social and territorial development of the entire continent. Given the existing scale and location advantages, adequate densities and their knowledge-and innovation-driven environment, urbanized areas are the places were the battle for a sustainable future will be won or lost.

The transformative capacity of urban environments has to ensure that the collective welfare is guaranteed in the future. The extent to which these productive levers are used, will determine the development potential and sustainability of the city. Spatial quality and urban governance are key issues here. The question is how both can be related with growing mobility and connectivity demands, a more diverse and intensive claim on urban space and the need for more energy conservation, environmental and health protection.

Spatial planning must be able to provide solutions to absorb the spatial impact of these challenges. Recent surveys show us that today’s citizens are questioning more and more the insufficient quality of their living environment. So the questions remains to what extent spatial planning policies and practice are able to answer these challenges and which instruments and good practices can be brought into the debate?

62 European Council of Spatial Planners, ECTP

Main Patron of the ConferenceGyörgy Matolcsygovernor of The Central Bank of Hungary

Members of the Scientific Committee

Maros Finka – Slovak University of Technology in BratislavaMátyás Jaschitz – Central European Service for Cross-border Initiatives, CESCILászló Jeney – Hungarian Geographical Society, Geo Institute, Corvinus University of BudapestJános B. Kocsis – MUT – Hungarian Society for Urban PlanningTomasz Komornicki – Polish Academy of Sciences – Institute of Geography and Spatial OrganisationAttila Korompai – National contact point of the Regional Studies Association, Geo Institute, Corvinus University of Budapest, Géza Salamin – Geo Institute, Corvinus University of BudapestJoris Scheers – European Council of Spatial Planners, Catholic University of LeuvenMárton Péti – Geo Institute, Corvinus University of Budapest

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Documents

SPACES CROSSING BORDERS Abstract Book...Urban spaces crossing borders – The potentials and obstacles to the cross-border development of Komárom–Komárno twin city ..... 27 B.5