Space Policy of Japan

Mar. 2017 National Space Policy Secretariat

Cabinet Office of Japan

1. Overview of Space Policy of Japan

2. Space Security

1) Space Situational Awareness(SSA)

2) Maritime Domain Awareness(MDA)

3) Space Domain Mission Assurance

3. Quasi-Zenith Satellite System(QZSS）

4. Future direction

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Contents

Promoting use of space for solutions for challenges

（national security, use in civil area）

Aimed at development of satellite and rocket

• Basic Act for Space policy was settled in 2008.

１．Non-military use ⇒ including use for national security within exclusively defensive oriented policy ２．Establishment of Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy ・The Prime Minister is Chair. ・Establishing “Basic Plan on Space policy” ３．Establishment of National Space Policy Secretariat in Cabinet Office ・Adding some new missions to JAXA

Today Past

Settling “Basic Act for Space policy” in 2008

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MEXT

Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy (Chairman; the Prime Minister)

Space Policy Committee (9 committees from industry, academia etc.)

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

National Space Policy Secretariat (NSPS)

Cabinet Satellite

Intelligence Center (CSICE)

MOFA NPA

MAFF etc…

Meteorological Satellite

Greenhouse Gases

Observing

[Cooperation among ministries]

➡ The Cabinet Office comprehensively navigates space policy Ministries relating to space activities

Request for advice Secretariat

Management of QZSS

Science and Technology

Development

Space Industry Promotion

Communications and

Broadcast

National Defense

Intelligence

MEXT METI MOE MLIT MIC MOD

MLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport MOE: Ministry of the Environment MOD: Ministry of Defense

MIC: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology METI: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

MOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan NPA: National Police Agency MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan

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Since “Basic Act for Space policy” has settled in 2008, Japanese space policy has three goals, “Space Security”, “Use of space in civil area” and “Industrial and Science & Tech basis”.

In Jan. 2015, the new “Basic Plan for Space Policy” was determined. This policy sufficiently

reflects the new national security policy. This policy is a long-term and concrete public activities plan for next 10 years and foreseeing coming 20 years.

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Industrial and Science & Tech basis

Use of Space in civil area

Space Security

Comprehensive Space Policy

1. Space Policy①Comprehensive National Strategy

Change in balance of power on space policy

―Transformation from the US-Soviet bipolar structure to multi-polarized structure ―Greater number of countries involved in space activities, and a corresponding growth in commercial space market

Growing risks against stable use of outer space

―increased number of space debris and growing threats of ASAT attacks ―Necessity to cope with such risks sustainably and ensure stable use of outer space

Growing importance of the role of outer space to solve global challenges

―Global challenges such as energy, environment, food and natural disasters have come to the forefront and posing severe threats to the international community ―Necessity to contribute to solve global challenges using space systems

Space industrial basis is at stake

―Industrial basis is essential for conducting space activities autonomously ―Lack of foreseeability of investments led to continuous business withdrawals and stagnated new entries into space industry

Growing importance of outer space for national security policy

―Necessity to utilize space for the security area proactively based on the National Security Strategy ―Advent of a new era for US-Japan space cooperation

Lack of organic cycles among science & technology, national security and industrial vitalization

―Insufficient efforts of R&D in use of space for security purpose and of making the most of outcomes of R&D in civil space areas for individual vitalization

1. Space Policy ②Environmental Awareness surrounding Space Policy

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Ministry FY2017 ①

FY2016 ②

Difference （①）-（②）

CSICE 79 72 7 (+10.6%) MOD 39 34 5 (+13.2%) METI 5 3 2 (+62.8%)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29

Space Budget Plan in FY2017

（billion yen）

CSICE 79.4

MEXT 179.4

CAO 20.6 NPA 0.8 MIC 6.6 MOFA 0.3

MOD 38.7

MOE 5.8 MLIT 5.1 METI 5.0 MAFF 0.3

（billion yen）

308 311 320 332 324 333 325 332 342

（billion yen）

※ Each FY Budget includes supplementary budget.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

（FY）

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MLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport MOE: Ministry of the Environment MOD: Ministry of Defense MIC: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology METI: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry MOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan NPA: National Police Agency MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan CSICE: Cabinet Satellite Intelligence Center

■ Congestion in space (i.e. satellite increase) ■ Instability due to rapid increase of space debris ■ Threats (i.e. ASAT, cyber attack, and jamming) ・ Need for improvement of Mission Assurance of space system and securing stable space utilization

17,833 debris (as of Oct. 2016)

・Approx. 2,100 upper stage rockets, 4,200 space crafts ・Fragmentation debris on and above half of all

Transition of space debris number

Background

quoted from NASA, 2016

2. Space Security ①background

○ Hostile acts (kinetic destruction, laser attack, jamming, cyber attack etc.) ○ Adverse conditions (space debris, solar flare etc.)

Threats & Risks

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Telescope （aperture Size : 1 m）

●Radar observation facility at Kamisaibara, Okayama （space debris observation on LEO）

●Optical observation facility at Bisei, Okayama （space debris observation on GEO）

Telescope （aperture Size : 50 cm）

Kamisaibara

Bisei

MOD, MEXT/JAXA are developing SSA related facilities. New system is being developed. ⇒ constantly monitors satellites of each countries and space debris, supporting safe operation of satellites ⇒ strengthening system for collecting information of satellites.

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2. Space Security ②Space Situational Awareness(SSA)

Concept of SSA information Sharing

Control System

Telescope @ Bisei

Space Radar @ Kamisaibara

JAXA

【Update & rebuild existing assets】

U.S.A

MOD

Operating System

【Developing more specified plan】

Surveillance Sensor

Information sharing

Data utilized for research purpose

Data obtained by sensors

SSA Architecture in Japan

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Discussing cooperation between Japan and France

Related ministries(※) are deepening study for utilization of comprehensive information of ships, aircraft, satellites and other vehicles etc….

（※）・・・National Security Secretariat, Secretariat of the HQs for Ocean Policy, and National Space Policy Secretariat

Examples for information sharing by MDA

Oceanographic information (currents, temperature)

Marine weather information (precipitation, wind, cloud cover)

Marine traffic status

Satellite imagery Seafloor topography information Situational Awareness

Events -Oil spill -Flood, surge -Earthquake, tsunami -Pirates

Operations -Pest control -Rescue -Suppression

2. Space Security ② Maritime Domain Awareness(MDA)

Quoted from JAXA

Quoted from NASA

Quoted from JPA

Quoted from NRL

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Strengthening Space Domain Mission Assurance

機能保証 （Mission Assurance）

①Effective Enforcement

②Considering the Future Threat

③Combining Countermeasures

④Interagency Corporation

⑤International Cooperation

Congestion Threat & Risk

Increase of threat & risk to space system

Fundamental Concept

Ground System

Satellite

Transition of space debris number

Spoofing

Anti-satellite Attack

Disaster

Jamming

Solar Flare

Space Domain Mission Assurance

Defensive Operations Resilience Reconstruction

2. Space Security ③Space Domain Mission Assurance

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Protection

Proliferation Diversification

①Construction of resilient system ②Defensive operations (SSA etc.) ③Reconstruction after incident

Reconstitution

Avoidance

Warning ・Table Top Exercise SSA

(3) Strengthening Space Technologies & Industries ①Promotion and enhancement of civil space industries ②Development and utilization of new space technologies （ex. responsive small satellite and launch system） ③Ensure supply chain of space system (i.e. components and parts) ④Government procurements in space industries ⑤Supporting companies reaching out to oversea markets

(1) Preparations for developing measures ①Information sharing among ministries ・ threat & risk information sharing ・ interagency cooperation in emergency ②Implementation of vulnerability assessment ・ establishing of method of vulnerability assessment ・ related ministries conducting vulnerability assessment

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Main Actions for Strengthening Space Domain Mission Assurance

(2) Measures for Strengthening Mission Assurance

準天頂衛星の軌道

Equator

【GEO】 Above the equator 36,000㎞ about 3㎞/sec（constant velocity） Period: 24 hours Used by communication satellites, and weather satellites

【QZO】 Elliptical orbit tilted between 40 to 50 degrees with respect to the stationary GEO orbital plane. （set to remain over Japan） （From ground it traces an “8” orbital path,） about 3㎞/sec Period: 24 hours

Japan

Just above Japan （about ８ hours）

Low altitude or not above Japan

far

near

slow

fast

Long-time

Short-time

←Japan

QZSS Satellite Ground Track

“QZO” satellites move in elliptical orbits tilted between 40 to 50 degrees with respect to the “GEO” orbit. The orbital period is about 24 hours and in-sync with the earth’s rotation, like GEO. As a result, they trace a figure “8” on the earth’s surface, with a focus around 135 degrees east longitude, and stay long-term just above Japan.

QZO covers East Asia.

【QZSS Orbit】

3. Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) Japan Government is promoting 4 satellite constellation of QZSS realized in 2018.

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①GPS complementary Improved accuracy by using more satellites （improved in urban areas)

③Messaging service ・Disaster/crisis report ・Safety confirmation service through QZS

②GNSS augmentation Improved precision positioning （enables cm-class positioning utilizing GPS-based Control Station）

JFY 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020～2032

QZSS （No. ２～４）

1st(Michibiki)

Successor

Development / Design Adjustments 3 Sats Launch

Preliminary design

Development Design Adjustments

QZS Rescue signal

messaging

Rescue signal

Receive

Rescue signal Control Station

Disaster Report Receive

Around 2023; 7 satellites constellation

In operation

Initial Operations with 4-Satellite-Constellation

Three roles and functions of QZSS

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○Cm-level positioning was demonstrated in Australia by utilizing information of positioning correction supplied by QZS .

○Basically no need for station. (Refers at the first launching. Used station 400km away from the site at this demonstration. Could be operated only with QZS signal.

±5cm class precision was demonstrated in weeding and fertilization with unmanned tractor

weeding（day） weeding（night） fertilization

Tractor traveling locus

Tire : 30cm

Strip : 40cm

wheel track between strip -->confirmed the work between strip

【Site】 Australia

Example of GIS control monitor

3. QZSS Practical examples (Demonstration of Smart-agriculture)

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◇Secure implementation of the Basic Plan on Space Policy Ensuring space security

◇Paradigm change in space systems Big, Sophisticated Small, Constellations

High resilience and time resolution Closely related with Big-Data, IoT, AI

◇Strengthening international cooperation Space security and science & technology cooperation with allied and friendly countries.

4. Future direction

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Thank You

Cabinet Office

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