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SPACE EXPLORATION
Ancient Astronomy
Ancient Greeks: Geocentric Model
1500’s
• COPERNICUS• Earth revolves around the sun• “Heliocentric” model of the solar system
1600’s
• GALILEO• Builds first telescope• Sees 4 moons orbiting Jupiter• Sees Milky Way is made of millions of
stars• Sees mountains on the moon
1600’s
NEWTON: Laws of Motion
1700’sUranus is discovered
The Cold War Space Race
• 1957 Russians launch first artificial satellite
• Sputnik
The Cold War Space Race
• 1957 one month after Sputnik, Russians launch first dog in space
• Laika
The Cold War Space Race
• 1958 USA launches first American satellite• Explorer 1
The Cold War Space Race
• 1961 Russians put first man into “low Earth orbit”
• Yuri Gagarin
• 108 minutes in orbit
• Cosmonaut
The Cold War Space Race
• May, 1961 • One month after Gagarin’s flight, USA puts
man into space• Alan Shepherd• Astronaut
The Cold War Space Race
May 25, 1961
President John F. Kennedy announces:
USA will put man on the moon before 1970
Mercury Space Program
• 1961- 3
6 space flights put one astronaut at a time into low earth orbit
Gemini Space Program
• 1965-1967• 10 flights put two
astronauts at a time into low earth orbit
• Goals: • longer duration flights• practice rendezvous
and docking with space vehicles
• perfect re-entry and landing
• Buzz Aldrin and Jim Lovell in Gemini 12
Apollo Space Program
• 1968-1972 USA
• 11 missions
• # 7,8,9,10 orbit 3 men around Earth and Moon (Jim Lovell)
Saturn V Rocket
• Used in Apollo• 363 feet tall• 6 million pounds• 90% of weight was
fuel• 1.5 million pounds
of thrust• 1250 gallons fuel
per second
How fast does a rocket need to go to get into orbit?
ESCAPE VELOCITY
The speed a rocket needs to go to escape Earth’s gravity
• 7 miles per second• 25,000 miles per hour
(assumes no air friction)
Apollo Space Program
• July 1969 Apollo 11• USA puts first man on the moon• Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins
Apollo Space Program
• 5 more moon landings until 1972
• # 12, 14, 15, 16, 17• #13 Lovell, Haise,
Swigert
• #16 Mattingly
Lovell, Swigert, Haise
Voyager Interstellar Mission
• Launch in 1977• Voyager 1 and 2
• Goal: explore the
outer planets and beyond the solar system
Where are the Voyagers now?
Post-Cold War Space Exploration
• 1981 USA launches first Space Shuttle• Columbia
Space Station Mir
• 1986 Russians put first Space Station in orbit around Earth
• Mir means “Peace”• Used for 15 years
Space Shuttle Challenger
• 1986 USA Space Shuttle Challenger explodes after take-off
Hubble Space Telescope
• 1990 USA sends Hubble Space telescope into orbit
• Avoids interference from Earth’s atmosphere
• Serviced by Space Shuttle
Galileo Probe
• 1995 USA sends Galileo Probe into Jupiter
International Space Station
• 1998 International Space Station
• US and Russian crew live there beginning in 2000
Space Shuttle Columbia
• 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia explodes during re-entry
Cassini Probe
• 2004 Cassini Probe reaches Saturn
Mars Rovers• 2004
Opportunity• 2009
Spirit• 2012
Curiosity• Search for
life on Mars
Kepler Space Telescope
• 2009-2013• Search for
habitable planets around other stars • “Exoplanets”• 135 confirmed
planets• 2677 candidates
Future NASA Missions
• No more “low earth orbit” missions
• Focus on long distance space exploration
• Man on Asteroid (2025)
• Man on Mars (2030)
• Space Launch System (SLS):New generation of rocket (2017?)
• “Apollo on steroids”• Lift 63-220 tons• 4 – man Multipurpose
Crew Vehicle (MPCV) can dock with other craft
• Crew compartment will land on ground (not ocean)