SPACESPACE

Beginnings…Beginnings…

Isaac NewtonIsaac NewtonCame up with new theory of gravitation in Came up with new theory of gravitation in

16871687First person to come up with the idea of artificial First person to come up with the idea of artificial

satellites orbiting the Earthsatellites orbiting the Earth

Early 20Early 20thth Century CenturyScientists began figuring out how they could Scientists began figuring out how they could

send a satellite high enough/ fast enough to send a satellite high enough/ fast enough to place it in orbit around Earthplace it in orbit around Earth

Research WWII-Post WWIIResearch WWII-Post WWII

WWII ResearchWWII Research1943-1946: At this time, rockets were too 1943-1946: At this time, rockets were too

weak to boost a satellite to orbit the Earthweak to boost a satellite to orbit the EarthEngineers began working harder to develop a Engineers began working harder to develop a

way to get satellites into orbitway to get satellites into orbit1954: Engineers were sure that launching a 1954: Engineers were sure that launching a

satellite would be possible soonsatellite would be possible soon

Soviet Union (USSR) vs. United Soviet Union (USSR) vs. United StatesStates

USSR USSR andand the U.S. announced plans to the U.S. announced plans to develop satellites in 1955develop satellites in 1955

Remember the arms race between the two Remember the arms race between the two countries during the Cold War???countries during the Cold War???

Russian engineers designed the first Russian engineers designed the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) rocket in the mid-1950s.rocket in the mid-1950s.

Known as “R-7” Known as “R-7” Testing on these rockets began in 1956Testing on these rockets began in 1956

Soviets Have an Idea…Soviets Have an Idea…

If R-7 could fly 4,000 miles…maybe If R-7 could fly 4,000 miles…maybe something could be transported in itsomething could be transported in itAn artificial Earth satellite should be created!An artificial Earth satellite should be created!

Iskustvennyi Sputnik ZemliIskustvennyi Sputnik ZemliCompleted June 1957Completed June 1957Name means: “Fellow Traveler of the Earth”Name means: “Fellow Traveler of the Earth”

Called “Sputnik” for shortCalled “Sputnik” for short

SputnikSputnik

Soviet Union Soviet Union launched launched SputnikSputnik in in October, 1957October, 1957 184 pound ball 184 pound ball The first artificial Earth The first artificial Earth

satellitesatellite In orbit beeping for 3 In orbit beeping for 3

weeksweeks Burned as it fell back Burned as it fell back

into the atmosphere in into the atmosphere in January, 1958January, 1958

Dawn of the Space AgeDawn of the Space Age

The launching of The launching of SputnikSputnik = the Dawn of = the Dawn of the Space Agethe Space Age

SputnikSputnik was the most significant event was the most significant event since explosion of the atom bomb in 1945since explosion of the atom bomb in 1945

SputnikSputnik humiliated the American ego humiliated the American ego ““A bloodless Pearl Harbor” A bloodless Pearl Harbor”

What? What?

USSR Forces the U.S. to ActionUSSR Forces the U.S. to Action

Sputnik 2: Launched November 1957Sputnik 2: Launched November 1957Carried a live dog on boardCarried a live dog on board

Caused the U.S. to take action and make Caused the U.S. to take action and make progress in Spaceprogress in SpaceEisenhower approves $1billion for “national Eisenhower approves $1billion for “national

security”security”

The Military is in ChargeThe Military is in Charge

U.S. Army and Navy both had ballistic U.S. Army and Navy both had ballistic missile projects underwaymissile projects underway In a race to see who would be the first In a race to see who would be the first

American service to orbit a satelliteAmerican service to orbit a satelliteTwo months after the launch of Sputnik 1, Two months after the launch of Sputnik 1,

Eisenhower gave the Navy permission to Eisenhower gave the Navy permission to send the first satellite into orbitsend the first satellite into orbit

Vanguard rocket would carry itVanguard rocket would carry it

VanguardVanguard

December 6, 1957December 6, 1957 Vanguard lost control Vanguard lost control

2 seconds after 2 seconds after launchlaunch Only 4 feet off launch Only 4 feet off launch

pad, fell back and pad, fell back and explodedexploded

Newspapers called it Newspapers called it “Kaputnik and “Kaputnik and Stayputnik”Stayputnik”

The Navy Tries AgainThe Navy Tries Again

The Navy made another attempt to beat The Navy made another attempt to beat the Army on January 25, 1958the Army on January 25, 1958Rocket exploded again 14 seconds after Rocket exploded again 14 seconds after

being launchedbeing launched It’s the Army’s turn now…It’s the Army’s turn now…

Explorer 1Explorer 1

U.S. Army’s Redstone Arsenal at U.S. Army’s Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville, ALHuntsville, ALThis is the same place where the designs for This is the same place where the designs for

later vehicles that would carry astronauts to later vehicles that would carry astronauts to the Moon in 1969the Moon in 1969

The Army was asked to send a satellite to The Army was asked to send a satellite to orbitorbitTrying to erase the embarrassment from the Trying to erase the embarrassment from the

Navy’s disastersNavy’s disasters

Explorer 1Explorer 1

January 31, 1958January 31, 1958 Launched satellite Launched satellite

Explorer-1 aboard the Explorer-1 aboard the Jupiter-C rocketJupiter-C rocket

Explorer-1’s batteries Explorer-1’s batteries died 5 months after died 5 months after launchlaunch

Plunged into Earth’s Plunged into Earth’s atmosphere and atmosphere and burned on March 31, burned on March 31, 19701970

Army’s Embarrassments/Navy’s Army’s Embarrassments/Navy’s SuccessesSuccesses

March 5, 1958: Explorer-2 failed to reach March 5, 1958: Explorer-2 failed to reach orbit orbit

March 17, 1958: Vanguard-3 successfully March 17, 1958: Vanguard-3 successfully reached orbitreached orbit

March 28, 1958: Explorer-3 reached orbitMarch 28, 1958: Explorer-3 reached orbitCarried instruments to measure cosmic rays, Carried instruments to measure cosmic rays,

meteorites, and temperaturemeteorites, and temperature

Sputnik-3Sputnik-3

Geophysical Geophysical observatoryobservatory

Successfully Successfully launched on May 15launched on May 15

Solar-poweredSolar-powered Weighed 2,925 Weighed 2,925

poundspounds

NASANASA

July 29, 1958: National Aeronautics and July 29, 1958: National Aeronautics and Space ActSpace ActDeveloped National Aeronautics and Space Developed National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA)Administration (NASA)First civilian space research groupFirst civilian space research group

October 1, 1958: NASA was foundedOctober 1, 1958: NASA was founded

Vostok 1Vostok 1

First man to orbit the EarthFirst man to orbit the EarthYuri GagarinYuri GagarinTechnically didn’t count because he Technically didn’t count because he

ejected before the capsule came down!ejected before the capsule came down!

So did America have success?So did America have success?

Yes!Yes!Mercury programMercury program

One man space capsulesOne man space capsulesAlan Shepard on Freedom 7 was the first Alan Shepard on Freedom 7 was the first

American in space on May 5, 1961 American in space on May 5, 1961 John Glenn was the first American to orbit the John Glenn was the first American to orbit the

Earth on February 20, 1962Earth on February 20, 1962

Mercury AstronautsMercury AstronautsDeke Sleyton, Gus Grissom, Gordo Cooper, Alan Shepard, Deke Sleyton, Gus Grissom, Gordo Cooper, Alan Shepard,

Scott Carpenter, Wally Schirra, John GlennScott Carpenter, Wally Schirra, John Glenn

Gemini programGemini program

Two man space Two man space capsulescapsules

Space walksSpace walks Edward White on Edward White on

June 3, 1965June 3, 1965

Apollo – the quest to land men on Apollo – the quest to land men on the moonthe moon

President Kennedy instituted the space President Kennedy instituted the space program with the goal of landing a man on program with the goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the decadethe moon by the end of the decade

Accomplished July 20, 1969 under Accomplished July 20, 1969 under President Nixon.President Nixon.

Titan rocket still in use todayTitan rocket still in use today

Apollo 1Apollo 1

Apollo 1: January 27, Apollo 1: January 27, 19671967

Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Space Center, FloridaFlorida

Astronauts killed: Gus Astronauts killed: Gus Grissom, Ed White, Grissom, Ed White, Roger ChaffeeRoger Chaffee

Space capsule caught fire Space capsule caught fire atop launch pad during a atop launch pad during a launch pad test launch pad test

Apollo 8Apollo 8

First to orbit the moonFirst to orbit the moon Frank BormanFrank Borman James LovellJames Lovell Bill AndersonBill Anderson December 21, 1968December 21, 1968

Apollo 11Apollo 11

First men on the First men on the moonmoon

Neil Armstrong and Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin with Buzz Aldrin with Michael CollinsMichael Collins

July 20, 1969July 20, 1969

Apollo 13Apollo 13

Considered a Considered a “successful failure” “successful failure” because they got because they got home safelyhome safely

Did not land on the Did not land on the moonmoon

James Lovell, John James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred HaiseSwigert, Fred Haise

Apollo 17Apollo 17

Last flight to the moonLast flight to the moon December 7, 1972December 7, 1972 Ron Evans, Harrison Ron Evans, Harrison

Schmitt, and Gene Schmitt, and Gene CernanCernan

Cernan is to date the Cernan is to date the last man to stand on last man to stand on the moonthe moon

Skylab/Mir programsSkylab/Mir programs

Orbiting platformOrbiting platform Experiments in spaceExperiments in space Launch point to other Launch point to other

placesplaces May 14, 1973May 14, 1973

Space Shuttle ProgramSpace Shuttle Program

Reusable Reusable spacecraftspacecraftEnterpriseEnterprise..ColumbiaColumbiaChallengerChallengerDiscoveryDiscoveryAtlantisAtlantisEndeavourEndeavour

ChallengerChallenger

January 28, 1986January 28, 1986 Kennedy Space Kennedy Space

Center, FloridaCenter, Florida Space shuttle Space shuttle

exploded 73 seconds exploded 73 seconds after liftoffafter liftoff

7 Passengers killed in 7 Passengers killed in the explosionthe explosion

ChallengerChallenger

ColumbiaColumbia

February 1, 2003February 1, 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia Space Shuttle Columbia

disintegrated during re-disintegrated during re-entry into Earth’s entry into Earth’s atmosphereatmosphere Over TexasOver Texas

7 crew members were 7 crew members were killedkilled

This was Columbia’s 28This was Columbia’s 28thth missionmission

Where do we go from here?Where do we go from here?

Orion - designed to Orion - designed to carry astronauts back carry astronauts back to the moon and to the moon and beyond, possible beyond, possible even Mars even Mars

U.S. astronauts are U.S. astronauts are slated to return to the slated to return to the moon no later than moon no later than 2020.2020.

Orion will be a near Orion will be a near carbon copy of the carbon copy of the Apollo spacecraft. Apollo spacecraft.

It will be larger than It will be larger than the Apollo command the Apollo command module carrying four module carrying four astronauts (possibly astronauts (possibly six) as opposed to six) as opposed to three. three.

What are What are somesome products we got products we got from the space program?from the space program?

TV Satellite DishTV Satellite Dish NASA developed NASA developed ways to correct errors ways to correct errors in the signals coming in the signals coming from the spacecraft. from the spacecraft. This technology is This technology is used to reduce noise used to reduce noise (that is, messed up (that is, messed up picture or sound) in picture or sound) in TV signals coming TV signals coming from satellites. from satellites.

Medical ImagingMedical Imaging NASA developed NASA developed ways to process ways to process signals from signals from spacecraft to produce spacecraft to produce clearer images. This clearer images. This technology also technology also makes possible these makes possible these photo-like images of photo-like images of our insides. our insides.

Pyrex and Pyrex and CorningwareCorningware

was developed as was developed as heat resistant glass heat resistant glass that would not that would not shatter when shatter when exposed to exposed to extremes of extremes of temperaturetemperature

Ear ThermometerEar Thermometer Instead of measuring Instead of measuring temperature using a temperature using a column of mercury (which column of mercury (which expands as it heats up), expands as it heats up), this thermometer has a this thermometer has a lens like a camera and lens like a camera and detects infrared energy, detects infrared energy, which we feel as heat. which we feel as heat. The warmer something is The warmer something is (like your body), the more (like your body), the more infrared energy it puts infrared energy it puts out. This technology was out. This technology was originally developed to originally developed to detect the birth of stars. detect the birth of stars.

Fire Fighter Fire Fighter EquipmentEquipment Fire fighters wear Fire fighters wear suits made of fire suits made of fire resistant fabric resistant fabric developed for use in developed for use in space suits. space suits.

Smoke DetectorSmoke Detector First used in the Earth First used in the Earth orbiting space station orbiting space station called Skylab called Skylab (launched back in (launched back in 1973) to help detect 1973) to help detect any toxic vapors. Now any toxic vapors. Now used in most homes used in most homes and other buildings to and other buildings to warn people of fire. warn people of fire.

Sun Tiger GlassesSun Tiger Glasses From research done on From research done on materials to protect the materials to protect the eyes of welders working eyes of welders working on spacecraft, protective on spacecraft, protective lenses were developed lenses were developed that block almost all the that block almost all the wavelengths of radiation wavelengths of radiation that might harm the eyes, that might harm the eyes, while letting through all while letting through all the useful wavelengths the useful wavelengths that let us see. that let us see.

Automobile Design Automobile Design ToolsTools A computer program A computer program developed by NASA to developed by NASA to analyze a spacecraft or analyze a spacecraft or airplane design and airplane design and predict how parts will predict how parts will perform is now used to perform is now used to help design automobiles. help design automobiles. This kind of software can This kind of software can save car makers a lot of save car makers a lot of money by letting them money by letting them see how well a design will see how well a design will work even before they work even before they build a prototype. build a prototype.

Cordless ToolsCordless Tools Portable, self-contained Portable, self-contained power tools were power tools were originally developed to originally developed to help Apollo astronauts help Apollo astronauts drill for moon samples. drill for moon samples. This technology has lead This technology has lead to development of such to development of such tools as the cordless tools as the cordless vacuum cleaner, power vacuum cleaner, power drill, shrub trimmers, and drill, shrub trimmers, and grass shears. grass shears.

Aerodynamic Bicycle Aerodynamic Bicycle WheelWheel A special bike wheel uses A special bike wheel uses NASA research in airfoils NASA research in airfoils (wings) and design (wings) and design software developed for software developed for the space program. The the space program. The three spokes on the three spokes on the wheel act like wings, wheel act like wings, making the bicycle very making the bicycle very efficient for racing. efficient for racing.

Thermal Gloves and Thermal Gloves and BootsBoots These gloves and boots These gloves and boots have heating elements have heating elements that run on rechargeable that run on rechargeable batteries worn on the batteries worn on the inside wrist of the gloves inside wrist of the gloves or embedded in the sole or embedded in the sole of the ski boot. This of the ski boot. This technology was adapted technology was adapted from a spacesuit design from a spacesuit design for the Apollo astronauts. for the Apollo astronauts.

Space PensSpace Pens The Fisher Space Pen was The Fisher Space Pen was developed for use in space. developed for use in space. Most pens depend on gravity Most pens depend on gravity to make the ink flow into the to make the ink flow into the ball point. For this space pen, ball point. For this space pen, the ink cartridge contains the ink cartridge contains pressured gas to push the ink pressured gas to push the ink toward the ball point. That toward the ball point. That means, you can lie in bed and means, you can lie in bed and write upside down with this write upside down with this pen! Also, it uses a special ink pen! Also, it uses a special ink that works in very hot and very that works in very hot and very cold environments. cold environments.

Shock Absorbing Shock Absorbing HelmetsHelmets These special football These special football helmets use a helmets use a padding of Temper padding of Temper Foam, a shock Foam, a shock absorbing material absorbing material first developed for first developed for space helmetsspace helmets

And last but not least…And last but not least…

Disposable diapersDisposable diapers Special absorbent Special absorbent

material that was not material that was not bulky and would not bulky and would not bunch upbunch up

Developed for long Developed for long space flightsspace flights