Space Based Instrumentation for Future Detection of Artificial ULF-ELF-VLF Waves and Their Effects Using the Canadian Sponsored Enhanced Polar Outflow Project (ePOP) Satellite - Bernhardt1

7/28/2019 Space Based Instrumentation for Future Detection of Artificial ULF-ELF-VLF Waves and Their Effects Using the Canadian Sponsored Enhanced Polar Outflow Project (ePOP) Satellite - Bernhardt1

1/27

Space Based Instrumentation for

Future Detection of Artificial ULF/ELF/VLF wavesand Their Effects using the

Canadian Sponsored

Enhanced Polar Outflow Project (ePOP) Satellite

Paul Bernhardt1, Carl Siefring1, Andrew Yau2, H. Gordon James3

1Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC

2University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada3Communication Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada


2/27

Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (ePOP) Science Team

A. W. Yau, P. V. Amerl, L. L. Cogger, E. Donovan, D. J. Knudsen, J. S.

Murphree, T. S. Trondsen,

University of Calgary

P. A. Bernhardt, C.L. Siefring, Naval Research Laboratory

M. Connors, University of Athabasca

A. Hamza, R. Langley, University of New Brunswick

H. Hayakawa, K. Tsuruda, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

H. G. James, Communications Research Centre

S. Kostov, G. Sofko, University of Saskatchewan

J. Laframboise, York University

J. MacDougall, J. P. St. Maurice, University of Western Ontario

D. D. Wallis, Magnametrics


3/27

Enhanced - Polar Outflow Probe (NRL-0101) Concept

Experiment Description

Directly Monitor PolarIonosphere andDisturbances with a Suite of8 Space EnvironmentSensors

Orbit: 350 x 1500 km >

70o Inclination Satellite Mass: < 100 kg

Goals/Objectives

Monitor Reduction of Trapped Radiation Using HAARP Radio Transmissions.

Develop Understanding of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere (M-I) Coupling on DoDSystems using Radio Propagation and Satellites

Demonstrate Capability of Forecasting the Plasma Environment in Near-EarthSpace

Identify System Impacts of Ionospheric Ion Acceleration and Outflow

Study Plasma/Atmospheric Outflow and Wave-Particle Interactions


4/27

e-POP Science Objectives: Ion Outflow and Acceleration

Polar wind ions and electrons Collisional-collisionless transition region dynamics

Neutral outflow

Ion-neutral charge exchange and geocorona

Auroral bulk flow

Role of cold O+ plasma in auroral substorm onset

Topside auroral ion acceleration and heating

Wave particle interaction and propagation

Temporal/spatial relationship with aurora

Small-scale plasma irregularities


5/27

Ionospheric Ion Heating and OutflowAMICIST sounding rocket data

Courtesy P. Kintner & J. Bonnell, Cornell

- sounding rocket data show transverse ion energization

associated with BroadBand Extremely Low Frequency(BBELF) oscillations (f ~ WO+ and below)

- the BBELF, in turn, is frequently associated with highly

structured cross-field flows

satellite detects

upwelling ionospheric

plasma entering the

magnetosphere

diverging geomagnetic field lines

mirror force causes heated ions

to migrate higher altitudes

broadband, low-frequency

electrostatic waves heat

ions transverse to B

electrostatic potential

structures


6/27

e-POP Micro-Satellite:

Instrument Payload

Imaging particle instruments forunprecedented resolution on satellites

IRM: Imaging rapid ion massspectrometer

SEI: Suprathermal electron imager

NMS: Neutral mass and velocityspectrometer

Auroral imager and wave receiver-transmitter for first micro-satellite

measurements FAI: Fast auroral imager

RRI: Radio receiver instrument

CERTO: Coherent electromagneticradio tomography

Integrated instrument control/datahandling, and science-quality orbit-attitude system data to maximizescience return

MGF: Magnetometer

GAP: Differential GPS Attitude and

Position System


7/27

e-POP Instrument Payload

Instrument Component Volume (cm3) Mass (kg) Power (W)

IRM IRM-E 2,880 1.0 9/7

IRM-S 1,178 1.0

IRM-B 707 (1 m boom) 1.5

SEI SEI-E 4,800 1.5 13/9

SEI-S 236 1.0

SEI-B 707 (1 m boom) 2.0NMS NMS 7,500 7.0 18/18

FAI FAI-E 720 1.0 14/10*

FAI-SV 1,178 1.0

FAI-SI 1,178 1.0

RRI RRI ~800 < 5 kg 10*/5*

GAP GAP-T 1,977 3.2 15*/8*

GAP-A (total) 1,463 2.5

MGF MGF TBD TBD

CERTO CERTO-E 263 0.8 5*/5*

CERTO-B 1,250 (TBC) 1.0 9.6/6.4

Total 35,800 + TBD 30.5 + TBD

* TBC


8/27

e-POP In-situ Measurement Requirements

Polar wind and suprathermal ions

Composition, density, velocity, temperature (1-40 amu, 0.1-70 eV)

Atmospheric neutrals

Composition, density, velocity, temperature (1-40 amu, 0.1-2 km/s)

Ambient and suprathermal electrons

Energy and pitch angle distributions (


9/27

Radio Science on e-POP

RRI Science (10 Hz -18 MHz)

Transionospheric Imaging of Density Structures

Wave-Particle Interactions

Ionospheric Heater-Triggered Nonlinear Processes

GPS Occultation (1.2-1.5 GHz) Limb Scan

L-Band TEC and Scintillations

CERTO Beacon VHF/UHF Transmissions for Tomography

Irregularity Detection Via Scintillations


10/27

10 Hz

100 Hz

1 kHz

10 kHz

100 kHz

1 MHz

10 MHz

100 MHz

fg[O+] fg[H+] fpi flh fpe fge RRILOW RRIHIGHCADI

SuperDARN

HFHeaters

Spontaneous Man-Made

Measurements

With RRI

Programmable

in

30 kHz steps

Radio Receiver Instrument Frequency Range


11/27

Radio Receiver Instrument

S

S

+

-

+

-

Data andControl

Signals

Differenced orDirect Inputs


12/27

Radio Receiver Instrument Parameters

Frequency range: 10 Hz 18 MHz

Noise threshold (LSB): 0.4 mV

Maximum signal for linearity: 1 V

Sample size: 14 bitsMax. sample rate/channel: 60,000 s-1

Number of channels: 4

Antennas: 4 tubular 3-m monopoles

Absolute time stamp (GPS): 1 ms

Mass with antennas, preamps: 8 kg

Power: 5 W


13/27

HAARP HF Transmitter, Alaska

ePOP Diagnostic Package

300 km


14/27

TRAPPED ENERGETIC PARTICLESTRAPPED ENERGETIC PARTICLES

IN THE RADIATION BELTSIN THE RADIATION BELTS


15/27

EPOPEPOP MONITORING OFMONITORING OF HAARPHAARP-PRODUCED PRECIPITATION OF-PRODUCED PRECIPITATION OF

TRAPPEDTRAPPED ENERGETIC PARTICLESENERGETIC PARTICLES IN THEIN THE RADIATION BELTSRADIATION BELTS

ELF/VLF

Waves

Precipitating

ElectronsReflected

Waves

Pitch Angle

Scattered Electrons

Interaction

Region

Trapped

Electrons

Reflected

Waves

HF

Interaction

HAARPTransmitter

Ionosphere

ePOP

Orbit

B-Field


16/27

HF Heater Radio Induced Aurora (RIA)

and Stimulated Electromagnetic Emission (SEE)

Observation Geometry

ePOP

North Distance (km)

West Distance (km)

Altitude(km)

F-Layer

Reflection

Level

-200 -100 0 100 200

-200

-10

0

100

200

100

200

300

4

00

HF Beam

RIA

Optical

Cloud

B-Field

SEE

Radiation

Supra-Thermal

Electrons


17/27

Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissio(Adapted from: http://www.physics.irfu.se/SEE/)

fpump = 4 fce - Df fpump = 4 fce +Df

Broad

Upshifted

Maximum

Down-

shifted

Peaks

HFP

umpFrequency,

fpump

Amplitude

Frequency

Amplitude


18/27

05 February 2002, HAARP Alaska, 630.0 nm Excited by 5.8 MHz

30 Second Exposures, 37 x 37 Field-of-View


19/27

F-layer

Ionospheric

Irregularity

Observationsby Radio

Induced

Auroral

North (km)

West (km)

100

200

400

Altitude(km)

F-Layer

-200 -100 0 100 200

-200

-100

100

200

HF

Radio

Beam

630.0 and 557.7 nm

Artificial Airglow

Arecibo

HF Facility

ePOP


20/27

17 February 2002, HAARP Alaska, 557.7 nm Excited by 4.8 MHz

30 Second Exposures, 18.5 x 18.5 Field-of-View


21/27

Space Based Diagnostics for HAARP HAARP Antenna Pattern (7)

Required Diagnostic: HF Receiver and Antenna (3 to 9 MHz)

ePOP Instrument: Radio Receiver Instrument (1-18 MHz with 30 KHz Bandwidth)

ELF/VLF Waves (10)

Required Diagnostic: Receiver Covering 1 to 30 kHz

ePOP Instrument: RRI [100 (10?) Hz to 30 kHz]

Elevated F-Region Electron Temperatures (5)

Required Diagnostic: Thermal Detector 0.0 to 0.3 eV

ePOP Instrument: Suprathermal Electron Imager (0 to 200 eV)

Suprathermal Electron Fluxes (7)

Required Diagnostic: Thermal Detector 0 to 20 eV

ePOP Instrument: SEI (0 to 200 eV)

Stimulated Precipitation (9)

Required Diagnostic: High Energy Electrons (~1 Mev)

ePOP Instrument: Fast Auroral Imager (MCP Scintillations) or Imaging Rapid Ion Mass Spectrometer

Optical Emissions (6)

Required Diagnostic: Detector at N21P, 630, 557.7, 427.8, and 777.4 nm

ePOP Instrument: Fast Auroral Imager (630 to 850 nm)

Field Aligned Irregularities (Aspect Ratios) (8)

Required Diagnostic:In Situ Electron or Ion Probe ePOP Instrument: None

Required Diagnostic: Radio Scintillation/TEC Beacon and Antenna

ePOP Instrument: CERTO (150, 400, and 1067 MHz Transmissions)

Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions (5)

Required Diagnostic: HF Receiver and Antenna (3 to 9 MHz with 100 kHz Bandwidth)

Near Plasma Frequency

New Harmonics of Plasma Frequency

ePOP Instrument: Radio Receiver Instrument (1-18 MHz with 30 KHz Bandwidth)


22/27

Space-Based, Diagnostic Requirements for HAARPMeasurement Importance Diagnostic ePOP Instrument

ELF/VLF Waves Very High Receiver Covering

1 Hz to 30 kHz

RRI VLF Band

10 Hz to 30 kHz

Stimulated

Prescipitation

Very High High Energy

Electrons (~1 MeV)

IRM or FAI

Particle and Optical

Sensors

Suprathermal Electron

Fluxes

High Thermal Detector

0 to 20 eV

SEI Low Energy

Electron Detector

(0 to 200 eV)

Field AlignedIrregularities

High In Situ Probe orRadio Beacon

CERTO Radio Beacon(150, 400, 1067 MHz)

Optical Emissions High Photo Detector

N21P, 630, 557.7,

427.8, 777.4 nm

FAI Optical Sensor

(630 to 850 nm)

Elevated F-Region

Electron Temperature

Moderate Thermal Electron

Detector 0.0 to 0.3 eV

SEI Low Energy

Electron Detector

(0 to 200 eV)

Stimulated

Electromagnetic

Emissions

Moderate HF Receiver/Antenna

(3 to 9 MHz with 100

kHz Bandwidth)

RRI HF Band

(1-18 MHz, 30 kHz

Bandwidth)

Note: RRI = Radio Receiver Instrument, SEI = Suprathermal Electron Imager, FAI = Fast Auroral Imager,

CERTO = Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography, IRM = Rapid Ion Mass Spectrometer


23/27

High Latitude

ScintillationModels

Climatological Modelsfor Global Scintillations

Seasonal and Solar

Cycle Dependencies

No Capability for Real-Time Scintillation

Predictions

Variable Occurrence

Unpredictable Intensity

Complex Dynamics

Climatological Models

for Global Scintillations

Seasonal and Solar

Cycle Dependencies

No Capability for Real-Time Scintillation

Predictions

Variable Occurrence

Unpredictable Intensity Complex Dynamics


24/27

In Situ Measurements of O+-Ion Flow are

a Proxy for F-Region Irregularities that

Produce Radio Wave Scintillations

Structuring of Polar Cap

Patches

High Latitude Ionospheric

Irregularities

U. of Maryland Simulation

Ref.: Guzdar et al., 2001

Plasma Turbulence on Wide

Range of Scales Parallel Electric Fields

Polar Outflow of O+ Ions

Ion Signature of F-Region

Irregularities

Altitude

LatitudeLongitude


25/27

Enhanced - Polar Outflow Probe (NRL-0101)

Radio Wave Propagation and Particle Interactions

HF/VHFRadar

e-POPreceiver

IonosphericIrregularities

ImpactDetermination

Orbiting e-POPReceiver, HF Radar,

and IonosphericIrregularities

Coordinatedobservation of radarecho propagation

with ground radarfacility

In-situ observationof scattered HFwaves in the high-latitude ionosphere


26/27

e-POP Microsatellite - Project Status

Mission Development Enhanced POP (e-POP) selected by CSA and NSERC in 2001/08

for mission (instrument and spacecraft bus) development

NSERC funding for Science Team and CSA funding forinstrument development to start in FY01/02

Instrument Payload Original POP instruments (IRM, SEI, NMS): preliminary design

in progress; development of engineering model to commenced2002

FAI and RRI: Concept design & feasibility study completed

2001/07, preliminary design commenced 2001/08 CERTO: Inclusion of instrument on e-POP via US DoD

Spacecraft Bus

CSA to procure spacecraft bus under separate industrialcontract


27/27

Enhanced - Polar Outflow Probe e-POP (NRL-0101)

Summary

The National Security Space Architect (NSSA) Space Weather Architecture Study

(1999) identifies ionospheric specification and forecast (including high latitude

scintillations and D-region absorption) as a National Security Priority.

The HAARP/Tether Panel on Military Applications of HAARP (2002) identifies

radiation belt mitigation as a high priority. The ePOP diagnostics package directlyaddresses the generation and detection of ELF/VLF for radiation belt particle

depletion using HAARP.

Scintillation, Scatteringand Absorptionhave a significant operational impact, whichimpact UHF SATCOM, GPS navigation, and Aircraft HF Communications at high

latitudes.

ePOP provides vital measurements of ionospheric parameters that control thegeneration of scintillation-producing irregularities and radio wave absorption at highlatitudes.

Documents

Space Based Instrumentation for Future Detection of Artificial ULF-ELF-VLF Waves and Their Effects Using the Canadian Sponsored Enhanced Polar Outflow Project (ePOP) Satellite - Bernhardt1