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Soybean Technology Uptake, Constraints and Intrahousehold Dynamics
MRA 8 Team
Jill L. Findeis Nina Furstenau David O’BrienFabio ChaddadChris Fulcher / CARESFridah MubichiIIAM Mozambique Maria da Luz QuinhentosAnacleta MugabeMagalhaes Miguel
The ChallengeFAO Workshop S
Plenary speaker: Michael Lipton: Poverty Research Unity, University of Sussex; All Souls College, Oxford; IFPRI, Washington, DC.
- How do women farmers behave? What do women farmers prefer? What do women farmers THINK?
- Discussion on the inevitability that as a farm enterprise is/becomes more profitable, male farmers will take over….
Village sites, Mozambique
Manica Province – Chimoio, IIAM Sussundenga Station, 3 villages
Zambezia Province – 3 villages
Tete Province (Angonia) – 3 villages
-----------------------------------------------Niassa/Nyassa Province – 2 villages (Lichinga)
Chokwe Station; Nampula IIAM/IITA
Village sites
Google Earth images of Villages 7, 8 & 9, Northeast Mozambique
Survey strategy - random sample - landscape & quadrant maps - male and female surveyed, separately- female enumerator interviews female- male enumerator interviews male
Work
• WEAI+ Mozambique – baseline resultsCompare to 2008-09 baseline survey conducted in 2 villages in each of 4 regions
• Soy Uptake and Network Survey (panel data) • Network Pilot – Mubichi and O’Brien • Community Commons Platform / Mapping • Training - NARS support • Tasty Mozambique!
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Den
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espo
nden
ts a
cros
s ag
e gr
oup
0 20 40 60 80 100Reported age of household members
Density kdensity cb
Based on survey data from Mozambique WEAI+ 2014-15Reported ages of all household members in surveyed households
WEAI+ Demographics
Age (years)Male(n=412)
Female(n=471)
Total(n=883)
16-25 13.66% 21.91% 18.07%
26-35 29.02 24.26 26.48
36-45 22.68 23.4 23.07
46-65 25.61 21.49 23.41
65+ 9.02 8.94 8.98
More Demographics
010203040506070
< primaryschool
primaryschool
secondaryschool
college,vocational,technical
Male Female
Respondent’s highest level of education
Male Female
Speaks Portuguese 66.26% 38.30%Writes Portuguese 72.81 44.10
CentralChimanhica – 25.95% F, 20.89% MChute – 56.33% F, 59.49% MShona – 16.46% F, 17.72% M
Northeast Lomue – 65.91% F, 70.87% MMacua – 33.33% F, 29.13% M
Northwest Chechewa – 91.80% F, 30.51% MLomue – 0 F, 22.03% MChute – 0 F, 22.76% MMacua – 0 F, 8.96% MChimanica – 0 F, 7.99% M
Language spoken at home
Hunger scale, Mozambique
How often HH didn't have food in past 4 weeks
Central –(n=316)
Northeast -(n=258)
Northwest -(n=274)
Never 65.19 66.67 39.05
1-2 times 27.22 26.36 36.5
3-10 times 7.28 6.98 22.63
10 + times 0.32 0 1.82
Total 100 100 100
Access to productive assets
Form of ‘ownership’
Female Male
Joint ‘ownership’
68% 70%
Self ‘ownership’
19 22
Spouse ‘ownership’
11 8
Decision to sell agricultural land for farming? 2/3 make decision jointly
Access to credit – lending sources (12 mo.)
87888990919293949596
96 96
93
90
92 92
91 91
Males Females
Access to seed (ever received) - 2008-09
Alternative sources M-Niassa
M-Tete M-Zambezia
F-N F-T F-Z
Village friends & neighbors
20.5 40.0 41.3 23.1 22.4 48.0
Outside friends 12.8 43.9 15.2 13.5 15.5 30.0
Relatives – all 28.2 39.0 30.4 23.1 19.0 38.0
Relatives – village 15.4 34.1 23.9 21.6 10.3 28.0
Traders / in market 17.9 30.0 8.7 15.1 12.1 2.0
Free? Purchased improved seed? – 2014-15
0 10 20 30 40 50
Relative - villageRelative - other village
Relative - urbanFriend - village
Friends - another villageFriend - urban
Farmer's associationLocal market
AggregatorSeed company
NGO
Male Female
FREE SEED? NGO F = 10%, M = 15%Ag Extension Agent F = 15%, M = 20%
Agricultural extension experience
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Female Male
% last year
Yes No
N=861 Females Males Total
Not comfortable at all
19.91% 2.94% 13.36%
Great difficulty
36.76 17.08 27.53
Little difficulty
16.63 19.31 17.89
Fairly difficult
14.22 22.52 18.12
Very comfortable
12.47 35.15 23.11Seed were distributed by agents –to both men and women .
Access to soybean seed
Survey questions on access to soybeansMale Female
Yes No Yes No
Have you yourself grown soybean? 47% 53% 46% 54%
Would you have to be shown how to growbefore trying soybean? 16 84 23 77
Would you have to see others growsoybean successfully before trying it? 55 45 32 68
Does any group give out free soybean seedlocally? 34 66 39 61
Do you know where to buy soybean seedthat grows well in your area? 34 66 30 70
Do you know where to buy bean seed thatgrows well in your area? 61 39 57 43
Regional variations in female labor allocation to soybean field prep
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Female – Field preparation for soy
Central Northeast Northwest
Regional variations in male labor allocation to soybean field prep
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Male – Field preparation for soy
Central Northeast Northwest
Regional variations in female labor allocation to soybean planting
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Female – Soy planting
Central Northeast Northwest
Regional variations in male labor allocation to planting soybeans
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Male – Soy planting
Central Northeast Northwest
Percent of males receiving income - by month
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Soybean Maize Other legumes Other crops
Decision-making in food crop farming
How much input did you have in making decisions in food crop farming Male Female Total
No input 0.74% 2.83% 1.84%
Few decisions 3.19 12.83 8.29
Some decisions 18.38 24.57 21.66
Most decisions 35.78 42.83 39.52
All decisions 41.91 16.74 28.57
No decision made 0 0.22 0.12
Total 100 100 100
Challenge: Presence and effects of shocks
- During the first quarter of 2015, excessive rains caused substantial damages and displacements of populations in the Central and Northern Provinces of Mozambique, namely Zambézia, Tete, … Nampula….
- …. the Central provinces of Sofalaand Manica and the Southern provinces … experience persistent lack of rain at the most critical period of the agriculture season causing extensive crop failure. (World Food Program, 2015)
Challenge 2 - Few inputs
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
Inoculum?P fertilizer?
Male (% no) Female (% no)
- 3 of 4 farmers using inoculum received from Extension
Challenge 2 - Few inputs
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
Inoculum?P fertilizer?
Male (% no) Female (% no)
- 3 of 4 farmers using inoculum received from Extension
Current work• Development of Soy Uptake and Network
Survey (SUNS) – Wave I – Michael Lipton• Decision to use Nexus system / Qualtrics• October 2015 interviews and testing of
Nexus system• Network Pilot
Picture 12: first image shows tethering of tablet with a hotspot created using Vodacom cell service. Following image illustrates Vodacom and MCel sim cards sizes. Last image shows MCel sim card and Movitel stick (internet adopter)
Current work
• Community Commons Platform - CARES• Community Commons App•
Current work• March 2015 focus groups / AdZou campaign design
‘Strength that Grows’
• The Food Project (Tasty Mozambique!)
Thank you.
SOY
