Southwest America

8/9/2019 Southwest America

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State of Arizona

Flag of Arizona SealNickname(s): The Grand Canyon State,

The Copper State

Motto(s):Ditat Deusbefore statehood, known as

the Arizona Territory

Official language(s) English

Spoken language(s)

English 74.1%,Spanish 19.5%,Navajo 1.9%

Demonym Arizonan, Arizonian[1]Capital PhoenixLargest city PhoenixLargestmetro area Phoenix Metropolitan AreaArea Ranked 6th in the US

- Total113,998 sq mi(295,254 km)

- Width 310 miles (500 km)- Length 400 miles (645 km)- % water 0.32- Latitude 3120 N to 37 N- Longitude 1093 W to 11449 WPopulation Ranked 14th in the US- Total 6,500,180 (2008 est.)[2]

- Density55.8/sq mi (21.54/km)Ranked 33rd in the US

Elevation

- Highest pointHumphreys Peak[3]12,633 ft (3,851 m)

- Mean 4,100 ft (1,250 m)

- Lowest pointColorado River[3]70 ft (22 m)

Admission to Union February 14, 1912 (48th)Governor Jan Brewer(R)Lieutenant Governor None[4]

U.S. SenatorsJohn McCain (R)Jon Kyl (R)

Congressional Delegation 5 Democrats, 3 Republicans (list)Time zones - Most of State Mountain: UTC-7
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i/Jan_Brewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_Lieutenant_Governorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Kylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_time_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Standard_Time_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Arizona


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-Navajo Nation Mountain: UTC-7/-6Abbreviations AZAriz.US-AZ

HistoryMain article:History of Arizona

The North Rim of the Grand Canyon

There is some disagreement over the properetymology of the name "Arizona." Some scholarsbelieve the name is simply an abbreviation of the Spanish phrase arida zona, "dry region",although the phrasing is atypical for Spanish. Others reject this derivation as capricious favoringexplanations such as the Basque phrase aritz ona, "good oak,"[12][13]or the O'odham phrase al

onak , "small spring".[14] The Basque etymology is the one preferred by Arizona state historian

Marshall Trimble, among other specialists. The nameArizonac was initially applied to the silvermining camp, and later (shortened toArizona) to the entire territory.

Marcos de Niza, a Spanish Franciscan, explored the area in 1539 and met its original nativeinhabitants, probably the Sobaipuri. The expedition of Spanish explorerCoronadoentered thearea in 154042 during its search forCbola.Society of JesusFather Kino developed a chain ofmissions and taught the Indians Christianity in Pimera Alta(now southern Arizona and northernSonora) in the 1690s and early 1700s. Spain foundedpresidios (fortified towns) at Tubac in 1752and Tucson in 1775. When Mexico achieved its independence fromSpain in 1821, what is nowArizona became part of the Mexican TerritoryNueva California, also known asAlta California.[15] In the MexicanAmerican War(1847), the U.S. occupied Mexico City and forced the newly

founded Mexican Republic to give up its northern territories, including what later becameArizona. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) specified that the sum of $15 million USdollars in compensation (an extraordinarily large sum at the time) be paid to the newly formedRepublic of Mexico.[16] The purchase of the area formerly ruled by Spain, then briefly Mexico,almost bankrupted the United States. As a result, the land was offered back to the MexicanRepublic. In 1853 the land below theGila Riverwas acquired from Mexico in the GadsdenPurchase. Arizona was administered as part of the Territory of New Mexico until southern NewMexico seceded[17]from the Union as the Confederate Territory of Arizona on March 16, 1861.Arizona was recognized as a Confederate Territory by presidential proclamation ofJeffersonDavis on February 12, 1862. This is the first official use of the name. A newArizona Territory,consisting of the western half of New Mexico Territory was declared in Washington, D.C. on

February 24, 1863. The new boundaries would later form the basis of the state.

Other names including "Gadsonia", "Pimeria", "Montezuma", "Arizuma", and "Arizonia" hadbeen considered for the territory,[18]however whenPresident Lincoln signed the final bill, it read"Arizona", and the name became permanent. (Montezuma was not the Mexican Emperor, but thesacred name of a divine hero to the Pueblo people of the Gila valley, and was probablyconsidered and rejected for its sentimental value before the name "Arizona" was settledupon.)
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Brigham Young sent Mormons to Arizona in the mid-to-late 19th century. They founded Mesa,Snowflake,Heber, Safford and other towns. They also settled in thePhoenix Valley (or "Valleyof the Sun"), Tempe,Prescott, among other areas. The Mormons settled what became known asNorthern Arizona and northern New Mexico, but these areas were located in a part of the formerNew Mexico Territory. The largest ancestry of these settlers is German.

At the beginning of the Spanish/American war of 1898, Americans from mostly Arizona andNew Mexico, as well as some other Southwestern States, became soldiers in Colonel Roosevelt'sRough Riders.[citation needed] Arizonans fought primarily in the Cuban Campaign, the largest anddeadliest phase of the war, alongside Teddy Roosevelt, a future American President. Otherfamous people to enlist in the Arizona Volunteer Cavalry was Tom Horn, a notorious gunslingerwho was involved in a number of Arizona wars, the Apache Wars and the Pleasant Valley RangeWar.[citation needed]

During the Mexican Revolution from 1910-1920, a few battles were fought in the Mexicantowns just across the border from Arizona border settlements. Throughout the revolution,

Arizonans were enlisting in one of the several armies fighting in Mexico. The Battle of AmbosNogales in 1918, other than Pancho Villa's 1916 Columbus Raid in New Mexico, was the onlysignificant engagement on US soil between United States and Mexican forces. The battleresulted in an American victory. After US soldiers were fired on by Mexican Federal troops, theAmerican garrison then launched an assault into Nogales Mexico. The Mexicans eventuallysurrendered after both sides sustained heavy casualties. A few months earlier, just West ofNogales. An Indian War battle occurred, thus being the last engagement in the American IndianWars which lasted from 1775 to 1918. The participants in the fight were US soldiers stationed onthe border and Yaqui Indians who were using Arizona as a base to raid the nearby Mexicansettlements, as part of their wars against Mexico. As World War 1 raged in Europe, Frank Lukebecame America's 2nd best ace. Frank was born in Phoenix Arizona and was killed in combat

over France in 1918.

[citation needed]

Arizona became a U.S. state on February 14, 1912. The major result being the end to theterritorial colonization of Continental America. Arizona was the 48th state admitted into the U.S.and the last of the contiguous states to be admitted. The admission, originally scheduled tocoincide with that of New Mexico, was delayed by Democrats in the territorial legislature tocommemorate the 50th anniversary of Arizona becoming a Confederate territory in 1862.[19]

State of New Mexico

Flag of New Mexico SealNickname(s): Land of Enchantment

Motto(s):Crescit eundo
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before statehood, known as

theSanta Fe de Nuevo Mxico

Official language(s) None

Spoken language(s)

English 88%

Spanish 29%,Navajo[1] [2]

Demonym New MexicanCapital Santa FeLargest city AlbuquerqueLargestmetro area Albuquerque Rio Grande ValleyArea Ranked 5th in the US

- Total121,665 sq mi(315,194 km)

- Width 342 miles (550 km)

- Length 370 miles (595 km)- % water 0.2- Latitude 3120 N to 37 N- Longitude 103 W to 1093 WPopulation R anked 36th in the US

- Total1,984,356 (2008 est.)[3]

1,819,046 (2000)

- Density16.2/sq mi (6.27/km)Ranked 45th in the US

Elevation

- Highest point Wheeler Peak[4]

13,161 ft (4,011 m)- Mean 5,692 ft (1,735 m)

- Lowest pointRed Bluff Reservoir[4]2,842 ft (866 m)

Admission to Union January 6, 1912 (47th)Governor Bill Richardson (D)Lieutenant Governor Diane Denish (D)

U.S. SenatorsJeff Bingaman (D)Tom Udall (D)

Congressional Delegation 1: Martin Heinrich (D)2: Harry Teague (D)3: Ben R. Lujn (D) (list)

Time zone Mountain: UTC-7/-6Abbreviations NMUS-NM
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_Denishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bingamanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Udallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico's_1st_congressional_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico's_2nd_congressional_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Teaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico's_3rd_congressional_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_R._Luj%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_time_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Standard_Time_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_postal_abbreviationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US


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History

Main article:History of New Mexico

Pueblo Ruins at Aztec Ruins National Monument

The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of theClovis cultureofPaleo-Indians.[8]:19 Later inhabitants includeNative Americans of the Mogollon and theAnasazicultures.[9]:52 By the time of European contact in the 1500s, the region was settled by the villagesof the Pueblo peoples and groups ofNavajo,Apache and Ute.[8]:6,48

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado assembled an enormous expedition atCompostela in 15401542 to explore and find the mystical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola as described by FrayMarcos de Niza.[9]:1924 The nameNuevo Mxico was first used by a seeker of gold mines namedFrancisco de Ibarra who explored far to the north of Mexico in 1563 and reported his findings as

being in "a New Mexico".[10]

Juan de Oate officially established the name when was appointedthe first governor of the new Province of New Mexico in 1598.[9]:3637 In 1598 he founded the SanJuan de los Caballeros colony, the first permanent European settlement in the future state of NewMexico,[11]on the Rio Grande nearOhkay Owingeh Pueblo.[9]:37 Oate extendedEl Camino Realde Tierra Adentro, "Royal Road of the Interior," by 700 miles (1,100 km) from Santa Brbara,Chihuahua to his remote colony.[12]:49

The settlement ofSanta Fe was established at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountainsaround1608.[12]:182 The city, along with most of the settled areas of the state, was abandoned by theSpanish for 12 years (16801692) as a result of the successful Pueblo Revolt. After the death ofthe Pueblo leaderPop,Diego de Vargas restored the area to Spanish rule.[9]:6875 While

developing Santa Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers foundedAlbuquerquein 1706 fromexisting surrounding communities,[9]:84 naming it for the viceroy of New Spain, FranciscoFernndez de La Cueva Enrquez, 10th Duke of Alburquerque.[13]

Wagon in the mechanics corral ofFort Union National Monument

As a part ofNew Spain, the claims for the province of New Mexico passed to independentMexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence.[9]:109 The Republic of Texasclaimed the mostly vacant territory north and east of the Rio Grande when it successfullyseceded from Mexico in 1836.[14] Texas was never able to establish a presence or control of anykind in the claimed territory and it remained under the control of New Mexico until theoccupation by the Americans.[citation needed] The extreme northeastern part of New Mexico was
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88-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Murphy_2000-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Vasquez_de_Coronadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compostela,_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Golden_Cities_of_Cibolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_de_Nizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Simmons_1988-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Ibarrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1atehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Simmons_1988-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Cuarto_Centenario-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohkay_Owingeh_Pueblohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Simmons_1988-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara,_Chihuahuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara,_Chihuahuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Simmons_Last_Conquistador-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Simmons_Last_Conquistador-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Revolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Vargashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Simmons_1988-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Simmons_1988-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_La_Cueva_Enr%C3%ADquez,_10th_Duke_of_Alburquerquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_La_Cueva_Enr%C3%ADquez,_10th_Duke_of_Alburquerquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Union_National_Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-Simmons_1988-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grandehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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originally ruled by France, and sold to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase in1803.[15]

Following the Mexican-American War, from 1846-1848 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgoin1848, Mexico ceded its mostly unsettled northern holdings, today known as the American

Southwest andCalifornia, to the United States of America.[9]:132

In the Compromise of 1850Texas ceded its claims to the area lying east of the Rio Grande in exchange for ten milliondollars.[9]:135 The United States acquired the southwestern boot heel of the state and southernArizona below the Gila riverin the mostly desert Gadsden Purchase of 1853.[9]:136

Congress admitted New Mexico as the 47th state in the Union on January 6, 1912.[9]:166

During World War II, the first atomic bombs were designed and manufactured at Los Alamosand the first was tested atTrinity site in the desert on the White Sands Proving GroundsbetweenSocorro andAlamogordo.[9]:179180

New Mexico has benefited from federal government spending. It is home to three Air Forcebases, White Sands Missile Range, and the federal research laboratories Los Alamos NationalLaboratoryand Sandia National Laboratories. The state's population grew rapidly afterWorldWar II, going from 531,818 in 1940 to 1,819,046 in 2000.[16][3] Employment growth areas in NewMexico include microelectronics, call centers, andIndian casinos.[17]

State of Oklahoma

Flag of Oklahoma SealNickname(s): Sooner State

Motto(s):Labor omnia vincit(Latin)

Official language(s) NoneDemonym Oklahoman; Sooner (colloq.)
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Capital Oklahoma CityLargest city Oklahoma CityArea Ranked 20th in the US

- Total69,898 sq mi(181,195 km)

- Width 230 miles (370 km)- Length 298 miles (480 km)- % water 1.8- Latitude 3337' N to 37 N- Longitude 9426' W to 103 WPopulation Ranked 28th in the US- Total 3,617,316 (2007 est.)[1]

- Density52.7/sq mi (20.34/km)Ranked 36th in the US

Elevation

- Highest point Black Mesa[2]4,973 ft (1,515 m)

- Mean 1,296 ft (395 m)

- Lowest pointLittle River[2]289 ft (88 m)

Admission to Union November 16, 1907 (46th)Governor C. Brad Henry (D)Lieutenant Governor Jari Askins (D)

U.S. SenatorsJames M. Inhofe (R)Thomas A. Coburn (R)

Congressional Delegation 4 Republicans, 1 Democrat (list)Time zones - all of the state (legally) Central: UTC-6/-5- Kenton (informally) Mountain: UTC-7/-6Abbreviations OKOkla.US-OK

History

Main article:History of Oklahoma

Land runs opened much of the state to white settlers.
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Evidence exists that native peoples traveled through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age,[42] butthe state's first permanent inhabitants settled in communities accentuated with mound-likestructures near the Arkansas border between 850 and 1450 AD.[43][44] Spaniard Francisco Vsquezde Coronado traveled through the state in 1541,[45]but French explorers claimed the area in the1700s[46]and it remained under French rule until 1803, when all the French territory west of the

Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in theLouisiana Purchase.[45]

Cowboys drove cattle across the state in the late 19th century.

Thousands of Native Americans, including those making up the "Five Civilized Tribes", wereremoved from their lands in Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee andtransported to Oklahoma in the 1830s[47] on the Trail of Tears. The area, already occupied byOsage andQuapaw tribes, was designated Indian Territory by the Indian Removal Act of 1830and the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834.[45] Fifteen tribes were given land within the territory in1830,[48] but by 1890, more than 30 tribes had been allocated federal land.[49]

In the period between 1866 and 1899,[45]cattle ranches in Texas strived to meet the demands forfood in eastern cities, and railroads in Kansas promised to deliver in a timely manner.Cattletrails and cattle ranches developed as cowboys either drove their product north or settled illegallyin Indian Territory.[45] In 1881, four of five major cattle trails on the western frontier traveledthrough Indian Territory.[50] Increased presence of white settlers in Indian Territory prompted theUnited States Government to establish the Dawes Actin 1887, which divided the lands ofindividual tribes into allotments for individual families, encouraging farming and private landownership among native Americans, but giving excess land to the federal government. In theprocess, nearly half of Indian-held land within the territory was made open to outside settlers andfor purchase by railroad companies.[51]

The Dust Bowlsent thousands of farmers into poverty during the 1930s.

Majorland runs, including the Land Run of 1889, were held for settlers on the hour that certainterritories were opened to settlement. Usually, land was allocated to settlers on a first come, firstserved basis.[52] Those who broke the rules by crossing the border into the territory before it wasallowed were said to have been crossing the bordersooner, leading to the termsooners, whicheventually became the state's official nickname.[53]

Delegations to make the territory into a state began near the turn of the 20th century, when the

Curtis Act furthered the allotment of Indian tribal lands in Indian Territory. Attempts to create anall-Indian state named Oklahoma, and a later attempt to create an all-Indian state namedSequoyah failed, but the Sequoyah Statehood Convention of 1905 eventually laid thegroundwork for the Oklahoma Statehood Convention, which took place two years later.[54] OnNovember 16, 1907, Oklahoma was established as the 46th state in the Union.

The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was one of thedeadliest acts of terrorism in American history.
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The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil poolsprompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known asthe "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century, and oil investments fueled much ofthe state's early economy.[55] In 1927, Oklahoma businessmanCyrus Avery, known as the "Fatherof Route 66", began a campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using an existing stretch of highway

from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Averyspearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Associationto oversee the planning of Route66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.[56]

Oklahoma also has a rich African American history. There were many black towns that thrivedin the early 1900s due to black settlers moving from neighboring states, especially Kansas.Politician Edward P. McCabe started the movement of many black settlers to the then IndianTerritory. This movement encouraged Edward P. McCabe to actually talk to President TheodoreRoosevelt about making Oklahoma a majority-black state. Many of the all black towns are nowghost towns, however, Boley and Langston (home of the historically black university LangstonUniversity) still thrive today.

In the early 20th century, despite Jim Crow Laws and a statewide presence of theKu Klux Klan,Tulsa was home to Greenwood, one of the most prosperous African American communities inthe United States,[57] but was the site of theTulsa Race Riot in 1921. One of the costliest acts ofracial violence in American history, sixteen hours of rioting resulted in 35 city blocks destroyed,$1.8 million in property damage, and a death toll estimated to be as high as 300 people.[58]By thelate 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan was reduced to negligible influence within the state .[59]

During the 1930s, parts of the state began feeling the consequences of poor farming practices,drought, and high winds. Known as the Dust Bowl, areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, andnorthwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high

temperatures, sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to morefertile areas of the western United States.[60]Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the statesaw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent. In response, dramatic effortsin soil and water conservation led to massive flood control systems and dams, creating hundredsofreservoirsand man-made lakes. By the 1960s, more than 200 man-made lakes had beencreated, the most in the nation.[61][13]

In 1995, Oklahoma City became the scene of one of the worst acts of terrorism ever committedin American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which TimothyMcVeighand Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah FederalBuilding, killed 168 people, including 19 children. Timothy McVeigh was later sentenced todeath and executed by lethal injection, while his partner, Terry Nichols, was convicted of 161counts of first degree murder and received life in prison without the possibility of parole.[62]
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State of Texas

Flag of Texas Seal of TexasNickname(s): The Lone Star State

Motto(s): Friendship

before statehood, known asthe Republic of Texas

Official language(s) No official language

DemonymTexan

Capital AustinLargest city HoustonLargestmetro area DallasFort WorthArlington[1]Area Ranked 2nd in the US

- Total 268,820[2]

sq mi(696,241 km)- Width 773[3] miles (1,244 km)- Length 790 miles (1,270 km)- % water 2.5- Latitude 2550 N to 3630 N- Longitude 9331 W to 10639 WPopulation Ranked 2nd in the US- Total 24,326,974 (2008 est.)[4]

- Density79.6[5]/sq mi (30.75/km)

Ranked 26th in the USElevation

- Highest pointGuadalupe Peak[6]8,749 ft (2,667 m)

- Mean 1,700 ft (520 m)

- Lowest pointGulf of Mexico coast[6]

0 ft (0 m)Admission to Union December 29, 1845 (28th)Governor Rick Perry (R)Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst (R)

U.S. SenatorsKay Bailey Hutchison (R)John Cornyn (R)

Congressional Delegation 20 Republicans, 12 Democrats (list)Time zones - most of state Central: UTC-6/-5- tip ofWest Texas Mountain: UTC-7/-6Abbreviations TXTex.US-TX
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eutenant_Governorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dewhursthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Bailey_Hutchisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_time_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Standard_Time_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Standard_Time_Zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_postal_abbreviationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_traditional_abbreviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US


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Of the languages spoken in Texas none has been de jure designated the official language,although around two-thirds of Texas residents speakEnglish at home, with another 29%speaking Spanish.[1] Throughout Texas historyEnglish, Spanish, andFrench have all been theprimary dominant language used by government officials.

History

Main article:History of Texas

Pre-European era

The word Texas is derived from tysha, a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai, whichmeans "allies" or "friends".[2][9][10] Scholars estimate that humans have lived in Texas for

approximately 11,200 years.[11]The Paleoamericansthat lived in Texas in the Pleistocene era(between 9200 6000 B.C.) may have links to Clovisand Folsom cultures; thesenomadicpeople hunted mammoths andbison latifrons[11] using atlatls. They extracted flintin the region ofAlibates Flint of North Texas.

Despite the extinction of giant mammals along with climate changeduring the archaic period,Texas experiencedpopulation growth, beginning at the 3rd millennium BC. Manypictogramsdrawn on the walls of the caves or on rocks are visible in the State, including at Hueco Tanks[12]and Seminole Canyon.

Native Americans in what's now Texas began to settle in villages shortly after 500 B.C., farming

and building the first burial mounds. This phase of history is due to the influence the MoundBuilders civilizations that lived in the Mississippi basin.[11]. TheCaddo nation was formedbetween 500 and 800 while theTrans-Pecos populations were influenced by Mogollon culture.

From the eighth century, the bow and arrow appeared in the region,[11] manufacture of potterydeveloped andNative Americans increasingly depended onbisonfor survival. Obsidian objectsfound in various Texan sites attest of trade with present days Mexico and Rocky Mountains.

Among the Native Americans that lived in Texas before European colonization were the:Alabama,Apache, Aranama, Atakapa, Caddo,Comanche,Coahuiltecan, Cherokee, Choctaw,Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo,Kiowaand Wichita[13] .

Colonization

Main articles:French Texas, Spanish Texas, andMexican Texas

An enlargeable map of the State of Texas
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Alonso lvarez de Pineda made the first documented European sighting of Texas in 1519.[14][15]

Shipwrecked Spanish explorerlvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca, in 1528, became the first knownEuropean in Texas.[16][17]

In 1685 Ren Robert Cavelier de La Salle established the first Europeancommunity in Texas,

the French colony ofFort Saint Louis.[18]

The colony, located along Matagorda Bay, lasted onlyfour years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.[19]The Spanish founded ElPaso in 1659. The urban center was on what is today the Mexican side of theRio Grande, butwas soon surrounded by extended settlements. The whole was originally called El Paso delNorte, or just El Paso. Today the part in Mexico is calledCiudad Jurez.[20]

Due to the perceived French encroachment, Spain established its first presence in Texas in 1691constructing ofmissionsin East Texas.[21] The missions failed quickly, and Spain did not resettleTexas until two decades had passed.[22] Spain returned to East Texas in 1716, establishingmissions and apresidioto maintain a buffer betweenNew Spainand the territory ofLouisiana.[23][24] Two years later, Spain established the first European civilian settlement in Texas, San

Antonio.[25]

Hostile native tribes and remoteness from New Spain discouraged settlers from moving to Texasand it remained one of New Spain's least populated provinces.[26] The Lipan Apache oftentargeted San Antonio for raids.[27] In 1749, the Spanish signed a peace treaty with the Apache,[28]

which resulted in raids by the enemies of the Apache, the Comanche,Tonkawa, and Hasinaitribes.[29]The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785[30] and later assisted in defeating theLipan Apache and Karankawa tribes.[31][32] An increased number of missions in the provinceallowed for a peaceful conversion of other tribes, and by the end of the 1700s only a fewnomadictribes were not "Christianized".[33] Mexican Texas was unable to maintain peace withthe Comanches, whose raids left the province nearly helpless. During the 1820s and 1830s the

Comanches held much of Texas as tributary vassal ofComancheria.

[34]

Unable to make regularpayments, Mexican Texas suffered devastating Comanche raids, leaving the region impoverishedand cut off from the rest of Mexico. The overwhelming Comanche power was one of the mainreasons for the Mexican decision to allow Americans to settle in Texas.[34]

The Louisiana Purchaseby the United States caused aborder disputeover Texas.[35][36] Thesigning of the Adams-Ons Treaty, recognizing the Sabine Riveras Texas's eastern boundary,resolved the dispute in 1819.[37]

Stephen F. Austin

In 1821, after the Mexican War of Independence, the territory became a part of the new country.[38] Texas became the northern section ofCoahuila y Tejas in 1824. Mexico ended the Spanishpolicy of allowing only full-blooded Spaniards to settle Texas. In 1823, after obtainingauthorization by GovernorAntonio Mara Martnez, the Texas's first empresario,Stephen F.Austin, began a colony of 297 Anglo-American families known as the "Old Three Hundred"along the Brazos River.[39] While many nationalities were encouraged to settle in Texas under theempresario system, most settlers came from the United States.[40]By 1836, 20,000 Anglo settlers
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