Upload
garry-hoover
View
222
Download
4
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SOUTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTERPOWERGRID, BANGALORE
Data Acquisition &
CommunicationAbhimanyu Gartia
Chief Manager,SCADA-IT
SRLDC
Instrumentation For SCADAInstrumentation For SCADA
TransducersTransducers RTURTU Current TransformerCurrent Transformer Capacitor Voltage TransformerCapacitor Voltage Transformer
TRANSDUCERTRANSDUCER
Device converts one form of energy to another form.Device converts one form of energy to another form. Energy form viz. electrical, mechanical, chemical etc.Energy form viz. electrical, mechanical, chemical etc. Transforms High level to Low levelTransforms High level to Low level Input – Hundreds of voltInput – Hundreds of volt Output – Few milliamperesOutput – Few milliamperes Measures field parameters like voltage, frequency, Measures field parameters like voltage, frequency,
current, 3 phase bi directional active & reactive power current, 3 phase bi directional active & reactive power and transformer tap positionand transformer tap position
Accuracy : +/- 0.2% class for frequency transducers Accuracy : +/- 0.2% class for frequency transducers and +/- 0.5% class for other transducersand +/- 0.5% class for other transducers
TRANSDUCERTRANSDUCER TYPICAL RATINGTYPICAL RATING TransducerTransducer Input Input OutputOutput Voltage 0-110 V 0-10 mAVoltage 0-110 V 0-10 mA Current 0-1 Amp 0-10 mACurrent 0-1 Amp 0-10 mA 0-5 Amp0-5 Amp Frequency 4-20 mAFrequency 4-20 mA MW 4-12-20mAMW 4-12-20mA MVAR 4-12-20mAMVAR 4-12-20mA
RRemote emote TTerminal erminal UUnitnit
The RTU performs the data acquisition and The RTU performs the data acquisition and supervisory control over the substation for the SCADA supervisory control over the substation for the SCADA system.system.
As a minimum, the RTU collects, processes and As a minimum, the RTU collects, processes and transmits the data from the substation to the control-transmits the data from the substation to the control-centers.centers.
The following data are generally acquired from the The following data are generally acquired from the sub-station:-sub-station:-
AnalogAnalog- Power, Reactive Power, Voltage, - Power, Reactive Power, Voltage, Frequency, Current.Frequency, Current.
DigitaDigitall- Circuit Breaker Status, Isolator Status,SOEs- Circuit Breaker Status, Isolator Status,SOEs The RTU also receives and processes digital and The RTU also receives and processes digital and
analog commands. analog commands.
RTU: MAIN FUNCTIONSRTU: MAIN FUNCTIONS
SCADASCADA Local ControlLocal Control Data LoggingData Logging Process ControlProcess Control
HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR SCADA AT SUBSTATION / GEN.STATIONAT SUBSTATION / GEN.STATION
MAINCPU
BOARDPSU
COMMNBOARD
ANALOG
I / P
DIGTAL
I / P
CONTROLO/P
TERMINALBLOCK
TERMINAL BLOCK
TERMINALBLOCK
REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT
TRANSDUCER O/P TERMINAL
MVAR VOLTMW
TRANSDUCER I/P TERMINAL P TSEC
110VAC
CT SEC1 AMPS
FROM
SWITCHYARD-FIELD
EVENT LOGGERPANEL
DRIVER
RELAY
TRANSDUCER PANEL
RS232 PORT
SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY WITH SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY WITH COMMUNICATION SYSTEM(PLCC) AT SUB-STN/GEN STCOMMUNICATION SYSTEM(PLCC) AT SUB-STN/GEN ST
RTU
NSK5
modem
PLCC T x / R xSPEECH / DATA
PANEL
RS 232 CONNECTIVITY
PLCCINDOOR EQUIMENT
TRANSDUCERSTRANSDUCERS
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION SELF POWERED/AUXILARY POWEREDSELF POWERED/AUXILARY POWERED
INPUTINPUT VOLTAGE/CURRENT/POWER/POSITIONVOLTAGE/CURRENT/POWER/POSITION
OUTPUTOUTPUT 0-10mA, 4-20mA, 0-5mA 0-5v,0-10v0-10mA, 4-20mA, 0-5mA 0-5v,0-10v
OUTPUT IMPEDANCEOUTPUT IMPEDANCE 500500ΩΩ,1000,1000ΩΩ,2000,2000ΩΩ
ACCURACYACCURACY 0.2 CLASS, 0.5 CLASS, CLASS 2 AND ABOVE0.2 CLASS, 0.5 CLASS, CLASS 2 AND ABOVE
A/D CONVERSION AT RTU LEVELA/D CONVERSION AT RTU LEVEL(16 BIT ADC).(16 BIT ADC).
FOR MW / MVAR TRANSDUCER:INPUT: PT SEC PHASE TO PHASE : 110VAC CT SEC TWO PHASE CURRENT (R & B): 1 AMPS.
OUTPUT : 4 – 20mA(TRANSDUCER OUTPUT)
IN ADC:
AT 4mA = 6553 CountAT 20mA = 32767 Count12mA IS THE CENTRE POINT.(+/- 0.1% IS THE ACCEPTABLE RANGE OF ERROR ON FULL SCALE)( Ref Calculation Sheet for all type of Measurand)
TRANSDUCERSTRANSDUCERS Measures field parameters like voltage, frequency, Measures field parameters like voltage, frequency,
current, 3 phase bi directional active & reactive current, 3 phase bi directional active & reactive power and transformer tap position.power and transformer tap position.
RatingRating Vol: 110/115 volts phase to phaseVol: 110/115 volts phase to phase
Current : 1 ACurrent : 1 AFrequency: 45-55 HzFrequency: 45-55 Hz
Output : 4 – 20 ma / 500 ohmsOutput : 4 – 20 ma / 500 ohms External power supplyExternal power supply IEC 688IEC 688 Accuracy : +/- 0.2% class for frequency transducers Accuracy : +/- 0.2% class for frequency transducers
and +/- 0.5% class for other transducersand +/- 0.5% class for other transducers
SALIENT FEATURES OF ULDC RTUSALIENT FEATURES OF ULDC RTU A small rugged computerA small rugged computer CPU, volatile & non-volatile memory, power CPU, volatile & non-volatile memory, power
supply module, I/O modulesupply module, I/O module Communication ports & maintenance portsCommunication ports & maintenance ports Allows the central SCADA master to communicate Allows the central SCADA master to communicate
with the field deviceswith the field devices Acquires the data from the field Acquires the data from the field
devices/equipment and transfers the data to the devices/equipment and transfers the data to the SCADA systemSCADA system
Distributed Processing Technology Distributed Processing Technology Main processor is 32-Bit 16Mhz and sub modules Main processor is 32-Bit 16Mhz and sub modules
are 8-bit.are 8-bit. Real time clockReal time clock Access via PC-Based Configuration.Access via PC-Based Configuration. Password Protected.Password Protected. Database configured via a PC and can be Database configured via a PC and can be
downloadeddownloaded
SALIENT FEATURES OF ULDC RTUSALIENT FEATURES OF ULDC RTU Switch mode converter power supply module which Switch mode converter power supply module which
provides power for mother board, VME cards, I/O provides power for mother board, VME cards, I/O modules and peripherals. Input voltage – 241 V AC, modules and peripherals. Input voltage – 241 V AC, 50 Hz. Outpit voltage +/-5V DC, +/- 12 V DC, +/- 24 50 Hz. Outpit voltage +/-5V DC, +/- 12 V DC, +/- 24 V DCV DC
32 Analog inputs per module ,15 bit resolution .32 Analog inputs per module ,15 bit resolution . Conversion rate 660 ns for all 32 inputs.Conversion rate 660 ns for all 32 inputs. 64 status inputs per status module,1ms scan time 64 status inputs per status module,1ms scan time
for 64 inputs,1ms SOE resolution. A simple status for 64 inputs,1ms SOE resolution. A simple status input/SOE input/accumulator input can be input/SOE input/accumulator input can be connected. LED indicators for each input. Contact connected. LED indicators for each input. Contact wetting voltage supplied by power supply module.wetting voltage supplied by power supply module.
32 control output per control module. Two master 32 control output per control module. Two master relays for each output. One for close and one for trip.relays for each output. One for close and one for trip.
Through the maintenance port, we can download the Through the maintenance port, we can download the database, view data and Communications specific to database, view data and Communications specific to each peripheral board and trouble shoot . each peripheral board and trouble shoot .
Advanced diagnostic capabilitiesAdvanced diagnostic capabilities Time synchronisation of RTU done at every 1 minute.Time synchronisation of RTU done at every 1 minute.
Scan CyclesScan Cycles All the analog data are scanned every All the analog data are scanned every
10/12 seconds10/12 seconds Status information are reported by Status information are reported by
exceptionexception All status information are scanned for All status information are scanned for
integrity check every 10 minutesintegrity check every 10 minutes The SOE datas are time stamped at 1 ms The SOE datas are time stamped at 1 ms
resolution resolution Time synchronisation is done every 10 Time synchronisation is done every 10
minutesminutes
Current TransformerCurrent Transformer
A current transformer is a measurement A current transformer is a measurement device designed to provide a current in device designed to provide a current in its secondary coil proportional to the its secondary coil proportional to the current flowing in its primary .current flowing in its primary .
The current transformer isolates The current transformer isolates measurement and control circuitry from measurement and control circuitry from the high voltages typically present on the high voltages typically present on the circuit being measured .the circuit being measured .
Common secondary are 1 or 5 amperes. Common secondary are 1 or 5 amperes. For example, a 4000:5 CT would provide For example, a 4000:5 CT would provide an output current of 5 amperes when an output current of 5 amperes when the primary was passing 4000 amperes .the primary was passing 4000 amperes .
Capacitor Voltage Capacitor Voltage TransformerTransformer
Capacitor Voltage transformers (CVTs) Capacitor Voltage transformers (CVTs) are used for metering and protection in are used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed high-voltage circuits. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down voltage ratio to accurately step down high voltages so that metering and high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be protective relay equipment can be operated at a lower potential. operated at a lower potential.
Basic Function Of the CVTBasic Function Of the CVT Where CHF is the equivalent Where CHF is the equivalent
rated capacitance for carrier rated capacitance for carrier communicationcommunication
* C1 : High Voltage * C1 : High Voltage capacitorcapacitor
* C2 : Intermediate Voltage * C2 : Intermediate Voltage CapacitorCapacitor * C1 / C2 ratio is such that * C1 / C2 ratio is such that
the required intermediate the required intermediate voltage can be achievedvoltage can be achieved
L : Inductance of the choke L : Inductance of the choke which is designed to which is designed to
* Prevent carrier signals * Prevent carrier signals from flowing into the from flowing into the transformer circuit.transformer circuit.
* Resonate with the * Resonate with the capacitor unit at 50 Hz which is capacitor unit at 50 Hz which is the rated frequency.the rated frequency.
D : Damping burden which is D : Damping burden which is provided across one of the provided across one of the secondary windings to prevent secondary windings to prevent terroresonance oscillations.terroresonance oscillations.
Tr : Transformer designed to Tr : Transformer designed to provide the required output provide the required output voltage at the desired burdenvoltage at the desired burden
Metering
Protection
D
1a
1n
2a
2n
HV
C1
C2
TrL
CHF
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SCADAREQUIREMENTS FOR SCADA
Communication media should have:Communication media should have: * High Reliability* High Reliability * High Availability* High Availability * Rapid Response* Rapid Response * Transparency* Transparency * Economy* Economy * Flexibility* Flexibility * Maintainability* Maintainability
Modes of CommunicationModes of Communication
PLCCPLCC Leased Telephone circuitsLeased Telephone circuits Microwave CommunicationMicrowave Communication Fibre Optics CommunicationFibre Optics Communication Satellite CommunicationSatellite Communication
PLCCPLCC High voltage lines themselves are used as High voltage lines themselves are used as
communication links.communication links. Carrier Frequency: 50-300 KHz.Carrier Frequency: 50-300 KHz. 3 channels are used generally:3 channels are used generally: Main-Channel ->Main-Channel -> speech channel – 300 Hz to 2000 Hzspeech channel – 300 Hz to 2000 Hz Telemetring- 2000 Hz to 3400 HzTelemetring- 2000 Hz to 3400 Hz
Protection-Channel-I ->Protection-Channel-I -> speech channel – 300 Hz to 2000 Hzspeech channel – 300 Hz to 2000 Hz Teleprotection- 2000 Hz to 3400 HzTeleprotection- 2000 Hz to 3400 Hz
Protection-Channel-II (Backup-Protection)->Protection-Channel-II (Backup-Protection)-> speech channel – 300 Hz to 2000 Hzspeech channel – 300 Hz to 2000 Hz Teleprotection- 2000 Hz to 3400 HzTeleprotection- 2000 Hz to 3400 Hz
PLCCPLCCAdvantages:Advantages:1.1. High reliabilityHigh reliability2.2. All channels are available for dedicated use by All channels are available for dedicated use by
power-utility alonepower-utility aloneDisadvantages:Disadvantages:1.1. Cost of insulating communication equipment is Cost of insulating communication equipment is
highhigh2.2. High noise level due to CoronaHigh noise level due to Corona3.3. High speed data-transfer not possible because High speed data-transfer not possible because
of of Bandwidth limitations.Bandwidth limitations.
Applications of PLCCApplications of PLCC Voice CommunicationVoice Communication Fascimile TransmissionFascimile Transmission Tele-ProtectionTele-Protection Tele-MeteringTele-Metering
Types of CouplingsTypes of Couplings
3 coupling schemes to couple voice, 3 coupling schemes to couple voice, fax, tele-protection and tele-metering fax, tele-protection and tele-metering to the high-voltage transmission line:to the high-voltage transmission line:
Phase-to-Ground CouplingPhase-to-Ground Coupling
Phase-to-Phase CouplingPhase-to-Phase Coupling
Inter-Line CouplingInter-Line Coupling
STATION-B
PLCC PANELS
STATION-A
LMU
ESLADC
CC
WT
PLCC PANELS
ESLADC
CC
WT
PHASE-TO-GROUND COUPLING
ES=Earth Switch DC=Drainage Coil WT=Wave Trap
LA=Lightening Arrester LMU=Line Matching Unit CC=Coupling capacitor
STATION-B
PLCC PANELS
STATION-A
LMU
ESLADC
CC
WT
PLCC PANELS
ESLADC
CC
WT
PHASE-TO-PHASE COUPLING
ES=Earth Switch DC=Drainage Coil WT=Wave Trap
LA=Lightening Arrester LMU=Line Matching Unit CC=Coupling capacitor
BT=Balancing Transformer
WT
LMU
BT BT
LMU LMU
CC
WT
CC
STATION-B
PLCC PANELS
STATION-A
LMU
ESLADC
CC
WT
PLCC PANELS
ESLADC
CC
WT
INTER-LINE COUPLING
ES=Earth Switch DC=Drainage Coil WT=Wave Trap
LA=Lightening Arrester LMU=Line Matching Unit CC=Coupling capacitor BT=Balancing Transformer
LMU
BT BT
LMU LMU
CCCC
Microwave CommunicationMicrowave Communication
Line-of-sight communicationLine-of-sight communication Requires repeaters at 50-60 kms. IntervalsRequires repeaters at 50-60 kms. Intervals Provides sufficient bandwidth to meet the needs of Provides sufficient bandwidth to meet the needs of
power utilitypower utility Higher availability than PLCC, availablity not affected Higher availability than PLCC, availablity not affected
by maintenance or faults on the power linesby maintenance or faults on the power lines Suffers from multipath-fading effectSuffers from multipath-fading effect In India, WPC (wireless planning & co-ordination) In India, WPC (wireless planning & co-ordination)
wing has assigned 2.3-2.5 GHz and 2.8-5 GHz bands wing has assigned 2.3-2.5 GHz and 2.8-5 GHz bands to power sector usage.to power sector usage.
Leased Telephone CircuitsLeased Telephone Circuits•Simple solution, no need to develop own dedicated communication facility by power utility
•Availability of this mode of communication at remotely located substations is the deciding factor
Fiber-Optic CommunicationFiber-Optic Communication Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting
information from one place to another by sending light through information from one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry informationthat is modulated to carry information
• The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal using a transmitter Relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak Receiving the optical signal and converting it into an electrical signal
Analog/DigitalInterface
Voltage toCurrent
converter
LightSource
Source toFiber
Interface
Fiber toLight
Detector Interface
LightDetector
Current toVoltage
converter
Analog/DigitalInterface
OUTPUT
INPUT
Optical Fiber
Fiber Optic CommunicationFiber Optic Communication Advantages:Advantages: The ability to carry much more information and deliver it with greater The ability to carry much more information and deliver it with greater
fidelity than either copper wire or coaxial cable.fidelity than either copper wire or coaxial cable.
Fiber optic cable can support much higher data rates, and at greater Fiber optic cable can support much higher data rates, and at greater
distancesdistances The fiber is totally immune to virtually all kinds of interference, The fiber is totally immune to virtually all kinds of interference,
including lightning, and will not conduct electricity. It can therefore including lightning, and will not conduct electricity. It can therefore come in direct contact with high voltage electrical equipment and come in direct contact with high voltage electrical equipment and power lines. power lines.
POWERGRID POWERGRID uses overhead fiber optic communication:uses overhead fiber optic communication:
OPGWOPGW (optical ground wire cable) (optical ground wire cable)
ADSSADSS (all dielectric self supporting cable) (all dielectric self supporting cable)
WRAP AROUNDWRAP AROUND
OPGW
FODP OLTE
ADD DROP MUX2 MB/S
MICROWAVE RADIO TERMINAL
2 MB/S
INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL & ANALOG NETWORKS
PLCC
VOICE CARD
DATA CARD
OPGWOPGW
OPGW (optical ground wire) OPGW (optical ground wire) replaces shield wiresreplaces shield wires
• • Provides lightning protectionProvides lightning protection• • Provides communicationProvides communication• • Lightning short circuit damageLightning short circuit damage• • Installation requires long term Installation requires long term
outageoutage• • ExpensiveExpensive• • Superior performanceSuperior performance
ADSS F.OADSS F.O
ADSS (all dielectric self supporting) whichADSS (all dielectric self supporting) which
is mounted at various locations, typically 3is mounted at various locations, typically 3
to 10 meters below the phase conductorsto 10 meters below the phase conductors.. ADSS costs less than OPGWADSS costs less than OPGW Higher fiber count than Wrap type.Higher fiber count than Wrap type. Can be installed on towers not designed for Can be installed on towers not designed for
shield wires.shield wires. Suitable for hot line installationSuitable for hot line installation
WRAP AROUND F.OWRAP AROUND F.O
Wrap-type which is wound around Wrap-type which is wound around shield wires and, in some shield wires and, in some instances, around energized instances, around energized conductorsconductors
Hot-line installation is difficultHot-line installation is difficult Cost more than ADSS, but less Cost more than ADSS, but less
than OPGWthan OPGW Need a shield wireNeed a shield wire No operation problem is observedNo operation problem is observed
OPGW ADSS WRAP AROUND
AL STRANDAL COATED STEEL STRAND
AL TUBE
XLPE SHEATH
POLYESTER TAPE
MOISTURE BLOCKING COMPOUND
AERIAL OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES
FIBRESTRENGTH MEMBERS
LOOSE TUBE
AD\AS\RKG\JP\FIBCROSS
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONSATELLITE COMMUNICATION
A geostationary satellite is A geostationary satellite is used as an active used as an active repeater.repeater.
Modulated signals are Modulated signals are send from earth VSATs in send from earth VSATs in 6 GHz band to the 6 GHz band to the satellite.satellite.
Signals are beamed back Signals are beamed back to earth in 4 GHz band.to earth in 4 GHz band.
Roundtime propagation Roundtime propagation delay of 540ms existsdelay of 540ms exists
Communication is Communication is interrupted during interrupted during eclipses.eclipses.
WHAT IS SCADAWHAT IS SCADA
SSupervisory upervisory CControl ontrol AAnd nd DData ata
AAcquisition is the system which enables cquisition is the system which enables us to us to
““supervise, control, optimise and manage supervise, control, optimise and manage the Power Systems in an efficient manner the Power Systems in an efficient manner to provide stable, secure and reliable to provide stable, secure and reliable power to the end consumer”.power to the end consumer”.
FUNCTIONS OF SCADAFUNCTIONS OF SCADA
DATA ACQUISITIONDATA ACQUISITION PROCESSING OF ACQUIRED DATA.PROCESSING OF ACQUIRED DATA. LIMIT / STATUS MONITORING & ALARMING.LIMIT / STATUS MONITORING & ALARMING. NETWORK STATUS PROCESSOR.NETWORK STATUS PROCESSOR. SEQUENCE OF EVENT RECORDING.SEQUENCE OF EVENT RECORDING. INFORMATION STORAGE & RETRIEVAL.INFORMATION STORAGE & RETRIEVAL. DATA EXCHANGE DATA EXCHANGE SUPERVISORY CONTROL.SUPERVISORY CONTROL.
SCOPE FOR DATA-ACQUISITION SCOPE FOR DATA-ACQUISITION UNDER ULDC SCHEMES in INDIAUNDER ULDC SCHEMES in INDIA
All generating stations of 50MW or All generating stations of 50MW or
above(10 MW or above in case of above(10 MW or above in case of NER)NER)All 400 KV Sub-Stations.All 400 KV Sub-Stations.All 220 KV Sub-Stations.All 220 KV Sub-Stations.All 132 KV Sub-Stations operated All 132 KV Sub-Stations operated where where
Inter-State lines are located.Inter-State lines are located.Important 66 KV Sub-Stations (NER Important 66 KV Sub-Stations (NER only).only).
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamilnadu
UT of Pondy
Vijayawada
Warangal
HYDERABADGhanapur
Chinkampalli
CHENNAI
Pondy
Madurai
Kannur-B
KALAMASSERY
Vydyuthi Bhavanam
Erode
MW LinkFO LinkState owneed Link
Sub-LDC
SLDC
RCLDC
LingasugurDavangere
Bangalore
Information Flow to Control CentresInformation Flow to Control Centres
Satellite
Ramagundam
Sembatti
Madurai 400
Trichy 400
Paramakudi Samayapuram Madurai North
Kodayar PH2
MaduraiSub LDC
Karaikudi
Tanjore 230
S R PudurPariyar PH
Theni Kayathar E
Sathur
TTPS
Podukotta C
Echengodu
Adanakottai
Peramballur
Kovilvenni
Pugalur
Thiruvarur
Tuticorin Auto
Trichy 230
Chennai Sub-LDC
(NLC TS-I)
Erode Sub-LDC(Erode)
Wideband Channel Routing for Madurai Sub-LDC
OrthonaduSivagangai
Existing RTU – 9 nos.
Existing RTU integrated
New RTUs – 13 nos.
PLCC Link
MW Link