South African State Action Plan: 2016 Environmental Protection Documents/South … · South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition Page 5 For this 1st Edition of the Action Plan,

Page |

South African State Action Plan: 2016 AC T I O N P L A N T O L I M I T A N D R E D U C E C A R B O N D I O X I D E E M I S S I O N S F RO M I N T E R N AT I O N A L AV I AT I O N

South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition

Page i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Airlines Association of Southern Africa (AASA)

Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS)

Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)

Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA)

Department of Transport (DOT)

National Treasury (NT)

South African Airways (SAA)

South African Civil Aviation Authority (SACAA)


Page ii

ABBREVIATIONS

ACI Airports Council International

ACSA Airports Company South Africa

ASQ Airport Service Quality

ATM Air Traffic Management

ATNS Air Traffic and Navigation Services

CCO Continuous Climb Operations

CDO Continuous Descent Operations

CNG Carbon Neutral Growth

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

DOT Department of Transport

GSE Ground Service Equipment

HEFA Hydro-processed Esters and Fatty Acids

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

LED Light-Emitting Diode

PBN Performance Based Navigation

RSA Republic of South Africa

RTK Revenue Tonne Kilometre

SAA South African Airways

SACAA South African Civil Aviation Authority


Page iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

South Africa has a modern and well-developed transport infrastructure

and the largest air and rail networks on the African continent. The

country’s transport sector has been highlighted by the South African

government as a crucial part of the plan to further develop the tourism

industry in an effort to create employment opportunities. This will also

increase the country’s competitiveness in the continent and among

international markets. The Department of Transport is responsible for

regulation of transportation, that is, public transport, rail transportation,

civil aviation, shipping, freight and motor vehicles.

This is the first State Action Plan report submitted by the Republic of

South Africa (RSA) to limit and reduce CO2 emissions from

international civil aviation. The baseline estimations for CO2 emissions

are done from 2016 till 2050. Projections are also made based on the

Improved Air Traffic Management measures currently being

implemented.

‘Transport is the heartbeat of

South Africa’s economic

growth and social

development’


Page iv

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ I

ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. II

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... III

CONTACT INFORMATION ................................................................................................... V

1. FOREWORD............................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Civil Aviation in South Africa .............................................................................................. 1

1.2. South Africa’s Approach to Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions ...................... 2

2. BASELINE .................................................................................................................. 3

2.1. Differentiating between international aviation and domestic emissions: ....... 3

2.2. Collection of data .................................................................................................................... 3

3. SELECTED MEASURES TO MITIGATE CO2 EMISSIONS .................................. 4

3.1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use ........................ 5

3.2. Complimentary measures ................................................................................................... 7

4. EXPECTED RESULTS .................................................................................................... 11

4.1. Fuel consumption ................................................................................................................ 11

4.2. CO2 Emissions ..................................................................................................................... 12

4.3. Fuel Savings .......................................................................................................................... 12

5. FUTURE PLANS AND ASSISTANCE NEEDED ............................................................... 14

APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 15

Appendix A: Baseline ........................................................................................................................... 16

Appendix B: Fuel Saved (FS) Calculations for 2012-2014 .......................................................... 17

Appendix C: PBN roadmap (Domestic and International)............................................................. 24

Appendix D: Portfolio of evidence .................................................................................................... 25

Appendix E: Expected Action Plan results ........................................................................................ 33

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 34


Page v

CONTACT INFORMATION

Name of Authority: Department of Transport

Point of contact: Mr. Levers Mabaso (Acting Chief Director: ASSE and S&R1)

Street Address: 159 Forum Building, Corner Struben and Bosman Streets,

Pretoria

Country: South Africa

Province: Gauteng

City: Pretoria

Telephone Number: +27 12 309 3385

E-mail address: [email protected]

Name of Authority: South African Civil Aviation Authority

Point of contact: Mr. Gawie Bestbier (Executive: Aviation Infrastructure)

Street Address: Building 16, Treur Close, Waterfall Office Park, Midrand


Province: Gauteng

City: Johannesburg


Fax Number: +27 11 545 1466


1 Aviation Safety, Security, Environment and Search & Rescue

Page | 1

1. FOREWORD

1.1. Civil Aviation in South Africa

The Department of Transport’s (DOT) civil aviation branch facilitates the development of

an economically viable air transport industry that is safe, secure, efficient,

environmentally friendly and compliant with international standards through regulation

and investigation. It also oversees the following civil aviation public entities:

1.1.1 South African Civil Aviation Authority (SACAA)

The South African Civil Aviation authority (SACAA) is an agency of the DoT that

was established on 01 October 1998, and is governed by the Civil Aviation Act,

2009 (Act No. 13 of 2009), which came into effect on 31 March 2010. The

authority is mandated with controlling, promoting, regulating, supporting,

developing, enforcing and continuously improving levels of safety and security

throughout the civil aviation industry. The above is to be achieved by complying

with the ICAO SARPs, whilst considering the local context.

The roles and responsibilities of the SACAA revolve around the following four

areas of oversight:

Aviation Security

Aviation Infrastructure

Aviation Safety Operations

Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation

The Aviation Environmental Protection section is housed under the Aviation

Infrastructure area.

1.1.2 Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)

Founded in 1993, the Airports Company South Africa (ACSA) is a public

company under the Airports Company Act, 1993 (Act No. 44 of 1993). The

company currently manages a network of nine airports in South Africa, including

the three main international gateways of O.R. Tambo International, Cape Town


Page 2

International and King Shaka International Airports. The nine airports are

registered on the largest worldwide Airport Service Quality (ASQ) programme,

under the auspices of Airports Council International (ACI), which represents 98

percent of the world’s airports.

In 2013, the nine airports facilitated nearly 39.5 million passengers. Although

ACSA is majority owned by the South African Government, through the DOT, the

Company is legally and financially autonomous and operates as a commercial

entity.

1.1.3 Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) Company

Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) provides air traffic, navigation,

training and associated services within South Africa and a large part of the

Southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans. This comprises approximately 10% of the

world's airspace. The company operates from nine ACSA and 12 other

aerodromes. Its services extend beyond air traffic control services. It also looks

into the provision of vitally important aeronautical information used for all flight

planning purposes as well as search and rescue coordination activities, and the

maintenance of a reliable navigation infrastructure.

1.2. South Africa’s Approach to Reducing Carbon Dioxide

Emissions

The overall strategic approach for the RSA’s climate change response is guided by the

National Development Plan (NDP) (Vision 2030). The NDP proposes the movement

towards a low carbon economy. Different sectors of society have roles to play to fulfil

Vision 2030. The DOT’s objective to support the transition to a low carbon economy is to

‘increase the contribution of transport to environmental protection’.


Page 3

2. BASELINE

2.1. Differentiating between international aviation and

domestic emissions:

Historic data was obtained from ICAO, thus the methodology used for differentiating

between international aviation and domestic emissions is the ICAO methodology (State

of Registration).

2.2. Collection of data

The estimation of baseline fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for international aviation

within RSA was done with assistance from ICAO statistics. The baseline was projected

from 2016 until 2050 (Appendix A). Figure 1 shows that in the absence of any

measures- ‘do nothing approach’- there will be a gradual increase in the CO2 emissions.

In order to contribute towards the global ICAO goal of Carbon Neutral Growth (CNG)

2020, measures were selected by the State. These are detailed in Section 3.

0

2 000 000 000

4 000 000 000

6 000 000 000

8 000 000 000

10 000 000 000

12 000 000 000

2018 2020 2035 2050

Year

Baseline

RTK

International fuel (litres)

International CO2 emissions (kg)


Page 4

3. SELECTED MEASURES TO MITIGATE CO2 EMISSIONS

ICAO’s Basket of measures to reduce CO2 emissions from international aviation includes the

following:

Aircraft-related technology development;

Alternative fuels;

Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use;

Market-based measures;

Airport improvements; and

Regulatory measures.


Page 5

For this 1st Edition of the Action Plan, RSA will only focus on the improved ATM measures (Section

3.1) because this is at an advanced stage of implementation due to the country’s PBN

Implementation Plan. Nevertheless, the State has embarked on other measures, still in the infancy

stage, which will be reported in the update to this Action Plan, (i.e. 2nd Edition). These are described

in Section 3.2.

3.1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and

infrastructure use

The Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) Company is the home of expert Air

Traffic Control and Management solutions for South Africa as well as 10% of the global

airspace. RSA has embarked on a project to align the South African fixed route structure

to support Performance-based Navigation (PBN) implementation. The project is aimed at

reducing track miles for aircraft operating in the en-route environment, which reduces

fuel burn, emissions and works towards environmental sustainability. The project plan

has been finalized and work packages have been determined.

The important ICAO initiative of Aviation System Block Upgrades (ASBU) in facilitating a

seamless global air navigation system has been collectively embraced by the RSA. In

support of the ASBU initiative, RSA, through the aviation industry-sanctioned ATM

roadmap (led by ATNS), has rolled out several ongoing initiatives to facilitate compliance

with Block 0 as detailed in the ASBU framework.


Page 6

Key initiatives are currently being applied to address the performance improvement

areas (PIAs) for 2013 and beyond, into Block 1. These include traffic forecasting and

capacity declaration through collaborative initiatives such as the USTDA airside capacity

study; facilitation of the flexible use of airspace; and air traffic flow management. A

further initiative in line with the ASBU Block 0 upgrade is the implementation of PBN.

Envisaged milestones in achieving the PBN initiative include revised terminal area

procedures for several airports such as Lanseria, George, East London and Port

Elizabeth. These revisions are aimed at enhancing the flexibility and efficiency of both

departure and descent profiles for airspace users, thus addressing several PIAs,

including the environmental- (greener airports) and efficiency- (flexible flights) related

parameters associated with air travel.

Through these initiatives RSA, in collaboration with its stakeholders, aims to be

recognized as the benchmark in ASBU implementation on the African continent, along

with other globally recognized leaders in the field of air navigation service provision. PBN

will be implemented at international airports with instrument runways, in accordance with

the SA PBN Roadmap.

3.1.1 PBN Measure

PBN implementation started in 2008 and is anticipated to be completed by 2025.

TABLE 1 ATNS PBN MEASURES

Measure Implementation

date

Date when

benefits start

Continuous Descend Operations (CDO) 2012 2012

PBN STAR (Arrivals) 2012 2012

Continuous Climb Operations (CCO) 2012 2012

PBN SID (Standard Instrument Departure) 2012 2012

Airport-Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) 2012 2012

Wake – RECAT (Arrivals) 2014 2014

Advanced – RNP (A – RNP) 2015 2016


Page 7

3.1.2 Calculation of expected results

Additional information used and supporting documents are in Appendices B-D. The

benefits from this measure were used to project the fuel consumption and CO2

emissions. These benefits are detailed in Section 4.

3.1.3 Point of contact for this measure (Improved air traffic management and

infrastructure use)

Name of Authority: Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS)

Point of contact: Ms. Johana Marobane (Manager: CS & E2)


Province: Gauteng

City: Johannesburg



3.2. Complimentary measures

3.2.1 Alternative fuels

The national carrier, South African Airways (SAA), is a prominent carrier in Africa,

serving 74 destinations. It works within RSA and across the African continent in

partnership with SA Express, SA Airlink and its low cost carrier, Mango. It is also a

member of the largest international airline network, Star Alliance, and has nine

intercontinental routes from its Johannesburg hub.

SAA has a progressive environmental strategy with the overall and firm objective of SAA

being recognized amongst the environmentally sustainable airlines in the world. Table 2

shows the measure that SAA is implementing which will be reported in the next Action

Plan review.

2 Corporate Sustainability and Environment

mailto:[email protected]


Page 8

TABLE 2 SAA ALTERNATIVE FUELS PROJECT

Alternative fuels

Description of measures Use of alternative fuels

SAA has partnered with experts in the field of aviation biofuel in order to reach the goal

of producing 500 million litres of biofuel per annum by the end of 2023 using a multitude

of feedstocks. This project forms a part of the broader South African Airways Group

environmental strategy and has been incorporated into the long term plan of the

Company and has been ratified by the South African Parliament. The cornerstone of the

project is the oleaginous, energy-rich and nicotine-free tobacco crop variety called

Solaris Solaris crop. Solaris is a hybridized tobacco plant that has been selected for

excessive seed pod and flower production, no nicotine content and small leaves

especially when compared to conventional tobacco plants.


Page 9

Currently this crop is produced in the Northern areas of South Africa in the Limpopo

Province. The production has been purposefully spread amongst different kinds of

growers from commercial farmers to small hold land owners and farmers with the

intention of directly benefitting the local population and alleviating the local

unemployment rate of 68%.

The area is well known for previous tobacco production over a number of decades so an

innate knowledge of the tobacco plant and how to grow it exists in the area which has

seen a steady decline in tobacco production from 35000 ha to about 4000 ha. An

essential element of the project is the sustainability of the feedstock. SAA has become a

member of the Roundtable for Sustainable Biomaterials and sits as a delegate in one of

the RSB chambers. The RSB provided critical sustainability guidance and conducted

independent audits of the growing process. The crop was certified as sustainable and

was produced on a sustainable basis.

The certified feedstock then underwent harvesting and drying to get the seed pods

detached from the plants which continue growing and provide up to a further 2 harvests

in the growing season. These seeds are separated from the pods and crushed

mechanically to extract a vegetable oil equivalent which is suitable for hydro treating

using the HEFA3 which is one of the ICAO approved pathways for the production of

sustainable alternative fuels. The jet fuel is developed and patented by Sunchem

Holding, an Italian company.

Africa’s greenest flight

The first African sustainable biofuel flight was done by SAA on 15 July 2016. SAA and

Mango flights on Boeing 737-800s operated between Johannesburg and Cape Town

and made history as the first sustainable biofuel flights to have taken place on the

African continent.

3 Hydro processed Esters and Fatty Acids


Page 10

3.2.2 Airport improvements

The Airports Company South Africa (ACSA) owns and operates six major International

Airports and three Domestic Airports in the country. It has implemented several

measures to limit or reduce its CO2 emissions. These measures include airfield

improvements, reduced energy demand, the conversion of Ground Service Equipment

(GSE) to cleaner fuels and improved transportation to and from the airport.

Table 3 shows the measures that ACSA is implementing which will be reported in the

next Action Plan review.

TABLE 3 ACSA CO2 REDUCTION PROJECTS

Reduced electricity demand and preferred cleaner energy sources

Description of measures Use of cleaner alternative sources of power

generation

Reduce electrical demand

Conversion of GSE to cleaner fuels or electricity

E- Tugs 2025 & E-Taxi 2030

The airfield improvement project includes the installation of Light Emitting Diode (LED)

bulbs. The conversion of GSE to cleaner fuels project includes the use of

battery/electrical operated ground vehicles. The improved public transport to and from

the airport includes a rail link to the airport, known as the Gautrain. ACSA also intends to

participate in the Airports Council International’s (ACI) Airport Carbon Accreditation

program in 2016. Reduced energy demand projects include the installation of building

management systems which reduce electrical demand, and the installation of cleaner

alternative sources of power generation such as the installation of photovoltaic panels

which will generate a portion of the airports’ electrical demand. Projects for the

installation of photovoltaic panels have already been completed at three ACSA airports

(George Airport, Kimberley Airport and Upington International Airport).


Page 11

4. EXPECTED RESULTS

The expected results calculations have been done using estimations and the rules of thumb that

ICAO has developed and can be found in Doc 9988 – Guidance on the Development of the State

Action Plans on CO2 Emissions Reduction Activities. The years 2018; 2020; 2035 and 2050 were

selected as the future years for this analysis.

TABLE 4 EXPECTED RESULTS AFTER IMPLEMENTING THE ATM MEASURE

4.1. Fuel consumption

Fuel consumption is expected to increase but if improved ATM measures are

implemented, the amount of annual fuel required slightly decreases.

FIGURE 2 FUEL CONSUMPTION

0

500 000 000

1 000 000 000

1 500 000 000

2 000 000 000

2 500 000 000

3 000 000 000

3 500 000 000

4 000 000 000

4 500 000 000

5 000 000 000

2018 2020 2035 2050

Fuel (l

)

Fuel Consumption

International fuel (Baseline)

Improved ATM (fuel)

Baseline Expected Results

Year RTK Fuel (l) CO2 Emissions

(kg) RTK Fuel (l)

CO2 emissions(kg)

2018 2,620,995,178 1,275,835,573 3,225,312,329 2,620,995,178 1,138,128,133 2,877,188,000

2020 2,834,868,384 1,379,943,756 3,488,497,815 2,834,868,384 1,232,997,661 3,117,018,000

2035 5,105,437,805 2,485,200,745 6,282,587,484 5,105,437,805 2,246,054,882 5,678,027,000

2050 9,194,605,058 4,475,706,142 11,314,585,126 9,194,605,058 4,086,510,745 10,330,699,000


Page 12

4.2. CO2 Emissions

There is a minor reduction in the amount of CO2 emissions that will be produced from

international aviation. This can be attributed to the implementation of only one measure

out of the seven recommended by ICAO.

FIGURE 3 CO2 EMISSIONS

4.3. Fuel Savings

Implementing the ATM measure will contribute to the reduction in the amount of fuel

saved per annum. Fuel savings result in lower CO2 emissions as less fuel will be burnt to

power the aircraft.

TABLE 5 EXPECTED FUEL SAVINGS

Year

Baseline Fuel (l)

Expected Results Fuel (l)

Fuel Savings p.a (l)

2018 1,275,835,573 1,138,128,133 137,707,440

2020 1,379,943,756 1,232,997,661 146,946,095

2035 2,485,200,745 2,246,054,882 239,145,863

2050 4,475,706,142 4,086,510,745 389,195,396

0

2 000 000 000

4 000 000 000

6 000 000 000

8 000 000 000

10 000 000 000

12 000 000 000

2018 2020 2035 2050

CO2 Emissions (kg)

Improved ATM (CO2 emissions) CO2 Emissions (Baseline)


Page 13

FIGURE 4 FUEL SAVINGS PER ANNUM

100 000 000

150 000 000

200 000 000

250 000 000

300 000 000

350 000 000

400 000 000

450 000 000

20

16

20

19

20

22

20

25

20

28

20

31

20

34

20

37

20

40

20

43

20

46

Fuel (l

)

Year

Annual Fuel Savings (litres)

Annual Fuel savings(litres)


Page 14

5. FUTURE PLANS AND ASSISTANCE NEEDED

RSA is currently implementing one of the seven measures highlighted by ICAO. However CO2

emissions are slowly being reduced as shown in Figure 3. Therefore, for the country to reduce more

CO2 emissions, some of the other measures need to be fully implemented. The following assistance

will be needed to enable the implementation of other measures:

5.1 Research and innovation

The RSA intends to implement some of the seven measures recommended by ICAO.

Assistance is required on various research areas that can have a role in ensuring CNG 2020.

5.2 Education

Training on collection, monitoring, reporting and verification of data is required.

5.3 Finance

The process of taking the Alternative fuels measure from a conceptually small scale project to a

large industrially viable stage will require massive scaling up to produce enough sustainable

feedstock. A refinery will need to be established to process the oil that is produced.

5.4 Technical support

For the Alternative fuels project, knowledge of agronomical and mechanical best practices is

needed to optimise the supply chain.


Page 15

APPENDICES

The following appendices display the supporting documentation on the ATM measure; assumptions,

methods and processes used.


Page 16

Appendix A: Baseline

ESTIMATED BASELINE OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND CO2 EMISSIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL AVIATION IN RSA

Baseline

Year RTK International fuel (litres) International CO2 emissions (tonnes)

2016 2,423,257,376 1,179,581,706 2,981,983

2017 2,520,187,671 1,226,764,974 3,101,262

2018 2,620,995,178 1,275,835,573 3,225,312

2019 2,725,834,985 1,326,868,996 3,354,325

2020 2,834,868,384 1,379,943,756 3,488,498

2021 2,948,263,119 1,435,141,506 3,628,038

2022 3,066,193,644 1,492,547,166 3,773,159

2023 3,188,841,390 1,552,249,053 3,924,086

2024 3,316,395,046 1,614,339,015 4,081,049

2025 3,449,050,847 1,678,912,576 4,244,291

2026 3,587,012,881 1,746,069,079 4,414,063

2027 3,730,493,397 1,815,911,842 4,590,625

2028 3,879,713,132 1,888,548,316 4,774,250

2029 4,034,901,658 1,964,090,248 4,965,220

2030 4,196,297,724 2,042,653,858 5,163,829

2031 4,364,149,633 2,124,360,012 5,370,382

2032 4,538,715,618 2,209,334,413 5,585,197

2033 4,720,264,243 2,297,707,789 5,808,605

2034 4,909,074,813 2,389,616,101 6,040,950

2035 5,105,437,805 2,485,200,745 6,282,587

2036 5,309,655,318 2,584,608,775 6,533,891

2037 5,522,041,530 2,687,993,126 6,795,247

2038 5,742,923,191 2,795,512,851 7,067,056

2039 5,972,640,119 2,907,333,365 7,349,739

2040 6,211,545,724 3,023,626,700 7,643,728

2041 6,460,007,553 3,144,571,768 7,949,477

2042 6,718,407,855 3,270,354,638 8,267,457

2043 6,987,144,169 3,401,168,824 8,598,155

2044 7,266,629,936 3,537,215,577 8,942,081

2045 7,557,295,133 3,678,704,200 9,299,764

2046 7,859,586,939 3,825,852,368 9,671,755

2047 8,173,970,416 3,978,886,463 10,058,625

2048 8,500,929,233 4,138,041,921 10,460,970

2049 8,840,966,402 4,303,563,598 10,879,409

2050 9,194,605,058 4,475,706,142 11,314,585


Page 17

Appendix B: Fuel Saved (FS) Calculations for 2012-2014

Table 1 - 2012

Measures to

improve fuel

efficient

departure and

approach

procedures

Formula Airports Assumptions Calculation

CDO FS = 60 Kg

(0.06 tonnes) of

fuel * Number of

CDOs

FAOR - 34495

FACT - 3198

FALE - 1214

FAPE - 28

FALA - 4718

FABL – 108

Total = 43761

Expert judgement

estimates that CDO at

these airports is

performed 100% in off

peak hours which

account for

approximately 38% or

16629 traffic

movements.

(9 out of 24 hrs OFF-

PEAK = 38%)

0.06 X 16629

= 997.75 tonnes of

fuel saved

PBN STAR FS = 20 Kg to

50 Kg of fuel

(.02 to .05

tonnes) *

Number of

arrivals on PBN

STARs

FAOR – 34495

FACT - 3198

FALE - 1214

Total = 38907

Expert judgement is that

90% or 35016 of these

arrivals fly the PBN

STAR.(10% excluded

due to weather and

aircraft equipage)

0.02 X 35016 =

700.32 tonnes of

fuel saved (low-end

of range)

0.05 X 35016 =

1750.8 tonnes of

fuel saved (high

end of range)

CCO FS = 90-150 Kg

(0.09-0.15

tonnes) of fuel *

Number of

CCOs

FAOR - 34267

FACT - 3214

FALE - 1189

FAPE - 18

FALA - 4672

FABL – 101

Total = 43461

Expert judgement

estimates that CCO is

performed by 80% of the

departures, a total of

34768 departure

movements annually.

0.09 X 34768 =

3129.19 tonnes of

fuel saved (low-end

of range)

0.15 X 34768 =

5215.32 tonnes of

fuel saved (high

end of range)


Page 18

PBN SID FS = 0 Kg to 30 Kg

of fuel (0 to .03

tonnes) * number of

departure

movements on

PBN SIDs

FAOR – 34267

FACT - 3214

FALE - 1189

Total = 38670

FAPE – 2015

FABL - 2016

Expert judgement is that

90% or 34803 of these

departures fly the PBN

SID.(10% excluded due

to weather and aircraft

equipage)

0.00 X 34803 = 0

tonnes of fuel

saved (low-end of

range)

0.03 X 34803 =

1044.09 tonnes of

fuel saved (high

end of range)

A-CDM FS = Time

savings(1 to 3 min)

* number of

movements

3 co-ordinated

airports (CAMU)

FAOR – 68762

FACT - 6412

FALE - 2403

Total = 77577

On average, aircraft at

the airport burn 12 kg

(0.012 tonnes) per

minute during taxi. The

benefit of A-CDM (non-

US version) is achieved

during the total taxi

phase (taxi-in and taxi-

out).

1 X 0.012 X 77577 =

930.92 tonnes of

fuel saved (low-end

of range)

3 X 0.012 X 77577

= 2792.77 tonnes of

fuel saved (high

end of range)

Wake –

RECAT

(Arrivals)

FS = Time (fuel)

savings (7-12 kg) *

number of arrival

movements * 0.35

No Airports There is an assumption

that 35% of arrival traffic

will fly in ‘peak hours’

when the benefit from

RECAT is received .The

benefit of RECAT is

estimated to be between

7-12kg fuel saving per

flight.

7kg * 0 * 0.35 = 0

tonnes fuel saved

(low end of range)

12kg * 0 * 0.35 = 0

tonnes fuel saved

(high end of range)

A_RNP FS = Σ[(Total

movements * 0.1 *

fuel savings for

small aircraft (11-

40kg)) + (total

movements * 0.8 *

fuel savings for

medium aircraft

(62-121kg)) + total

movements * 0.1 *

fuel savings for

heavy aircraft (95-

187kg))] * 0.5

No Airports It is assumed that 50%

of arrivals to this airport

will fly the Radius to Fix

approach. The

breakdown of traffic at

this airport is estimated

to be 10%: 80%: 10% in

relation to small:

medium: heavy aircraft.

((0 * 0.1 * 11kg) + (0

* 0.8 * 62kg) + (0 *

0.1 * 95kg )) * 0.5 =

0 tonnes fuel

saved (low end of

range)

((0 * 0.1 * 40kg) + (0

* 0.8 * 121kg) + (0 *

0.1 * 187kg )) * 0.5 =

0 tonnes fuel

saved (high end of

range)

Total fuel savings in tonnes 6395.57

CO2 emission’s saved


Page 19

Table 2 – 2013

Measures to

improve fuel

efficient

departure and

approach

procedures:

Formula Airports Assumptions

Calculation

CDO FS = 60 Kg

(0.06 tonnes)

of fuel *

Number of

CDOs

FAOR - 36187

FACT - 3325

FALE - 1483

FAPE - 41

FALA - 4144

FABL – 102

Total = 45282

Expert judgement


these airports is


peak hours which

account for


17207 traffic

movements.


PEAK = 38%)

0.06 X 17207

= 1032.42 tonnes

fuel saved


50 Kg of fuel

(.02 to .05

tonnes) *

Number of

arrivals on

PBN STARs

FAOR – 36187

FACT – 3325

FALE - 1483

Total = 40995

Expert judgement is

that 90% or 36895 of

these arrivals fly the

PBN STAR.(10%

excluded due to

weather and aircraft

equipage)

0.02 X 36895 =

737.9 tonnes of

fuel saved (low-

end of range)

0.05 X 36895 =

1844.75 tonnes

of fuel saved

(high end of

range)

CCO FS = 90-150

Kg (0.09-0.15

tonnes) of

fuel * Number

of CCOs

FAOR - 36154

FACT - 3327

FALE - 1456

FAPE - 38

FALA - 4203

FABL – 53

Total = 45231

Expert judgement

estimates that CCO

is performed by 80%

of the departures, a

total of 36185

departure

movements annually.

0.09 X 36185 =

3256.65 tonnes

of fuel saved

(low-end of

range)

0.15 X 36185 =

5427.75 tonnes

of fuel saved

(high end of

range)


Page 20

PBN SID FS = 0 Kg to 30

Kg of fuel (0

to .03 tonnes) *

number of

departure

movements on

PBN SIDs

FAOR – 36154

FACT - 3327

FALE - 1456

Total = 40937

Expert judgement is

that 90% or 36843

of these departures

fly the PBN SID.(10%

excluded due to


equipage)

0.00 X 36843 = 0

tonnes of fuel

saved (low-end of

range)

0.03 X 36843 =

1105.29 tonnes

of fuel saved

(high end of

range)

A-CDM FS = Time

savings(1 to 3

min) * number

of movements

5 co-ordinated

airports (CAMU)

FAOR – 72341

FACT - 6652

FALE – 2939

FAPE - 79

FABL - 155

Total = 82166

On average, aircraft

at the airport burn 12

kg (0.012 tonnes) per

minute during taxi.

The benefit of A-

CDM (non-US

version) is achieved


phase (taxi-in and

taxi-out).

1 X 0.012 X

82166 = 985.99

tonnes of fuel

saved (low-end of

range)

3 X 0.012 X

82166 = 2957.97

tonnes of fuel

saved (high end

of range)

Wake –

RECAT

(Arrivals)

FS = Time (fuel)

savings (7-12

kg) * number of

arrival

movements *

0.35

No Airports There is an

assumption that 35%

of arrival traffic will fly

in ‘peak hours’ when

the benefit from

RECAT is

received .The benefit

of RECAT is

estimated to be

between 7-12kg fuel

saving per flight.

7kg * 0 * 0.35 = 0

tonnes fuel

saved (low end of

range)

12kg * 0 * 0.35 =

0 tonnes fuel

saved (high end

of range)

A_RNP

FS = Σ[(Total

movements * 0.1

* fuel savings for

small aircraft

(11-40kg)) +

(total movements

* 0.8 * fuel

savings for

medium aircraft

(62-121kg)) +

No Airports

(FALA

Projected for

2016)

It is assumed that

50% of arrivals to this

airport will fly the

Radius to Fix

approach. The

breakdown of traffic

at this airport is

estimated to be 10%:

80%: 10% in relation

to small: medium:

((0 * 0.1 * 11kg) +

(0 * 0.8 * 62kg) +

(0 * 0.1 * 95kg )) *

0.5 = 0 tonnes

fuel saved (low

end of range)

((0 * 0.1 * 40kg) +

(0 * 0.8 * 121kg)


Page 21

total movements

* 0.1 * fuel

savings for

heavy aircraft

(95-187kg))] *

0.5

heavy aircraft. + (0 * 0.1 *

187kg )) * 0.5 = 0

tonnes fuel

saved (high end

of range)

Total fuel saved in tonnes 9 190.57


Table 3 - 2014

Measures to

improve fuel

efficient

departure and

approach

procedures:

Formula Airports Assumptions

Calculation

CDO FS = 60 Kg

(0.06 tonnes) of

fuel * Number of

CDOs

FAOR - 37285

FACT - 3176

FALE - 1488

FAPE - 30

FALA - 3606

FABL – 48

Total = 45633

Expert judgement


these airports is


peak hours which

account for


17341 traffic

movements.


PEAK = 38%)

0.06 X 17341

= 1040.46 tonnes

fuel saved


50 Kg of fuel

(.02 to .05

tonnes) *

Number of

arrivals on PBN

STARs

FAOR – 37285

FACT – 3176

FALE - 1488

Total = 41949

Expert judgement is


these arrivals fly the

PBN STAR.(10%

excluded due to


equipage)

0.02 X 37754 =

755.08 tonnes of

fuel saved (low-

end of range)

0.05 X 37754 =

1887.7 tonnes of

fuel saved (high

end of range)

CCO FS = 90-150 Kg

(0.09-0.15

FAOR - 37287 Expert judgement

estimates that CCO is

0.09 X 36548 =

3289.32 tonnes


Page 22

tonnes) of fuel *

Number of

CCOs

FACT - 3203

FALE - 1427

FAPE - 30

FALA - 3694

FABL – 44

Total = 45685

performed by 80% of

the departures, a total

of 36548 departure

movements annually.

of fuel saved

(low-end of

range)

0.15 X 36548 =

5482.2 tonnes of

fuel saved (high

end of range)

PBN SID FS = 0 Kg to 30

Kg of fuel (0

to .03 tonnes) *

number of

departure

movements on

PBN SIDs

FAOR – 37287

FACT - 3203

FALE - 1427

Total = 41917

Expert judgement is


these departures fly the

PBN SID.(10%

excluded due to


equipage)

0.00 X 37725 = 0

tonnes of fuel

saved (low-end

of range)

0.03 X 37725 =

1131.75 tonnes

of fuel saved

(high end of

range)

A-CDM FS = Time

savings(1 to 3

min) * number

of movements

6 co-ordinated

airports (CAMU)

FAOR – 74572

FACT - 6379

FALE – 2915

FAPE - 60

FABL – 92

FALA - 7300

Total = 91318

On average, aircraft at

the airport burn 12 kg

(0.012 tonnes) per

minute during taxi. The

benefit of A-CDM (non-

US version) is achieved


phase (taxi-in and taxi-

out).

1 X 0.012 X

91318 = 1095.81

tonnes of fuel

saved (low-end

of range)

3 X 0.012 X

91318 = 3287.44

tonnes of fuel

saved (high end

of range)

Wake –

RECAT

(Arrivals)

FS = Time (fuel)

savings (7-12

kg) * number of

arrival

movements *

0.35

FAOR – 37285

Total = 37285

There is an assumption

that 35% of arrival

traffic will fly in ‘peak

hours’ when the benefit

from RECAT is

received .The benefit of

RECAT is estimated to

be between 7-12kg fuel

saving per flight.

(Final Approach

spacing reduced from

7kg X 37285 X

0.35 = 91348.25

tonnes fuel

saved (low end

of range)

12kg X 37285 X

0.35 = 156597

tonnes fuel

saved (high end

of range)


Page 23

5NM to 3NM)

A_RNP FS = Σ[(Total

movements *

0.1 * fuel

savings for

small aircraft

(11-40kg)) +

(total

movements *

0.8 * fuel

savings for

medium aircraft

(62-121kg)) +

total movements

* 0.1 * fuel

savings for

heavy aircraft

(95-187kg))] *

0.5

No Airports It is assumed that 50%

of arrivals to this airport

will fly the Radius to Fix

approach. The

breakdown of traffic at

this airport is estimated

to be 10%: 80%: 10%

in relation to small:

medium: heavy aircraft.

((0 * 0.1 * 11kg)

+ (0 * 0.8 * 62kg)

+ (0 * 0.1 *

95kg )) * 0.5 = 0

tonnes fuel

saved (low end

of range)

((0 * 0.1 * 40kg)

+ (0 * 0.8 *

121kg) + (0 * 0.1

* 187kg )) * 0.5 =

0 tonnes fuel

saved (high end

of range)

Total tonnes of fuel saved 133 477.74


Future initiative to enable modelling and forecasting

ACDM implementation in FAUP – 2018

Approval and implementation of A – RNP in Lanseria by 2016

Wake Re-cat implementation for FACT in 2018 and FALE in 2019

PBN SID/ STAR implementation at FAPE in 2017 and FABL in 2017


Page 24

Appendix C: PBN roadmap (Domestic and International)

In an effort to reduce air operation costs and contributing towards having a greener environment, States

are urged to implement Performance Based Navigation (PBN). RSA has an approved PBN Roadmap

which has been submitted to ICAO. ATNS, as National PBN Coordinator, is directly responsible for the

implementation of national Project targets affecting the regulated business (ACSA airports) as well as

the coordination and facilitation of Project targets at all other affected aerodromes in terms of the

National PBN Roadmap. ATNS is also providing an Air Traffic Service at non-ACSA airports on a

contractual basis and therefore have some influence on the implementation of PBN procedures at

those airports.

Near Term Implementation Targets – (PBN Roadmap)

a) RNP APCH (with Baro-VNAV) in 30% of instrument runways by 2010 and 50% by 2012 and

priority given to airports with operational benefits.

b) RNAV 1 SID/STAR for 30% of international airports by 2010 and 50% by 2012 and priority

given to airports with RNP Approach.

c) Review existing conventional and RNAV routes to transition to PBN RNAV 5 or where

operationally required RNAV 2/1 by 2012

During the 2013/14 financial year ATNS has recorded 50% implementation of RNAV 1 / 2 SID/STAR at

international airports which satisfies the 50% targets as stipulated in the RSA PBN Roadmap. ATNS

also achieved 55.5% implementation of RNP APCH procedures for all ACSA instrument runways. This

exceeds the national target of 50%.

Mid Term Implementation Targets – (PBN Roadmap)

a) RNP APCH ( with Baro-VNAV) or APV in 100% of instrument runways, by 2016

b) RNAV 1 or RNP 1 SID/STAR for 100% of international airports by 2016

c) RNAV 1 or RNP 1 SID/STAR for 70% of busy domestic airports where there are operational

benefits

d) Implementation of additional RNAV/RNP Routes as required


Page 25

Appendix D: Por tfolio of evidence

Performance

Indicators

Portfolio of evidence

Review

existing

conventional

and RNAV

routes.

Route name and reference

UG465 AIP SUPPLEMENT S099/13

UQ3 AIP SUPPLEMENT S101/13

UT122 AIP SUPPLEMENT S101/13

T122 AIP SUPPLEMENT S101/13



Q17 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14




UL375 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14



UZ33 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14

Z33 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14






Page 26





G745 AIP SUPPLEMENT S005/14




















Page 27

























Page 28



















UN185 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15






Page 29























A402 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15


Page 30

UA402 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15

W66 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15

UW66 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15

W81 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15

UW81 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15

Performance

Indicators

RNP APCH (Baro-VNAV where operational benefits can be gained) in

100% of instrument runways

9 ACSA Airports

1. OR Tambo

1 X RNP APCH RWY 03R

1 X RNP APCH RWY 21L

2. Cape Town

1 X RNP AR W RWY 01

1 X RNP AR W RWY 19

1 X RNP AR X RWY 01

1 X RNP AR X RWY 19

1 X RNP AR Y RWY 01

1 X RNP AR Y RWY 19

1 X RNP AR Y RWY 34

1 X RNP AR Z RWY 34

3. Durban

1 X RNP APCH RWY 06

1 X RNP APCH RWY 24


Page 31

4. Bloemfontein

1 X RNP APCH RWY 02

1 X RNP APCH RWY 20

5. George

1 X RNP APCH Baro-VNAV RWY 11


6. Port Elizabeth



7. East London - 2016

1 X RNP APCH RWY 11

1 X RNP APCH RWY 29

8. Kimberly - 2016

1 X RNP APCH RWY 02

1 X RNP APCH RWY 20

9. Upington - 2016

1 X RNP APCH RWY 35

9 of the 9 ACSA airport have RNP APCH’s

This equates to 100%

Performance

Indicators

RNAV 1 SID/STAR for 100% of international airports.

6 International ACSA Airports

1. OR Tambo - FAOR

2. Cape Town - FACT

3. King Shaka – FALE

4. Bloemfontein – FABL

5. Port Elizabeth – FAPE


Page 32

6. Upington - FAUP

6 of the 6 ACSA International airports have RNAV 1 SID/STAR

This equates to 100%

Performance

Indicators

RNAV 1 SID/STAR for 70% of busy domestic airports where there are

operational benefits

3 ACSA Domestic Airports

1. George – FAGG

2. Kimberly – FAKM

3. East London – FAEL – Planned for 2017

2 of the 3 ACSA Domestic Airports have RNAV 1 SID/STAR

This equates to 70%

Note:

1. With consideration of requirements for international airports to be serviced by RNAV 1/2

SID/STAR, ATNS has achieved 50% as is described in the RSA PBN Roadmap. Although

Upington is an international airport, the airspace configuration based on traffic demand, does

not currently support the implementation of SID and STAR. Based on immediate operational

benefits to be achieved at other international airports and current resource constraints, RSA will

likely delay the implementation of the RNAV 1/2 SID/STAR requirements at Upington

International Airport to 2017 and beyond (Long Term target).

2. With regards to the implementation of RNP APCH Procedures, ATNS has achieved 66%

implementation, which exceeds the 50% target described in the RSA PBN Roadmap.

3. It is important to note that the reporting based on percentages can be deceiving since one

runway will be serviced 100% by two procedures on either end of the runway. Additional

procedures will not increase the 100% level of implementation achieved already.


Page 33

Appendix E: Expected Action Plan results

Expected action plan results

Year RTK International fuel (l) International CO2 emissions (t)

2016 2,423,257,376 1,050,532,076 2,655,745

2017 2,520,187,671 1,093,456,707 2,764,259

2018 2,620,995,178 1,138,128,133 2,877,188

2019 2,725,834,985 1,184,617,210 2,994,712

2020 2,834,868,384 1,232,997,661 3,117,018

2021 2,948,263,119 1,283,346,190 3,244,299

2022 3,066,193,644 1,335,742,605 3,376,757

2023 3,188,841,390 1,390,269,941 3,514,602

2024 3,316,395,046 1,447,014,593 3,658,053

2025 3,449,050,847 1,506,066,447 3,807,336

2026 3,587,012,881 1,567,519,028 3,962,688

2027 3,730,493,397 1,631,469,639 4,124,355

2028 3,879,713,132 1,698,019,520 4,292,593

2029 4,034,901,658 1,767,274,003 4,467,669

2030 4,196,297,724 1,839,342,677 4,649,858

2031 4,364,149,633 1,914,339,562 4,839,450

2032 4,538,715,618 1,992,383,288 5,036,745

2033 4,720,264,243 2,073,597,277 5,242,054

2034 4,909,074,813 2,158,109,942 5,455,702

2035 5,105,437,805 2,246,054,882 5,678,027

2036 5,309,655,318 2,337,571,099 5,909,380

2037 5,522,041,530 2,432,803,206 6,150,127

2038 5,742,923,191 2,531,901,664 6,400,647

2039 5,972,640,119 2,635,023,009 6,661,338

2040 6,211,545,724 2,742,330,102 6,932,610

2041 6,460,007,553 2,853,992,382 7,214,893

2042 6,718,407,855 2,970,186,133 7,508,631

2043 6,987,144,169 3,091,094,758 7,814,288

2044 7,266,629,936 3,216,909,067 8,132,346

2045 7,557,295,133 3,347,827,575 8,463,308

2046 7,859,586,939 3,484,056,814 8,807,696

2047 8,173,970,416 3,625,811,656 9,166,052

2048 8,500,929,233 3,773,315,646 9,538,942

2049 8,840,966,402 3,926,801,356 9,926,954

2050 9,194,605,058 4,086,510,745 10,330,699


Page 34

REFERENCES

1. Africa’s Greenest Flight

http://www.flysaa.com/za/en/flyingSAA/News/Africas_Greenest_Flight_First_flight_to_operate_with

_biofuel_made_from_locally_grown_tobacco_plants.html

2. ICAO Doc 9988 – Guidance on the Development of the State Action Plans on CO2 Emissions

Reduction Activities

3. White Paper on National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP), draft, July, 2016.

http://www.flysaa.com/za/en/flyingSAA/News/Africas_Greenest_Flight_First_flight_to_operate_with_biofuel_made_from_locally_grown_tobacco_plants.html

http://www.flysaa.com/za/en/flyingSAA/News/Africas_Greenest_Flight_First_flight_to_operate_with_biofuel_made_from_locally_grown_tobacco_plants.html


Page 35

Department of Transport- South Africa

Tel: +27 12 309 3000

www.transport.gov.za