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Vedang Literature land owning Brahmanas who were againstaccepting alms.1.Sikha (Phonetics) - Yaska is the first known

writer on Sikha. PURANAS

2.Kalpa - (Rituals) - There are three Sutras Puranas have five important features.Dharma, Sraut and Grihya. 1.Sarg Sulva Sutra describes about geometry 2.Pratisarg Nirukta (Elymology) 3.Vansa Chhanda (Metre) - Pingal was the greatest 4.Manvantarauthor on Chhanda Shastra.

5.Varsanucharit Vyakaran (Grammer) - Panini wrote Vansanucharit means geneology Astadhyayi, Katyayan Vartika and

Patanjali- Mahabhasya. Vayu puran mentions about geography oIndian culture and about prominent Indian Jyotisha (Astrology) - No particular book ondynasties like Nanda, Maurya, Sunga, Vedanga Jyotitha is availableSatvahana and Gupta.GREAT EPICS

Srimad bhagvat purana is the. greatest 1.Ramayan : Elucidation of social ideals o puran in respect to Bhakti cult.ancient Indian Society. Vayu and Vishnu Puran mention India's 24000, Salokas geography.

Poet - Valmiki (He is called Adikavi) Vishnu dharmottara puran depicts about Valmiki for first time used the world wall paintings and iconometry.

Sanskrit as nomenclature of the literary Technical and Scientific Literaturelanguage which was earlier known as AVURVEDABhasa.

Ashwini Kumars. were physicians of the2.Mababharta: Political thought of ancient India celestial world who got the knowledge ocan be understood on the basis of this epic. Ayurveda from Brahma. 10,0000 slokas (It is called Satsahasri

Dhanvantri is considered as father oSainhita and also Pancharu Veda. Ayurveda system. Geeta is a part of Bhisma Parva.

Athraveda gives first hand information Harivanshapuran of Mahabharat comprises about Ayurveda.genealogy of the rulers. Charaka who belonged to kushana period SMIRTI LITERATURE wrote charak samihta.

1. Manu Smriti is the earliest smriti. Shshurut wrote Shrshrut Samhita which It was compiled during the period of Kanav also mentions about surgical operation.

ruler. Vagbhata wrote Astang thidya which It calls foreign rulers Adham kula mentions about eight major organs oKshatriya. human body. It criticises violation of varnasharma order. VETERINARY SCIENCE According to it Niyog is Kalivaijya means Salihanna wrote on Asva Chikitsa.

strictly restricted in kali era. Palkappya wrote on Gaja chikitsa2.Yajnalkya smriti - first described about the BOTANY origin of Kaysthas. Vriksha parasar describes about numerous3.Narad smriti - describes about rituals related medicinal herbs and plants.with manumission of seth.

ASTROLOGY/ASTRONOM 4.Parasar smriti - describes about a number or

classes of Brahmanas especially rich class o Vedang Jyotisha is considered as the

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earliest text on astrology as on well as 2.Saudarananda (Story of Suqdaniastronomy but it is not available. and Anand)

3.Sutralankar (Philosophical text) Aryabhatta wrote Surya Sidhantika.

Sudraka Mrichcha Katikam (First Varahamihir wrote Pancha Sidhantika, realistic play in Sanskrit) Vrihatjatak, L.aghu Jatak and Vrihat Samhita on astrology. Visakhadutta 1.Mudsarakshas - (It is related

with Kautilyals diplomatic strife Brahm Gupta wrote Brahmsphutawith Mahamatya oSidhanta. Dhanananda)MATHEMATICS 2.Devi Chandraguptam (It is

Sulva Sutra describes about vedic alters. related with Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya) This is the earliest text which comprises

information on geometry. 3.Kalidas Epic - Raguvansham Aryabhatta wrote Arybhattiyam which Lyrics

describes about decimal system and about 1.Meghadutamzero. 2.Kumar Sambhvam Bhaskaracharya wrote Lilavati Plays

ARCHILECTURE 1.Vikramo varsiya Manual of Architecture is known as Silp 2.Malvikagni mitramSastra.

3.Abhijayana Shakuntalam Earliest information about painting and Bharvi - Kirataijuniyamiconometry is given in Visnudharmottar Purana. Magh Sisupal Vadharn.

STATECRAFT Mayamatta, Ishan Visva gurudeo Padhatiand Aparajitpnksha are some of the best Kautilya - Arthasastrknown texts on Indian Architecture. 1.Book was written on polity.

BIOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE 2.This book was discovered by Sham Ji Sastri Banabhatta - Elarsha Chant (Pushyabhuti 3.It has 15 Adhikaranasruler of Kanauj). 4.It describes about Saptang theory of state and Vilhan - Vikramanakdevcharitam enlightened despotism of Maurya period with

(Chalukyan ruler of Kalyani) descriptive detail about administration. Anand bhatta - Ballal charita Kamandaka - Nitisar Sandhyakarnandi - Rampalcharit It is a commentary on Arthasastra. Jayanak - Prithavi Raj Chant It was written during Gupta period

Hem chandra - Kumar Pal Chant Vrihaspati - Arthasastra Duties of an ideal rulers have been Panmal Gupta - Navshashsanka Chantdescribed in this text. Jayagondar - Kalingatupani

HISTRIOGRAPH Otakuttan - Kulatingam1.Kaihan - Rajtarangini ICLASSICAL SANSKRIT 2.Jon Raj - Rajtarangini IIBhasa wrote 14 plays (Swapanvash - 3.Srivar and Suka - Rajtarangin IIIduttam and PratirnBUDDHIST LITERATURE Yangandhanaiyan are his most

famous plays) Tripitak Asvaghosh 1.Buddha Charitam (Buddha's 1.Sutta Pitak - Teachings and preaching of Lord

biography) Buddh

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2.Vinay Pitak - Monastical rules and regulations/ Churnika - commentary on Angas and Upangas.discipline and order. EPIGRAPHICAL SOURCES

3.Abhidhamm Pitak - Metaphysical and esoteric 1.The earliest written records have been found ideasfrom Harappa, but the script has not beenSutta Pitak deciphered.

Language in inscriptions1.Diggha Nikaya 2.James Princepdeciphered 1.Brahmi Script 2.Majjim Nikaya Ashokan (Prakrit Language)3.Samyukta Nikay Inscription in Left to right which1837. were found all over4.Anguttara Nikaya

Ashokas empire.3.Ashokan5.Khuddak Nikay inscriptions were 2.Kharosti Script WhichKhuddak Path written in Prakrit were written right to

1.Dhanima Pad - (This is Known as Bhagvat language and. left found in North- Geeta of Buddhism) mainly in Brahmi west Mansera and

script. Sahbajgarhi.2.Etivethhka - Buddha teachings Viman Vethu,Peta Vethu, Therigatha and Therigatha are 4.Only two of his 3.Bilingual (Greek andalso part of it. inscription found Armait Kandhar and

from Mansehr Afganistan. VINAY PITAKA and Sahbajagarhi 4.Bustrofedan - wereSUTA VIBHANG are written in written first right to(a)Maha Vibhang Kharosthi script. left then left to write.

(b)Bhikshunivibhang 5.Kandhar Found in (Yeragudi)inscription of Karnataka.KHANDAKA

Ashoka has been(a)Mahavagg written in Greek and Arabic a scripts.(b)Chulla Vagg

6.Mahasthan and Sahgaura inscripiion describePARIVAR about great famine and help given by the ruler o his starved citizens. Sahgaura InscriptionNote -Milindapanho, written in Paliby Nagsena is depicted on copper plate.describes Nagasenas discourses with Menader.

7.Maski, Gurjara, Odegolam and NitturMAHAYAN inscriptions of Ashoka describe his name. 1.Mahayan Sradhotpad Sastra 8. Only in Bhabru inscription Ashoka has called 2.Sumangal vilasini. him self Magadh Raj and a ruler dedicated

3.Vajrayana (a) Manju Sri mul Kalpa himself to Budha, Dhamma and Sangha.(b)Guhya Samajtantra 9.Dhandeva's inscription of Pusyamitra describe

about Asvamegha Yajan performed by him. AIN LITERATURE10.Helioderus pillar inscription also called l2 Angas Besanagar Garudadhwaj describes about the

12 Upanga cult of Panchvrishtii Veera. 10 Prakirnak 11.Ghosuandi inscription describes about Bhagvat

cult. 6 Chhedli Sutr12.Girnar inscription was first inscription o 4 Mula Sutra

Sanskrit language about Saka ruler Acharang Sutra - Monastical discipline Rudradaman I.Bhagvatti Suta - Life and teaching of Mahavira LF13.Nanaghat inscription of Naganika describesNayadhani Kahasutra - Gospel of Mahavira about Satkarmi I.Tattvarthadigam sutra - This accepted my both 14.Eran inscription of Bhanugupta provides theDigambura and Svetambara. first evidence of Sati.

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15.Allahabad inscription of Samudra Gupt 17.Samudra Gupta issued Asvamegha type odescribes about his conquests. coins.

18.Chandra (Gupta Vikrarnaditya was the first 16.Udaigiri inscription belongs to the period of Gupta ruler who issued silver coin.Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya.

19.Kumargupta also issued Asvaniegha type o17.Damodar pur, Garhva and Karamdandacoins.inscriptions describe about rules and

regulations related with land grant. 20.Samudra Gupta had issued Veenavadak, Vyaghra lanta and Asvarohi types of coins. 18.Bhitari inscription, depicts Sakanda Guptas

victory over Hunas. 21.Satvahanas never issued gold coin. They issued Silyer, Copper, lead and potin.19.Madhuvan and Vanskhera inscriptions belong

o the period of Harsha and have signature o 22.Only one gold coin of Harsha period has been Harsha. found.

20.Aihole inscription written by Ravikirti depicts 23.In south India gold coins were known as Pon.he name of Kalidasa. 24.In pre-medieval period Gadhaiya coins were in

circulation in western India.21.Uttermerur inscription depicts local sel government of Chola period. 25.Huen Tsang mentions that conch and shells

were used as means of sale and purchase.22.Kudmiyamalaya Polukottai inscription depicts about Indian music and Ragas. 26.Paper Rupees were first issued by Lord Canning

(1860 AD).Numismatical Sources1.Harappans did not use coin.2.Rigveda mentions Niska griva. 3.Later Vedic literature mention about Satman

and Krishanal.4.Coinage system evolved in 6th cent. B.C. 5.The earliest coins belong to Magadha and

Kosala. 6.The early coins are punch marked.7.Our earliest coin was made of silver. 8.They have been called Kasarpan.9.Arthashastra mentions about Pan, masak

and Kakini.10.Indo-Bacterians introduced in India, gold coins.

On their coin the figure of King & Queen and date were found.

11.Coins of Vim Kedphises depict trident symbolof Lord Siva.

12.Kaniskas coins depicts Buddhas figure.13.Kushanas issued purest gold coins in India.

Those coin were called Dinaras.14.Kushans and Kunindas never issued Silver

coin.15.Yaudheyas depicted figure of war lord Kartikeya.16.First of all on saka coin Indian God Lord Krishna

were shown.