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Sources of Errors
M&E Capacity Strengthening Workshop, Addis Ababa4 to 8 June 2012
Arif Rashid, TOPS
Type of Data
Slide # 1
Routine Monitoring Data (Output and Process)
Annual Monitoring/ Evaluation Survey Data
Routine Monitoring Data
Slide # 2
Field
Offi
ceTechnicians
M&E Officer
Country Office
Source of Errors
Slide #3
What could be the source of errors?
Reporting Recording Aggregation Manipulation
It is important to keep all source documents
Survey Data: Sources of Errors
Slide # 4
Sampling Error
Non Sampling Error
Sampling Error Standard Error or Margin of Error – Idea of precision
of statistical estimate
Slide # 5
Age: 29.7
Sampling Error
Slide # 6
Age: 29.5
Age: 30.2
Age: 28.8
Population mean age: 29.7
Sampling Error
• Standard error• A small standard error means that the sample
statistic is closer to the population parameter.
• The larger the sample size, the smaller the standard error.
Slide # 7
Non Sampling Error
• Specification Error: Concept implied by the question is different from the underlying construct to be measured
• Example: How many children do you have – interpretation could be different based on the culture
Slide # 8
Non Sampling Error
• Sampling frame Error: Households can be omitted or appear in two “enumeration areas” (EA) if the EAs are not properly demarcated.
• Example: If not done carefully, households/ primary sampling units can easily be omitted from clusters or enumeration areas. More common in multi-stage cluster surveys.
Slide # 9
Non Sampling Error
• Non-response: Failure to measure some of the sample units.
• Example: Respondent not-at-home, refuse to answer certain questions, or refuse to answer to the survey.
Slide # 10
Non Sampling Error
• Measurement Error: What is observed or measured is different than the actual values of sample units.
• Example: Incorrect age, or weight or height.
Slide # 11
Non Sampling Error
• Processing Error: • Editing errors.• Coding errors.• Data entry errors.• Programming errors etc.
• Example: Use of wrong codes, inconsistent values, incorrect computation of variables.
Slide # 12
This presentation was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Save the Children and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
