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Source of semi synthetic drug:

Natural Sources:Natural Sources Vegetable source Animal source Mineral source Microbiological sourceVegetable or Plant Source:

Vegetable or Plant Source Oldest of all Various parts of plants like-leaves, flowers,seeds, roots, stems & bark etc. are used e.g. Belladonna leaves, Belladonna roots,Cinchona bark, Digitalis leaves, Nux vomica seeds, seed head of unripe opium poppyetc.

Active principles of plant source:

Active principles of plant source Alkaloids Glycosides Fixed oils Volatile oils SaponinsGums Mucilages Carbohydrates Resins.

Alkaloids:

Alkaloids Alkaloid = alkali + oid ( alkali like substances ) Very active, basic, cyclical

nitrogenous compounds found in plants White, crystalline in nature Intensely bitter intaste Insoluble in water but soluble in ether, alcohol etc. Produce salt with acid Theirsalts are soluble in water Their names end with ine e.g. - Atropine, Morphine, Quinine,Nicotine, Strychnine, Reserpine, Pilocarpine etc. More than one alkaloid may be presentin same source.Oils:

Oils Two types:- Fixed oils and Volatile oils Fixed oils are mixtures of glycerol esters ofhigh mol. wt. aliphatic acids (fatty acids) like- oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid Bland,non irritating,

Fixed oils:

Fixed oils Leaves greasy mark on paper Insoluble in water, lighter than water butsoluble in ether, alcohol etc. Cant be dissipated by heat Cant be distilled without beingdecomposed Forms soaps with alkali e.g. Olive oil, Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil

Volatile oils:

Volatile oils Odorous principles hence called essential oils Obtained by distillation ofvarious parts of plants Evaporated when exposed to air in room temp. Colorless whenfresh but turns dark on standing due to oxidation and resinification So they must bestored in amber colored glass bottle in a cool and dry place

Volatile oils:

Slightly soluble in water giving their taste and odor to water Examples:- Liquidhydrocarbons (momotrepens):- Peppermint oil, Spearmint oil, Wintergreen oil, Lemonoil, Clove oil Crystalline Stearoptenes:- Menthol, Thymol, Eugenol, Camphor etc. Theyare used as local analgesics, soothing agents, antiseptics, diuretics and counter irritantsetc. Volatile oils

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SAPONINS - Senega GUMS - Gum acacia, Agar, Psyllium seeds MUCILAGES -Tragacanth CARBOHYDRATES - Dextrose, Sucrose, Fructose, Alcohols RESINS -Colophony

Animal sources:

Animal sources Past days: Dried toad skin - for treatment of tooth ache, gum bleeding(China) Cod fish - Cod liver oil source of Vit. A & D Present days: Insulin from pork(porcine), Cow & buffalo (bovine) IgG is prepared by injecting specific antigens todifferent animals which is later used as vaccines (antiserum) hMG (human menopausalgonadotropin) from post menopausal women urine contain mixture of FSH & LH hCG(human chorionic gonadotropin) produced by placenta, obtained from pregnantwomans urine

Mineral Source:

Mineral Source Metalloids, Metals and Non metals and their compounds are used. e.g.Iron, Iodine, Calcium, Gold - in deficiency states Magnesium trisillicate, Aluminium

hydroxide as antacids Barium in radiology as diagnostic tool Mercury as diureticalso used for syphilis in the past.

Microbiological Source:

Microbiological Source Many antibiotics are isolated from different fungi etc. Example-Penicillin from Penicillum notatum Erythromycin from Streptomyces erythreusStreptomycin from Streptomyces griseus Cephalosporins from Cephalosporiumacremonium Tetracycline from Streptomyces aureofaciens.