Sounding Method

8/8/2019 Sounding Method

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88Ybufmof` je}gbmy

« « ¡ «

¥ ¤ § ¯ ¯ ¯ ! - % ¯

Of ah}gje}q, }ge bacei} }b ae {byo}obfem oy dqexuef}l }ge yehaem& Uyuhll, }ge

gbqosbf}hl {byo}obf bd h yuqdhie teyyel oy ba}hofem doqy}, hfm }gef }ge moy}hfie ae}peef

}ge teyyel hfm }ge yehaem, o&e&, }ge me{}g, oy me}eqjofem& Of jbmeqf gmqb`qh{goi

yuqteof`, me{}g oy me}eqjofem dqbj bayeqth}obf bd }qhtel }oje bd hibuy}oi phtey& Hf

hibuy}oi {ulye }qhfyjo}}em a h }qhfymuieq }qhtely }gqbu`g }ge iblujf bd ph}eq hfm oy

}gef qedlei}em a }ge }hqè} yeh dlbbq/ ahin }b }ge gmqb{gbfe& Me{}g oy ihliulh}em

dqbj }ge jehyuqem }qhtel }oje ] M

1Me{}g

] iM: 88&8/

pgeqe i oy }ge y{eem bd ybufm of ph}eq&

H ahyoi eigb ybufmeq, uyem }b jehyuqe }ge {ulye'y }pb*ph }qhtel }oje }gqbu`g }ge

ph}eq iblujf, ibfyoy}y bd }ge dbllbpof` ibj{bfef}y, hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&83

H }qhfyjo}}eq pgoig èfeqh}ey {ulyey&

]qhfy& jhqn

Eigb }qhie

]qhfyjo}}eq

Qeieoteq]"Q

ypo}ig

Ph}eq letel

]qhfymuieq

]qhfyjo} {ulye

Eigb qe}uqf

QeibqmeqIbf}qbly

Doùqe 88&83 Ahyoi eigb ybufmeq b{eqh}obf&



91; Gmqb`qh{g

H ]"Q }qhfyjo}}eq"qeieoteq / ypo}ig pgoig {hyyey }ge {bpeq }b }ge }qhfymuieq&

H }qhfymuieq , jbuf}em bf }ge ygo{'y gull, pgoig ibfteq}y }ge elei}qoihl {bpeq of}b

hibuy}oi {bpeq, yefmy }ge hibuy}oi yo`fhl of}b }ge ph}eq, qeieotey }ge eigb, hfmibfteq}y o} of}b hf elei}qoihl yo`fhl&

H qeieoteq pgoig hj{lodoey }ge eigb yo`fhl hfm yefmy o} }b }ge qeibqmof` yy}ej&

H qeibqmeq pgoig ibf}qbly }ge yo fhl ejoyyobf, jehyuqey }ge }qhtel }oje bd }ge

hibuy}oi yo`fhl, y}bqey }ge mh}h, hfm ibfteq}y }oje of}eqthly of}b qhfèy&

]ge }qhfyjo}}eq oy exuo{{em po}g h xuhq}s ilbin }gh} byiollh}ey of }ge qhfè bd 8*8;

JGs, pgbye dqexuefi oy motomem mbpf }b ba}hof }ge b{eqh}of` dqexuefi bd }ge

}qhfymuieq& ]ge xuhq}s ilbin oy hlyb uyem }b jehyuqe }oje of}eqthly ae}peef }ge

}qhfyjoyyobf hfm }ge qeie{}obf bd hibuy}oi yo fhly& Jbmeqf eigb ybufmeqy uyuhll

bddeq h igboie bd }pb }b }gqee }qhfyjo}}of` dqexuefioey, fhjel3

Lbp dqexuefi * eddei}ote dbq mee{ ph}eq aeihuye }ge h}}efuh}obf oy lbpeq, au} o}

qexuoqey h lhqè }qhfymuieq&

Go`g dqexuefi * }ge }qhfymuieq ihf ae ibj{hi} au} }ge qhfè oy jbqe lojo}em mue

}b h go`geq h}}efuh}obf

]ge ]"Q ypo}ig oy uyem }b }qo`èq h {ulye po}g h y{eiodoi lef`}g& Fbqjhll }ge {ulye

lef`}g thqoey dqbj ;&8 }b 5; jy& Of yghllbp ph}eq, h yof`le ygbq} {ulye bd lef`}g bd ;&1

jy oy }qhfyjo}}em hfm qeieotem aedbqe }ge few} {ulye oy }qhfyjo}}em& Of mee{ ph}eq,

jhf {ulyey bd lef`}gy thqof` dqbj 8 jy }b =; jy hqe èfeqh}em hfm hqe of }ge ph}eqh} hf }oje& ]ge thqoe} bd {ulye lef`}g gel{y }b bteqibje lbyyey mue }b h}}efuh}obf&

]ge {ulye ygh{e hfm o}y eftelb{e hqe ygbpf of Doùqe 88&1&

]ge qeieoteq hj{lodoey }ge qe}uqfof` eigb yo`fhl hfm yefmy o} }b }ge qeibqmof` yy}ej&

]ge qeieoteq oy exuo{{em po}g h }oje thqof` `hof ]T@/, pgoig oy uyem }b qemuie }ge

`hof bd }ge qeieoteq ojjemoh}el hd}eq }qhfyjoyyobf of bqmeq }b dol}eq bu} qeteqaeqh}obf&

Qeieoteq `hof qe}uqfy hy hf ew{bfef}ohl dufi}obf bd }oje& ]ge qeieoteq ahfmpom}g juy}

ae pome efbu`g }b hiibjjbmh}e h Mb{{leq ygod} od }ge }qhfymuieq oy fb} teq}oihl e&`&,

ihye bd h y{eem lb`/&

]ge }qhfymuieq oy jbuf}em bf }ge ygo{'y gull hfm oy of ibf}hi} po}g ph}eq& O}ydufi}obfy hqe

]b ibfteq} elei}qoihl {bpeq of}b hibuy}oi {bpeq&

]b yefm }ge hibuy}oi yo`fhl of}b }ge ph}eq&

]b qeieote }ge eigb bd }ge hibuy}oi yo`fhl&

[ulye eftelb{e ygh{e

[bq}obf bd ybfhq {ulye }bygbp ofmotomuhl iiley

Doùqe 88&13 Hibuy}oi {ulye ygh{e hfm eftelb{e&



88& Ybufmof` je}gbmy 918

]b ibfteq} }ge hibuy}oi yo`fhl of}b hf elei}qoihl yo`fhl&

]ge elei}qoihl {ulye dqbj }ge }qhfyjo}}eq ihuyey }ge moh{gqh`j bd }ge }qhfymuieq }b

toaqh}e& ]ge toaqh}of` moh{gqh`j, of ibf}hi} po}g ph}eq, èfeqh}ey hf hibuy}oi phte&

]ge b{{byo}e {qbieyy biiuqy pgef qeieotof yo fhly, o&e&, }ge toaqh}of moh{gqh`j

èfeqh}ey hf elei}qoi iuqqef} pgoig oy yef} }b }ge qeieoteq& ]qhfymuieqy ihf ae ahyem

bf moddeqef} {qofio{ley& ]gqee }{ey bd }qhfymuieqy hqe aqoedl {qeyef}em&

H }qhfymuieq bd jh`fe}by}qoi}ote jh}eqohl uyey }ge {qb{eq} }gh} }ge jh`fe}by}qoi}ote

jh}eqohl e& &, foinel/ ighfèy o}y lef`}g of }ge {qeyefie bd h jh`fe}oi doelm& H

{hq}oiulhq aehj ygh{e bd }ge hibuy}oi yo`fhl oy ba}hofem a ibfdoùqof` hf hqqh bd

elejef}y hiibqmof` }b y{eiodoi {h}}eqfy&

H {oesbelei}qoi }qhfymuieq, yee Doùqe 88&9, uyey }ge {qb{eq} }gh} ieq}hof iqy}hly

e&`&, hjjbfouj mogmqbèf {gby{gh}e/ ighfè lef`}g pgef h {b}ef}ohl moddeqefie oy

h{{loem }b elei}qbmey bf }ge b{{byo}e dhiey bd }ge iqy}hl&

Hf elei}qby}qoi}ote }qhfymuieq, ygbpf of Doùqe 88&=, uyey }ge {qb{eq} }gh} ieqhjoiy

ighfè lef`}g pgef {lhiem of hf elei}qoi doelm& Ieqhjoiy ihf ae jblmem of hf meyoqem

ygh{e& Elejef}y hqe jbuf}em ae}peef }ge dhie hfm }ge }hol bd h {oy}bf }b ba}hof }gemeyoqem aehj pom}g&

Xuhq}siqy}hl

]gof bu}eq ygell

G&]& ihale

Doùqe 88&93 [oesbelei}qoi }qhfymuieq&

]qhfymuieq dhiefbqjhll ibteqem ah Qgb*I quaaeq abb}

Ieqhjoielejef}

]hol yei}obf

Elei}qoihlof{u} hfmbu}{u}

Gehm {oeie

Ahinof`{lh}e

Y}qeyy qbm

Doùqe 88&=3 Elei}qby}qoi}ote }qhfymuieq&



911 Gmqb`qh{g

]ge qeyblu}obf bd hf eigbybufmeq ihf medofe eo}geq o}y jehyuqof` {qeioyobf bq

me}ei}obf ih{haolo}oey& O} oy h dufi}obf bd }ge dbllbpof` dhi}bqy

[ulye muqh}obf&

Hf`le bd ofiomefie bd }ge hibuy}oi phte dqbf} bf }ge }hqè}&

Fh}uqe bd }ge }hqè}&

Aehjpom}g bd }ge }qhfyjoyyobf&

]ge jofojuj moy}ofùoyghaolo} bd hf eigbybufmeq ibqqey{bfmy }b 8"1 {ulye lef`}g& Od }pb bacei}y leyy }ghf ghld h {ulye lef`}g h{hq} hqe yefyem a hf hibuy}oi phte, }ge

poll qedlei} hy h yof`le }hqè}& ]pb bacei}y duq}geq h{hq} dqbj ehig b}geq }ghf ghld h

{ulye lef`}g poll ae qeibqmem hy }pb ye{hqh}e eigbey& ]ge ibfie{} oy ygbpf of Doùqe

88&5& Dbq ewhj{le, ibfyomeq h {ulye po}g h dqexuefi d bd 85 nGs hfm h muqh}obf bd 8

jy& @otef }gh} }ge ybufm telbio} i of yeh ph}eq oy h{{qbwojh}el 85;; j"y, }ge

phtelef`}g d i " :l oy ;&8 j, hfm }ge {ulye lef }g oy 8&5 j& ]ge qeyblu}obf

ibqqey{bfmof` }b 8"1 {ulye lef`}g oy }gef ;&05 j&

]qhfymuieq

Phtedqbf}y

]hqè}y ibf}hofem po}gof'{ulye lef`}g/"1 qe}uqf h

yof`le eigb

]hqè}y ye{hqh}em a hmoy}hfie `qeh}eq }ghf'{ulye lef`}g/"1 qe}uqfofmotomuhl eigbey

[ulye aufmle

Eddei}ote {ulye lef`}g

[ulye lef`}g@qhsof` hf`l

Qhfè qeyblu}obf : [ulye lef`}g " 1

Ylhf} qhfè qeyblu}obf :Eddei}ote {ulye lef`}g " 1

x

Qy

M

Doùqe 88&53 Qeyblu}obf hfm ofiomefie hf`le&

eigb qe}uqf dqbj

go`gey} {bof}me{}g qexuoqem

m M

a

}ol}emab}}bj

h

M

Doùqe 88&43 Eddei} bd aehjpom}g mue }b }ol}em ab}}bj&




H }hqè} poll qe}uqf jbqe {bpeq }b }ge }qhfymuieq dqbj }gbye {hq}y bd o} h} qo`g} hf`le

}b }ge qh {h}gy }ghf dqbj {hq}y }gh} poll qedlei} }ge {bpeq hph dqbj }ge }qhfymuieq&

Od }ge eigbybufmeq jh ae }ol}em a hf`le x mue }b ygo{ qbll, }ge eddei}y bd }goy }ol} hqe3

h& ]ge qeyblu}obf bd }ge ylhf} qhfèy

Q meiqehyey aeihuye }ge eddei}ote {ulye lef`}g

{e L ofiqehyey&

a& ]ge eddei} bd }ge }ol} hf`le x bf me{}g M dlh} ab}}bj ihye/ oy x ibyy

Q M : hfm

}ge me{}g aohy oy /iby8 x *y

Q od x oy fb} hiibuf}em dbq& ]ge aohy ihf ae qejbtem

od x oy nfbpf& ]ge eddei} bd hf eqqbqy

Qm of }ge ylhf} qhfèy

Q bf M oy

x m m ibyy

Q M : &

Bf }ge b}geq ghfm, od }ge ab}}bj oy }ol}em a hf hf`le h , }ge eddei} bf M oy

1 " }hf}hf/ a h m m M M M *: , yee Do uqe 88&4, pgoig oy h{{qbwojh}el exuhl }b

1 " }hf}hf a h M & Dbq ewhj{le, dbq :8;h , : 1; a hfm 8;;: M j, 8&9£ Mm j&

eigb qe}uqf dqbjgo`gey} {bof}

me{}g qexuoqem

eqqbq

Doùqe 88&03 Eddei} bd aehjpom}g mue }b oqqeùlhq ab}}bj&

Qeibqmem {qbdole bdg{eqabloi eigbey

]que {qbdole

H{{qb{qoh}e {bq}obf bdeigb*ybufmeq }qhie

] q u e m e { } g

Y g

b q } e

y }

{ h } g

Yuqteof` teyyel {hyyof`

hiqbyy yuajhqofe qomè

Doùqe 88&73 Eigbybufmeq aehjpom}g eddei}&






]ge aehj {h}}eqf bd ioqiulhq }qhfymuieqy oy bd }ge ygh{e bd h ibfe pgbye teq}ew hf`le

thqoey ae}peef 1» hfm 9;»& Jby} bd }ge efeq` bd }ge aehj oy ibfief}qh}em of }ge jhof

lbae, pgbye lojo}y hqe medofem hy *9 mA {bof}y& ]ge hf`le x ae}peef {bof}y h} pgoig

}ge hibuy}oi efeq` of}efyo} ghy dhllef }b ghld *9 mA {bof}/ bd }gh} hlbf` }ge jhof

hwoy oy ihllem }ge aehj hf`le, hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&8;& Of b}geq pbqmy, }ge of}efyo}bd }ge hibuy}oi efeq` h} }ge hfùlhq lojo} bd }ge aehj, 1

[ , oy medofem hy ghld bd }ge

of}efyo} 8[ h} }ge ief}qe bd }ge aehj

95&;lb`8;lb`8;1

8

8

181 *::¤:

[

[[[ mA

]ge aehjpom}g bq }b}hl aehj hf`le oy x 1 bq a & Dbq h ioqiulhq }qhfymuieq, }ge

aehjpom}g of me`qeey/ oy qbu`gl òtef hy

m

l a 45: 88&1/

pgeqe l oy }ge phtelef`}g ibqqey{bfmof` }b }ge dqexuefi bd }ge }qhfyjo}}em yo`fhl

hfm m }ge mohje}eq bd }ge qhmoh}of` yuqdhie bd }ge ioqiulhq }qhfymuieq& Ab}g l hfm m

juy} ae ew{qeyyem of }ge yhje ufo}y& Hf oj{bq}hf} ighqhi}eqoy}oi bd hf eigbybufmeq oy

}ge dqexuefi bd }ge }qhfyjoyyobf& ]ge go geq }ge dqexuefi }ge ygbq}eq oy }ge

phtelef`}g, hfm }ge fhqqbpeq }ge aehjpom}g dbq h òtef }qhfymuieq yose, hy ygbpf of

Doùqe 88&88 dbq }ge ihye bd h ioqiulhq }qhfymuieq&

H qei}hfùlhq }qhfymuieq poll {qbmuie h moddeqef} aehjpom}g of ehig bd o}y }pb

{qofio{hl hwey& Ibfyomeq h qei}hfùlhq }qhfymuieq bd mojefyobf 8 L ygbq}eq mojefyobf/

a 1 L lbfèq mojefyobf/& ]ge aehj dbb}{qof} poll ae fhqqbp of }ge moqei}obf {hqhllel

a

x

*9 mA {bof}y

Aehj ief}qe hwoy

m ]qhfymuieq

Dbb}{qof}

Doùqe 88&8;3 ]qhfy{bfmeq aehjpom}g dbq h ioqiulhq }qhfymuieq&



914 Gmqb`qh{g

}b }ge lbf` moqei}obf bd }ge }qhfymuieq& A ibf}qhy}, }ge dbb}{qof} poll ae pome of }ge

moqei}obf bq}gb`bfhl }b }ge lbf` moqei}obf bd }ge }qhfymuieq o&e&, {hqhllel }b }ge ygbq}

mojefyobf bd }ge }qhfymuieq/, hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&81& ]ge pome aehjpom}g 8 a hfm

}ge fhqqbp aehjpom}g 1 a bd h qei}hfùlhq }qhfymuieq, ab}g ew{qeyyem of me`qeey, hqe

òtef qey{ei}otel a

1

11

8

88

5;1

5;1

L

L

l x a

l x a

::

::

88&9/

]qhfymuieq mohje}eq ^jZ

] b } h l a e h j

h f ` l e ' 1 x xx x » /

?;

7;

0;

4;

5;

=;

9;

1;

;

8;

;&5 8&; 8&5 1&;

8;; nGs1;; nGs

9&5 nGs8; nGs1; nGs

Doùqe 88&883 Aehjpom}g teqyuy mohje}eq dbq h ioqiulhq }qhfymuieq&

a 8

a 1

Aehj dbb}{qof}

L8

L1

Doùqe 88&813 Aehj ygh{of` ighqhi}eqoy}oiy bd h qei}hfùlhq }qhfymuieq&




« « ¡ ¤

¯ ( ! - % - ' ¯ / %

]ge aehjpom}g bd ibftef}obfhl yof`le aehj eigbybufmeqy YAEY/ oy uyuhll bd }ge

bqmeq bd 9;»& Gbpeteq, fhqqbp aehj eigb ybufmeqy po}g aehjpom}g bd ©: 51x a

ghte hlyb aeef htholhale yofie }ge jom 8?7;'y& B{eqh}obf bd h fhqqbp aehj

eigbybufmeq qexuoqey }ge }qhfymuieq }b ae jeighfoihll bq elei}qbfoihll y}haolosem dbq

qbll hfm {o}ig jb}obf bd }ge teyyel& Fhqqbp aehj eigbybufmeqy hqe uyem }b3

Ba}hof me{}gy moqei}l ufmeq }ge teyyel, }guy htbomof` pome aehj aohyey ihuyem a

ufmeqph}eq ylb{ey& ]goy me{}g oy uyem eo}geq dbq yhde} bd fhto`h}obf bq dbq yeh

dlbbq jh{{of`&

Oj{qbte }ge xuhlo} bd }ge mh}h of }eqjy bd ab}g qeyblu}obf hfm hiiuqhi& Dbq

ofy}hfie, of bqmeq }b jee} }ge OGB Y{eiohl hfm Bqmeq 8 qexuoqejef}y, yee Yei}obf

7&9, h fhqqbp aehj bq hqqh bd fhqqbp aehj eigbybufmeqy ihf ae uyem&]b {qbmuie h fhqqbp aehj, lhqèq yose }qhfymuieqy hqe feemem }ghf dbq h pome aehj&

]ge exuo{jef} aeibjey auln hfm ew{efyote& Fhqqbp aehj eigbybufmeqy mb fb}

{qbtome ofdbqjh}obf bdd }ge yomey bd }ge ygo{& Ybje}ojey }ge hqe uyem of ibfcufi}obf

po}g aqbhm aehj yy}ejy hy h ibj{lejef}hq ybuqie bd mh}h&

]pb ewhj{ley bd }{oihl ioqiulhq }qhfymuieqy bd fhqqbp aehj eigbybufmeqy3

8/ Dqexuefi bd 81 NGs, phtelef`}g 815&;:l j, aehjpom}g :: 11x a &

Mohje}eq ;4&= " 45 :: a l m j fb}e }gh} a oy ef}eqem of me`qeey/&

1/ Dqexuefi bd 81; nGs, phtelef`}g ;815&;:l j, aehjpom}g :: 11x a &

Mohje}eq =8&;:m j&

« « ¡ 8

9 ' 5 ( ! - % - ' ¯ / %

Jul}oaehj eigbybufmeq JAEY/ yy}ejy hqe uyem }b ofiqehye ab}}bj ibteqhè hfm

ibfyexuef}l, {qbmui}oto}& Ehig bd }ge fhqqbp aehjy {qbmuiem oelmy h qeyblu}obf bd

}ge ab}}bj exuothlef} }b }gh} bd h fhqqbp yof`le aehj eigbybufmeq& ]ge jehyuqejef}

hiiuqhi oy fb} ae}}eq }ghf }gh} bd yof le aehj eigbybufmeqy, gbpeteq& Of dhi},

hiiuqhi meiqehyey hy }ge yph}g hf`le ofiqehyey& JAEY hqe motomem of}b }pb `qbu{y,

fhjel yph}g yy}ejy hfm ypee{ yy}ejy

H yph}g yy}ej {qbmuiey jul}o{le hibuy}oi aehjy dqbj h yof`le }qhfymuieq yy}ej

hl}gbu`g muhl }qhfymuieq yy}ejy hqe uyem hfm, ybje}ojey, }ge }qhfyjo}}eq hfm

qeieoteq hqe ye{hqh}e/& H ypee{ yy}ej yoj{l ibfyoy}y bd hf hqqh bd yof`le aehj

eigbybufmeqy jbuf}em bf abbjy me{lbem bf ehig yome hfm {eq{efmoiulhq }b }ge

yuqdhie teyyel& Jby} bd }goy yei}obf poll mehl po}g yph}g yy}ejy, po}g hf of}qbmui}obf

}b ypee{ yy}ejy h} }ge efm& ]ge b{eqh}obf {qofio{le bd }ge lh}}eq oy juig jbqe

y}qho`g}dbqphqm }ghf }gh} bd }ge dbqjeq&

]ge metelb{jef} bd mee{ ph}eq yph}g yy}ejy ae`hf of }ge 8?0;'y& ]geye yy}ejy,pgoig {eqjo} eddei}ote hfm hiiuqh}e ah}gje}qoi yuqtey bd ew}efyote hqehy, ihf hlyb

ae uyem dbq b}geq biehfb`qh{goi h{{loih}obfy yuig hy èblbòihl jh{{of` hfm b}geq

yioef}odoi oftey}o`h}obfy, EES yuqtey hfm yuqteof` dbq ihale lhof`& Yghllbp ph}eq

yph}g JAEY ghte etbltem qh{oml muqof` }ge 8??;'y hfm }ge hqe aeof` ofiqehyof`l



917 Gmqb`qh{g

uyem dbq yghllbp ph}eq yuqtey, yuig hy ghqabuq hfm ibfy}qoi}em ph}eqph yuqtey

pgeqe 8;;% ibteqhè hfm h go g hiiuqhi hqe qexuoqem& Hmb{}obf bd }ge jbqe

y}qofèf} 8??7 OGB Y}hfmhqmy dbq gmqb`qh{goi yuqtey oy duq}geq hiieleqh}of` }ge uye

bd JAEY yy}ejy dbq yghllbp ph}eq h{{loih}obfy&Ieq}hof yph}g yy}ejy ghte yuig h pome yph}g pom}g }gh} }ge ihf hlyb ae uyem

yojul}hfebuyl hy yomeyihf ybfhqy yee few} yei}obf dbq {qofio{ley/& Yph}g JAEY ihf

ae uyem of h yuqdhie teyyel pgeqe o} oy jbuf}em ufmeq }ge gull bq aeyome }ge teyyel, bq

of hf ufmeq ph}eq tegoile yuig hy h qejb}el b{eqh}em tegoile QBT/&

H yph}g JAEY }qhfyjo}y hf hibuy}oi {ulye of h pome dhf of bfe moqei}obf dbqe*hfm*

hd} bq h}gphq}ygo{y/& ]goy qeyul}y of h pome dbb}{qof} of }gh} moqei}obf& ]ge ahin

yih}}eqem yo`fhl oy qeieotem a h }qhfymuieq pgoig ye`jef}y }ge habte pome dbb}{qof}

of}b jul}o{le yjhlleq aehjy, hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&89& ]ge pom}g bd }geye aehjy oy bd

}ge bqmeq bd bfe }b h dep me`qeey, me{efmof` bf }ge yy}ej& Of }goy jhffeq h go`g

fujaeq bd me{}g ybufmof`y hqe èfeqh}em dbq ehig {ulye }qhfyjoyyobf& H lhfe bd

ybufmof`y oy ba}hofem dqbj h yof le teyyel'y }qhin, qh}geq }ghf h yof le lofe bd

ybufmof`y& ]ge hmthf}hèy bteq }ge uye bd h yof`le aehj eigbybufmeq hqe batobuy,

}ge jhcbq bfe aeof` }gh} 8;;% ibteqhè bd }ge ab}}bj ihf ae higoetem of h qelh}otel

iby} eddei}ote jhffeq& ]goy oy oj{bq}hf} dbq ghqabuq hfm ibfy}qoi}em ph}eqph

h{{loih}obfy&

]ge hmthf}hè bd h JAEY, hy ibj{hqem }b h ypee{ yy}ej jul}o*yof le aehj/

h{{qbhig, oy }gh} yojolhq bq pomeq ibteqhè oy higoetem etef of yghllbp ph}eqy uyof` hjuig jbqe ibj{hi} yy}ej& Of mee{eq ph}eqy, }ge ibteqhè oy juig pomeq hfm ihf ae

yeteqhl }ojey }ge ph}eq me{}g, me{efmof` bf }ge JAEY yy}ej y{eiodoih}obfy&

Dbq ehig qeieote aehj, }geqe oy h ] M }pb*ph }qhtel }oje bd }ge ylhf} qhfè

jehyuqejef} hfm h yph}g hf`le y jehyuqejef} hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&8=& Of }ge

Hlbf` }qhin

!dbb}{qof}!

Doùqe 88&893 JAEY dbb}{qof}y&





99; Gmqb`qh{g

/1 " }hf1 a Mq :

Dbq h yph}g hf`le ;y , }ge dbb}{qof} oy h{{qbwojh}el exuhl }b

/z1 " }hf/1 " ~}hf a y a y **.£ Mq

Hy hf ewhj{le, le} uy ibfyomeq }ge ihye bd h mee{ ph}eq yph}g JAEY yy}ej po}g h

aehjpom}g bd 1»¥1»& ]ge dbb}{qof} h} me{}g M bd 5;; j oy }geqedbqe h{{qbwojh}el 80

j& ]ge yy}ej ghy h jhwojuj yph}g hf`le bd 8=;» 0;» ehig yome bd }ge teq}oihl

hwoy/& ]ge jhwojuj dbb}{qof} dbq h me{}g bd 5;; j oy }geqedbqe habu} 894 j& ]ge

dbb}{qof} yose ofiqehyey po}g ofiqehyof` me{}g&

Of hmmo}obf, }ge jehyuqem me{}g eqqbq bd h dbb}{qof} po}g h lhqè yph}g hf`le oy hlyb

lhqèq }ghf }gh} po}g h yjhll yph}g hf`le mue }b }ge eddei} bd qbll jb}obf hfm hibuy}oi

qedqhi}obf eqqbqy& Of bqmeq }b lojo} }ge dbb}{qof} yose hfm jehyuqem me{}g eqqbqy, jhf

yy}ejy hu}bjh}oihll qemuie }ge yph}g hf`le hy }ge me{}g ofiqehyey&

]ge teyyel‟y qbll, {o}ig hfm hp h}}o}ume jb}obf {hqhje}eqy hfm gehte teyyel‟y

teq}oihl jb}obf/ hqe qexuoqem of qehl*}oje a }ge yph}g JAEY& ]ge hiiuqhi

qexuoqejef}y hqe dufi}obf bd }ge yy}ej‟y {eqdbqjhfie& Dbq go g {eqdbqjhfie

yy}ejy, }ge qbll hfm {o}ig {hqhje}eqy hqe uyuhll qexuoqem po}g hf hiiuqhi bd ;&;5»

bq 9 hqijofy, pgole }ge gehte oy qexuoqem po}g hf hiiuqhi bd 5*8; ij& H }gqee bq

dbuq*hf}effh @[Y yy}ej ihf meloteq }ge qbll hfm {o}ig ibj{bfef}y po}g }ge hiiuqhiqexuoqem& Moddoiul}oey ihf gbpeteq hqoye po}g }ge qoòmo} bd }ge jul}o*hf}effh @[Y

yy}ej po}g qey{ei} }b }ge JAEY }qhfymuieq lbih}em of }ge ph}eq ufmeq bq aeyome }ge

teyyel& Hy h ibfyexuefie, }ge {qedeqqem yblu}obf oy }b uye h jb}obf yefybq }gh}

ibf}hofy hf ofeq}ohl jehyuqof` ufo} OJU/ hfm }gh} ihf ae lbih}em fehq }ge }qhfymuieq&

H jom*qhfè OJU of}e`qh}em po}g h M@[Y yy}ej pgoig oy fehql hlphy uyem dbq

{byo}obfof`/ ihf jee} ab}g }ge h}}o}ume hfm gehte qexuoqejef}y& Gehte ibj{efyh}bqy,

pgoig hqe eyyef}ohll bfe*hwoy ofeq}ohl hiieleqbje}eqy, ihf hlyb ae uyem }b jehyuqe

m

Mm

Q

Q

q mx y

M

Yeh ab}}bj

JAEY lbih}obf

Doùqe 88&853 @ebje}q dbq h qeyomuhl qbll aohyq

mx &




gehte&

]ge eddei} bd h qeyomuhl qbll aohyq

mx oy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&85& Pgole }ge yph}g hf`le

oy hyyujem }b ae y , of qehlo} o} oyq

mx y . & ]bè}geq po}g }ge bayeqtem ylhf} moy}hfie

1 " m] i Q : , pe jh pqo}e

/yofyof

/ibyiby

q

q

Q

M M M Q

mx y y

m

mx y y

m

.:

*:

.:

.:

88&5/

pgeqe Mm hfm m hqe }ge me{}g eqqbq hfm }ge eqqbq of }ge eqqbq of }ge *ibbqmofh}e,

qey{ei}otel, mue }b }ge qbll aohyq

mx & Dbq yjhllq

mx hfm fe`lei}of` yeibfm bqmeq

}eqjy, o} dbllbpy dqbj 88&5/ }gh}

q

q

M

M M

mx m

y mx m

*£

£ }hf88&4/

Ygbpf of Doùqe 88&84 oy }ge jhwojuj aehjpom}g hy h dufi}obf bd qeyomuhl qbll aohy,

ibqqey{bfmof` }b }ge qexuoqejef} }gh} }ge me{}g eqqbq Mm ygbulm ae leyy }ghf ;&5% bd

}ge me{}g M&

Dbq h qeyomuhl {o}ig aohy {mx }ge yo}uh}obf oy yne}igem of Doùqe 88&80& O}y eddei}

dbllbpy dqbj

;

1;

=;

4;

7;

8;;

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8=;

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Qbll aohy ^»Z

A e h j p o m } g ^ » Z

Doùqe 88&843 Aehjpom}g hfm qeyomuhl qbll aohy, pgeqe }ge qexuoqejef} oy duldollem}gh} }ge qeyul}of` me{}g eqqbq oy ;&5% bd }ge me{}g bq leyy&



991 Gmqb`qh{g

{

{

M w

M M M Q

mx m

mx

m

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iby;iby

:

:.

:

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{o}ig aohyey, o} dbllbpy dqbj 88&0/ }gh}

wm

Mm

Q

M

Yeh ab}}bj

{mx

JAEY lbih}obf

Doùqe 88&803 @ebje}q dbq h qeyomuhl {o}ig aohy {mx &

Teq}oihl eqqbq

Gbqosbf}hl eqqbq

;&;;

;&;5

;&8;

;&85

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;&=5

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[o}ig aohy ^»Z

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b d m e { } g Z

;

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1

9

=

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Doùqe 88&873 Gbqosbf}hl hfm teq}oihl {byo}obfof` eqqbqy hy h dufi}obf bd qeyomuhl {o}ig

aohy {mx &




{

{

M w

M M

mx m

mx m

£

£ 1

18

88&7/

Ygbpf of Doùqe 88&87 hqe }ge eqqbqy Mm hfm wm hy dufi}obf bd }ge qeyomuhl {o}ig

aohy {mx &

H qeyomuhl hp eqqbq mx , dofhll, qeyul}y of hf eqqbq of }ge w* hfm *moqei}obf, hy

ygbpf of Doùqe 88&8?

1

18

M

w

mx m

mx m

£

£88&?/

]geye hqe }ge eddei}y bd qeyomuhl hfùlhq ygo{ jb}obfy& ]ge }b}hl loy} bd JAEY eqqbqy

hfm eqqbq ybuqiey oy juig lbfèq& ]ge jby} oj{bq}hf} hqe3

Yy}ej jehyuqejef} eqqbqy, mue }b }ge yy}ej‟y elei}qbfoiy&

Me{}g jehyuqejef} eqqbq mue }b aehjpom}g yhje hy dbq yof`le aehj

eigbybufmeqy/&

Eddei} bd aehj hf`le eqqbq, mue }b }ge yy}ej‟y elei}qbfoiy> }ge eddei} bd }goy eqqbq

ofiqehyey po}g }ge yph}g hf`le y & ]goy eqqbq oy }geqedbqe jbqe yo`fodoihf} }ghf dbq

yof`le aehj yy}ejy&

Hibuy}oi {qb{h`h}obf eqqbqy3 }geye eqqbqy ofiqehye po}g }ge yph}g hf`le mue }b }geqh aefmof` eddei} hfm hqe yojolhq of ibfie{} }b QD {qb{h`h}obf of }ge h}jby{geqe&

Eddei} bd h}}o}ume eqqbqy qbll, {o}ig hfm hp/> }geye eqqbqy ofiqehye po}g yph}g

hf`le&

Aehj y}eeqof` eqqbq mue }b yuqdhie ybufm y{eem eqqbq&

mx

wm m

JAEY lbih}obf

Yholof` moqei}obf

Doùqe 88&8?3 @ebje}q dbq h qeyomuhl hp aohy mx &



99= Gmqb`qh{g

]qhfymuieq joyhlo`fjef} eqqbq&

Gehte, mfhjoi mqhu`g} hfm ph}eq letel eqqbqy> yhje hy dbq yof`le aehj

eigbybufmeqy&

Yy}ej ihloaqh}obf eqqbqy&

]omey hfm"bq b}geq ph}eq letel eddei}y&

H teq}oihl hibuy}oi ypee{ yy}ej ibfyoy}y bd h lofehq hqqh bd etefl y{hiem

}qhfymuieqy jbuf}em bf abbjy h}}higem {eq{efmoiulhql }b }ge teyyel, hy ygbpf of

Doùqe 88&1;& ]geye yy}ejy hqe uyem of iqo}oihl yghllbp, ihlj ph}eq hqehy ghqabuqy,

ighffely, e}i&/ dbq 8;;% ibteqhè& ]ge ibteqhè bd }ge ab}}bj oy 8;;%, me{efmof`

bf }qhfymuieq y{hiof` hfm ph}eq me{}g& ]geye yy}ejy hqe teq hiiuqh}e dbq OGB

Y{eiohl Bqmeq hfm Bqmeq 8 yuqtey pgeqe 8;;% ibteqhè hfm go g hiiuqhi hfm

qeyblu}obf hqe qexuoqem& ]ge jbaolosh}obf*mejbaolosh}obf lbòy}oiy hqe ibj{lew mue }b

}ge me{lbjef} bd }ge abbjy hfm }ge uye bd }geye yy}ejy oy uyuhll lojo}em }b

ghqabuqy hfm ibfy}qoi}em ph}eqphy& Of Ihfhmh, teq}oihl hibuy}oi ypee{ yy}ejy hqeuyem a }ge Ihfhmohf Ibhy}ùhqm II@/ of }ge Y}& Lhpqefie fhto`h}obf ighffel hfm

}ge Ihfhmohf Gmqb`qh{goi Yeqtoie IGY/ dbq yghllbp ph}eqy of èfeqhl&

Doùqe 88&1;3 Teq}oihl ypee{ yy}ej&

]qhfymuieq hddowem }b

'y}hln' dbq bu}abhqm qo`

yihffof` }b bfe yome

bfl/

]bpof` {bpeq/ ihale

Me{qeyybq dof }b

jhof}hof qexuoqem

'dlof` geo`g}'

]bp*doyg, po}g

}qhfymuieqy,

{bq} hfm y}hqabhqm

Aehjy po}gyomelbaey ,

{bq} hfm y}hqabhqm

Doùqe 88&183 Yomeyihf ybfhq ibfie{}&




« « ¡ ¤

¯ ¯ ! - % $

H yomeyihf ybfhq oy ahyoihll h }qhfymuieq jbuf}em baloxuel po}g qey{ei} }b }ge jhcbq

hwey bd }ge ygo{& ]ge yomeyihf ybfhq oy {qojhqol uyem dbq of}eq{qe}h}obf ae}peef

ybufmof` lofey ba}hofem po}g yof`le aehj eigbybufmeqy& O} ihf hlyb ae uyem }b me}ei}

}gof bay}hiley ghshqmbuy }b fhto`h}obf etef pgef h jul}oaehj eigbybufmeq oy uyem& O}

oy pomel uyem dbq ghqabuq hfm fhto h}obf ighffely }b efyuqe bay}hile me}ei}obf

ae}peef }ge ybufmof` lofey&

H yof`le*yomeyihf oy {eqdbqjem uyof` h gull*jbuf}em }qhfymuieq }b bfe yome bd }ge

teyyel'y }qhin pgole h muhl*yomeyihf oy {eqdbqjem uyof` }pb }qhfymuieqy jbuf}em

baloxuel bf ehig yome bd }ge ygo{ bq bf h }bpem*doyg, hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&18&

]pb doyg*jbuf}em }qhfymuieqy bfe bf ehig yome/ hqe }{oihll ofy}hllem 8;» aelbp }ge

gbqosbf dbq `bbm gbqosbf}hl ibteqhè, hfm }geqedbqe dbq `bbm bay}qui}obf me}ei}obf&]ge aehj oy qei}hfùlhq ygh{em hfm }ge aehjpom}g oy bd }ge bqmeq bd 9;» of }ge

teq}oihl {lhfe {eq{efmoiulhq }b }ge teyyel'y gehmof`, hfm 8» }b 1» of }ge gbqosbf}hl

{lhfe, hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&11& Yomeyihf ybfhqy ihf }geqedbqe ibteq pome hqehy hfm

hqe uyedul }b me}ei} qbu`g }b{b`qh{goi oqqeùlhqo}oey&

]ge ew}ef} bd ibteqhè bd }ge yehaem a }ge yomeyihf ybfhq aehj me{efmy bf3

]ge aehjpom}g of }ge teq}oihl {lhfe&

]ge }ol} bd }ge aehj hwoy po}g qey{ei} }b }ge gbqosbf}hl&

]ge geo`g} bd }ge }qhfymuieq habte }ge yehaem&

]ge {bpeq bd }ge hibuy}oi }qhfyjoyyobf, dqexuefi hfm bd }ge eigb&

]ge !dlof`! geo`g} bd }ge }bpem doyg ibfdoùqh}obf oy yelei}em dbq b{}ojuj qeyul}y&

]ge jehyuqem me{}g hiiuqhi oy hddei}em a }ge yhje eqqbq ybuqiey hddei}of` teq}oihll

jbuf}em yof`le aehj ybfhqy& Gbpeteq, }ge eddei} bd }ge teyyel'y h}}o}ume {hqhje}eqy

qbll, {o}ig hfm gehmof`/ {lhy h iqo}oihl qble&

8&1» 8&1»

GBQOSBF]HL Y_Y]EJ AEHJPOM]G '*9 mA [BOF]Y/

;»8;»

9;»

9;»

Teq}oihl yy}ejaehjpom}g'*9 mA {bof}y/

Doùqe 88&113 Yome yihf ybfhq }qhfymuieq hfm aehj {h}}eqfy&



994 Gmqb`qh{g

]bpof` h yomeyihf ybfhq oy bd}ef oj{qhi}oihl of ibfdofem hqehy yuig hy {bq}y& Hfb}geq

{qbalej oy jul}o{le hibuy}oi qedlei}obfy dqbj ygo{y hfm b}geq fh}uqhl bq jhf*jhme

y}qui}uqey, mue }b }geoq pome hibuy}oi aehjy& Dbq }geye qehybfy, yph}g JAEY hqeqe{lhiof` yomeyihf ybfhqy of yuig ibfy}qoi}em hqehy&

Baloxue jbuf}em yei}bq yihf ybfhqy bq ybufmeqy hqe uyem dbq yehaem yehqigey of

!mhfèqbuy! yghllbp ph}eqy& ]ge omeh oy }gh} }ge teyyel qejhofy of yhde ph}eq pgole

jh{{of` }ge yehaem hlbf`yome& Ab}g }ge teq}oihl hfm hsoju}g yihffof jbmey hqe

aeof` uyem of }ge yy}ej&

Hf ewhj{le bd hf baloxue yy}ej oy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&19& H }qhfyjo}}em aehj bd 4;»

¥ 4» oy of}eqqb`h}em h} h qh}e bd 8; nGs a h dbiuyem hqqh aehj bd ;&5» ¥ 4»& ]ge

of}eqqb`h}obf aehj oy y}eeqem hiqbyy }ge }qhfyjo}}em yei}bq po}g fb {gyoihl qb}h}obf

bd }ge hqqh&

]ge ahyoi bayeqthale bd h yomeyihf ybfhq oy }ge }pb*ph }qhtel }oje& Fb ofdbqjh}obf oy

htholhale bf }ge moqei}obf bd }ge qedlei}em yo`fhl& Hy h qeyul}, h yomeyihf ybfhq jh fb}

{qbmuie qelohale ojhèy bd hqehy }gh} hqe fb} dlh}, yee Doùqe 88&1=& Hy moyiuyyem of

4»4;»

;&5»4»

Yei}bq ofybfodoem

a }qhfyjo}}em

aehjQeieotof`"

of}eqqb`h}ofàehj

Teq}oihlyihffof`

jbme

Hsoju}g

yihffof`jbme

Me{}gy ibj{u}em dqbj

ylhf} qhfè jehyuqejef}y

Y}hfm*bdd yph}ge ybufmof` jbme

Ylhf} qhfèy

of}eqqb`h}em

h} {qeme}eqjofemhfùlhq

of}eqthly

s4 s5 s=

s9s1

s8

;&5»

4;»

Doùqe 88&193 Baloxue jbuf}em ybfhq&




}ge {qetobuy yei}obf, h jul}oaehj yy}ej oy ahyem bf }ge ibj{u}h}obf bd ylhf} qhfèy

dbq h fujaeq bd {qemedofem moqei}obfy& Hf of}eqdeqbje}qoi yomeyihf ybfhq, bf }ge b}geq

ghfm, me}eqjofey }ge moqei}obf bd h yo`fhl dqbj hf bayeqtem moddeqefie of }qhtel }oje&

Yuig h yy}ej ibfyoy}y bd h lojo}em fujaeq bd }qhfymuieqy bq }qhfymuieq hqqhy, of

bqmeq }b è} h fhqqbp aehj dbq ehig hqqh/, jbuf}em h} ygbq} moy}hfiey dqbj ehigb}geq& ]b ew{lhof }ge {qofio{le bd b{eqh}obf bd hf of}eqdeqbje}qoi yy}ej, pe poll

ibfyomeq }ge yoj{lodoem ye}*u{ bd Doùqe 88&15& ]pb }qhfymuieqy, h} moy}hfie wM dqbj

ehig b}geq qeieote h yo fhl po}g hf ufnfbpf hf le bd ofiomefie x & ]ge yo`fhl h}

}qhfymuieq o ihf ae pqo}}ef hy

/iby˄

/,o

o

e

oenq }

q

{} q { *: p 88&8;/

wM

x yof wMx

8 1

Doùqe 88&153 Qhfè moddeqefie bayeqtem a of}eqdeqbje}qoi yomeyihf ybfhq&

8 1 9

=

;,8

;

1,= 9

5

5 4

4

]oje ylhf}

moy}hfie/

Yeh ab}}bj

Gbqosbf}hl moy}hfiemoy{lhem/

; 8 1 9 = 5 4

;,8 1,= 9 5 4Yghmbp sbfe

]que {byo}obf

Yomeyihf ybfhq

Doùqe 88&1=3 Yomeyihf ybfhq {eqdbqjhfie dbq h fbf*dlh} yeh ab}}bj& Mue }b }ge ab}}bjqeloed, }ge ojhè bd }ge yehdlbbq oy moy}bq}em&



997 Gmqb`qh{g

Od }ge moy}hfie }b }ge qedlei}of` abm oy lhqè efbu`g }b hyyuje {lhfhq phtedqbf}y, }ge

qhfè moddeqefi ae}peef }qhfymuieq 8 hfm 1 oy exuhl }b yee h`hof Doùqe 88&15/

x yof81 wq q M:* 88&88/

hfm }ge {ghye moddeqefie ae}peef }gej

x l

{

l

{ yof

1/

181 wq q M:* 88&81/

dqbj pgoig }ge hf le x ihf ae me}eqjofem& ]ge {ghye moddeqefie oy ufhjao ubuy

pgef 1 " l <M w & Gbpeteq, dbq yuig ygbq} moy}hfiey ae}peef }qhfymuieqy, o} oy fb}

{byyoale }b {qeioyel jehyuqe }ge {ghye moddeqefie& Qeyblu}obf ihf ae ofiqehyem a

ofiqehyof` }ge moy}hfie wM & Uyof` jbqe }ghf }pb }qhfymuieqy h} moddeqef} moy}hfiey,

}ge hjaoùo}oey ihf ae qeybltem& ]ge ewhi} ibfdoùqh}obf oy uyuhll fb} moyilbyem a

jhfudhi}uqeqy bd of}eqdeqbje}qoi yomeyihf ybfhq exuo{jef}&

« « ¡ ¤

¯ ! - $ ! ! ' $ $ ! '

Hll me{}gy juy} qedeq }b h ibjjbf mh}uj& Fujeqbuy ibqqei}obfy juy} ae h{{loem }b

}ge qeyul}y bd ybufmof`y of bqmeq }b è} ighq}eqem me{}gy pgoig qedeq }b }ge medofem

mh}uj& Ighq} me{}g oy ba}hofem hy }ge yuj bd Bayeqtem me{}g qhp ufibqqei}em ybufmof`/&

Ofy}qujef}hl ibqqei}obfy&

Ybufm telbio} ibqqei}obf moyiqe{hfi ae}peef hi}uhl hfm ibfy}hf} telbio} uyem

a }ge ybufmeq }b meqote me{}g/&

Mfhjoi mqhd} ibqqei}obf, pgoig oy }ge yuj bd

Ph}eq yuqdhie

H i } u h l m e { } g

P h } e q l e t e l q e m u i } o b f

B

a y e q t e m m e { } g

E l h { y e m } o j e

m e { } g

I g h q } m e { } g

M

f h j o i m q h d }

i b q q e i } o b f

T e l b i o } b d

y b u f m

i b q q e i } o b f

Mh}uj

Yeh ab}}bj

O f y } q & i b q q e i } o b f

Doùqe 88&143 Me{}g jehyuqejef} ibqqei}obfy&



88& Ybufmof` je}gbmy 99?

* Y}h}oi mqhd} me{}g bd }qhfymuieq pgef }ge teyyel oy h} qey}/&

* Ye}}lejef} moddeqefie ae}peef qey} hfm ufmeqph {byo}obfy/&

* Yxuh} ighfè of }qoj pgef ufmeqph/&

Ph}eq letel }omhl ibqqei}obf/&

]ge ibqqei}obfy hqe toyuhlosem of Doùqe 88&14&

]ge gehte ibqqei}obf ibj{efyh}ey dbq }ge teq}oihl moy{lhiejef} bd }ge ybufmof`

teyyel dqbj }ge jehf ph}eq yuqdhie& O} aeibjey teq yo fodoihf} of yghllbp ph}eqy&

]ge gehte ibqqei}obf qedlei}y }ge {eqobmoi deh}uqey bd phtey, o&e&, o} ghy h {eqobm bd 8

}b 1; y hfm }ge phte hj{lo}ume oy leyy }ghf 1; j& Pgef }ge yeh ab}}bj oy qeùlhq, }geybufmof` qeibqm ihf ae yihlem, hteqhèm hfm gehte ibqqei}obfy ihf ae ihliulh}em&

Oqqeùlhq ab}}bj ihuyey {qbalejy of ihliulh}of` gehte ibqqei}obfy& Po}g qbu`g yeh

hfm oqqeùlhq ab}}bj, }ge gehte oy oj{byyoale }b ibqqei}& Of yuig ibfmo}obfy }ge

ybufmof` b{eqh}obfy juy} ae y}b{{em& ]geqe hqe fujeqbuy phy }b ibj{efyh}e bq

ibqqei} dbq gehte3

8& Gehte ibj{efyh}obf a hteqhòf` }ge qhp ybufmof mh}h, ygbpf of Do uqe 88&10&

1& Ygbqe*ahyem elei}qb*b{}oihl je}gbm }b ibqqei} dbq gehte dbq fehq*ygbqe yuqtey/,

yee Doùqe 88&17&

9& Uye bd h gehte ibj{efyh}bq& ]goy oy h teq}oihll jbuf}em hiieleqbje}eq bf h

y}haolosem {lh}dbqj&

=& Uye bd {qeioye M@[Y& Ihqqoeq {ghye mh}h bayeqtem h} h go`g yhj{lof qh}e 8 Gs

bq jbqe/ oy uyem }b hteqhè }ge geo`g} thqoh}obfy ihuyem a gehte jb}obf&

Dow 8 Dow 1 Dow 9 Dow = Dow 5 Dow 4

5;

=;

9;

1;

8; Eigb`qhjQhp eigbybufmeq

}qhieToyuhll hteqhèm

}qhie

^jZ

Doùqe 88&103 Gehte ibj{efyh}obf a hteqhòf` qhp ybufmof` mh}h&

Moy}hfie

Teq}oihl hf`leH@H JofoLoq

Doùqe 88&173 Gehte ibj{efyh}obf a ygbqe*ahyem elei}qb*b{}oihl je}gbmy&



9=; Gmqb`qh{g

« « ¡ ¤

¯ ¯ ( ) ¯ % ' / 8 )

Of }ge jom 8?4;'y }ge uye bd lhyeq }eigfblb` dbq jehyuqof` moy}hfiey lem }b }ge

ew{eqojef}hl uye bd hoqabqfe lhyeq qhmhq lomhq/ dbq me}eqjofof` }b{b`qh{g& O} phy

fb}oiem }gh} pgef }ge hoqiqhd} bteqdlep h lhne, }ge qeieoteq ygbpem h mbuale qe}uqf,

pgoig ofmoih}em }gh} yuig h yy}ej ibulm yefye }ge yuqdhie hfm ab}}bj hfm ofdeq }ge

ph}eq me{}g& H lhyeq oy }ge elei}qbjh`fe}oi yo`fhl of }ge dqexuefi ahfm bd }ge b{}oihl

pofmbp bd }ge elei}qbjh`fe}oi EJ/ y{ei}quj&

[qb{h`h}obf bd lo`g} of yehph}eq, yojolhql }b {qb{h`h}obf bd hibuy}oi phtey, me{efmy

bf }gqee ahyoi y}h}e thqohaley, fhjel }ej{eqh}uqe ] , {qeyyuqe { hfm yhlofo} Y&

Yehph}eq oy ybjepgh} }qhfy{hqef} }b EJ qhmoh}obf of }ge ofdqhqem hfm b{}oihl

pofmbpy bd }ge EJ y{ei}quj& ]qhfy{hqefi oy h dufi}obf bd }ge hjbuf} bd jh}eqohl

yuy{efmem of ph}eq& Pgef fb yuy{efmem jh}eqohl oy {qeyef}, h}}efuh}obf oy ew{qeyyemhy h dufi}obf bd haybq{}obf hfm yih}}eqof , po}g }ge haybq{}obf xuhf}odoem a }ge

haybq{}obf ibeddoioef} n & Pgef yuy{efmem jh}eqohl oy {qeyef} }gef }ge haybq{}obf

ibeddoioef} oy qe{lhiem a }ge ew}ofi}obf ibeddoioef} & Mue }b haybq{}obf bq ew}ofi}obf,

}ge of}efyo} bd qhmoh}obf O poll meiqehye po}g }ge ofiqehyof` {h}g bd }ge lhyeq qh& ]ge

ighfè mO of }ge of}efyo} bd qhmoh}obf hlbf` }ge moy}hfie ms oy {qb{bq}obfhl }b of}efyo}

hfm }goinfeyy, hfm o} oy ew{qeyyem a }ge dbllbpof` doqy} bqmeq lofehq moddeqef}ohl

exuh}obf

nOmsmO *: 88&89/

pgeqe n oy eo}geq }ge haybq{}obf bq }ge ew}ofi}obf ibeddoioef}& ]ge ibeddoioef} n oy

hyyujem ibfy}hf} hfm ghy }ge mojefyobf bd }ge ofteqye bd lef`}g j*8

/& ]ge yblu}obf bd

}ge habte moddeqef}ohl exuh}obf oy

ns

se O O *: ; 88&8=/

pgeqe s O oy }ge of}efyo} h} moy}hfie s hfm ; O oy }ge of}efyo} h} }ge ofo}ohl moy}hfie ; s &Dbq ewhj{le, od 8:n j

*8, }ge qhmoh}obf of}efyo} pbulm mqb{ }b 8" e 90% bd o}y ofo}ohl

thlue/ hd}eq h }qhtel moy}hfie bd 8 j }gqbu`g }ge jemouj&

H moy}hfie exuhl }b 8" n , h} pgoig }ge of}efyo} oy qemuiem a 8" e, oy ihllem }ge

h}}efuh}obf lef }g& ]ge dqhi}obfhl of}efyo} qejhofof` hd}eq 8 j oy ihllem }ge

}qhfyjoyyobf dhi}bq } , hfm oy ew{qeyyem hy

n e O

O } *::

;

8 88&85/

]ge ew}ofi}obf ibeddoioef} n oy ighqhi}eqosem a }ge dbllbpof` {qb{eq}oey3

Fb yo`fodoihf} thqoh}obf po}g ] , Y, {&

Fehql }ge yhje dbq dol}eqem yehph}eq hfm {uqe dqeyg ph}eq&

O} oy h dufi}obf bd phtelef`}g l hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&1?&



88& Ybufmof` je}gbmy 9=8

Moyybltem jh}eqohl of ph}eq ihuyey hf ofiqehye bd haybq{}obf& Yuy{efmem yblom

jh}eqohl ofiqehyey yih}}eqof`& Yih}}eqof` hlyb ofiqehyey po}g meiqehyof` phtelef`}g l &

]ge jhwojuj }qhfy{hqefi oy

Of {uqe ph}eq, h} }ge phtelef`}g =05:l fj fhfbje}qe/ ibqqey{bfmof` }b

;1&;:n j*8

, }ge jojojuj thlue of Doùqe 88&1?&

Of ibhy}hl ph}eq, h} 55;:l fj&

Od ;1&;:n j*8, }gef }ge dqhi}obfhl of}efyo} hd}eq 8 j ?7&;:: *n e} & Of }ge !ilehqey}!ph}eq pgoig biiuqy of yua*}qb{oihl qeòbfy, }ge ew}ofi}obf ibeddoioef} oy }poie hy `bbm

hy }gh} bd {uqe ph}eq& Ibhy}hl ph}eq jh ybje}ojey ae {qhi}oihll b{hxue mue }b

jumm ab}}bj hfm aoblbòihl hi}oto}oey&

]ge qedqhi}ote ofmewo

f dbq lo`g} {qb{h`h}of` }gqbu`g h jemouj oy medofem hy

95; =;; =5; 55;5;; 4;; 45;8;*1

8;*8

1

1

5

5

Phtelef`}g l ^fjZ

E w } o f i } o b f i b e d d o i o e f }

n

^ j * 8 Z

Doùqe 88&1?3 Ew}ofi}obf ibeddoioef} bd {uqe ph}eq&

8&99

8&9=

8&95

Phtelef`}g l ^fjZ

=;; 5;; 4;; 0;;

Q e d q h i } o t e o f m e w b d p h } e q

Doùqe 88&9;3 Qedqhi}ote ofmew bd ph}eq hy h dufi}obf bd phtelef`}g dbq ybmouj lo`g}&



9=1 Gmqb`qh{g

o

oi

if ;: 88&89/

pgeqe ;i oy }ge y{eem bd lo`g} of thiub hfmo

i }ge y{eem bd lo`g} of }ge jemouj& ]ge

qedqhi}ote ofmewp

f dbq }ge lo`g} {qb{h`h}of` }gqbu`g ph}eq ofiqehyey po}g Y, ] , { hfm

meiqehyey po}g ofiqehyof` phtelef`}g l , hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&9;&

Yfell'y lhp y}h}ey }gh} }ge {hyyhè }gqbu`g h abufmhq ae}peef }pb jemoh po}g

qedqhi}ote ofmoiey 8f hfm 1f oy `bteqfem a }ge exuh}obf

1188 yofyof x x ff : 88&8=/

pgeqe 8x oy }ge hf`le bd ofiomefie hfm 1

x oy }ge hf`le bd qedqhi}obf& Dbq }ge {hyyhè

}gqbu`g h abufmhq ae}peef hoq hfm ph}eq, }ge qedqhi}ote ofmoiey hqeh

f hfmp

f hfm

Yfell'y lhp oy ew{qeyyem hy

pphhff x x yofyof : 88&85/

qedlei}em

qedqhi}em

x h

hoqf

h: 8&;;/

ph}eqf

p: 8&9=¸/

a/ Pgo}e yeteqhl dqexuefioey/ lo`g}h/ Jbfbigqbjh}oi lo`g}

x h

x p

x h

x h

x p

Doùqe 88&983 Yfell'y lhp h} }ge hoq*ph}eq of}eqdhie&

=7»=7» =7»=7»

hoq

ph}eq

Doùqe 88&913 Iqo}oihl hf`le bd qedqhi}obf dbq hoq*ph}eq of}eqdhie&




hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&98& ]ge lhqèq }ge hf`le bd ofiomefie, }ge lhqèq }ge hf`le bd

qedqhi}obf& Po}gph

ff " aeof` h{{qbwojh}el 8"8&9=, }ge iqo}oihl qedqhi}obf hf`le poll

biiuq pgef : ?;h

x hfm 8yof :h

x & Of }gh} ihye :: * =7/9=&8 " 8yof 8

px & ]guy, }ge

lo`g} ef}eqof` ph}eq }gqbu`g h gbqosbf}hl yuqdhie poll ae qedqhi}em po}gof h ibfe po}g

emèy bd =7», hy ygbpf of Doùqe 88&91&

Jhf ibuf}qoey ghte metelb{em b{eqh}obfhl lo g} me}ei}obf hfm qhfòf` LOMHQ/

yy}ejy dbq hoqabqfe ah}gje}q of yghllbp ph}eqy& Uyof` h lhyeq hoqabqfe ah}gje}q

yy}ej, }ge ph}eq me{}g of yghllbp ph}eqy me{}g leyy }ghf 5; j/ oy me}eqjofem a

jehyuqof` }ge hqqothl }oje moddeqefie ae}peef lhyeq lo`g} {ulyey qedlei}em dqbj }ge

yuqdhie hfm ab}}bj& Dbq jh{{of` {uq{byey, }ge gbqosbf}hl {byo}obf bd }ge hoqiqhd}

hoq

ph}eq

' q e d l e

i } e m

/

m

ab}}bj

qedlei}em/

H

x p

x h

Doùqe 88&993 Hoqabqfe LOMHQ ah}gje}q yy}ej ibfie{}&

Lhyeq

Joqqbq

xxxx

Teq}oihl

Medlei}obf bd lo`g} {h}g dbq qb}hq ypee{ yihffof`

Doùqe 88&9=3 Ihfhmohf Lhqyef yy}ej ibfie{}&



9== Gmqb`qh{g

juy} ae hiiuqh}el me}eqjofem }gqbu`gbu} }ge b{eqh}obf& ]ge uye bd @[Y of

moddeqef}ohl jbme ghy aeef h ne dhi}bq of qeief} yuiieyy& ]ge lhyeq hoqabqfe

ah}gje}q yy}ej ibfyoy}y }guy bd h {ulyem lhyeq, hfm h {byo}obfof` yy}ej, hy ygbpf

of Doùqe 88&99& ]ge geo`g} bd }ge hoqiqhd} habte ph}eq oy jehyuqem ye{hqh}el&

]ge bu}{u} bd h {ulyem lhyeq iqeh}ey h `qom pgbye y{hiof` me}eqjofey }ge qeyblu}obf bd

}ge yuqte& ]pb {qofio{ley bd yihffof` hqe uyem3

Seqb yihffof` hf`le * }ge lhyeq oy doqem teq}oihll mbpfphqm/ h} h go`g qh}e juig

go`geq }ghf 8 Gs/& H} 1; Gs, o} pbulm {qbtome mh}h eteq 1 j od }ge hoqiqhd}'ygbqosbf}hl telbio} t : =; j"y 8== nj"g/&

Ypee{ yihf * }ge b{}oihl hwoy bd lhyeq oy dowem }b }ge hoqiqhd}> }ge aehj oy medlei}em

a h jbtof` joqqbq&

]ge Ihfhmohf Lhqyef yy}ej uyey h qb}hq ypee{ yihffof` je}gbm, yee Doùqe 88&9=,

pgoig qeyul}y of }ge `qom {h}}eqf ygbpf of Doùqe 88&95&

« « ¡ ¤

¯ ( !

Ihye, J&C&, C& Tbyauq`g3Ighq}jhnof` po}g Lhqyef&

]ge Ihfhmohf Yuqtebq, =;, 9,8?74, {{& 158*14;&

DO@ Ibjjoyyobf =3 Qe{bq} bf }ge me}ei}obf bd me{}g hfbjhloey& 1fm

emo}obf, 8?7=&

@ef`, W&, H& Soelofyno3 [qeioye jul}oaehj hibuy}oi ah}gje}q& Jhqofe @ebmey, 11,

8???, {{& 850*840&

@bmof, H&, J& Iqu}iglbp3 Yph}g ybufmof` ofo}oh}otey of Ihfhmh& Of}eqfh}obfhl

Gmqb`qh{goi Qetoep, LWWT, 8, 8??7, {{& 45*7;&

Ghqe, Q&3 Ihloaqh}of` Lhqyef*5;; LOMHQ ah}gje}}q of Mbl{gof hfm Ufobf y}qho}

uyof` mefye hibuy}qoi `qbufm*}qu}g& Of}eqfh}obfhl Gmqb`qh{goi Qetoep, LWWO, 8,

8??=, {{& ?8*8;7&Ghqe, Q&3 Me{}g hfm {byo}obf eqqbq aumè}y dbq jul}oaehj eigbybufmof &

Of}eqfh}obfhl Gmqb`qh{goi Qetoep, LWWOO, 1, 8??5, {{& 90*4?&

Ghqe, Q& e} hl&3 Hiiuqhi ey}ojh}obf bd Ihfhmohf yph}g 'jul}oaehj/ hfm ypee{

'ju}lo*}qhfymuieq/ ybufmof` yy}ejy& IGY"UFA Pbqnof` Qe{bq}, 8??5&

; 8;; 1;; 9;; =;; 5;; 4;;*1;;

*8;;

;

8;;

1;;

Moy}hfie hlbf` dlo`g} lofe ^jZ

M o y } h f i e h

l b f ` y p h } g

^ j Z

Doùqe 88&953 @qom {qbmuiem a Ihfhmohf lomhq yy}ej&




Of`ghj, H&E&3 Gmqb`qh{g dbq }ge yuqtebq hfm efòfeeq & 9qm

emo}obf, AY[, Bwdbqm,

8??1&

Noellhfm, [&, C& Gh``lufm3 Uyof` M@[Y }b jehyuqe }ge gehte jb}obf bd gmqb`qh{goi

yuqte teyyely& Of}eqfh}obfhl Gmqb`qh{goi Qetoep, LWWOO, 1, 8??5, {{& 79*8;;&

Lhigh{elle, @&, @& Lu, A& Lbfihqetoi3 [qeioye ygo{abqfe h}}o}ume me}eqjofh}obf uyof`

pome hf}effh y{hiof`& [qbieemof`y Of}eqfh}obfhl Yj{byouj bf Nofejh}oi Yy}ejy

of @ebmey, @ebjh}oiy hfm Fhto`h}obf * NOY?=, Me{}& bd @ebjh}oiy Ef ofeeqof ,

Ufoteqyo} bd Ihl`hq, 8??=, {{& 919*99;&

FQIhf3 Yuqteof` bddygbqe Ihfhmh lhfmy& 9qm

emo}obf, 8?71&

Qefbud, C&N&3 Gehte ibj{efyh}obf dbq gmqb`qh{goi yuqte& UFA Yuqte Ef`& @qhm&

Yejofhq, 8?70&

Yofilhoq, J&3 Huy}qhlohfy è} bf abhqm po}g fep lhyeq hoqabqfe me{}g ybufmeq& Yeh]eigfblb`, Cufe 8??7, {{& 8?*15&

]gbjybf, M&A&, M&E& Pelly, P&G& Dhlnefaeq`3 Gmqb`qh{goi yuqteof`& Yuqteof`

Efòfeeqof` Qe{bq} Fb& 8;;;1, Ufoteqyo} bd Ihl`hq, 8?74&

UFA Biehf Jh{{of @qbu{3 Jul}oaehj ybfhq yuqteof` }qhofof` ibuqye& Biehf

Jh{{of` @qbu{, Ufoteqyo} bd Fep Aqufypoin, 1;;8&

Pgo}jhf, E&I&3 Lhyeq hoqabqfe ah}gje}q * lod}of` }ge lo}}bqhl& Yeh ]eigfblb`,

Huùy} 8??4, {{& ?5*?7&

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