Upload
ceeresk12
View
223
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 1/101
BulgariaBulgaria The Construction of a Nation
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 2/101
Bulgaria: Heart of the BalkanBulgaria: Heart of the Balkan PeninsulaPeninsula
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 3/101
•What is Bulgaria’s northern boundary?•What geographical features CONNECTBulgaria to the larger world?•What geographical features ISOLATE it fromthe ancient world?
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 4/101
In the beginning...In the beginning...• Oldest human remains
in Europe were found inBulgaria’s Kozarnika
Cave--1.2-1.4 MYA(million years ago).
• Europe’s first organizedhuman societies were
in Bulgaria between6000-4000 BCE.
• We know very little
about these societies.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 5/101
The Cult of Rock and The Cult of Rock and
SunSun• Neolithic people worshiped
the sun, building sun circleslike Stonehenge and “sunwells.”
• They also seem to haveworshiped fire. Rocksanctuaries like Perperikon,shown here, were often builtnear “burning stones”
(brimstone).
• Which may have begun theBulgarian folk tradition of
fire dancing.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 6/101
The Future in the Fire The Future in the Fire• Priests lit wine they pouredover the round altar. They
decided what was going tohappen based on theshape and size of theflames and smoke. TheRoman writer Suetonius
described it this way:The prophets said to himthat his son was to rule theworld, for as the wine wasspilt onto the altar, thesmoke rose up above thetop of the shrine and evenunto heavens, as had happened when Alexander
the Great himself had sacrificed u on that same
The gold-bearing river of Perpereshka flows beneath themountain of Perperikon.Perperikon’s name is derived from the Greek term for “Over
the fire of sacrifice.”
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 7/101
The Indo-European The Indo-European
MigrationMigration• Beginning in about 2200 BCE, and then againbetween about 1500-1000 BCE, waves of nomadic peoples began to move west and
southeast from the Caucasus (the areabetween the Black and Caspian Seas).
• They were not literate, but they had twounstoppable technologies: horses and metal
weapons.
• Look at the name historians invented todescribe these people. Where do you think
they settled?
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 8/101
L t I
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 9/101
L e ot er In o-e o er n o-Europeans, theEuropeans, the
Thracians Thracians• did not have a written language of their own
• were great horsemen who were good at
working metal into weapons and armor.
• honored the people who had these things(metal weapons and horses) more than
farmers, who did not.• had spoked wheels (which were both lighter
and stronger than solid wheels)
• worshiped several gods with fire and sacrifice
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 10/101
What Other People NoticedWhat Other People Noticed
About the ThraciansAbout the Thracians• Xenophanes said they hadred hair and blue eyes.
• The Greek historian
Herodotus described theirclothing and weapons:
The Thracians went to the warwearing the skins of foxes upon
their heads, and about theirbodies tunics, over was throwna long cloak of many colors. Their legs and feet were clad inbuskins made from the skins of fawns; and they had for arms
javelins.(Histories, VII).
4th cent. BCE fresco of a Thracianwith his javelin and horse. Can
you see the fox fur cap on theback of his neck?
d l
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 11/101
Herodotus also comments onHerodotus also comments on
Thracian trade, dowries, tattoos, Thracian trade, dowries, tattoos,
and warrior code.and warrior code.“They sell their children totraders.... Brides arepurchased of their parentsfor large sums of money.
Tattooing among them
marks noble birth, and thewant of it low birth. To beidle is accounted the mosthonorable thing, and to bea tiller of the ground themost dishonorable. To liveby war and plunder is of all things the mostglorious.”
Thracian goddess--see the tattoos on he
face?
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 12/101
Graves, Games, andGraves, Games, and
Treasure Treasure“Their wealthy ones are
buried in the followingfashion. The body is laidout for three days; andduring this time they killvictims of all kinds, andfeast upon them, after firstbewailing the departed.
Then they either burn thebody or else bury it in the
ground. Lastly, they raise amound over the grave, andhold games of all sorts,wherein the single combat
is awarded the highest"
Varna Burial--the oldest
man-made gold known
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 13/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 14/101
Special occasion armor (forSpecial occasion armor (for
both men and their horses)both men and their horses)
and religious vesselsand religious vessels
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 15/101
Thracian Beliefs Thracian Beliefs
You are an ancient Thracian. What would youwant from your gods and/or goddesses?
• The Mother Goddess Bendis rode a deerthrough the mountains by moonlight, a quiver
of arrows slung across her back.• Why would it matter that she was a mother?
• A huntress?
• A mountain dweller?
• Close to the moon?
• What qualities might the Thracians haveassociated with a doe? Why did theirgoddess ride one?
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 16/101
• Bendis’ son was a wildchild. His Thracian namewas Zagreus, though theGreeks called himDionysus. He was the
dark god of creation,sensation and passion--what used to be calledwine, women and song
and is now called sex,drugs, and rock and roll.
• This Greek vase showshim with his groupies, theMaenads.
Bendis’ son, DionysusBendis’ son, Dionysus
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 17/101
The Divine Marriage The Divine Marriage• Creation begins by
sacrificing something oldto make room forsomething new. A seedmust split apart before theplant inside can grow.
• Worshipers sacrificedDionysus, usuallyrepresented by a bull, at
an outdoor altar. Theyused rhytoi like this one topour the blood (or wine)on the ground so it couldfertilize Mother Earth andthe cycle could begin
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 18/101
Orpheus and the Birth of Orpheus and the Birth of
MusicMusic• The famous hero and
musician Orpheus alsocame from Thrace.
• Orpheus may have been areal man, a priest of theGreek god Apollo. Apollowas rational and orderly--the opposite of his half-
brother Dionysus.
• Orpheus was eventuallykilled by some Maenads.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 19/101
Orpheus and the BulgarianOrpheus and the Bulgarian
LandscapeLandscape
•After the death of hiswife, Euridice, Orpheuswent all the way to hellto get her back.
• The Thracians believedthat he went this way,through the deepgorge in the Rhodope
mountains called “TheDevil’s Throat.” Theythrew royal corpsesdown this sacred site.
I O h ’ t b iI O h ’ t b i
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 20/101
Is Orpheus’s tomb inIs Orpheus’s tomb in
the Rhodopethe Rhodope
Mountains?Mountains?• Some archaeologists claim thisis indeed his tomb, but it’shard to know for sure.
• The locals call these whitequartz crystals “Euridice’stears”
• They also believe that this rare
pink flower, which can survivealmost three years withoutwater, sprang from Orpheus’blood when the Maeneds killed
him.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 21/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 22/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 23/101
A. Greek Colonization, c. 600A. Greek Colonization, c. 600
BCEBCE• Especially along the
coasts
• Greeks write andthe Thracians don’t,but because theyare fellow Indo-
Europeans, thecultural disruptionis relatively minor
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 24/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 25/101
B Th R h dB Th R h d
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 26/101
• Secure roads and citieslike Serdica (later Sofia)and Philippopolis (later
Plovdiv).
• Predictable legal andcommercial systems
• Ports, sewers, etc.
• Public institutions, liketheaters, amphitheaters,
and, eventually, Christianity.
B. The Romans, who doB. The Romans, who do
their great infrastructuretheir great infrastructure
thingthing
The Roman Theater at Plovdiv
B t l b b thB t l b b th
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 27/101
But also absorb theBut also absorb the
Thracian states into their Thracian states into their
empire.empire.• The Romans give their veterans farm landalong both sides of the Danube River
• By the fourth century, the Thracians are
controlled by Constantinople, Rome’s Greek-speaking eastern capital
• In the fifth century, a wave of Germanic
barbarians defeat the western, Latin-speakinghalf of the Roman Empire.
• The barbarians pass through Bulgaria, scaringthe local population into fortified Roman cities
and leaving a lot of farm land empty.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 28/101
C. Enter the SlavsC. Enter the Slavs
• The Slavs are gentlefarmers from Russia.
• They settle Bulgaria’sempty farm landbetween the fifth andeighth centuries.
• There are a lot of them, but they are notambitious and don’tupset things much.
The fortifications at Odessa, a Greco-Roman city on theBlack Sea
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 29/101
D. The same cannot beD. The same cannot be
said of the Bulgars.said of the Bulgars.• Horsemen from the
Asiatic steppes whowere ALSO Indo-European
• Stirrups and sharpcurved sabres givethem a hugetechnological
advantage.• They start filtering
into Bulgaria via theDanube River in the
sixth century.
Bulgar warrior with captive, 10th century
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 30/101
The Volga River,first stop for the
Bulgars
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 31/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 32/101
Bulgarian CultureBulgarian Culture
• The tightly organizedBulgars, led by theirkhan, quickly dominatedthe mostly Slavic
peasantry.• The khan was high
priest of Tangra, the all-powerful sky god.
• Horses were sacred. The Bulgar banner wasa horse tail upon a
spear.
Carved into living rock 75feet above the ground, thehuge Madara Horsemandates from the early 8thcentury. Followed by a dog,
he tramples a lion under hisfeet
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 33/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 34/101
New ProblemsNew Problems• The Bulgars were pagan (but tolerant of otherreligions).
• Most of the rest of Europe is now Christian, andit turns out that Christians like to go to waragainst pagans.
• “God sees them who seek the truth. God seesthem who lie. The Bulgars did much good tothe [Byzantine] Christians, but the Christiansforgot that. However, God sees!” (inscription of
Khan Presian, 9th century).
• As an added bonus, having everyone belong tothe same religion would make it easier tocontrol the growing Bulgarian state, especially
since so many of the people they have recently
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 35/101
The Solution? Join the The Solution? Join the
ClubClub• Boris-Michael convertshis people to OrthodoxChristianity in 864 CE.
• All the other Christiansworship in Greek,Latin,or Hebrew.
• With the assistance of Ss. Cyril andMethodius, Bulgariacreates a written
language of its own.
St C il’ tSt C il’ t
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 36/101
St. Cyril’s message toSt. Cyril’s message to
the Popethe Pope• “Doesn’t God send rain
equally to all? And dowe not breathe thesame air? And how areyou not ashamed toacknowledge only threelanguages and todecree so and to haveall the rest of thepeoples and tribes
remain blind and deaf?”
• It worked. Bulgarians
worship in Slavo-
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 37/101
Simeon the Great andSimeon the Great and
Bulgaria’s Golden AgeBulgaria’s Golden Age• A written languageof their ownprevented Bulgariafrom being
absorbed by theGermans or theGreeks
• It also gives them
the tools they needto build agovernment andlegal system strong
enough to keep
Tsar Simeon moved the Bulgarian
capital to the new Christian city of Preslav in about 900 CE.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 38/101
PreslavPreslav• Built in only twelveyears, it was a majorshot in the arm for the
monasteries whoproduced Europe’searliest painted ceramictile.
• In a famous passage, John the Exarchimagines a peasantbeing asked to describehis first glimpse of theglittering colors of thecity’s churches andpalaces. “Just because I
saw it doesn’t mean I
The famous 9th century iconof St. Theodore
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 39/101
Palace envyPalace envy• You are Byzantium--
larger, stronger,richer, and betterorganized than
Bulgaria.
• What’s your reactionto Bulgaria’s
success?• Goodbye, first
Bulgarian kingdom.Hello, Byzantine
occupation.
What’s left of Pliska
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 40/101
Legacy of the FirstLegacy of the First
KingdomKingdom• Creation of a Bulgarianidentity that includedboth Slavs and Bulgars
• Own written language
• New cities
• New arts
• And, in 870, given theright to administertheir own national
church.
Ruins of the Bulgarian Orthodox Cathedral in Nessebar, on the
Black Sea
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 41/101
V. The Byzantine EmpireV. The Byzantine Empire1018-1186
Tsar Samuil’s Fortress at Ohrid
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 42/101
The Catastrophe of The Catastrophe of
KleisthesKleisthesIn 1014, Byzantiumdefeated theBulgarian army in themountain pass of
Kleisthes. Basil II, the“Bulgar-Slayer,”captured 15,000Bulgarians whom they
blinded, leaving oneman in a hundred asingle eye with whichto guide his friendshome.
Tsar Samuil after suffering astroke at the sight of hisblinded troops.
Byzantine Rule andByzantine Rule and
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 43/101
Byzantine Rule andByzantine Rule and
HermitismHermitism• The Byzantines were way
into order and hierarchy(taxis).
• Order requires agovernment and an army,
who must be paid withtaxes.
• Lots and lots of taxes.
• Some Bulgarians didn’twant to be part of a worldthat seemed so unfair.So they became hermits
in out-of-the-way places The Aladja Monastery near Varna
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 44/101
If you were a Bulgarian who wantedIf you were a Bulgarian who wantedto stay far away from the Byzantinesto stay far away from the Byzantines
and their tax collectors, where wouldand their tax collectors, where would
you settle?you settle?
Byzantium
Bulgaria
R a Monastery:a onas ery:
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 45/101
R a Monastery:a onas ery:Refuge in theRefuge in the
MountainsMountains
Rila Monastery
century he became
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 46/101
St. JohnSt. John
of Rilaof Rila
century, he becameBulgaria’s patron saint.
• Based on the following
quotation, which of his ideasmight his followers havevalued?
“As the grace of the HolySpirit has brought us heretogether, we must live inunity and friendship,breathing together and
enjoying together theeternal creation which Godhath made for them thatlove Him. Woe to him that is
alone when he falleth; for he
A ref ge for more thanA refuge for more than
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 47/101
A refuge for more thanA refuge for more than
peoplepeople• The great monastic
libraries kept the Slavo-Bulgarian language alive
• They were also a means
of transmitting Bulgarianculture. For example, St.George is a saint whorides a white horse andslays a dragon with along lance. There is noevidence that he was anactual person. Wheremight the story have
come from?
God bless the Turks and theGod bless the Turks and the
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 48/101
God bless the Turks and theGod bless the Turks and the
Crusaders for picking on theCrusaders for picking on the
Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire• Because they keptthe Byzantines sobusy that Bulgaria
could establish itssecond kingdom.
• Their new capitalwas the fortress of
Veliko Turnovo.
• It would last from1186-1396.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 49/101
h d l iTh S d B l i
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 50/101
The Second Bulgarian The Second Bulgarian
StateState• was not as powerfulas the first one.
• but it was every bit
as religious
• the miraculousfrescoes of BoyanaChurch, which were
painted in 1259, twohundred yearsBEFORE the ItalianRenaissance
Jesus teaching the elders
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 51/101
Two more. Two more.
Boyana Church madeBoyana Church made
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 52/101
Boyana Church madeBoyana Church made
me cry.me cry.•
Hard.
• For an embarrassinglylong time.
• But inward sensitivity isnot all that helpful whenyou are squeezed bymilitant Serbs in theWest and militantOttomans in the East.
• Goodbye, 2nd BulgarianKingdom. Hello,
Ottoman Yoke.
Mr. Belcho Belev Curator of Boyana Church
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 53/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 54/101
The (Muslim) OttomansThe (Muslim) Ottomans
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 55/101
The (Muslim) Ottomans The (Muslim) Ottomanswould not allowwould not allow
Christians to:Christians to:• Ring bells or wear green, a color sacred toMuslims
• Worship in churches taller than a man on
horseback (which is why Sveta Petka a coupleof slides back was built partially underground).
• Serve in the army (a traditional path to gloryand wealth); instead they had to pay doubletaxes
• Use their own legal system if a Muslim wasinvolved in the case.
Why the Ottoman years mayWhy the Ottoman years may
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 56/101
Why the Ottoman years mayWhy the Ottoman years may
not have been as awful as thenot have been as awful as the
history books sayhistory books say• As long as they paidtheir taxes anddidn’t make trouble,the Turks pretty
much left non-Muslim communities(called millets)alone.
• The Turks built citiesand encouragedBulgarian crafts likecarpet weaving and
perfume
The Turkish baths in Sofia, which havebeen being restored for a really long time
T e v age oe v age o
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 57/101
T e v age oe v age oArbanassi, a suburb of Arbanassi, a suburb of
Veliko TurnovoVeliko Turnovo
Notice the fortress-like, inward-looking
architecture
And the neighborhood fountain with Islamic
inscriptions
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 58/101
It was true that theirIt was true that theirchurch was small and plainchurch was small and plain
on the outsideon the outside
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 59/101
But not on the insideBut not on the inside
In fact some BulgarianIn fact some Bulgarian
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 60/101
In fact, some BulgarianIn fact, some Bulgarian
Christians, like this textileChristians, like this textile
merchant, got richmerchant, got rich
This is the back of his gated house.The shop is on the left, the barn onthe left, and the living quarters are
upstairs.
You can see the influence of Turkishfurnishings and design, however,
especially on the inside
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 61/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 62/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 63/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 64/101
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 65/101
VIII. The National RevivalVIII. The National Revival1762-1878
Copies of Father Paissy’s Slavo-Bulgarian History in the National
Museum, Sofia
The Ottomans aren’tThe Ottomans aren’t
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 66/101
The Ottomans aren t The Ottomans aren t
keeping upkeeping up• Europe comes knocking: By the mid 18th
century, Austria, England, and France cantrade along the Danube and Russian ships areallowed in the Black Sea
• Worried, the Ottomans centralize andmodernize their army to stay competitive
• Both of these events improve life for theirBulgarian subjects since armies don’t harass
the locals as badly as nobles do AND becausethey can now make money exporting meatand cotton via Danube ports AND bymanufacturing things the army needs, like
uniforms.
Manufacturing wasManufacturing was
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 67/101
gg
usually driven by usually driven by
water power, aswater power, as
demonstrated by demonstrated by these photos of thethese photos of the
reconstructed villagereconstructed village
of Etura.of Etura.
Increasing prosperityIncreasing prosperity
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 68/101
Increasing prosperityIncreasing prosperitymeans lots of newmeans lots of new
public buildingspublic buildings• Bulgarianbusinessmen oftenorganized themselvesinto cooperative
guilds
• As the guilds gotricher, they oftendecided to spend theirmoney on projectsthat would benefiteveryone, likeschools, museums,and covered markets
Clock-towers,like this one inVarna, were
particularly popular projects. Not only did they encourageworkers to get
to work ontime, but they used Christian, not Muslim, time.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 69/101
And public prideAnd public pride
Sofia’s covered market, complete with glassand a fountain. Compare this with the shops
you saw a couple of slides ago.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 70/101
Rila Monastery and theRila Monastery and the
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 71/101
Rila Monastery and they
Flowering of BulgarianFlowering of Bulgarian
NationalismNationalism• Rila Monastery,established byBulgaria’s national
Saint, John of Rila,burned down in 1833
• People from all walksof life throughout the
Bulgarian landscontributed moneyand their services torebuild this symbol of
their national identity.
In an effort to appeal toeveryone, the cathedralincluded ordinary people ascharacters in its paintings. Theartists decorated the church onthe outside as well as the
inside--this panel comes fromthe South porch.
The Ottomans Recognize theThe Ottomans Recognize the
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 72/101
The Ottomans Recognize the The Ottomans Recognize the
Bulgarian Orthodox Church,Bulgarian Orthodox Church,
18701870• This was a big dealsince the Ottomansorganized theirempire by religion.
Jews were ruled bytheir rabbis,Catholics by theirpriests, etc.
• Up until 1870, theBulgarians had beenruled by Greek-speaking patriarchs.
The Bulgarian Synod, headquarters of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Themosaic at the top shows the threebishops who negotiated its founding in1870.
Vasil Levski and theVasil Levski and the
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 73/101
as e s a d eBulgarian RevolutionBulgarian Revolution
Central CommitteeCentral Committee• A principled andcharismatic leader whoinsisted that theBulgarians could not
depend on outsiders toliberate them, but must doso themselves.
• He organized a series of local chapters of the BRCCbetween 1870 and 1872when he was arrested bythe Ottomans; he was
hung the following year.
Th A il Ri i 1876
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 74/101
The April Rising, 1876 The April Rising, 1876
• In 1875, the Ottoman Empire was weakenedby revolutionary uprisings in Serbia andBosnia.
• The BRCC decided to take advantage of the
situation with a coordinated national uprisingof its own
• The Rising was a total disaster, but the
Ottomans’ savage reprisals (which includedlocking entire communities inside churchesand burning them alive) created sympathy forthe revolutionaries both within and withoutBulgaria
i h
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 75/101
Russia to the RescueRussia to the Rescue• Russia wanted to replace
the Ottomans as the mostimportant Great Power inthe Middle East
• Like the Bulgarians, theRussians were both Slavicand Orthodox Christians.Outraged by the reports of
Turkish atrocities againstChristians after the AprilRising, they declared waron the Ottomans in 1877--and won.
A monument to Tsar Alexander II, the tsar who
went to war with theOttomans in 1877.
IX. Liberation andIX. Liberation and
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 76/101
IX. Liberation andIX. Liberation andRevivalRevival
1878-1939
The National Theater, Sofia
The Creation of anThe Creation of an
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 77/101
The Creation of an The Creation of an
Independent BulgariaIndependent Bulgaria
• The Treaty of SanStefano after the Russo-
Turkish War of 1878recognized Bulgaria as a
self-governing state forthe first time in 500years.
• Britain, Germany and
Austria felt it was too good a deal; overRussia’s protests, theyre-drew Bulgaria’sboundaries at the Berlin
The Berlin Treaty shrank Bulgaria to37.5% of its former size and created a new province, Eastern Rumelia.
Bulgaria annexed Rumelia in 1885.
But 37 5% is better thanBut 37.5% is better than
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 78/101
But 37.5% is better thanBut 37.5% is better than
none.none.• How do you build a countryfrom scratch?
• The easiest way to unitepeople is to create a
common enemy--like, say,the Ottomans.
• Ivan Yazov’s Under the
Yoke, published in 1893,rehearsed every Turkishmisdeed with relish. It isstill Bulgaria’s mostpopular novel.
Lots of public buildingsLots of public buildings
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 79/101
p gp gto affirm Bulgaria’sto affirm Bulgaria’s
identityidentity• Especially theaters,as both illiteratepeasants andintellectuals can
participate in andenjoy plays.
• The National
Theater in Sofia,pictured here, isnamed after ourfriend Ivan Lavksy,the guy who wroteUnder the Yoke
• There’s a statue of him rightacross the street just in case
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 80/101
across the street, just in caseyou didn’t get the point thefirst time.
• But a common culture canonly get you so far.Remember, more than 90%
of Bulgarians are peasants,most of whom cannot read.And while they were “underthe Ottoman yoke,” Bulgariahad no chance to trainengineers, teachers, soldiers,government officials, orbusinessmen.
• They need help.
Ivan Lavsky, author of Under the Yoke
Once again Russia isOnce again Russia is
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 81/101
Once again, Russia isOnce again, Russia is
happy to give it.happy to give it.• After their army had
won the Russo-Turkishwar for theBulgarians, the
Russians continued tosend money andadvisors to help buildthe new country.
• For example, in 1885every officer in theBulgarian army overthe rank of captainwas Russian.
Russia paid for most of Alexander Nevsky cathedral,Bulgaria’s largest church.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 82/101
Here you can see the way the monument to TsarAlexander II stands guard over Bulgaria’s
Parliament, which is the white building on theright.
Bulgaria’s relationship withBulgaria’s relationship with
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 83/101
g pg pthe rest of Europe was morethe rest of Europe was more
complicatedcomplicated• Remember that theBritish, Austrians, andGermans had taken away63% of the new country at
the Berlin Conference in1878
• As a result of theIndustrial Revolution andbetter transportationnetworks, European goodswere cheaper and of higher quality than
Bulgaria’s.
A woman using awashing machinefrom c. 1900. It’s
powered by a water
wheel
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 84/101
Growing PainsGrowing Pains
• In 1912 and 1913, the Balkan countries wentto war, first with the Ottomans and then witheach other.
• Bulgaria won the first and lost the second.
• After some hesitation, Bulgaria joined WorldWar I on Germany’s side in 1915 because
Germany offered them a better deal than theAllies did.
• Unfortunately, the Germans lost.
W ld W IIWorld War II
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 85/101
World War IIWorld War II
• King Boris III did not trusteither the Nazis (hethought they wanted toreplace him with one of their own generals) or theCommunists (who believedin the violent overthrow of the privileged classes).
• Bulgaria eventually joinedthe German side, althoughthey would not allow theirtroops to fight outside the
Balkans.
Despite the polite smiles,King Boris III refused toturn Bulgaria’s 50,000
Jews over to Hitler. Borisdied a few days after returning home from hismeeting Hitler--many believe that the Nazis
poisoned him.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 86/101
The Soviet Occupation The Soviet Occupation• In August, 1944, the Soviet army crossed into
Romania and Bulgaria, where they received awarm welcome.
• Bulgaria declared war on Germany onSeptember 7.
• Until the end of the war eight months later,the Communists worked behind the scenes to
eliminate anyone who might disagree withtheir policies. In January, for example, theyarrested anyone who had been a governmentofficial since 1941. Most were found guilty of
one crime or another--100 were shot.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 87/101
C i t B l iC i t B l i
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 88/101
Communist BulgariaCommunist Bulgaria• The Communists were
utterly ruthless. If youdisagreed with them,you were dead.
•Fortunately, theyhelped Bulgaria’seconomy andgovernment modernize(in 1944, 80% of Bulgarians couldn’tread).
• But not enough to
compete with the West.
No more water power.
Todor Zhivkov Bulgaria’sTodor Zhivkov Bulgaria’s
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 89/101
Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria s Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria s
Communist leaderCommunist leader• He ruled from 1954 untilthe fall of Communism in
1989.
• This quotation pretty
much sums him up: "Agood journalist is not theone that writes whatpeople say, but the one
that writes what he/she issupposed to write."
• The last of the Brezhnev-era toughies to be in
1 s an 7 s were as an s were a
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 90/101
time of relativetime of relative
prosperityprosperity• Bulgaria became thesupplier of cheaptransportation andcomputer parts forthe Eastern Bloc.
• In return, Russia soldthem cheap oil.
• Zhivkov built lots of new buildings thatcelebrated Bulgarianculture.
The Bulgarian Academy of Artsand Sciences was built during the
1970s. Why do you suppose it looks so Baroque?
The Communists were fond The Communists were fond
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 91/101
of monuments to commonof monuments to common
people.people.
This is a sign for the folk museum they established
at Etara
More socialist realism, this time on topof Party Head-quarters--industry on the
left, agriculture on the right.
But the press wasn’tBut the press wasn’t
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 92/101
But the press wasn tBut the press wasn t
all good...all good...In September 1977, theBulgarian secret policeassassinated GeorgiMarkov (via a poison
pellet shot from anumbrella on London’sWaterloo Bridge) forwriting about the
privileges enjoyed byBulgaria’s communistelite; they tried thesame thing the next
week with someone else
Most Soviet-era architecturewas not well-designed; a
Communist building on theleft does not compare well
with the shopping center that had been built fifty years
earlier on the right.
Socialism on theSocialism on theD i th l 1980 B l i d
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 93/101
DefensiveDefensive• During the early 1980s, Bulgaria was accused
of of trafficking in counterfeit whiskey and
illegal drugs, trying to assassinate Pope JohnPaul II, state-sponsored terrorism againsttheir Turkish minority, and selling foodcontaminated by the Chernobyl nucleardisaster
• Despite many attempts to reform theeconomy, Bulgaria’s technological capacityfell further and further behind the west’s, just
as greater access to western television,music, and media was showing them whatthey were missing.
•By 1989, Bulgaria owed $8 billion in foreign
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 94/101
X. The Transition and theX. The Transition and theEU
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 95/101
EUEU1989-present
““We didn’t understand theWe didn’t understand the
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 96/101
We didn t understand thedifference between freedomdifference between freedom
and anarchy.”and anarchy.”• By December 1990, “the mechanisms of
totalitarianism had been dismantled [but]those of democracy had not yet beenconstructed...because no workable consensuscould be found” (Crampton, 217).
• Not to mention the collapse of the Bulgarianeconomy
• Had depended mostly on Russia, which was
no longer buying• Civil war in Yugoslavia hurt all the Balkan
economies
• Even farmers were not producing as muchwithout the machinery large collectives used
Greater freedom of Greater freedom of
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 97/101
movement meant that thosemovement meant that those
who could leave didwho could leave did• It’s estimated thatBulgaria’s population,which was 9 million in1990, will fall to 5 million
by 2020.
• The loss of the mostproductive portion of the
population was anotherreason for the Bulgaria’sfinancial collapse in1996, when inflation hit
2000%.
Half the members of theNational Academy of Artsand Sciences left Bulgariabetween 1990-2005
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 98/101
The Price of T e Pr ce oI i th CI i th C
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 99/101
• Teachers earn $300/month. When the year’sbudget is done, so is the school year.
• When this teacher’s students did well on thenational test after she worked for monthswithout pay, her school was told their classsize would jump 50%, although its classroomsare already completely full.
• Next year, schools will begin to devote theireighth grade year to English instruction. Theuniversities were told to train 2,000 teachers todo that in a year--teachers who are already
teaching full time.
Inexperience: the CaseInexperience: the Case
of Public Educationof Public Education
Fixing Their Hopes onFixing Their Hopes ond hNATO d th E
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 100/101
NATO and the EuropeanNATO and the European
UnionUnion• Bulgaria joined NATO in 1994 and the EU in January, 2007.
• This has had all kinds of important benefits:
the end of millennia of worries aboutdefending Bulgaria’s borders; financial andtechnical assistance as the countrymodernizes (the EU has already spent billionsupdating highways, communication networks,and so on).
• But it has come at a considerable cost,particularly given that, as of this writing,
Bulgaria is the EU’s poorest member state.
8/14/2019 Sorenson Bulgaria Project
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sorenson-bulgaria-project 101/101
My money is on theMy money is on theBulgariansBulgarians
Whose astonishingly beautifuland diverse landscape is afitting setting for a people whohave mastered the art of gracious survival May it ever