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NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENTSNON CONTACT MEASUREMENTSTEMPERATURE, GAS & SURFACE PROPERTIES
SONNIK CLAUSENsenior scientist, Dr.
RISØ DTUØ
• 1956 Peaceful utilisation of nuclear energy
• 1976 Nuclear energy and other energy sourcessources
• 1986 Energy research in general
• 1990 R&D with energy • 1990 R&D with energy as the primary area
• 1994 State-owned enterpriseenterprise
• 2000 The last nuclear reactor is decom-missioned
• 2007 Merger with DTU
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods2 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Activities at RISØActivities at RISØApplied Optical Diagnostics
• National reference Laboratory (-80ºC to 1600ºC) non-contact temperature• Special temperature, heat flux measurements, emissivity
EU j t H l M l A fil TRIRAT E ith• EU-projects: Hercules, Menelas, Aeroprofile, TRIRAT, Evitherm• Combustion research, flame measurements (v, T, φ, d, ci,…)• Process: insulation, oxy-fuel, steel, …y• Consultancy
• Close cooperation with industry
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods3 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Applications IRApplications IR
• Temperature: Food, medicine, transport…• Errors: electrical installations, engines, components• Process: metal temperature furnace flue gas• Process: metal temperature, furnace, flue gas,…• Buildings: heat loose, insulation, …• Technical: approvement fireplaces, cars…• Security: road temperature, surveillance,…• Life: horse leg, research, medical,…• R&D: development of new products, optimisation,R&D: development of new products, optimisation,…• Safety: gas leak, hot spots,…
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods4 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Properties of LightProperties of Light
t + r + a + s = 1
100 %
4 %92 %4 %
.
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods5 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Defects in Silicon
0.8
0.9
1
RISØ15. juni 2005, sqcl
0.5
0.6
0.7
nsm
issi
on
%
100% transmission/100Base line (kontrol)Prøve nr 1Prøve nr 2Prøve nr 3Prøve nr 4
0.2
0.3
0.4
Tran
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000Bølgetal cm-1
0
0.1
g
IR-camera sensitive at 2 0 6 7 μm is best
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods6 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
IR-camera sensitive at 2.0 – 6.7 μm is best
REFLECTIONREFLECTION
.
⎛ ⎞2
Reflection from 1 surface: R nn
=−+
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
11
2
Glass (n = 1.5): R = 0.040Water (n = 1.33): R = 0.020
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods7 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
ABSORPTIONABSORPTION
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods8 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Color and TemperatureColor and Temperature
Temperature (°C) Colorp ( )────────────────────────650 - 750 red violet750 780 d k k i d750 - 780 dark karminred780 - 800 karminred800 - 830 orange/karminred800 - 830 orange/karminred830 - 880 dark orange880 - 1050 orangeg1050 - 1150 gellowl/orange1150 - 1250 gellow1250 1320 hit / ll1250 - 1320 white/gellow────────────────────────
h h d l h 6 0°C
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods9 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
The human eye detects light at temperatures over ca. 650°C
Visible versus IRRed painted alu plate
CCD IR-camera IR-camera
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods10 Risø DTU, Technical University of DenmarkColors?
DESIGN of OPTICAL IR THERMOMETER
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods11 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
B M C bili RISØBest Measurement Capability RISØ
6
INTERCOMPARISONS5
6BEDSTE MÅLEEVNE RISØ (k=2) i området fra -80 oC - 1600 oC
Th9: 600 - 1300oC; 1-2oC deviationTRIRAT: -50 - 300oC; typical within 0.3oCTRIRAT: 300 - 800oC; within uncertainty
4
vne
oC
y
2
3
edst
e m
ålee
BM
C
1
2Be
.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600o
0
2006, sqclData fil: "måleevne_DANAK2006.xls"
T
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods12 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Temperatur oCTemperature
European comparison(TRIRAT)(TRIRAT)
1
TEMPERATURE DEVIATION (RISØ)
Preliminary result
0.6
0.8
Preliminary result
0.2
0.4
atio
n o
C
-0.2
0
erat
ure
devi
-0.6
-0.4Tem
pe
Risø - VSLRisø - PTBRisø - RaytekRisø - SP
-1
-0.8
Risø - CMARisø - NPLRisø - LNERisø - INM0.5% error on emissivity .
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods13 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature oC
-1
Blackbody - Properties
PERFECT ABSORBER (α = 1)
PERFECT EMITTER ( 1)PERFECT EMITTER (ε =1)
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods14 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
TRACEABILITY ITS-90
• T [K] = t [°C] +273,15
• C2 = 0.014388 m K
L T eC
T Xλ
λ( ) ( )90
2
90 1−⋅L TL T X
e
eC
T
λ
λ λ
( )[ ( )]
90
902
90
1
1=
−⋅e 1
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods15 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Plancks radiation lawPlancks radiation law
L TC
W m d( ) [ / ( )]λπ
λ=2 1 2L Te
W m dCT
( , )( )
[ / ( )]λλ
λλ
=−15
2
E T T W mBB ( ) [ / ]σ= 4 2
mλ
μ2896Tmaxλ =
Grey bodies does not exist (ε = constant)Grey bodies does not exist (ε = constant).Useful in heat transfer calculations, but not in non-contact temperature measurements
Radiated Power from Surface
1000
1200
W/m
2 ]
Radiated Power from Surface
400
600
800
dstrå
let e
ffek
t [W
0
200
400To
tal u
d
273 293 313 333 353 373Overflade temperatur [K]
250
300
m2 ]
150
200
250
et e
ffek
t [k
W/m
50
100
Tota
l uds
tråle
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods17 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
273 523 773 1023 1273Overflade temperatur [K]
0
Blackbody curvesTHEORYTHEORY
120000000
100000000 700oC200oC
80000000
m2 μ
m
200oC
60000000
dian
ce
W/m
20000000
40000000Rad
0
20000000
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods18 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Wavelength μm
Blackbody curvesMeasuredMeasured
2 μm3.3 μm10 μm 5 μm
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods19 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
No gas absorption in 8 – 14 μm range (ambient)
UNCERTAINTYUNCERTAINTY
ΔΔ
TTC
=εε
λ2
2
• Low temperature - low error
Cε 2
• Short wavelength – low error• Surface with high emissivity – low error
Valid for one-color pyrometer, and if reflections can be disregarded
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods20 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
TRICKS & TIPS
I i t l k d i t h l i i• Ice point: look down into hole in ice• Object at room temperature: perfect blackbody• Paint or use tape on shiny surfaces• Paint or use tape on shiny surfaces• Measure through opening in object• Compensation cable can be required
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods21 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Definition of Emissi itDefinition of Emissivity
EMISSION COEFFICIENT (EMISSIVITY )EMISSION COEFFICIENT (EMISSIVITY, ε) :
FRACTION OF RADIATED THERMAL RADIATION FROM SURFACE COMPARED TO RADIATED ENERGY FROM A BLACKBODY ATCOMPARED TO RADIATED ENERGY FROM A BLACKBODY AT SAME TEMPERATURE
ε =RADIATED ENERGY FROM SURFACE at T
RADIATED ENERGY FROM BLACKBODY at TRADIATED ENERGY FROM BLACKBODY at T
OR
Radiation SURFACE T Radiation BLACKBODY= ⋅ε λ( , )
Emissivity dependents on temperature and wavelength
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods22 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Emissivity dependents on temperature and wavelength
Geometry and emissivity
Table: Effective emissivity of grooved surfaceTable: Effective emissivity of grooved surface
L1/L3 v ε=0.1 ε =0.3 ε =0.5 ε =0.7 ε =0.9
0.5 180º 0.100 0.300 0.500 0.700 0.900 1 60º 0.182 0.462 0.667 0.824 0.947
1.46 40º 0.245 0.556 0.745 0.872 0.9632 29º 0 308 0 632 0 800 0 903 0 9732 29 0.308 0.632 0.800 0.903 0.973 3 19º 0.400 0.720 0.857 0.933 0.982 4 14º 0.471 0.744 0.889 0.949 0.9865 11º 0.526 0.811 0.909 0.959 0.989
v
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods23 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Emissi it of hole/ca itEmissivity of hole/cavity
TotalL/D F_1-2 ( Ta = 0 K, T3 = T1 )
Shape Surface Emissivityfactor Avg. Min. Max.
0,00 1,0000 0,9600 0,9000 0,97000,50 0,3820 0,9844 0,9597 0,98841,00 0,1716 0,9929 0,9810 0,9947
L
2,00 0,0557 0,9976 0,9932 0,99823,00 0,0263 0,9988 0,9965 0,99913,30 0,0220 0,9990 0,9970 0,99933,90 0,0159 0,9993 0,9977 0,99955,10 0,0094 0,9995 0,9985 0,99975,80 0,0073 0,9996 0,9988 0,9997
DHIGH EMISSIVITY, , , , ,
8,00 0,0039 0,9998 0,9993 0,9999HIGH EMISSIVITY
OF BOTTOM!
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods24 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Emissivity steelEmissivity steelEXAMPLE
1 0
0.8
1.0
Oxidized
0.6
0.8
vity
0.4Em
issiv
machined (grid fine)
0.2
M i l l (MA253) 500oC
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200.0
Material: steel (MA253) at 500oC.
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods25 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Wavelength μm
Emissivity paintEmissivity paint
1 11.1CO2
H2O
1
vite
t
0.9
Em
issi
v
0.8SuperthermPyromark 1200Hot PaintSenotherm
Aluminium coatet 3 gange,varmebehandlet ved 320oC
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000B l t l 1
0.7
SenothermSenotherm + Hot PaintRISØ, 26 + 28 June 2002, sqcl
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods26 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Bølgetal cm-1
Emissivity Coating ThicknessEmissivity Coating ThicknessAl / Pyromark (VSL-4)
1.0 RISØ
0.9
1.0 RISØ
0.8
ssiv
ity
0.7Em
is
500 oC350 oC
0.6 250 oC150 oC50 oC
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Wavelength μm
0.550 C
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods27 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Wavelength μm
Temperature Gradient
THERMALRADIATIONRADIATION
THERMAL HEATCONDUCTIONCONDUCTION
TσεΔT 4
=Example at 1000 K:
kΔX=Glass (k=1 W/m K): 57 K/mm
SS (k=17 W/m K): 3 K/mm
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods28 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
IR-Thermometer is the best method for poor conductors
Reflection Paint
8
6
Pyromark 1200Hot PaintSenotherm
6
eksi
on %
Supertherm (1 x coat)
4
ekul
ær r
efl
2Spe
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30001
0
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods29 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Bølgetal cm-120 μm 10 μm
Low Temperature & Errorsp
2.5 μm
4
Temperatur fejl ved 1% fejl på 1% emissivitet23oC i l t t
Temperature uncertainty at 1% uncertainty
3C
og 23oC omgivelsestemperatur
C
p y yon emissivity, and 23ºC ambient temperature
5 μm
2
tur
fejl
o CEr
ror
o C
10 μm
20 μm
1
Tem
pera
tpe
ratu
re
20 μm
2.5 μm0
TTe
mp
20 μm
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100-1
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods30 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Temperatur oC Temperature oC
Other IR ApplicationsOther IR Applications
Welding errors in plastic
)• Find military targets• Find welding defects in plastic• Measure humidity
a)
• Measure humidity• Measure gas velocity• Control glass type/thickness
b)g yp /
• Security, ignition• …
Exhaust aircraft engine
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods31 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Exhaust aircraft engine
Gas AbsorptionGas Absorption
Gas leak from Gas BottleGas leak from Gas Bottle
Small hole in bottle Seal not tightSmall hole in bottle Seal not tight
Cold gas is seen using a hot background
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods32 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
g g g
Model of vibrating water molecule
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods33 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
DATA BASE (NIR)
0.8
0.9
1
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Tran
smittan
ce
0
0.1
0.2
0.3 1% CH4
1% CO1% CO2
1% NO
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000Wavenumbers cm-1
0 8
0.9
1
0 4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Tran
smittan
ce
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4T
1% H20
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods34 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000Wavenumbers cm-1
0
HOT GAS CELLQuartz Fiber
3-zone Furnace
Gas CellGas Cell
Heatedgas line Quartz Fiber
FTIRMB155
Power Supply
DataGas Mixer
Water injection
MB155
Computer
Gasbottles
LoggerGas Mixer
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods35 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Gas reference data
1
.96
.98Measured 1% CO spectrum
in hot gas cell at 1500ºC (red)
.92
.94
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
Arbitrary / Arbitrary Overlay X-Zoom CURSOR
File # 1 : FOLDET3 Res=None1
.6
.8
.2
.4
10% CO2 at 1500ºC. Red curve: Hitemp
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods36 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
0
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Blue: measured
Calibration free (CH4)Calibration free (CH4)
1
0.96
ance
0.92
Tran
smitt
a
Hitran, 296 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 4 cm-1
Measured, 296 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 4 cm-1
0.88
4500 5000 5500 6000Wavenumbers cm-1
1
0.96
nce
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods37 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark0.92
Tran
smitt
a
Measured, 1073 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 2 cm-1
Measured, 673 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 4 cm-1
Theory – principles
S40
] T=1273 K2.9 μm
T
S
FOVIR 20
30
nce
[W m
-2 c
m-1
]
μ
Tw
Tg
0 2000 4000 6000 8000Wavenumbers
0
10
Rad
ia
.
1
),(),,(),(),,()()1( wTLicgTgTL
icgTmL λλτλλελ +=
)()(
1~)2(),,,(),,()2(
TLL
bicgT
icgTa
λλ
λνλαλε ==
),(),(
),()(),()3(
wTLgTLwTLmL
gTλλ
λλλα
−
−=
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods38 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
yHot gas cell: ε - τ
0.6ss
ivity Emission
Transmission
0.4 Em
is
0.5% CO2T = 1083 KRes = 4 cm-1vi
ty /
Res = 4 cm0.2
sorp
tiv
1900 2400 2900 3400 3900-0.0Ab
s
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods39 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
1900 2400 2900 3400 3900Wavenumbers cm-1
Example CO2
1073 K3
m1
Sr-1 0.9
2
W m
-2 c
m
0.6
0.8
smitt
ance
873 K
673 K
1
Rad
ianc
e
0.2
0.4
Tran
s
673 K
1800 2800 3800 4800 5800Wavenumbers cm-1
-0
R
1800 2800 3800 4800 5800W b 1
-0.1.
Wavenumbers cm 1 Wavenumbers cm-1
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods40 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
CO CO2 H2O sensoCO, CO2, H2O sensor
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods41 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
(i) (ii)Kedelvæg
FTIR spectroscopy
(i) (ii)Kedelvæg
gas flowg
L
FTIR a b c d e
L
250PC
Blackbody
395
.
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods42 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
IR gas analysisIR gas analysis
20
25
Emission spectrum:GB: 816.9ºC, ε=0.106
5
10
15
,Blackbody curve at 836.0ºC
0
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
1
.6
.8
1
Transmittance spectrumCO2, H2O, CO, CxHy, …
.2
.4
CO2, H2O, CO, CxHy, …
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods43 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
0
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
Wood flame gas conc.
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods44 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
OPTICAL METHODS
G t t d iti• Gas temperature and composition• Hot gas flow with dust• Fast respons time• Fast respons time• Large range• Fiber optics• 1 - ? process points• Non-intrusive
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods45 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark