-Z7t -

Hay, 1975

SOME EARLY RESULTS FROM A SEGMENTED CAlORIMETER++'+++

FNAL* - LEHIGH** - PENN+ - WI SCONSI N+* Collaboration

~ ~ * + +A. Erwin • E. Harvey ,A. Kanofsky ,W. Kononenko , T. Kondo •

+ +* + * .+*L. Kroger J R. Loveless J W. SeJove I F. Turkot • D. W,nn J

B. Yost+. Report given by W. Selove

++ Contribution to the Calorimeter Workshop, Fermilab, Hay 9-10, 1975.

+++ WOrk supported by U.S.E.R.D.A.

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We report here some very early results from test measurements

at FNAL finished two weeks ago.

The system with which these measurements were made is shown

in Figure 1. The ca~orimeter design is modular in area and in depth.

The modules use steel plates in liquid scintillator, except for box A.

where Pb plates are used(l). The 4 boxes are each subdivided optically

into fou r. segments teach 1 foot squa re. Light is co 11 ec ted by a set

of fluorescent bars(2) t indicat'ed schematically in Figure 2. This

scheme has the virtue of giving relatively uniform light collection

with a quite small final cross section of light pipes. The amount of

light obtained is of course much smaller than the ultimate amount

obtainable directly from scintillator, but is nevertheless quite

subs tant ial. To 11 es t rup has reported that the Ca 1Tech gamma hodoscope

gives about 100 photoelectrons per GeV for electromagnetic showers.

The present system gives 1/4 to 1/3 as much, in box A.

This calorimeter development is for NAL experiment 246. a

study of high Pr events. For such a study, it is necessary to have

energy resolution of at least a certain critical quality. or else the

(1 )

(2)

The steel plates are about I inch thick, with 1 inch gaps; thePb plates are 1/4 inch thick, with 1 inch gaps. The totalthickness of the array is 9 collision lengths.

G. Keil, Nuc. Instr. & Meth. 83, 145 (1970), and~, 111 (1970).

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steep PT dependence of the produced events will create an unworkable

spectrum unfolding problem_ Specifically,-the high energy tail of the

pulse height spectrum must not stretch out too far, or else events of

a given PT will simulate the much less frequent events of a

substantially higher PT- We found in early work with a test

calorimeter that we could obtain a major improvement in tail sharpness

for low particle energies. 10 GeV and lower, by using a large

"sampling fraction ll (fraction of total cascade energy deposited in

the active medium(3,4». Since the calorimeter system for E-246 is

to be quite large in area, we have chosen to work with liquid

scintillator for economic reasons.

Before presenting some of our present results, we make

remarks on two matters. (1) PH gains were balanced roughly, before

taking the data we report. by using traversing muons. Final resolution

may improve somewhat when the gains are adjusted and the pulse-height

spectra re-calculated. (2) We encountered a problem with spurious

signals produced in the glass end window and side walls of the

photomultipliers (6342A!Vl). We found in our measurements that the

cascade shower produced by a particle of say 50 GeV has a substantial

fraction of the energy in a very concentrated core, of diameter less

than one inch. When this core passes through the PM end window,

Cerenkov light is produced and gives a spurious signal -- up to 200

photoelectrons per traversing shower particle when the particle passes

(3)

(4)

Turkot. et.al., U. of Pa. internal report, 1973.

Gabriel. this workshop.

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edgewise through the end window. Particles passing perpendicularly

through the end window give 10 to 20 photoelectrons per particle.

We expect to remove even this level of signal by the use of a new

tube, which RCA is building, which wi II have a separate internal

cathode, not in contact with the end window.

Data were taken with a particle beam entering the array of

Figure 1 normal to the face. Entering location was varied. to

provide information on shower size and on some edge effects. Most

of the results shown below were taken with the entrance location

3 inches to the right of center and 3 inches below; further below,

we give results from some horizontal scans taken with a beam

entering 3 inches below the dividing partition.

Figure 3 shows the pulse height spectrum (sum of ADC's for

all 16 PM's) for 100 GeVc n-. Only a preliminary adjustment of the

relative PM gains has been made for this plot and the following ones,

following a brief study of the results; only the gain of the B

tubes has been adjusted.

Most of the signal, for the previous plot, comes from

~egment 4 (see Figure I). The pulse height spectra for this

segment, for the individual ABC 0 boxes, are shown in Figure 4.

In Fi gure 4a, for segment A4, evi dence can be seen of a sma 11

residual contamination of 100 GeV/c electrons in the beam -- the

beam Cerenkov counter did not give perfect veto-ing of such electrons.

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Figure 4a also shows that in the front box (17r1 and 1.3 absorption

lengths) 100 GeV/c-pions frequently deposit a large fraction of their

total energy.

Similar data were taken for energies from 20 to 200 GeV.

No deviation from linearity was found to an accuracy of a few

percent.

In Figures 5 to 7 we show some results for 40 GeV. Figure 5

shows the spectrum for 40 GeV e-. The FWHM in this plot is 15%.

Figure 6 shows a corresponding plot for 40 GeV/c pions. As we will

discuss further below, it is possible to improve the resolution

for these data by using a weighting procedure, giving more weight

to those segments outside of the segment where the beam enters. Such

a weighting procedure was described by Rehak in a report in this

workshop yesterday. In our own work we also found tha~ such weighting

could give improved resolution. As an example of the effect of such

weighting we show in Figure 7 the re-calculated data from Figure 6

using a weighting procedure in which we assign the signal from

segments 1. 2, and 4 a relative weight.two times as large as for

segment 4 (which is the segment where the beam enters). This particular

weighting gives a FWHH of 3Cfk, compared to the value of 37% for the

unweighted sum.

This weighting procedure is useful in trying to understand the

mechanism of energy deposition and of spread of pulse heights, and might

be useful to improve the resolution of a detector which has to respond

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to a single particle at a time. It seems less likely that such a

technique could be used to improve resolution in an experiment like

E-246, which is specifically designed to look at multi-particle events.

The reason why the weighting procedure improves the

resolution can be readily understood by looking'at the detailed energy

deposition pattern of individual events. From event to event the

fraction of the energy which i~ deposited as electromagnetic showers,

from ~OIS, varies considerably. When a major part of the energy of·

the incoming particle is converted to rro·s, the resulting

electromagnetic shower is then absorbed within a relatively short

distance in the calorimeter; there is negligible escape out the back,

and, more relevant, negligible energy deposition at transverse

distances more than a few inches from the entering beam line. On the

other hard, when most of the cascade energy is deposited in non-1f.°

form, then some substantial number of nuclear stars is formed, the

total energy available to produce a light signal is smaller, and at

the same time a relatively larger amount of energy is deposited at

larger transverse distances from the entering beam line. Thus the

detection of substantial amounts of energy at large transverse

distances is indicative of two effects. First, a relatively larger

amount of energy has been used for nuclear breakup and so is not

available to produce a light signal. Moreover, nuclear breakup also

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produces larger numbers of particles of low energy, which give

reduced signal because of saturation effects in the scintfllator.

Second, for events with large transverse spread more energy is likely

to escape out the sides of a calorimeter of limited transverse

dimensions. Both these effects can be crudely partially compensated

by such a weighting procedure as described above. A major

Implication of this explanation is that a substantial amount of

energy loss through side escape of cascade fragments probably

occurs in the present array. As Frank Sciulli has reported in his

talk at this workshop, a relafively small amount of escape energy

can produce a substantial broadening of resolution.

The detailed deposition pattern of individual events gives

support to this picture. We have studied this deposition pattern in

a preliminary fashion, particularly looking for correlations between

the nature of the deposition pattern and the total pulse height for

Individual events. In Figure 8 we show a sketch of the pulse height

spectrum for 100 GeV/c pions, corresponding to Figure 3 above. We

have selected events in several different regions of the pulse height

spectrum, indicated in Figure 8 as groups 1,2, and 3. (The total

number of events in this run was 10,000.) For events near the

central peak (group 2), the deposition pattern is of course not exactly

the same from event to event. Yet there is a general overall

character for these events, and that character is indicated in Figure 9.

The Individual numbers correspond roughly to the number of GeV signal

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coming from each of the 16 PM's. Figure 10 shows the typical

deposition pattern for events with total pulse height substantially

above the average value (group' 3). In these events, typically

a major fraction of the energy is deposited in the A box. The

A box is only 1.3 absorption lengths thick. To deposit such a

large fraction of the energy in this box requires that in the first

collision by the entering particle, a major fraction of the total

energy is converted into nO,s. That event will then have less

pulse height loss due to the several effects of binding energy,

saturation of light output for slowly moving nuclear particles, and

escape out the sides or back.

For the events which give total pulse height appreciably

smaller than the peak pulse height (group 1), the events are much

less similar from event to event. Two typical events of this kind

from a modest sample are shown in Figure 11. Although these events

are quite dissimilar, they, and other events in that region of the

pulse height spectrum, share one feature in common. Namely, the

energy deposition shows a much larger spread than the average event,

usually transversely, and sometimes also longitudinally.

To try to show more clearly the relative transverse spread

of signals of different total pulse height, we sum all four boxes,

segment by segment, and show the deposition pattern as seen looking

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Into the face of the calorimeter array. At the bottom of Figure 11

we see t~at for these two events approximately 67% of the total

.energy is deposited in segment 4, and 33% in segments 1, 2, and 3.

Similar summaries are shown in Figure 12 for 4 different cases.

(For electrons, only 3 GeV of the total of 100 GeV penetrates

beyond box A.) In this figure we thus see the collected results

showing a strong correlation between transverse spread and total

pulse height. Not shown in this report but also seen by us, and

by a number of other workers, is a strong correlation also between

the longitudinal deposition pattern and the total pulse height.

These various correlations may make it possible, by a later

treatment, to improve the resolution.

Finally, we show in Figures 13-15 a few results on

uniformity and on shower size. In Figure 13a, we show the peak

pulse height for the ADC sum, for a horizontal traverse of the

entering beam position. The point x = zero is the location

of the partition between the left half and the right half of the

array. (The beam was kept 3 inches below the array center, during

this traverse.) Except near the edge. the response is uniform

to a few percent.

We"note that this uniform response does not mean that there

Is negligible leakage. Information on the probable amount of leakage,

as well as detailed information on the radial distribution of energy

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deposition (averaged over many events), is shown in Figure 13b for

the same data. Fi gure 13b shows that the major edge effect i.n

Figure 13a is well reproduced by the division of energy between

left and right halves as we move across the di~ider, but Figure 13b

also gives a useful measure of how much energy is deposited across

a divider 6 inches or more from the entering beam line.

The energy deposition past such a divider, and more

generally the energy deposition per " s1ice in x" -- the projected

transverse energy deposition -- is shown in Figure 14 for the

same data. Here one sees that for the present geometry an appreciable

amount of energy is deposited at distances of 6 inches and more from

the beam line. This is true for the average event -- for individual

events the transverse deposition of course varies greatly.

Figure 14 also shows clearly the very concentrated "core"

in the average 200 GeV shower. Approximately one third of the total

energy deposition is in a central core of less than one inch diameter.

This result i~pl iesthat even in collisions with the heavy nuclei In

this array, the typical ~o production in the cascade involves initial

production of a relatively small number of high energy nO,s. Because

of this concentrated core. a calorimeter for use in high-PT studies

must have no localized areas of unusually large response.

Figu're 15 shows similar measurements for 20 GeV, pions and

electrons. Even at this energy, pions show a relatively concentrated

core in the cascade.

We thank warmly the many people at our Institutions who have

helped In the construction of this equipment. and Fermi lab for arranging

for these measurements.

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-Z8Z-

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