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Solving the Problem of Cooperation
Marriage and Family
Marriage and Family
Marriage
…one variable in the formation of kinship groups (affinal relatives). The other is descent (consanguineal relatives).
Marriage
“…a relationship between one or more men (male or female) and one or more women (male or female) recognized by the society as having a continuing claim to the right of sexual access to one another” (Haviland 2003:514).
“The notion of marriage as a sacrament and not just a contract can be traced St. Paul who compared the relationship of a husband and wife to that of Christ and his church.” (http://marriage.about.com/cs/generalhistory/a/marriagehistory.htm)
In a 2005 book, Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage, Coontz writes:
“Almost every marital and sexual arrangement we have seen in recent years, however startling it may appear, has been tried somewhere before.” (p. 2)
Marriage and Family
Conjugal bond – bond between married individuals
Affines - relatives by marriage
Consanguineal kin - relatives by birth
Incest taboo - very strong prohibition against mating within particular group.
Monogamy
Polygamy
Polygyny
Polyandry
One spouse
Multiple husbands
Multiple spouses
Multiple wives
Rules of Marriage
Exogamy
Endogamy Marry inside group
Marry outside group
Incest tabooStrong prohibition against marriage inside group
Group marriageChildren are offspring of the group
Serial marriage Multiple spouses, one at a time
Among the Buddhist people of the mountainous Ladakh District of Jammu and Kashmir, who have cultural ties to Tibet, fraternal polyandry is practiced, and a household may include a set of brothers with their common wife or wives. This family type, in which brothers also share land, is almost certainly linked to the extreme scarcity of cultivable land in the Himalayan region, because it discourages fragmentation of holdings.
Marriage and Family
Levirate - “brother marriage”
Sororate - “sister marriage”
…Either of the above may be “anticipatory”
Fictive marriage
Marriage and FamilyParallel-cousin (= Cousin) Marriage
ego's father's brother's children or mother's sister's children.
Cross-cousin (X-Cousin) Marriage
ego's father's sister's children or mother's brother's children.
Marriage and FamilyCross-cousin (X Cousin) Marriage
ego's father's sister's children or mother's brother's children.
Marriage and Family
X Cousin Marriage in Matrilineal Societies
Sometimes prescriptive (should)
Sometimes proscriptive (must)
adoption fictive
Marriage and Family
Family “…in anthropological terms, it is a group composed of a woman, her dependent children, and at least one adult man joined through marriage or blood relationship” (Haviland 2003: 537).
Note on co-operation:
Human beings, indeed all social animals, are innately co-operative.
So far……
The “family” continues to be the most universal form of human social organization.
Kathleen Gough specialized in cross cultural studies of the family and attempted this universal definition of family (a definition that applies to all societies): “A married couple or other group of adult kinsfolk who cooperate economically and in the upbringing of children, and all or most of whom share a common dwelling.”
Stephanie Coontz, author of The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America's Changing Families and The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap, wrote:
“Many people hold an image of how American families ‘used to be’ at some particular point in time, and they propose that we return to that ideal. In fact, however, there have been a wide variety of family forms and
values in American history, and there is no period in which some ideal family predominated.”The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (1992)
Families are composed of people related to one another by
consanguinity and descent.
Nuclear families Characterized by independence training…kids are taught to take care of themselves
Extended families Characterized by dependence training…kids are taught to depend on other family members
Marriage and Family
Marriage and Family
Traditional functions of families
Emotional nurturance
Economic Co-operationSex control
Enculturation
Physical nurturance
Women in Civilian Labor Force:
In 1900…20.6% of total …43.5% single women and 5.6% of married women.
In 2002…69.6% of total…67.4% single women and 61.0% of married women.U.S. Census Bureau - Marital Status of Women in the Civilian Labor Force: 1900-2002.
• Related to technology
Trends in Marriage and Family
…i.e. modern genetics
“Brave New World” of ‘Designer Children’Genetic implications:
Choosing or avoiding physical ability or disability
Choosing or avoiding behavioral ability or disabilityRavitsky, Ethics and Education: The Ethics of Shaping Human Identity
http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/69/v69_5_page312_316.pdf