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10/26/15
1
Solving the Inference Mystery
NancyHennessy
Whatdoweknowaboutreadingcomprehensionandinference?
So,whatexactlyisinference?
SolvingtheMysteryWhat’sateachertodo?
Whatcontributestoskilledinferencemaking?
NancyHennessy2015©
Agree-Disagree
Anecessarycondi-onforcrea-ngamentalmodeloftextistheabilityto
makeinferences.
NancyHennessy2015©
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Timetofindtheclues….
NancyHennessy2015©
Whatdoyouknowaboutreadingcomprehensionand
inference?
NancyHennessy2015©
Comprehensionisacomplextaskthatinvolvesarangeof
languageandcogni7veprocessesandskills
thatstudentsmustmasterinordertomakesenseofwri9en
text.Fletcher,Lyon,Fuchs,&Barnes,2007;Oakhill& Cain,2007;Swanson,Howard,&S´aez,2006
NancyHennessy2015©
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• Activating word meanings • Understanding sentences • Making inferences • Comprehension monitoring • Understanding text structure
Componentprocessesofreading
Oakhill,Cain&Elbro,2014
“ComprehensionisanINTEGRATIVEprocess,inwhichinformaLonfromdifferentsentencesiscombined
andComprehensionisaCONSTRUCTIVE
process,inwhichexplicitinformaLoninasentenceorsentencesissupplementedbyknowledgeabouttheworldfromlong-term
memory.”
KateCain-IDA,2009
NancyHennessy2015©
Levelsoflanguageprocessing
Words
• Academicvocabulary
• FiguraXvelanguage
Sentences
• Density• Length• Structure• CohesiveXes
BackgroundKnowledge
• Schemarequired
• Textstructure
CoherentrepresentaLon
oftext
Surfacelevel!Textbase!Mentalmodel
NancyHennessy2015©
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DynamicinteracLonIntegraXon&construcXonoccursmomentbymomentasthereaderproceedsthroughthetextwithinthecondiXonssetbythecontext.
Mentalmodeloftext…..
NancyHennessy2015©
“ThismentalrepresentaLonincludestextualinformaLonandassociatedbackgroundknowledgeinterconnectedviasemanLcrelaLonships.”
Kendeouetal,2014
“TheserelaLonshipsareidenLfiedbythereaderthroughpassiveandstrategicinferenLalprocesses.”
vandenBroeketal,2015
NancyHennessy2015©
…..cri7calcogni7vecompetencyforreadingproficiencyandnecessaryto
createcoherentmodelsofunderstanding.
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JaneV.Oakhill&KateCain(2012).ThePrecursorsofReadingAbilityinYoungReaders:EvidenceFromaFour-YearLongitudinalStudy.ScienXficStudiesofReading,16:2,91-121.
onemoreclueaboutconnec7ons…..
NancyHennessy2015©
“Theearlypredictorsoflaterwordreadingaccuracywerephonologicalskills;theskillsthatpredictedlaterreadingcomprehensionwerethosethataidtheconstruc7onofacoherentandintegratedrepresenta7onofthemeaningofatext.”
Oakhill&Cain,2012
NancyHennessy2015©
ThreethingsIknowabouttheconnec7onsbetweenreadingcomprehensionandinference..
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Whatexactlyisinference?
Howdoyoudefineit?
NancyHennessy2015©
………iden7fica7onofmeaningfulrela7onsbetweenthevariouspartsofthetext,andbetweenthosepartsandthereader’sbackground
knowledge.Kendeou,Bohm-Geiler,White&vandenBroek,2008
NancyHennessy2015©
InferenceEquaLonpicture/text+previousknowledge=
inference
Westby,2011
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Whattypesofinferencearenecessary?
NancyHennessy2015©
Local
NecessaryInferences…
NancywaswalkingupthestepsShetrippedandfell.Herfriendranforhelp.
NancyHennessy2015©
• linkingideasandconceptswithbridginginferences.
• necessaryando@enautoma-c.
Informa7onprovidedbywords,syntaxwithinandbetweendifferentsentencescombined.
LocalCoherenceInferences
NancyHennessy2015©
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Globalcausalexplanatory
predic-veelabora-ve*
Necessary inferences…
NancyHennessy2015©
Theroomwasamess!Potsandpanswerepiledinthesink.Drawersandcabinetswereflungopen.ChocolatechipsdoHedthefloorandemptycartonswereonas-ckycounter,butthesmellwasdelicious.
Whywastheroomamess? 2007TheFloridaCenterforReadingResearch4-5 StudentCenterAcXviXes:Comprehension
• fillthegaps• establishesconnec-onsandcohesion…
Oakhill,Cain&Elbro,2014
GlobalCoherenceInferences
Explicitinforma7oninasentenceorsentencesissupplementedbyworldknowledgestoredinlong-termmemory.
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CluestoSkilledInferenceMaking!
NancyHennessy2015©
Afewthingsweknowaboutwhatpoorcomprehendersdo…
• lesslikelytoengageinnecessaryprocessing.• generatefewercorrectinferences.• generatesamenumberofinferencesbutdifferentquality.
• maynotaccessbackgroundknowledge.
• createlesscoherentrepresenta-ons.
NancyHennessy2015©
idenXfyconnecXons
betweennouns&pronouns
figureoutmeaningofwordsfromcontextclues
explaineventspresentedintext
idenXfycharacter’s
moXves,beliefs,personalitytraits
understandcharacters’relaXonships
drawconclusionsfrominformaXonpresentedintext
connecttextwithknowledgeof
world
understandauthor’sview,
biases
WhatGoodReadersDo
Westby,2011
ReadBetweentheLineswww.speechpathology.com
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Working&longtermmemory
Accesstovocabularyandbackgroundknowledge
Standardsofcoherence
ThreepotenLalcluestodifficulLeswithintegraLon&inference:
Oakhill,Cain&Elbro,2014
NancyHennessy2015©
Knowledge
Readerswhopossesshighlevelsofknowledge,vocabulary,consistentlyexhibitbe9ercomprehensionandreten7onthanreaderswithlowlevelofknowledge.
wordmeaningsfacts,experiences,
beliefs,concepts…
Longtermmemory
NancyHennessy2015©
Poorcomprehenders
-lessdevelopedstructures
-slowataccessingaccuratemeaningofwordsandbackgroundknowledge.
Whatcouldfacilitateaccuracy&accesstobackgroundknowledge?
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Knowledgeisnecessary…
Strategiesaremechanismforleveragingbackgroundknowledge-withoutit-theyarenotsufficienttomakemeaning.
NonieLeSeaux,2014
NancyHennessy2015©
So,what’sateachertodo?
NancyHennessy2015©
WhatdoweknowaboutinstrucLon?
• explicitinstruc-on• strategies/ac-vi-es
thatscaffoldthestudents’understandingandexpressionoftherela-onshipbetweenideas:
! directlyexpressedinthetext(surfacelevel)! andtheirownideas(textbaseandmental
model).
NancyHennessy2015©
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Let’sworkatthesurfacelevel-golocal…
Words
• Academicvocabulary
• FiguraXvelanguage
Sentences
• Density• Length• Structure• CohesiveXes
BackgroundKnowledge
• Schemarequired
• Textstructure
CoherentrepresentaLon
oftext
Surfacelevel!Textbase!Mentalmodel
NancyHennessy2013
NancyHennessy2015©
Agree-Disagree
Youngchildren’slearningofvocabularyrequiresinference.
NancyHennessy2015©
…readingcanalsoprovideinstancestoacquire,refine,andconsolidate
vocabularyknowledgethroughinferencefromcontext.Cain,Oakhill&Lemmon,2004
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SearchingforCluesandConnecLons
• IdenXfyfocuswordsorphrases.• FrameaquesXonoratask.
• Showtheevidence.• MaketheconnecXon.
Vocabulary….
NancyHennessy2015©
• AlthoughMarywassadanddepressed,herfellowgraduateswerealljubilant.
• Onhotsteamyhumidsummerdays,Io@enfeellanguid.
• MyfriendswerereadyandeagertojointheprotestmarchbutIwasfeelingveryreluctant.
NancyHennessy2015©
Let’sworkatthesurfacelevel-golocal…
Words
• Academicvocabulary
• FiguraXvelanguage
Sentences
• Density• Length• Structure• CohesiveLes
BackgroundKnowledge
• Schemarequired
• Textstructure
CoherentrepresentaLon
oftext
Surfacelevel!Textbase!Mentalmodel
NancyHennessy2015©
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SearchingforCluesandConnecLons
• IdenXfywordandphrases.• FrameaquesXonoratask.
• Showtheevidence.• MaketheconnecXon.
Cohesive7es….
NancyHennessy2015©
Seman7candsyntac7cdevicesguidereadersandshowhowpartsofacomposi-onrelatetoone
another,assistthereaderinbridging&integra7nginforma7onwithinandbetweensentences…..
• Pronounreferents(underline)
• Subs-tu-on,synonyms(arrows)
• Conjunc-ons(box)
NancyHennessy2015©
1. TheWoolworth’sinGreensboroNorthCarolinawasoneofthecompany’slargestandbestknownstores.
2. Itwasapopularplaceforlunch.
3. Inthewinterof1960,fouryoungAfrican-Americanmen,studentsatalocalcollegeinGreensboro,NorthCarolina,walkedinandsatatthelunchcounteronstoolsintendedtobeusedbywhitecustomersonly.
WhatdoyouknowabouttheGreensboroFour?
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1. TheWoolworth’sinGreensboroNorthCarolinawasoneofthecompany’slargestandbestknownstores.
2. Itwasapopularplaceforlunch.
3. Inthewinterof1960,fouryoungAfrican-Americanmen,studentsatalocalcollegeinGreensboro,NorthCarolina,walkedinandsatatthelunchcounteronstoolsintendedtobeusedbywhitecustomersonly.
WhatdoyouknowabouttheGreensboroFour?
NancyHennessy2015©
4.Thispeacefulprotestwasinten-onalandshortly,sit-insbegantooccurinotherNorthCarolinaci-esandsegrega-oniststates.
5.Aseeminglysimpleac-onprovedtobeapivotaleventinthestudent-ledphaseofthecivilrightsmovement.
NancyHennessy2015©
Let’sworkattextbaseandmentalmodellevel-let’sgoglobal
Words
• Academicvocabulary
• FiguraXvelanguage
Sentences
• Density• Length• Structure• CohesiveXes
BackgroundKnowledge
• Schemarequired
• Textstructure
CoherentrepresentaLon
oftext
Surfacelevel!Textbase!Mentalmodel
NancyHennessy2015©
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MyquesLon Itsays Iknow SoIthink…
Whydidtheseyoungmendothis?
TheGreensboroFour
UsequesLoningcoupledwithgraphicorganizers…
NancyHennessy2015©
MyquesLon Itsays Iknow SoIthink…
Whydidtheseyoungmendothis?
Theysatdownonstoolsthathadbeen..
ThattherewereJimCrowLawsinthesouth
TheywereprotesXng….
NancyHennessy2015©
Knowledgeisnecessarybutnotsufficient.
Failuretoac-vaterelevant,exis-ngbackgroundknowledgemaybeacauseofpoorreadingcomprehension.
Conversely,teachingstudentshowtousebackgroundknowledgeinthecontextofgap-fillinginferencescould
improvereadingcomprehensioningeneral.
Elbro&Buch-Iversen,2013
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Elbro,C.&Buch-Iversen,I.(2013).AcXvaXonofBackgroundKnowledgeforInferenceMaking:EffectsonReading
Comprehension.ScienXficStudiesofReading,17:6,435-452.
HavetheknowledgeDonothavetheknowledgeHavetheknowledgebutdonotuseit…..
NancyHennessy2015©
Text
Reader
NancyHennessy2015©
Let’strythisone!
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Mostpeoplehaveonceheardgrasshopperssinginthesummer.Thegrasshoppers’songisveryhighpitched.Thereforeyouneedagoodsenseof
hearinginordertohearthesong.Actually,itisnotcorrecttosaythatgrasshopperssingbecausetheydonotusetheirvoicetosing.The
grasshoppermakesthesong,orthesound,byrubbingitslegsagainstasharpedgeonthewings.Itisnoteasytospotagrasshopperasitsbodyisalmostinvisiblewhenitissurroundedbyplants.Itblendsinwiththesurroundings.Ifyouwanttofindagrasshopper,yououghttofollowthesound.Remembertolistentothegrasshopperwhileyouareyoung,becauseyoumightnothearthe
grasshopperwhenyougetolder.
Whymightyounothearthegrasshopperwhenyougetolder?
NancyHennessy2015©
• Whatismyinference?• Whatinforma-ondidIusetomakethisinference?
• Howgoodwasmythinking?
• DoIneedtochangemythinking?
Marzano,2010
MonitoringEffecLveness
NancyHennessy2015©
InferenceinstrucLonalstrategiesandacLviLes…
• Wordlevelwork• Textlevelwork• AcXvaXonofpriorknowledge
Kispal,2010
! Usingtextualcues.! GeneraXng&askingquesXons.
! Usingconceptmaps/graphicorganizers.
! Thinkingaloud&explaining/summarizingtext.
! Usingmentalimagery.AdaptedLETRSModule6
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Whatdoweknowaboutreadingcomprehensionandinference?
So,whatexactlyisinference?
SolvingtheMysteryWhat’sateachertodo?
Whatcontributestoskilledinferencemaking?
NancyHennessy2015©
Effective Teaching ofInference Skills forReadingLiterature Review
Research Report DCSF-RR031
Anne KispalNational Foundation for Educational Research
files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501868.pdf
NancyHennessy2015©
Hopeyouhavebeenstruckbyenlightening!
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ReferencesCarson,E.&Buch-Iverson,I.(2013).AcXvaXonofbackgroundknowledgeforinferencemaking:Effectsonreadingcomprehension.Scien-ficStudiesofReading,17,435–452.
Kendeou,P.,vandenBroek,P.,White,M.J.,&Lynch,J.(2008).Children’sinferencegeneraXonacrossdifferentmedia.JournalofResearchinReading,31(3),259-272.
Marzano,R.J.(2010).Theartandscienceofteachinginference.Educa-onalLeadership,67(7),80-81.
Oakhill,J.,Cain,K.&Elbro,C.(2015)UnderstandingandTeachingReadingComprehension:AHandbook.NewYork:Routledge.
vandenBroek,P.,Beker,K.,&Oudega,M.(2015).InferencegeneraXonintextcomprehension:AutomaXcandstrategicprocessesintheconstrucXonofamentalrepresentaXon.InE.J.O’Brien,A.E.Cook&R.F.Lorch(Eds.).InferencesDuringReading.Cambridge,UK:CambridgePress,pp.94-121.
NancyHennessy2015©
Inference-NCEC Conference A Little Extra…. Nancy Hennessy 2015©
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Inference-NCEC Conference A Little Extra…. Nancy Hennessy 2015©
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Inference-NCEC Conference A Little Extra…. Nancy Hennessy 2015©
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